70-12th Computer Science - Reduced Syllabus - Full Guide 2021 - English Medium PDF Download

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COMPUTERSCIENCE
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REDUCED SYLLABUS
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CHAPTER 1 FUNCTION
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CHAPTER 2 DATA ABSTRACTION
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1.Define abstraction. 5.Differentiate Concrete data type and abstract
• The process eof
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Choose the correct Answer
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ada adsaas of the following functions
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(A) Constructors (B) Destructors (C) recursive (D)Nested
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CHAPTER 3 SCOPING
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Global(G) Scope
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has global te t
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l a n
il.ai. en
l a n
il.ai. en
l a il.ai.enea program is known
n l a il.aniglobal
as l a il.ani.ene
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The duration for which a variable
w w w .wp.p w w w
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variables
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l a il.ani. n
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l a il.a i n
scope resolution. a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsasscopes are listed below
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There are 4 typesof Variable Scope, They are
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t t t t t
6.Explain a l a il.ani.entypes
the of scopes for a l a il.ani. e or
variable a l a il.anBuilt-in(B) Scope
asa s asa s adsa s • Built-in scope s
asa all the names that are
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w w w ww ww w
ww ww ww w
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l a n
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CHAPTERw 4 ww
ALGORITHMIC STRATEGIES ww ww
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CHAPTER 5 PYTHON – VARIABLES AND OPERATORS
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a(“The adsas 1) Identifiers, dadsas adsas
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ww ww ww ww ww ww
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ww ww ww >>>a>b and ww b>a - False ww ww
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l a il
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w w w Assignment w w w
ww ref:B.pgno.56 ww ww ww operators ww ww
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i . ni enet
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t t
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compound
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w .wp.apdad
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• daArithmetic
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t
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t
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d ad a
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d ad a
sas l a
d adsaaslal
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Arithmeticwoperators ww w w
ww ww >>> a % 30 ww w
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Relational a l a ilorn e
. n
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a l a n
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. n
a l a n•.en
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asa s adsa s adsa s ▪ + (Addition) s
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w w w
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sa lail.ani.
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l a il.an▪i.enteIn Python a string literal
l a il.ani.enis l a il.ani.ente
adsaas
apdaprint(m)
sas
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sas
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w literal is a single character .wp.
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ww ww ww
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20.What are the assignment operators that can be Ex.
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. i .ani entet
. i .an i entet s = "This is Python"
. t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
l a l a l a l a l a l a l a a l a
adsas adsas adsas c= "C".p.apdaada
ss adsas
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w w w .wp.apda w
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Multi-line string literal enclosed ww by triple-quote ww
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various compound operators t t like t t t t t t
asa s
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w .wp.apdad
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w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww print(a) ww ww ww
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ww ww
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ada Delimiters
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w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda Escape Sequences
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww • Python uses the w w
symbols ww
and symbol combinations ww ww ww
as delimiters in expressions, lists, dictionaries and ▪
The backslash "\" is a special character, also
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t t t t t t
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l a i
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ww ww ww wwand "\r" is a ww
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a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas It'srainning a
adsas a
adsas
w .wp.apda .wp.apda
w .wp.apdaw .wp.apdaw .wp.apda w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
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t
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The value of.nian used is called .entet t t
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ia .nioperands.
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ww ww ww ww
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e te e te etet t t
il.ani.ene etet
▪ Literal
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asa
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ww ww ww ww
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l a il.ai l a il.ani.en e
>>> print sas ("It\'s rainning") dadsaas sas a
daadsas sas
. p .apdaada
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ww Rules ww ww w
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adad asaasConditional operator asaas
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w .wp.apda Additional Questions w .wp.apda w .wp.apda a=10 w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
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ada s s
ada s s
ada s
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print ("The
3.The ……can also be used as a simple
calculator(interactive t t mode) t t t t t
l a il.ani.e n e
l a il.ani.e n e
l a il i.ente
.an21. l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente
sas
4.To aCreating Scripts in Pythonachoose sas sas sas sas
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w w w w w w
ww (File → New File or press ww Ctrl + N) ww print ("The wwRemainder = ",a/3) ww ww
5.What is the shortcut to run python script
the output is ….(3.333333)
( Run-> Run Module t t or F5) t t t t t t
l a ni.
il.abe e n e
l a n e n e
il.ai.Python IDLE l a ni.ente ("The Remainder l=ail",a//3)
il.aprint .ani.ente l a il.ani.ene
6.Errorasasa
will shown in ….. color a
in
adsas the a
adsas the output is ….(3)) a
adsas a
adsas
w .wp.apdad (red)
window w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww operator is also called
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7.…..function is used to display result (print())
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at runsa
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l a il.ani.en e
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two
as s as adsaas as
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p.apdaPython, aada hash symbol ……(#)
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operands. (relational
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24.
11……indicate single t line comment statement t (#)
e te
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a=10 etet etet
12……and s asl a….are s asl ail.ani.nblocks in s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
aa ada ada ada ada
p.apdad ( spaces and tabs)
b=5
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python w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
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13.An identifier must start with ……(an alphabet or
the output is……(True)
underscore ) t t t t t
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special l a il
te
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.an25. l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente
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w w w w w w
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false class finally is return
print(a!=b)
none continue t t for lambda t try
t t
thet output is……(True) ni.entet t t
a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.a a l a il.ani.ene
adsas def
true dsas
from daanonlocal while adsas 26.…….are usedatodaaperform sas logical operations sasthe
aon
w .wp.apda w .wp.ap w .wp.apda w .wp.p d w .wp.apdad w
ww and del ww global not with ww given relational
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as elif If or yield
assert l a ni.entet
il.aelse import l a il.ani.ene
pass
t t
l a
Onlyt tBoth inputs are True.noutput
il.ani.ene l a ilai.ene
t t is True
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t t
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as as as as as
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l a il.ani.entet l a il.ani.entet l a il.ani.entet l ail.ani.n
etet
l ail.ani.n
etet
15.Value s as and variables when useds awith
s operator are s as 28.Logical or s as s as
aa ada ada aada ada
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inputs False output is w .wp.apda
False w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
16.The operator % is used to find the ….(Modulus) 0 0 0
17.The operator tet** is used to find the.n…(Exponent) t 0 t 1 1 t t
l a
18.Thesaoperator il.ani e
. n
// is used to find l
the a il a i.ente Division)
…(Floor l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente
s sas sas 1 0 1 sas sas
.wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada 1 1 .wp.a1pdaada .wp.apdaada
ww
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s aslailnot s aslail.ani. s aslail.ani. a sl a a sl a
adada a adada a adada a adsa adsa
w.wp.p 0 1 w.wp.p w.wp.p w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
w w w w w w ww ww ww
1 0
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tet etet etet etet etet
a=10 alail.ani.en a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n
aas s s
ada s s
ada s s
ada s s
ada s
w .wp.apdad
a*=5 w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww print(a) ww ww ww ww ww
31.Ternary l a il ni.entet is also known las……
.aoperator a il.ani.ente
t
l a il.ani.ente
t
l ail.ani.ente
t
l a i
l .ani.ente
t
sas saas sas sas sas
.w apdaada
(conditional
p. operator) .p.apdaad
w .wp.apdaada .wpapdaada
. .
w p.apdaada
w ww ww w w w
ww 32.Ternary operator w is replacing …….(if..else) w ww ww ww
33.……is a raw data given in a variable or constant
t t t t t t t t t
(Literal) lail.ani.ente l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
asasa as a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas
p.apdad
34.……..consists
.w of digits and daadsaimmutable
.wp.apare . .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
w w w w w w
ww ( Numeric Literals) ww ww ww ww ww
35.How many types of numerical literals (3)
tet t t t t t t t t
36.Matchathe
a l il.ani.enfollowing a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
a=0b1010 #Hexadecimal Literal
w w w w w w
ww b = 100 #Octal Literal ww ww ww ww ww
c = 0o310 #Decimal Literal
d = 0x12c i.ani.ente#Binary t Literals etet etet etet etet
s asl al s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
(a-4 a da
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quotes.( string literal)
t t t t t
38.A …….literal
l a il.ani.enteis a single characterlasurroundedil.ani.ente by
l a il.ani.ente l ail.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
saasdouble quotes.( character) sas sas sas sas
.wp.apdaador
single
.wp.apdaada . wp.apdaada .
w ww w w w w
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quote "' '")
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t escape character in pyton? t t t t t t t t
a l a il.ai.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
asas \ )
(backslash asas asas adsas adsas
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ww 41.\t is a tab ww ww ww ww ww
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s denote long integer(dL) s s s s adsa s adsa s
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w w w w w w
ww 45.A is represented by wwa sequence of decimal digits ww that ww ww ww
includes a decimal point.( floating point data)
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l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente l ail.ani.n lail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
are ……ands
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ada as s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
ada ada ada .wp.apda .wp.apda
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ww ww ww ww ww ww
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CHAPTER 6 CONTROL STRUCTURES
II etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
l l l l l
d adsaasa s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
a
w.wp.p
a
w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww • if thewcondition
w ww statements will
is true ,True block ww
1.What is Control statements?0r Define Control be executed
Structure. Or List t the control structures in Python • tesimple if execute only true tstatement.
• A sprogram a il.ani.entestatement that causes a il ntet of control
.anai.ejump a il i.en
.anExample:
t
a il.ani.ente a il.ani.ente
t
l l l l l
adaas one part of the program
apdafrom
sas
apdaada to another is called
sas
apdaada
saas
apdaadyour
sas
apdaada
w .wp. .wp. .wp. x=int (input("Enter
.wp. Age:")) .wp.
ww control structurewor wwcontrol statement. www if x>=18:ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
There are three important control structures print ("You are eligible for voting")
• Sequential t t t t t
output: t t t t t
l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
• dAlternative
a
adsas or Branching dadsas a a
adsas >>>Enter your Age:" a
asa45s a
adsas
w .w
•p.apaIterative or Looping w .wp.apa w .wp.apda You are eligible
w pdadvoting
.wp.afor w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
2.Define sequential statement >>>13
• A sequential statement is composed of a sequence >>>
te t te t t t tet output will be printed t t
a l a n
il.ai
of statements .en which are executed
a l a n .en
i after
il.aone a l a il.a•i.eneIn the second execution
n
a l a il.ani.enno a l a il.ani.ene
w .wp.apdaanother w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww Ex. ww output ww (ii) if.. else wwstatement ww ww
print(“Elango”) Elango • The if ..else statement provides control to check the
Print(“Chennai”) t Chennai t true
t block as well as the false
t block.
.ani.ente .ani.ente .ani.enteSyntax: .ani.ente etet
3.What s as l
is a il
alternative or branching s asl a il
statements? s asl a il s asl a il s asl ail.ani.n
aa aa ada ada ada
w .wp.apdad simple if statement
Explain w pdad an example.
.wp.awith w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww Explain if …else statement ww with an example. ww ww :
if condition ww ww
Explain if …elif…else statement with an example. True block statements
t t t
else : t t
Alternative.nor
l a il a i.entbranching
e statements .ni.ente
l a il a l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente
• dIn saasprogram, sas sas False block sasstatements sas
.wp.apaad .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada
w To skip a segmentw orwset of statements and execute w w w w
ww w ww ww ww ww
another segment based on the condition.
Is called alternative statements. • if the condition is true ,True block statements will
• Condition
a l a n en
il.ai. should be in the form a l a n .en
il.airelational
of or
a l a il.ai.enebe executed
n
adsas adsas adsas • if the condition adsisasFalse ,False block statements adsas will
w .wp.apdalogical expression w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww They are ww ww ww
be executed ww ww
1.Simple if statement Example:
x=int
2. if..else
i .ani entet
.
statement
i .an i entet
. i .an i entet (input("Enter your Age:"))
. t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
a3.
s l a l
if..elif..else statement asl a l asl a l if x>=18: asl a asl a
adsa adsa adsa s
aada for voting") .p.apdaada
s
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda print ("You w p.apdeligible
.are
w w w w
ww (i) Simple if statement ww ww ww ww ww
• Simple if is the simplest of all decision making else:
te t te t tet et voting")
etfor etet
statements.
l ail.ani.n
e
l ail.ani.n
e
l i.enprint("You
ail.anoutput
are not eligible
l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
Syntax: s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as 1 s
ada as s
ada as
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda Enter your .wp.apda
Age:45
w w .wp.apda w
ww if condition : ww ww ww ww ww
You are eligible for voting
True block statements Output 2
t t t t t t t
l a il.ani.e n e
l a il.ani. e n e
l a il i.ente your Age:12
.anEnter l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente
sas sas sas You are not eligible saas voting sas
apdaada apdaada apdaada apdaadfor apdaada
w.wp. w.wp. w.wp. w.wp. w.wp. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
d a
dsaaslal a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a
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ww w w
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l asla l saasla l
p
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i.ente an example of in et
.ani.entnot etet
aslaila method to write complete
An alternate aslaila if ..else a sl a il.an4.Give a sl a iand
l in statements.aslail.ani.n
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w p.apdad
In statement .w
w .wp.apda w
ww ww else var 2
Var = var 1if condition ww ww a character :”)
c=input (“Enter ww ww
if c in (‘a’, ‘A’, ‘e’, ‘E’, ‘i’, ‘I’, ‘o’, ‘O’, ‘u’, ‘U’):
• Thencondition e te t is checked, e te t etet print (c,’ is a vowel’) etet etet
• s asl
if aitil.aisi.ntrue, the value of var1 s as l .n
ailis.anistored in var s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada daada ada >>>Enter a character ada: a ada
w .wp.apda• otherwise, the value w .wp.apof var2 is stored in var.
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww a is a vowel ww ww ww
Example
x=int (input("Enter your Age:")) not in statement
t t t tet‘o’, ‘O’, ‘u’, ‘U’): t
printla("You i l.ani.enteare eligible for voting") l a il.aniif.entx>=18else
e
l a il.anifi.enctenot in (‘a’, ‘A’, ‘e’, ‘E’, l a il ni.en‘I’,
.a‘i’, l a il.ani.ente
adsaas ("You are not eligible
apdaprint dsaasvoting")
apdaafor
sas
apdaada print (c,’ais dsaasa vowel’)
daanot sas
apdaada
w .wp . w .wp. w .wp. w .wp. p w .wp. w
ww output 1 ww ww >>>Enterwawcharacter :p ww ww
Enter your Age:45 p is not a vowel
You are eligibletefor t voting t t t tet t t
Output 2l a il.ani.en l a il.ani.ene l a i.ente
il.an5.Define Iteration \Looping
l a il.ani.enStatement l a il.ani.ene
asas a a
adsas a
adsas • An Iterationastatement a
adsas is a set of statements a
adsas that
w p.apdadyour Age:12
Enter
.w w .wp.apda w .wp.apda are w .wp.pda executed until a w
repeatedly .wp.apda is
condition w
ww You are not eligible for wwvoting ww ww ww ww
TRUE
iii) Nested if..elif...else statement: Python provides two types of looping constructs:
• When we t
need
e t to construct a nested teiftstatement(s) t t t t t t
a l a il.ain .en
a l a il.ain .e n
a l a il.a•i.enewhile loop
n
then s
asa elif clause can be used s
adsinstead
a of else. adsa s s s adsa s
.wp.apdad .wp.apda .wp.apda • for loop .p.apdaada .wp.apda
w syntax: w w w w w w
ww ww ww 6.Explainwwhile w loop with an example ww ww
If condition1: In the while loop,
• while loop is entry check loop
t type,
a i l ni.entetstatements 1
.aBlock a il.ani.ente
t
a il.ani.ente
t
a il.ani.ente .ani.ente
ailtill
t
elif
adas asl
condition 2: s
ada a sl s
ada asl • The statements s
ada sl
block1
a is executed repeatedlys
ada asl
w .wp.apda block statements
w .wp.ap2da w .wp.apda the condition
w .wp.apdais True. w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww • else w
w
part is executed when thewcondition is False.
w ww
else :
block statements 3 • The else part is optional
t t t t t ntet if the condition isaiFalse t
l a i l.ani. en e
l a il.ani. e n e
l a il.an•i.enteIt is not executed even l a il.ani.eonce l l.ani.ente
adsaas
apdaIn
saas
apdisaadno
sas Syntax:
apdaada apdaada
sas sas
apdaada
w .•
wp . an ‘if’ statement there
w .wp. limit of ‘elif’ clause,
.wp. .wp. .wp.
ww but an ‘else’ clause wwshould be placed at thewend. ww intialization ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
In the syntax of if..elif..else, while condition:
statements block 1 t t
• condition-1 enteist tested entet entet t t
a l a i l.an i.
a l a il.a ni .
a l a il.an i . updation a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
s true then block statements
ifadsitais asas 1is executed, adaadsas else: adsas adsas
w .w
•p.apdaotherwise the controlw .wp.apdad condition-2,
checks w .wp.p w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww
statements ww ww
if it is true block statements 2 is executed
• otherwise else part is executed
t t t t t t
Example: t t t t
Example:lail.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
asa as adsaa s adsaas adsaa
n=int(input("Factroials of ")) adsaas
w p.apdad
a,b,c=int(input()),int(input()),int(input())
.w w .wp.apda w .wp.apda f,a=1,1
ww if a>b and a>c: ww ww ww
while(a<n): ww ww
print(a," Largest") a=a+1
elif b>a andnb>c: e te t e te t e te t etet etet
l i.n
ail.aLargest") l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n f*=a
print(b,"
aa s as s
ada a s s
ada as print(" isad s
ada
",f) as s
ada as
w .wp.apdad
else: w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.pa w .wp.apda w
ww print(c," Largest") w
w ww ww ww ww
output:
output Factroial of 5
Enter First iNumber..5 . n i e
. ntet . ni e
. ntet . n i .en tet .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
l a l a l a il a l a il a is 120 l a il l a il
saas Number..2 adaadsaas sas sas sas
.
Enter
wp apdaadsecond
. .wp. p .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww Enter third Number..3 ww ww ww ww ww
5 Largest
d a
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l a a
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l a a
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l a a
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l a
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7.Explainforaslail.aniloop as aslail.an9.How to use of string as ail.arange()
lin of for loop aslail.ani.n
a sa a sa a sa a sa adsa
w .w p.apdadnote on range () inwloop
Write .wp.apda
d
w .wp.apda
d • range () can
w
dad take values from string,
.wp.apalso w .wp.apdalist, w
ww • for loop is the most ww comfortable loop. ww ww etc
dictionary ww ww
• It is an entry check loop.
• The statements t t
il.ani.ene block1 is executed ntet
il.ani.erepeatedly till fort wt in 'Computer':
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
thes asl a s asl a s asl a print (w,end=' s asl
')a s asl a
adacondition is True. adaada ada ada ada
w .w
•p.apdaelse part is executed w .wp.p the condition is False.
when w .wp.apda output: w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
• The else part is optional Computer
Syntax:
t t t t t t
i
for counter_variable
l a l.ani.ente in sequence: lail.ani.ene l a il i.ente
.an10.What is the importance
l a il nteindentation
.ani.eof in python?
l a il.ani.ente
sas 1p.apdaadsa
as sas • In Python, indentation sas is important in control sas
.wp.apdaada statements-block.w .wp apdaada
. .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww else:(optional) ww ww ww
statements. ww ww
statements • Indentation is used to creates blocks and sub-
• counter_variable entet is similar to the control entet variable
blocks
entet t t t t
Sequence a l a il.ani .
a l a il.ani .
a l a il.an i .
dadsas
•p.apasequence refers to the
.w
asas
.apdad final and increment
.wpinitial, .wp.apda
adsas
11.Explain Nested
adsas
.wp.apdaloop with an example. .wp.apda
adsas
w w w w w w
ww value. ww ww • A loop wwplaced within another loop ww is called as ww
• In python, range() function used for the sequence. nested loop structure.
• range() te t te t • te t .entet another while; lail.ani.entet
a l a i.en
il.angenerates a list of values
a l a .ani.en
ilstarting from start
a l a il.ani.en One can place a while a l a il.aniwithin a
s
adsastop-1.
datill daadsa s daadsa s • for within another s
daadsa for; daadsas
. p.ap . p.ap . p a
. p . p.ap . p.ap
ww
ww Syntax of range() ww
ww
ww
ww • for within ww
ww while ww
ww
ww
w
range (start,stop,step) • while within for to construct such nested loops.
Where, Syntax:
e ntet e ntet etet etet etet
• asstart
s l . ni .
aila – refers to the initial s asl . ni .
aila (0 is default)
value
s asl ailai.n
. n
ada apdaadavalue (stop-1) ada ada ada
w .wp.apda• stop – refers to the w .wp.final w .wp.apda Initial
ww • step – referswtowincrement value(1 is default) ww ww
while condition : ww ww
start and step are optional part. for counter_variable in sequence:
Example : .ni.ente t t t statements-block t 1 t
l a il a l a il.ani.ente l a il i.ente
.anupdating l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente
for i ain sa s
range (2,10,2): sas sas sas sas
.wp.apdada print (i, end=' ') .wp.apdaada .wp apdaada
w w w ww w w
ww else: ww ww Example:w ww ww
print(“This is out of loop”) for c in range(65,70):
te t te t tet a in range (65,c+1): .ni.entet t t
a l a n
il.ai. e n
a l a n
il.ai. e n
a l a il.ai.enfor
n
a l a ila a l a il.ani.ene
Output: adsas adsas adsas print(chr(a),end='
apdaada
s s') ss
apdaada
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .w
print(end='\n')p. w .wp. w
ww 2468 ww ww ww ww ww
8.Write note on range () in loop c+=1
• sequence refers output
te t to the initial, finaln.eand te t increment t t t t t t
value.
a l a n
il.ai e
. n
a l a il.ai n
a la il.aAi.ene
n
asa s adsa s adsa s adsa s adsa s
w •p.apdaIndpython, range() function
.w w .wp.apda used for the sequence. w .wp.apda AB
ww • range() generates ww a list of values starting from ww start A B C ww ww ww
till stop-1. ABCD
Syntax of range() etet etet AeBteCt D E etet etet
al i.ani.n lal i.ani.n lal i.ani.n lal i.ani.n lal i.ani.n
range
a da aasl
ads(start,stop,step) a daadsaas a daadsaas a daadsaas a daadsaas
p.p
w.w
Where, w.wp.p w.wp.p 12.Define Jump w.wp.pStatements w.wp.p w
ww ww ww • It is ww to transfer the control
used ww
from one part of ww
• start – refers to the initial value (0 is default)
• stop – refers to the final value (stop-1) the program to another with out condition.
t t t t t t t t
• astepl a
en e
il.ani–. refers to incrementalvalue(1
a
en e
il.ani. is default) l a i
l
• e e
.ani. Ex. break, continue,
n
l a i
l .ani.ente
pass
l a i
l .ani.ente
asas asas adsaas adsaas adsaas
wwp.apdadand step are optional.ppart.
.start .apdad
ww .p.apda ww .p.apda ww .p.apda ww w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
d a
dsaaslal a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a
aa
ww w w
w
l asla l saasla l
p
w.w
a
.pda p.apdad
www.Padasalai.Net
w.w p
w.w
a
. pda p
w.w
a
. pda p
w.w.apda
w
etet
ni.n statements in python. etetn etet
i.n etet
il.ani.n etet
n
13.Explain
saaslail.a Jump
saaslail.ani. saaslail.an14.Write a note on the
saaslaparameters used in print
saasla()il.ani.
a
adathe
List d differences between a
ad and continue .p.apdad
adbreak a statements. Or adada adada
w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w ww w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w
w statements w w Difference w between end and sep w ww
Definebreak,statement, pass statements print can have end, sep as parameters.
t ni.entet •eteend t parameter - used nto.entgive t etet
l i.ente
atoil.antransfer l ail.aone l ail.ani.n Ex. ‘\t’ for tab, ‘\n’ l i e any escape sequences
ail.anew l ail.ani.n
It is used
aas as the control s a
from
s part of the s as s as for line .. s as
p.apdad to another withwout aada
.wp.apdcondition. .wp.apda
ada ada
.wp.apda - used to specify any
aa
p.apdad
w .w
program w • sep parameter
w w .w
special w
ww Ex. break, continue, w w
pass. ww ww ww ww
characters like, (comma) ; (semicolon) as separator
i) break statement between values .
t t t t t t t t
• The break
l a il
en e
.ani. statement terminates l a il.athe en e
ni. current loop. l a il.ani. en e
l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente
adsaascontrol comes out of
• apdaThe sas
aadaloop and starts .p.apdaada
apdthe
sas a
daadsas on Experience.p.apdaadsas
apHands
a
w .wp. w .wp . w w w .wp. w w w
ww executing after the wwloop structure. ww ww ww ww
• In nested loop, break will terminate the innermost 1.Write the program to display
loop. 1 t t
i . ni entet
. i . ni entet
. i . n i.en2e t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
• If saaloop l a l a is left by break, the l
else
a a l a
part is not a l a l a 1 a l a a l a
adas adsas adsas 1 2 3 adsas adsas
w .wp.apdaexecuted’. w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww Ex. ww ww 1 2 3 4 ww ww ww
for w in "Jump Statement": 12345
if.nw=="e":te t te t i=1t t t t t t
a l a ilai.en a l a il.ani.en a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s break asa s adsa s while (i<=6): asa s adsa s
w .wp.apda print (w, end= w' .wp.apdad
') w .wp.apda for j in range
w .apdad
.wp(1,i): w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww
print(j,end='') ww ww
else:
print("END") print(end='\n')
e te t
ni.np S t a t e te t e tet etet etet
output :Jlauil.am
s as s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.ni +=1 s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada 2.Write a program atoa check whether the given aa
w
(ii) continue
.wp.apda
statement
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apdad w .wp.apdad w
ww • Continue statement ww is used to skip the remaining ww character ww is a vowel or not. ww ww
part of a loop . c=input("Enter a Character")
• It starts with tetnext iteration. tet if ct int ('a','A','e','E','i','I','o','O','u','U'):t t
Example: l a il.ani e
. n
l a il.a ni e
. n
l a il.an e
i.enprint(c," is a vowel") l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.wp.apdaada for w in "Jump Statement": .wp .apdaada .wp.apdaada else: .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada
w ww w w w w
ww if w=="e": w ww ww not a vowel")
print("c,is ww ww
continue 3.Using if..else..elif statement check smallest of three
t t t t numbers.t t t t t
l a il.ani.ene(w, end= ' ')
print
l a il.ani.ene l a i.ente l a il.ani.ene
il.ana,b,c=int(input()),int(input()),int(input()) l a il.ani.ene
a
adsaselse: a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas
w .wp.apda print("\nEND") w .wp.apda w .wp.apda if a<b and a<c:
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Output :Jump Statmnt print(a," is smallest")
(iii) pass statement elif b<a and b<c:
• It is alnull
a a n e
. n
il.ai statement. a l a il.ain e
. n
a l a il.ai.eneprint(b," is smallest")
n
s s asa s adsa s adsa s adsa s
•p.apd
.w aada
Completely ignored by p .apdad
.winterpreter. .wp.apda
else:
.wp.apda .wp.apda
w w w w w w
ww • pass statement iswgenerally w used as a placeholder ww print(c,"wwis smallest") ww ww
• Nothing happens when pass is executed, it results in 4.Write a program to check if a number is Positive,
no operation. t t Negativet or zero.
.ani.ente .ani.ente i.ente etet etet
• pass s asl a il
statement can be used in
s a l a
‘if’
s
ilor loop construct, s asl a il.ana=int(input("Enter
s as ail.ani.n
a number"))
l s asl ail.ani.n
aa aa ada ada ada
w .wp.apdad a=int (input("Enter
Ex: w .apdadnumber :"))
.wpany w .wp.apda if a>0:
ww if (a==0): w
w ww ww is a positive number") ww
print(a," ww
pass elif a<0:
t t t t t
.ani.ente .ani.ente .ani.ente .ani.ente .ani.ente
else: print(a," is a negative number")
l a il l a il l a il l a il l a il
sas sas sas else: sas sas
.wp.apdaada print ("END") .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada print(a," is . p.apdaada
Zero")
w . wp.apdaada
ww output : Enter any number
ww wwww :0 ww ww ww ww ww ww ww
w
d a
dsaaslal a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a
aa
ww w w
w
l asla l saasla l
p
w.w
a
.pda p.apdad
www.Padasalai.Net
w.w p
w.w
a
. pda p
w.w
a
. pda p
w.w.apda
w
etet
il.ani.n etet
n etet
i.n Write a program toladisplay il.ani.netet etet
n
5.Writeasalaprogram
sa
to display Fibonacci
saaslail.ani.series saaslail.an10. saas saaslail.ani.
0a a
1d1ad2 3 4 5…… (upto n terms) adada adada A adada adada
w n=int(input("Enter term")) w w AB w w ww
a=-1 ABC
b=1 t t etet AeBteCt D etet etet
i.ni.ene ail.ani.n ail.anAi.nB C D E ail.ani.n ail.ani.n
c=0 adsaaslala s
ada asl s
ada asl s
ada asl s
ada asl
w .wp.apdiain range(0,n,1):
for w .wp.apda w .wp.apda for c in .wp.apda
range(65,70):
w w .wp.apda w
ww c=a+b ww ww for a in rangeww (65,c+1): ww ww
print(c) print (chr(a),end=’ ‘)
a=b ail.ani.entet a i
l.ani. ente t
a i
l
e nte t
print(end=’\n)
.ani. a il.ani.ente
t
a il.ani.ente
t
a l sas l l
sas c+=1 sas l sas l
. p . daadsas
ab=c
p . p.apdaada . p.apdaada . p.apdaada . p.apdaada
ww 6. Write a program to wwdisplay sum of natural numbers, ww ww ww ww
upto n. 11. Using if..else..elif statement write a suitable
n=int(input("Enter No")) program to display largest oft 3t numbers.
a=1 alail.ani.n
etet i .ani entet
. i .an i entet
. il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
a l a l a l a l a l a a l a
asas adsas adsas a,b,c=int(input()),int(input()),int(input())
adsas adsas
w p.apdad
s=0
.w w .wp.apda w .wp.apda if a>b and w .wp.apda
a>c: w .wp.apda w
ww while(a<=n): ww ww ww ww ww
s+=a print("A is greater")
elifteb>a and b>c:
a+=1
i . ani entet
. i .ani entet
. i .an i en t
. t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
print(s) asl a l asl a l asl a l print("B is l a
greater")
as asl a
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda else: w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww 7. Write a program to wwcheck if the given number wwis a ww ww ww
print("C is greater")
palindrome or not.
t t 12.t Write
t a program to display t all 3 digit odd numbers.
n=input("Enter .ani.entenumber") .ani.ente i.enei in range(101,1000,2): .ani.ente etet
s asl a i
l s asl a i
l s asl a i
l .anFor
s asl a il s asl ail.ani.n
a a reverse no",n[::-1])
print("The ada ada ada ada
w .w pdad
p.an==n[::-1]: w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda ')
print(i,end='
w .wp.apda w
ww if ww ww ww ww ww
13. Write a program to display multiplication table for
print("Palindrome")
a given number.
else:
print("Not i entet
.ani.Palindrome") i .ani.ente
t
i
t
n=int(input())
.ani.ente i .ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
sas l a l sas l a l l a l
sas fori in range(1,11): sas l a l sas l a l
.wp apdaada
. .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada . p.
print(n*i)
w apdaada .wp.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
8.Write a program to print the following pattern
*****
n.entet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
* * * *saaslail.ai a l a a l a a l a a l a
ad adsas adsas adsas adsas
w .w *pd*a
*p.a w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww * * ww ww ww ww ww
*
t t t t t t t t t t
a l il.ani.ene
for c in range(5,0,-1):
a a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
s
foradasain range (c,0,-1): adsas adsa s adsa s adsa s
w.wp.apdaprint ('*',end='') w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
print(end='\n')
c+=1
t t etet etet etet etet
9.Write alaprogram
a il.ani.ene to check if theayear l ail.ani.isn leap year or a l ail.ani.n a lail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n
not. ada s s s
ada s s
ada s s
ada s s
ada s
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w
ww n=int(input("Enter year")) ww ww ww ww ww
if(n%4==0):
print(n," is atleap
enet year") .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
else: saslail.ani. sas l a il sas l a il sasl a i
l sasl a i
l
. p. daada is not a leap year")
aprint(n,"
p . p.apdaada . p.apdaada . p.apdaada . p.apdaada
ww w ww w ww w ww ww ww
d a
dsaaslal a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a
aa
ww w w
w
l asla l saasla l
p
w.w
a
.pda p.apdad
www.Padasalai.Net
w.w p
w.w
a
. pda p
w.w
a
. pda p
w.w.apda
w
t t t t t t t t t t
s
adsa CHOOSE THE CORRECT s
adsaANSWER adsa s adsa
Additional s questions p.apdaadsa s
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
1. How many important control structures are there in 1.Which statement allows to execute set of statements
Python? i.ni.entet etet etet on condition is called…..(alternative
based etet or etet
s asl ala s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s a sl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
A) 3 a da4 C) 5 D) 6
B) ada ada branching) ada ada
ww 2. elif can be considered ww to be abbreviation ofww 2.Whichw w
statement allows to execute wwset of statements ww
A) nested if B) if..else C) else if D) if..elif multiple times based on condition is called…..( iteration
t t et t t
3. What plays
l a il.ani.enatevital role in Pythonlaprogramming?A)
i l.ani.ente l a il i.entlooping)
.anor l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente
sas B) Control C) Structure
Statements sasD) Indentation sas 3.(Simple if) ………is as simplest of all decision
sthe as
smaking
. wp apdaada
. .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .wp apdaada
.
w w w w w w
ww 4. Which statement w iswgenerally used as a placeholder? ww statements ww ww ww
A) continue B) break C) pass D) goto 4.In python, ‘elif’ clause can be used instead of
5.The condition t the if statement should
t in t tbe in the t t
……(else). t t t t
form ss
of ss s s 5.Which statement s s be placed at the dend
should s
s of
.w p apdaada
. .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .wp apaada
.
w w w w w w
ww A) Arithmetic or Relational ww expression ww if…elif…else.ww ( else) ww ww
B) Arithmetic or Logical expression 6.‘elif’ can be considered to be abbreviation of .(else if).
C) Relational eorteLogical t expression D) Arithmetic t t 7.In t python
t ,which is a typical t amount
t of indentation etet
a l a il.ani.n a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a lail.ani.
n
6. Which
a
dad sa s is the most comfortable adsa sloop? a sa s (four spaces or tab) a s a s a sa s
p.apdo..while .apdaif..elif adad d
.wp.apdaof loops in python w adad
w w.wA) B) while C)wfor w.wpD) w w.wp.p 8.How many w wtypes w ….w (2.p- for,while)
p w
w w w w w ww
7. What is the output of the following snippet? 9.Which print parameter is used to give escape
i=1 t t sequence…(end)
t
.ani.ente .ani.ente .ani.ente etet etet
whileasTrue:
asl a il s asl a il s asl a il 10.Which print parameter
s as l ail.aniis.nused as separatorsbetween
asl ail.ani.n
da ada ada ada ada
w.wp.apda if i%3 ==0: w .wp.apda w .wp.apda values…(sep) w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
break 11.…..is an entry check loop (for)
print(i,end='') t t tet 12.counter_variable
tet is similar teto
t the ……(control n.entet
i . ni e
.n e i . ni e
. n i . n i e
. n i . ni e
. n i.ai
i +=1 saaslala saaslal
a a
saaslal variable) saaslal
a
saaslal
d ad
a B) 123 C) 1234 D) 124 aad ad aad ad aad ad d ad
w.w p.ap12
A) w.wp.p w.wp.p 13.which function w.wp.p in python,used in w w.w
the p.apa
sequence to w
ww ww ww ww w ww
8. What is the output of the following snippet? specify the initial, final and increment values.(range() )
T=1 14.what is output?
i .ani entet
. i .ani entet
. i .an i entet
. il.ani.ene
t t t t
il.ani.ene
while sT:aslal a l a l a l a l for i in range(1,5,1): a l a a l a
ada adsas adsas adsas adsas
w .wp.apda print(True) w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
print(i) w .wp.apda w
ww break
ww ww ww
The output is (1,2,3,4)
ww ww
A) False B) True C) 0 D) no output 15.what is output?
t t t t t t t t
9. Which l n
il.ai
amongst
a
e
. n e
this is not a jump l a n
.ai e
. n
ilstatemente
? l a n i.entei in range(2,5,2): lail.ani.ente
il.afor l a il.ani.ene
as as as as as
.w daadsB)
p.apfor
A)
a
goto C) continue daadsa
p.apbreak
D)
.w .wp.apda
adsa
.wp.apda
print(i)
adsa
.wp.apda
adsa
w w w w w w
ww 10. Which punctuation wwshould be used in the block? ww the output wwis (2,4) ww ww
if <condition>_ 16.what is output?
e ntet e ntet t
i.entei in range(5,1,-1): lail.ani.ente
t etet
s as aila. ni .
statements-block
l 1
s asl aila. ni .
s asl . n
ailafor s as s asl ail.ani.n
aa ada ada ada ada
w .wp.apdad
else:
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
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t t t t t t t
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l a il.ani.e n e
l a il i.entei in range(5):
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. .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada print(i)
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adsas a
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if a==’h’:
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t t
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t t
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t t
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ada ada ada ada ada
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t t t t t t t t t t
CHAPTER – 7 PYTHON FUNCTION
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7. Explain the different types of function in python ww ww
What are the advantages of user defined functions with an example.
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Thered ad aas
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sain python, they are dadsa asl a
d dsa
Block of Statements
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d adsaaslal
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w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp(expression / None) ww.w
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da s
daaarguments aas s
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block ww ww
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t t at colon (:). t t
a il.ani.ente a il.ani.ente a il.ani.ente a il.ani.ente a il.ani.ente
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w w ww ww w w
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a l a n
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a l a n
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a l a il.ai.ene print(“Hello”)alail.ani.ene
n
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4.DefineadsasNested block adsas adsas return daadsas ss
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ww 5.How to call a function? ww ww • Instead ww of def keyword lambdawkeyword w is used. ww
• Call function used to call the function • It is also called as lambda functions.
Syntax: etet etet •eteLambda
t function can take t number of
eteany etet
s asl ail.ani.n
function_name(argument) s a sl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n arguments s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada daada ada
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• Parameters are the variables used in the function lambda arg1,arg2,arg3,...argn : expression
t t t t t t t t
definition.
l a il.ani.e n e
l a il.ani.e n e
l a il
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i. l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente
sas sas sas s=lambda a,b,c : a+b+c sas sas
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print(s(10,20,30)) ww ww
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w w.w w w.wp.pitself. w w.wp.p w w p.p w w.wp.p w
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iste t etet hello() t etet etet
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a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n a l ail.anoutput a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n
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a the program gives s
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ww ww ww 9.What is wwthe use of lambda or anonymous ww function? ww
• otherwise it will execute like an infinite loop.
• Lambda function is mostly used for creating small
t t .ani.ente
t t
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t
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t
Example:lail.ani.ene l a il l a il l a il l a il
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sas
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ww ww ww withwthewwfunctions like filter(), w ww and reduce().
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return 1 10.Write a short note on return Statement
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t t
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output: 5 at run time
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contain
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aa ada ada ada ada
w .wp.apdad User defined function
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ww Ref. refer above answer ww ww ww ww ww
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example t t • Scope t refers to the accessibility t of a variable. t
a il.ani.ente answer a il.ani.ente a il.ani.ente a il.ani.ente a il.ani.ente
Ref. refer sas l above sas l sas • There are local
l sandl
as Global scope sas l
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w w w w w w
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d)Explain Build- in function with an example known as local variable.
te t te t te t of local variable t t t t
Ref. refer above
a l a n
il.ai. e n answer
a l a n
il.ai. e n
a l a n
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Rulesn
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w .wp.apdad are the points towbe
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ww ww ww • It is created
ww inside the function/block. ww ww
function? • A local variable only exists while the function is
t executing.
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. i . n i entet
. il.ani.entet t t
il.ani.ene
as asl a l a asl a l a • The formal arguments asl a are also local to l
function.
as a
dsa
defafunction_name (parameter1, adsa parameter2… ) : adaadsa adsa adsa
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.p Ex w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww Block of Statements ww ww defwwloc(): ww ww
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e nte t e
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• Function s asl ail.ani.begin with def keyword s asl ail.afollowed by s asl ail.ani.n print(y) s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
w .wp.apdafunction name and parenthesis w .wp.apda (). w .wp.apda Output w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww • parameters or arguments ww should be placedwwithin
w ww ww ww
NameError: name 'y' is not defined
parenthesis (). because y is a local variable.
• The code t t t t t t t
l a il.ani.e n e
block is indented and
l
always
a il.ani.e n e comes after
sas (:).
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ww • The statement “return
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ww [expression]” exits w ww ww ww
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Global a
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a lail.ani.
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s saaslail.ani. s
aaslail.ani. s
a aslail.ani. s
a aslail.ani.
a
•p.apdaAdglobal variable, can .be adada adada 17.Differentiate a
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aceil() adada
w w.w w w wp.pused anywhere in the w w.wp.p ww.wp.p w w.wp.p w
w program. w w w w ww
• It is created outside the function/block. ceil() floor()
Rules of global t
tKeyword t t t
t Returns the smallest .ni.entetReturns the largest .ni.entet
il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene ia ia
• dTo s asl a
adadefine a variable outside s asl a
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a a a da a da a da
w.wp.p by default. w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p
math.ceil(x) w.wp.p
math.floor(x) w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
• global keyword used to modify the global variable X=26.7 y=-26.7 z=-23.2 X=26.7 y=-26.7 z=-23.2
inside a function. Print(math.ceil(x)) = 27 Print(math.floor(x)) = 26
. ni e
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. ntet . ni.en et
tPrint(math.ceil(y)) = -26. ni e
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tePrint(math.floor(y)) ni.entet
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l a i
l a l a il a l ai l a l ail a l a
asaas asaas asaas asaas asaas
w.w p.apdad
Example:
w.w p.apdadc = 10 p.apdad
w.w p.apdad = -23 Print(math.floor(z))
Print(math.ceil(z))
w.w p.apdad = -24
w.w w
ww ww def add(): ww ww ww ww
c = 10 global c
def add(): c=c+2 tet 18.teWrite a Python code to check whether a given yeartet
n entet en en t entet en
s
a as
il.a
lac=c+2 i .
s
a a lail.ani.
print(c)
s saas
i .ani .
lal is leap year or not. saaslal i .ani .
saaslail.ani.
adaad print(c) adaadadd() adaad adaad adaad
w w.wp.p w w.wp.p output: 12 w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w
w add() w w def leap(y): w w ww
output if y%4==0:
local variable t
'c'
e t
referenced before assignment te t t tprint(y," is a leap year") t t t t
a l ail.ani.en a l a il.ani.en a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
asa s asa s adsa s else: asa s adsa s
w.w p.apdad global scope. w.wp.apdad
12.Define w .wp.apda print(y,"
w w pdada leap year")
p.anot
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ww ww ww ww ww ww
Ref. above answer
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t etet etet
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s asl .
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i
s asl aila. ni .
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i .ni e
. n i . ni e
. n et i . ni e
. n e i . ni e
. n i .ani.ente
t
types.saslala sas l a l a l a l a
sas n2 = int(input("Enter l a
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ada s number: ")) daadsaas
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w .wp. refers to the accessibility
w .wp. w w .wp . w.wp.p w
ww • There are local and ww Global scope ww ww
m = min(n1,n2) ww ww
while(1):
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t
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t
a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a la il.ani.enif(m % n1 == 0 and a l a i
l a l a i
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16.Whatasas happens when weamodify adsas global variable adaadsas adsams % n2 == 0): adsas
w .wp.apdad the function
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print("LCM pdatwo
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ww ww ww ww ww ww
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t t
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w.wp.apdamodify the global variable w .wp.apdainside the function.w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
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ad s
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a l a il.ani.eneHANDS ON EXPERIENCEa l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s adsa s adsa s s
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ww def printinfo( name,wsalary w = 3500): ww output ww ww ww
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abs(-25+12.0) - etet 13.0 etet
return
s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada - ada
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
w.wp.apda abs(-3.2)
w .wp.apda 3.2
w .wp.apda w
ww 1.Try the following code in the above programww
ww ord('2') w
w
- 50w
w ww
t t ord('$')t - etet 36 t
1.printinfo(“3500”)
l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente l ail.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.n l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas type(‘s’) sas sas
.wp.apdaada:
Output
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w p.apdaada .wpapdaada -
. .
w .apdaada
<Class ‘str’>
p
w w w ww w w
ww Name: 3500 ww ww bin(16) w - ww
0b10000 ww
Salary: 3500
2.printinfo(“3500”,”Sri”) chr(13) - t t '\r'
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etet t t
il.ani.ene i .
a ni entet
. il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
a l a a l a l a l a a l a
asas adsas adsas print(chr(13)) adaadsas - adsas
w .wp.apdad 3500
Name:
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.p w .wp.apda w
ww Salary: Sri ww ww ww
round(18.2,1) - ww
18.2 ww
3.printinfo(name=”balu”) round(18.2,0) - 18.0
Output: t t t t t t -i.ni.entet t t
il.ani.ene il.ani.ene i.en e
il.anround(0.5100,3) a 0.51 il.ani.ene
Name: asaa sl
balua a
adsa sl a
a saasl a
round(0.5100,2) a sa -l
asl a
0.51 adsaasl a
w .wp.apdad 3500
Salary: w .wp.apda w.wp.p
a da d a
w.wp.p
da d
w .wp.apda w
ww 4.printinfo(“jose”,1234) ww ww ww
round(0.5120,3) - ww
0.512 ww
Output: format(66,’c’) - ‘B’
Name: jose etet etet etet
format(10,'x') - etet ‘a’ etet
Salary:a a1234 ada ada format(10,'X') adaada - ‘A’ ada
w .wp.apdad
5.printinfo(“ w .wp.apda
“,salary=1234) w .wp.apda w.wp.p w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww
format(0b110,’d’) - ‘6’ww ww
Output: format(0xa,’d’) - ‘10’
Name:
entet entet .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
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t
Salary: 1234
sas lail.ani. sas lail.ani. l a i
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sas Number formatting asl
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ww ww d deciml
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c Unicode character
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il.ani.ene
la
1.print(eval(‘25*2-5*4)
a 30a lail.ani. a la n l l a
asa s
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sa s adsas o octal format adsaas a
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p.apdad
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w .wp.apda w
w w w w ww x hexadeci(lower
ww case) ww ww
3.print(math.ceil(3.5+4.6)) 9 X hexadec(Upper)
4.print(math.floor(3.5+4.6))
t 8 t t
t
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a sl a asl a a sla il.an1.pow(2,-3) 0.125aslail.ani.n a sl a
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sas sas sas sas sas
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w .wp.apda CHOOSE THE CORRECT w .wp.apdaANSWER w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
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1. A named nblocks t t of code that are designed t t to do one t t etet etet

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2. A Function which calls itself is called as
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l a il.ani. te l a il.ani.nte l a il.ani.ente l ail.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
3. Which sas function is called anonymous sas un-named sas sas sas
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ww function (a) Lambdaw(b) Recursion
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ss adsas adsas adsas adsas
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w (a) (b) for (c) finally
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(b)
n
(c) finally (d) l
def
a a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
daadsa s asa s asa s adsa s adsa s
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ail.ani.n order is l ail.ani.n
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choose l a il.ani.ente l ail.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
s sas sas sas sas
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w w w w w w
ww (I) In Python, you don’t wwhave to mention the specific ww ww ww ww
data types while defining function.
t t t t t t t t t
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if ____ : print(x, " is a leap year")
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II CHAPTER 8 STRINGS & STRING MANIPUPLATION
etet CHAPTERni.ent6
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s
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1.Define String. Or What is String?
• String is a data type in python.
tet
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t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
• It is array l a il characters. l a il l a il l a il l a il
adsaas is a set of Unicodeadcharacters
•p.apdaString
sas
aada consists of .p.apdaada
sas sas
apdaada apdaada
sas
w .w . wp. p w .wp. .wp.
ww letters, numbers,wor wwspecial symbols enclosed ww
w 6.Explainwabout ww string operators inwpython ww with ww
w
within single, double or even triple quotes. suitable example
• Strings are t
enteimmutable in 'Python', entet (i) tConcatenation
enet (+)
ntet t
l a il.ani . l a il.ani . l a il.an•i . l a il.ani.estrings l a il.ani.ente
• Itascan as not be changed during a
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s a
adsas
Joining of two or more
a
adsas
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adsasa
.w
Ex. ada
p.apd“ELANGO” .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
Concatenation. .wp.apda
w w w w w w
ww 2.Do you modify a string ww in Python? ww • The w
w
plus (+) operator is used . w
w ww
• Strings are immutable in 'Python', Example
t t t t t t t t t
• It cananot
l
e
il.ani.enbe changed during aexecution l a il.ani.en e
l a i.ente"welcome" + "Python"
il.an>>> l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
as s as as as
• Ifadsyou a want to modify the adsa completely
string, adsa 'welcomePython'dadsa adsa
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda (ii) Append w
(+.wp.apa
=) w .wp.apda w
ww overwrite a newwstring w value on the existing wwstring ww ww ww
variable. • Adding a new string with an existing string.
a=”RMK” tet • The operator += is used. t
e n e ntet e ntet ete etet
s as aila
a=”ELANGO”
l . ni .
s asl aila. ni .
s asl . n i .
ailaExample s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
aa ada ada daad"a ada
w .wp.apdad to replace a particular
3.How
w .wp.apdacharacter in python?w.wp.apda >>>x="Welcome
w .wp.apto w .wp.apda w
ww • replace() to change ww all occurrences of a particular ww >>>x+="Learn ww Python" ww ww
character in a string >>>print (x)
• syntax:.replace(“char1”, t t Welcome t to Learn Python etet t
l a il ani.ente “char2”).ni.ente
l a il a l a il i.enteRepeating (*)
.an(iii) l a il.ani.n l a il.ani.ente
• dEx. sas>>>a=”ELANGO” sas sas sas saas
.wp.apaada .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada • The . p.apdaada operator (*) is used
multiplication
w .wp. daaddisplay
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w >>>print(a. replace(“E”,”I”)) w w w w w
ww ww ww ww
string in multiple number of ww
times. ww
>>> ILANGO
4.How will you delete a string in python? Example
t t t t t t t t
• We can l a n e n e
i. delete a particular lcharacter
il.anot a n
il.ai. e n e in a string. l a n i.entestr1="Welcome " lail.ani.ente
il.a>>> l a il.ani.ene
as
adsacan asasa a
asas >>> print (str1*4) ssa ssa
•p.apdawe
.w remove entire.pstring
w .apdad variable using delw.wp.apdad .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada
w w Welcome w w w w
ww command. ww ww w WelcomeWelcomeWelcome ww ww
Syntax: del(string variable) (iv) String slicing
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e te e te e te te tet
>>>del(a) a l a n
il.ai . n
a l a n
il.ai . n
a l a n . n
il.a•i Slicing operator [:] a l with
a n
il.ai index or subscript value a l a il.ani.e
isn
asa s adsa s asa s s
daadsa(substring). adsa s
w p.apdad python accessingwcharacters
5.How
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w .wp.apslice w .wp.apda w
ww Once you define a string, ww ww Syntax: ww ww ww
• python allocate an index value for its each variable[start:end]
t t startt - beginning index(default t is 0) etet
character.
l a il.ani.entIte is also called as subscript
l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente l ail.ani.n
as
• adaItadisa used to access and manipulate
s s
ada as the strings. adaada s as end -last index value
s
ada as (n-1) n: length of string
adas as
w .w
•
p.p
The subscript can be w .wp.apda or negative integer
positive w .wp.p >>> s="ELANGO" w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww w
>>> printw(s[0]) #output : E ww ww
numbers.
>>> print (s [1:5]) #output :LANG
• The positive t tsubscript from 0 to n-1, t t t t t
• Theasnegative
l a
e n e
il.ani. index from the last l a il.ani.e n
character
e
to the l a il i.enteprint (s[:5]) #output:ELANG
.an>>> l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente
adsa sas sas >>> print (s [3:]) dadsaas #output: GO adsaas
.wp.apdafirst character in reverse aada begins with -1 to.p-n.apdaada
.wp.apdorder .wp.apa .wp.apda
w w w w w w w
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etet
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(v) Stride
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a aslawhen s
a aslail.ani. saaslail.ani. saaslail.ani. saaslail.ani.
a
•p.apdaIndthe slicing operation, adad a adada 10.Write a Python ad
adaprogram to display the a
dad
agiven
w w.w w w.wp.pthird argument is stride, w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w
w • which refers to the w number of characters to w move pattern w w ww
forward after the first character is retrieved from C O M P U T E R
the string. t t t t C Ot M t PUTE t t t t
• dThe s as
a a default value of stride s a
aisda1.s s
ada as C O M P U T s
ada as s
ada as
w .wp.apad
Example w .wp.apda w .wp.apda C O M P U w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww C O M Pw
w ww ww
>>> s = "Welcome to learn Python"
>>> print (s [10:16]) COM
t t t t t t t
learn lail.ani. en e
l a il.ani.en e
l a il.anCi.enOte l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente
sas sas sas C sas sas
.wp.apdaada (s [10:16:4])
>>>print
.wp apdaada
. .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww r ww ww ww ww ww
>>>print (s [10:16:2]) s="COMPUTER"
er i=len(s)
i .ani entet
. i .ani entet
. i .anfor
t
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il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
>>>print a l a
(s l [::3]) a l a l a l a l a l a a l a
asas adsas adsas print(s[ : i]) .p.apdaada
ss adsas
w p.apdad
Wceoenyo
.w w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w w w .wp.apda w
ww • If you specify a negative ww value, it prints in reverse ww i-=1 ww ww ww
order
>>>a=”ELANGO” t t t t t t
11.Write a short note on String t t Formatting operators. t t
a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.an•i.ene% is called string formatting
a l a il.ani.ene operator. a l a il.ani.ene
s
>>>print(a[::-1])
asa adsa s adsa s asa s adsa s
w .wp.apdad
OGNALE w .wp.apda w .wp.apda • It is usedw to pdad
.wp.aconstruct strings, w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww parts of the strings with
replacing ww the data stored ww
7.What is slicing?
• Slice is a substring of a main string. in variables
e te t e te t e te t etet etet
• Slicing
asl ani.n
ail.operator [:] with index or
asl ni.n
ail.asubscript value is
asl i.n
ail.anSyntax: asl ail.ani.n asl ail.ani.n
s
ada ada s s
ada (“String to be display s
a a%format character and sa
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w .wp.apdaused to take slice (substring).
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ww Syntax: ww ww character” ww% (var1,var2)) ww ww
variable[start:end] Ex.
start - beginning tet index (default is 0).ni.entet name tet = "ELANGO" t t
end sas-last l i . ni e
. n
ala index value (n-1) n:salength l a il a of string l a il.an i e
.
mark n = 98 l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente
ada s sas sas sas
.>>>
wp.apdas="ELANGO" .wp apdaada
. .wp.apdaada print ("Name:.%s
wp. aadaMarks: %d" %(name,mark))
apdand .wp.apdaada
w w w ww w w
ww >>> print (s[0]) #output ww : E ww #output:wName:ELANGO and Marks:98 ww ww
>>> print (s [1:5]) #output :LANG
t t t t t t t t t t
>>> print (s[:5])
a l a il.ani.ene#output:ELANG alail.ani.ene a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
asas (s [3:])
>>>dprint #output:
aada
s
s GO adsas adsas adsas
w .wp.apad will be the output
8.What w .wpof.apdthe following python w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
code?
str1 = “School”
etet t t t t t t t t
a l a il.ani.n a l a il.ani.ene a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
asa s
print(str1*3) adsas adsa s adsa s adsa s
w p.apdad School School School
.w
output: w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
9.What will be the output of the given python
program?
s asl ail.ani.n
str1 = "welcome"
s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
a school"
str2 =ad"to ada ada ada ada
ww str3=str1[:2]+str2[len(str2)-2:]
ww ww ww ww ww
print(str3)
#output: weol tet tet tet t t
l
e
ail.ani.n l
e
ail.ani.n l
e
ail.ani.n l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
s as s as s as sas sas
adaada adaada adaada apdaada apdaada
w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w .
w p. w .
w p. w
w w w ww ww ww
d a
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l a a
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l a a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a
aa
ww w w
w
l asla l saasla l
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adsa s adsa s adsa s adsa s asa s
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda 6.Write a program
w .apdad string
.wp.apda to append a string wto.wpanother w
ww ww ww without w w += operator.
using ww ww
1.Write a python program to find the length of a
s1="RMK"
string. n.entet
.i n.entet.i i.ente
t
.ans2="ELANGO" etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
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a aslaila adsaaslaila s
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l s
ada asl s
ada asl
p.apda
s=input("Type
w.w p.apda
a string:")w.w w.wp.apda .wp.apda
c="".join((s1,s2))
w w .wp.apda w
ww print(len(s)) ww ww print(c) w
w ww ww
output: RMKELANGO
t t t t t t t
Type a string:elango
l a il.ani.en e
l a il.ani.en e
6 dadsaas sas sas 7.Write a program sasswap two strings. dadsaas
to
. wp.apa .wp .apdaada .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .p.apa
ww
w 2.Write a program to count
ww
w the occurrences of each
ww
w
w ww w ww w ww
w
word in a given string. s1="RMK"
s2="ELANGO"
t t t t t t t t t
s=input("Enter
l a n
il.ai. en e
string")
l a n
il.ai. en e
l a n i.ente
il.aprint(s1,s2) l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
a
ss a
ss a
s s t=s1 ssa ssa
.wp.apdaada
w=input("Enter word")
.wp .apdaada .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww c=0 ww ww s1=s2 ww ww ww
for i in s: s2=t
if i==w: t t print(s1,s2)
t
te te i.ente ELANGO t t t t
c+=1
a l a n
il.ai .en
a l a n
il.ai .en
a l a n
il.aRMK a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
s
asa of times") adsa s adsa s s s adsa s
p.apdad
print(c,"No
.w .wp.apda .wp.apda ELANGO RMK.p.apdaada .wp.apda
w w w w w w w
ww Enter stringi love india ww ww 8.Write w w
a program to replace a string ww with another ww
Enter wordi string without using replace().
3 No of timesetet t t t etet etet
3.Write al il.ani.n
aprogram to print integers l il.ani.ene‘*’ on the
awith l i.ente
ail.ans="RMK" l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
aas as aas as s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
w .wp.apdadof specified width.w.wp.apdad
right w .wp.apda r=[]
ww ww ww for i in s:ww ww ww
x=int(input()) if i=='K':
t t ti='M' t t
print("Formatted number is..."+"{:*<5d}".format(x));
sas sas sas r.append(i) sas sas
. p.apdaada number is...12***
Formatted
w .wp .apdaada .wp.apdaada print(s) .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada
w ww w w w w
ww 4.Write a program towcreate a mirror of the given ww ww
print(' '.join(r)) ww ww
string. For example, “wel” = “lew“.
t t t t i.ente
t t t t t
a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.anRMK a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
asas
a=input("Enter a string : ") dadsas adsas R M M asas asas
w .wp.apdad
print("The given string is
w : .wp.aapa)
", w .wp.apda w .wp.apdad w .wp.apdad w
ww ww ww 9.Write w a program
w to count the number ww of characters, ww
print("The Mirror of the given string is : ",a[::-1] ) words and lines in a given string.
OUTPUT : s=str(input("Enter a String: "))t t
t
en:teWEL entet entet t t
Enter a string
a l a il.ani .
a l a il.ani .
a l a il.an i .
c=len(s) a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
s
adsa string is : WEL adaadsa
The given s adsa s adsa s adsa s
w .wp.apda w .wp.p w .wp.apda w=0
ww The Mirror of the given ww string is : LEW ww l=0 ww ww ww
5.Write a program to removes all the occurrences of a for i in s:
give character tin t a string. t t '):
if(i=='
.ani.ene .ani.ente .ani.ente etet etet
s asl a il s asl a il s asl a il w=w+1 s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
aa ada ada aa ada
w .wp.apdad
s="ELANGO"
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda if(i=='.'): w.w p.apdad w.wp.apda w
ww print(s.replace('A',''))ww ww l=l+1w
w ww ww
Output: print("Character:",c,"Words:",w,"Lines:",l)
ELNGO etet etet etet etet etet
adaada adaada adaada a aindia.
Enter a String: i love
p.apdad 2 Lines: 1 adaada
w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p Character:w w.w
13 Words: w w.wp.p w
w w w w w ww
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w.w.apda
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t t t t t t t t t t
s
adsa CHOOSE THE CORRECT s
adsa ANSWER adsa s adsa s adsa s
ww 1. Which of the following ww is the output of the following ww ww ww ww
python code?
s asl ail.ani.n
str1="TamilNadu"
s as l ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
aa ada ada ada ada
w .wp.apdad
print(str1[::-1]) w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww (a) Tamilnadu (b) Tmlau ww (c) udanlimaT d) udaNlimaT ww ww ww ww
2. What will be the output of the following code?
t t t t t
str1 = "Chennai
l a il.ani.enteSchools" l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente l ail.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.wp.apdaada= "-"
str1[7] .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .wpapdaada
. .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww (a) Chennai-Schools (b) wwChenna-School ww ww ww ww
(c) Type error (D) Chennai
t t t t t t t t
3. Whichlaofil.anthe i.entefollowing operator lis a .ani.entefor
ilused l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
asasa a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas
w .wp.apdad
concatenation?
ww (a) + (b) & (c) * d) = ww ww ww ww ww
4. Defining strings within triple quotes allows creating:
tet t t t t t t t t
(a) Singlelaline
a il.ani.enStrings (b) Multiline Strings
s
daadsa line Strings (d) Multiple adsa s adsa s adsa s adsa s
w
(c)
.wp.apDouble w .wp.apda Strings w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww 5. Strings in python: ww ww ww ww ww
(a) Changeable (b) Mutable (c) Immutable (d) flexible
etet ni.entet etet etet etet
s asl a ni.n following is the slicing
6.Which ofil.athe
s as l ail.aoperator? s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
(a) { a a [ ] (c) <> (d) ( )
}d(b) ada ada ada ada
ww 7. What is stride? ww ww ww ww ww
(a) index value of slide operation (b) first argument of
t .entet operation t t t
slice operation
l a il.ani.ente(c) second argumentlaof il.anislice l a il.ani.ente l ail.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
. . aada argument of slice.poperation
(d)apdthird
p .apdaada . p.apdaada . p.apdaada . p.apdaada
ww 8. Which of the following ww formatting characterw iswused ww ww ww
to print exponential notation in upper case?
tet%g (d) %n t t t t t t t t
(a) %e (b) %E
a l a
(c)
il.ani.en a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsas of the following is used
9. Which adsaass placeholders or adaadsas adsas adsas
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.p w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww replacement fields which ww get replaced along with ww ww ww ww
format( ) function?
(a) { } (b) <>n(c) t (d) ^^
t ++ t t t t t t t t
a l a il.ai.ene a l a il.ani.ene a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
10.dThe s
asasubscript of a string amay s
asabe: asa s adsa s adsa s
w .wp.apad w .wp.pdad w .wp.apdad w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww (a) Positive (b) Negative ww ww ww ww ww
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Either (a) or (b)
ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
d a
dsaaslal a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a
aa
ww w w
w
l asla l saasla l
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CHAPTER 9 LISTS, TUPLES, SETS & DICTIONARY
III
aa aa aa aa aa
w p.apdad
.w w .
wp.apdad w.wp.apdad w .
w p.apdad w .
w p.apdad w
ww 1.What are the four w w
collections of data types in ww 5.Write w w output of the following
the ww
python script. ww
python? m = [10, 20,30,40]
1)List 2)Tuplet t 3)Set 4)Dictionary t t i =t-1t t t
2.WhatasislaList i l. ni e
. n e
a in python? l a il.ani e
. n e
l a il.an i.ene i>=-4:
while l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente
asa as sas sas sas
.•p.apdaAdlist in Python is known . p . daadasa“sequence
apas data type”
. p.apdaada print (m[i]) .w p.apdaada . p.apdaada
w w w w w w w w w w
ww like strings. ww ww i=i-1 ww ww ww
• It is an ordered collection of values Output
• Enclosed t t
ne square bracketsail[.an].i.ene t t 40t t t t t t
a l a il.ani.ewithin a l a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
• dEach s s value of a list is called s selement.
as s s 30 ss ss
.wp.apaada . p apdaada
. . p.apdaada 20 . p.apdaada . p.apdaada
ww • It consists of numbers,
w w w w w w w w w w
ww characters, strings and ww even 10 ww ww ww
the nested lists as well.
• The elementst can be modified or mutable.
i.ente to arrays t t t
i.ente to access all elements t t t t
• listsaare l a il.ansimilar a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.an6.How a l a il.ani.enein list using for loop a l a il.ani.ene
s s adsa s adsa s • In Python, the s
sa loop is used to accessdall s
asathe
ex.
.w aada
p.apdm=[10,25.5,”rmk”,[4,5,6] .wp.ap]da .wp.apda .
afor
p.apdad . p.apad
w w w elements w w w w w
ww 3. How to create listwinwpython? ww ww in a list one by one. ww ww
• A list is simply created by using square bracket[ ]. • Zero is the beginning index value of a list.
• The elements etet of list should be separated etet by t t etet
l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n l i.ente
ail.anSyntax: for index _var l i.ente
ainil.anlist: l ail.ani.n
s
ada a
comma(,).
s aa s as s
ada as aas as s
ada as
w •
.wp.apdaValues can be changew .w
.p.apdad w .wp.apda w pdad
.wp.aprint(index_var) w .wp.apda w
ww Syntax: Variable = [e1,e2,e3,….en] ww ww Example:ww ww ww
Ex. m=[10,25.5,”rmk”,[4,5,6] ] m=[10,20,30,40]
t t for xtin m: t t
4. How will
l a il i.enteaccess list elementlainil.anpython?
.anyou i.ente l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente
saas you access the list elements sas in reverse order dadsaas Print(x) sas sas
.
How
wp.apdaadwill .wp apdaada
. .wp.apa Output: .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww • Index value is used wwto access an element inwawlist 10 ww ww ww
• Index value is an integer number which can be
20
positive ortenegative. t t t t t t t t
• Positive l a n e
. n
il.aivalue of index counts l a
from n e n e
il.ai.the beginning of alail.a30 n i.ente l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
a
adsas adsasa adsas 40 asasa asasa
w .wp.apdathe list( 0 to n-1) w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apdad w .wp.apdad w
ww • Negative value counts ww backward from endwofwthe 7.How towfind w the length of list in python? ww ww
• The len( ) function is used to find the length of a list
list (i.e. in reverse order) (-n to –1)
t >>>m=[10,20,30,40]
• A negative i .ani enteindex
. can be used to iaccess .ani entet an element
. i .an i.ente
t
il.ani.ene
t t t t
il.ani.ene
asl a l asl a l asl a l >>>print(len(m)) asl a asl a
adsreverse
in a order. daadsa adsa adsa adsa
w .w
•p.apdaThis is called as w
Reverse.wp.apIndexing. w .wp.apda 4
ww ww ww 8.What will ww be the value of x in following ww python code? ww
• Syntax: List_Var= [e1,e2,e3,….en] List1=[2,4,6,[1,3,5]]
print(list_var[index])
etet etet t
x=len(List1)
i.ente etet etet
Example
s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.anprint(x) s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
aa ada ada ada ada
w .wp.apdad
>>>m=[10,20,30,40]
ww >>>print(m[2]) ww ww 4 ww ww ww
30
>>>print(m[-1]) t # reverse order t t t t
40 saaslaila
.ni.ente l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente
saas saas saas saas
adaad adaad adaad adaad adaad
w w w w w ww
d a
dsaaslal a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a a
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l a
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a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.an11.What is known asanested l a il.ani.enelist? a l a il.ani.ene
w p.apdad to change the elements
9.How
.w w .wp.apda in list? w .wp.apda • A list contains
w .wp.apdawithin another list iswknown .wp.apda as nested w
ww • In Python, the lists wware mutable, i.e can be w w
changed. list w w [1,2,3,[4,5,6]]
Ex. ww ww
• Assignment operator (=)is used to change the 12.How to delete elements in a list
t
eintelist. etet t t t elements in a list .ni.entet
elements
l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n l ail.anToi.ente the methods ofladeleting
Explain
il.ani.ene aila
Syntax:
a da
s
ada as
a da
s
ada as
a da
s
ada as delete elements
a da
in
s
ada as
a list following methods
a da aasl used,
adsare
w.wp.p List_var[index]w=wvalue .wp.p w.wp.p they are, ww.w p.p w.wp.p w
ww w ww w ww ww
List_var[ index from : index to]= values • del statement
Example: • remove( ) function
tet tet t t t t .ani.ente
t
>>> m=[10,20,30,40]
l a il.ani e
. n
l a il.ani e
. n
l a il.an•i.eneclear () function lail.ani.ene l a il
sas sas sas • pop () function sas sas
.wp.apdaada
>>>m[3]=50
.wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .wp .apdaada .wp.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww >>>print(m) ww ww ww
1) del statement ww ww
[10, 20, 30, 50] • It is used to delete elements if the index value is
Example2: t t t t t known
t . t t t t
a il.ani.ene
>>> m=[10,20,30,40]
a l a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.an•i.eneUsed to delete particular a l a il.ani.eneelement ,multiplealail.ani.ene
asas 2,3 adsas adsas adsas adsas
w p.apdad
>>>m[1:3]=
.w w .wp.apda w .wp.apda elements w wp.apdaentire
.and list w .wp.apda w
ww >>>print(m) ww ww Syntax: w
w ww ww
[10, 2, 3,40] To delete particular element in a list
t t t t t t t t t
l a il.ani.en e
l a il.ani.en e
l a i.entelist_var[index of anlaelement]
il.andel il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
10.What asa as are the different ways s a
tos insert an element in adsaas adsaas adsaas
.w
a pdadExplain with suitable
p.alist. apdaada
.wp.example. Or .wp.apda
Ex. del m[2]
.wp.apdaelements in a list w.wp.apda
w w w To delete w
multiple w
ww How to add elements ww in list? ww ww ww ww
del list_var[from:to]
Differentiate between append() and extend() Ex. del m[1:3]
append( )ail.ani.entet aila. ni e
. ntet .
ailaTon i.ente
t
delete entire list lail.ani.ene
t t
ail.ani.n
etet
s asl s asl s asl s as s asl
• append(
ada ) function is used adaadd a single elementadaada
to del list_var .p.apdaada ada
w .wp.apdato the list as last element. w .wp.apda w .wp.p w w w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ex. del mww ww ww
Syntax: list_var.append( element )
ex. m=[10,20,30,40] t t 2) remove(
t ) function t t
l a i .ani.ente
m.append(50)
l l a il.ani.ente l a il.an•i.enteIt is used to delete laailelement .ani.ente if the index value l a il.aisni.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.wp.apdaada print(a) .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada not known. .wp .apdaada .wp.apdaada
w w w ww w w
ww [10,20,30,40,50] ww ww • Usedwto delete only elements not wwlist. ww
extend( ) Syntax: List_var.remove(element)
• extend(n).efunction t t t t t t t t t
l a il.ai n e is used to add more
l a n
il.ai. e n e than
l a n i.ente m=[10,20,30,40,50]
il.aEx. l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
a
adsas
oneelement to the list as last as
asaelements. a
adsas ssa ssa
•
.wp.apdaSyntax: list_var.extend( pdad
.wp.a[element] ) .wp.apda
m.remove(30)
.wp .apdaada .wp.apdaada
w w w >>> w w w
ww ex. m=[10,20,30,40]
ww ww ww print(a) output: [10,20,40,50] ww ww
3)clear () function
m.extend([50,60]) • clear( ) is used to delete only all the elements and t
print(a) i .ani entet
. i .ani entet
. i .an i . t
enteretains the list. i .ani entet
. il.ani.ene
t
asl a l asl a l asl a l asl a l asl a
adsa
[10,20,30,40,50,60] adsa adsa adsa adsa
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
Syntax: list_var.clear()
w .wp.apda w
ww insert() ww ww ww
Ex. >>>m.clear() ww ww
• The insert( ) function is used to insert an element at >>> print(m)output: [ ]
any position tof a list. t 4) pop() t function
Syntax: a il.ani.ente
list_var.insert(index position, a il i.ente
.anelement) a il.ani.ente .entet
ail.anito ail.ani.n
etet
s
ada asl s
ada asl s
ada asl • pop( ) function is
aas asl
used delete only one aa a l
element
s s
w .wp.apdaex. m=[10,20,30,40]w.wp.apda w .wp.apda from a listw .apdadits index value w.wp.apdad
.wpusing w
ww m.insert(2,50) ww ww • It shows ww the element which is deleted. ww ww
print(a) Syntax: list_var.pop(index)
t t t t t t t
[10,20,50,30,40]
l a il.ani.e n e
l a il.ani.e n e
l a il i.ent.e>>>m.pop(2)
.anEx l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente
sas sas sas Output: 30 sas sas
adaada adaada adaada adaada adaada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
d a
dsaaslal a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a a
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l a
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ww w w
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etet
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il.ani.n of List. Ref alail.ancount() etet
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n
sa slail.ani. del with remove(
13.Differentiate
a saasl)afunction sa s saaslail.ani. saaslail.ani.
above a
adad ans adad a adada • Returns the apdada adada
w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.number of similar elements
w w.wp.p present in w
w w w w
the list w ww
14.What is the purpose of range( )? Explain with an Syntax: List_var.count(value)
example. n.entet etet t etet etet
l ail.ai for loop uses the srange() l ail.ani.nfunction to l i.ente
Ex.a=[12,13,13]
ail.an>>>x=a.count(13) l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
• In s
ada as
Python, ada as s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
w .wp.apdagenerate the sequence w .apdavalue.
.wpof w .wp.apda >>>print(x) w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww Syntax of range() ww ww 2
ww ww ww
range (start,stop,step) index()
t t t t t t t
Where, ail.ani.
l
en e
l a il.ani.en e
l a il.an•i.enteReturns the index value l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente
sas a a
daadsasvalue (0 is default).p.apdaadsas Syntax: list_var.index(element) sas sas
.wp.apda•ada start – refers to the .wp .ainitial
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ww (c) The append() function ww is used to add an element. ww w ww ww
(d) The extend() function is used in tuple to add output:
elements in aelist. [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
t t t t t t t t t
l a n
il.ai . n e
l a n e
. n e
il.ai will be the l a n
il.a30i.ente l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
10. Let asa a
setA={3,6,9},
s setB={1,3,9}. adsaaWhat
s adsaas adsaas adsaas
w.w p.apdadof the following snippet?
result w .wp.apda w .wp.apda 5.Write a program
w .wp.apda that reverse a list using w .wp.apdaaloop w
ww ww ww s=[1,2,3,4,5]ww ww ww
print(setA|setB) r=[]
(a) {3,6,9,1,3,9}te(b) {3,9} (c) {1} (d) {1,3,6,9} n=len(s)
l a il.ani.en t l a il.ani.entet l a il.anfor t
i.entei in range(n-1,-1,-1):lail.ani.ente
t
l ail.ani.n
etet
11. Which s as of the following set operation
s a s includes all the s as s as s as
aa aadanot the one that are ada ada ada
w .wp.apdad that are in twowsets
elements .wp.apdbut w .wp.apda r.append(s[i])
ww ww ww print(s) w
w ww ww
common to two sets?
print(r)
(a) Symmetric tdifference t (b) Difference t t t t t
l
(c) Intersectiona il.ani.ene(d) Union l a il.ani.ene l a il i.ente
.anoutput: l a il .ani.ente l a il.ani.ente
sas sas sas [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] a
daadsas
a
daadsas
. p.
12. aadakeys in Python, dictionary
apdThe . p.apdaada is specified by .wp.apdaada . p.ap . p.ap
w w w w w [5, 4, 3, 2,w 1]w w w w w
ww ww ww w ww ww
(a) = (b) ; (c)+ (d) :
d a
dsaaslal a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a
aa
ww w w
w
l asla l saasla l
p
w.w
a
.pda p.apdad
www.Padasalai.Net
w.w p
w.w
a
. pda p
w.w
a
. pda p
w.w.apda
w
.ani.netet etet
.ani.anlist at the etet
i.n Write a program that i.n the maximum and etet n etet
6. Writeaslaailprogram
s
a
to insert a value
s
a aslailin s
aaslail.an10. s
a aslail.anprints s
a aslail.ani.
a
adad location.
specified a
adad a
adad minimum value a
aindaad dictionary. a
adad
ww ww ww ww ww ww
s=[1,2,3,4,5]
print(s) d={'a':1000,'b':3000,'c':2000}
t t t t t t t etet
ail.ani.n
s.insert(2,"ELANGO")
l
e e
l ail.ani.n
e e
l i.ente
ail.anma=max(d,key=lambda l il.ani.ene
am:d[m]) l ail.ani.n
aas as s
ada as s
ada as s as
ada n:d[n]) s
ada as
w .w p.apdad
print(s)
mi=min(d,key=lambda
ww output: ww ww ww
print("Maximum:",d[ma]) ww ww
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] print("Minimum:",d[mi])
[1, 2, 'ELANGO', 3,
t 4, 5] t t t t
7. Write laa il.ani.ente that creates a list
program l a il i.entnumbers
.anof e
from l a il i.ente
.anoutput: l a il.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
ato
pdaadsaas saas
apdaadby
sas Maximum: 3000 dadsaas
apdaada aa
sas
apdaada
w .1
wp. 50 that are either w .wp.
divisible 3 or divisible by w6.
.wp.
Minimum: w.wp.p w .
w p. w
ww ww ww ww1000 ww ww
s=[]
for i in range(1,51,1): et t t t t t t t t
if(i%3==0l a i.enti%6==0):
il.anor l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas
w .wp.apdas.append(i) w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww print(s) ww ww ww ww ww
output:
[3, 6, 9, 12, n 15,t 18, t 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, t 42, 45, 48]
t39, t t t t t t
a l a il.ai.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
8. Writeasa s a program to create a list
adsa s of numbers in the adsa s adsa s adsa s
w .wp.apdad1 to 20. Then delete
range w .apdathe
.wpall numbers from the
ww list that are divisiblewby w
3.
ww ww ww ww
s=[] entet etet etet etet etet

for i a slail.ani.
insarange(1,21,1):
a s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada
w pdad
.wp.as.append(i) w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
for x,j in enumerate(s):
t t t t t
if(j%3==0):
l ail.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sass[x] sas sas sas sas
apdaada apdaada apdaada apdaada apdaada
del
w .p
w . w .wp. w .wp. w .
w p. w.wp. w
output:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,
t t t t t t t t t t
19, 20] lail.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene la il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
ssa as
adsa17, a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas
[1,
.w aad4,a 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13,.14,
p.apd2, p.apda16, 19, 20]
.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
w w w w w w w
ww 9. Write a program that ww counts the number ofwtimes w a ww ww ww
value appears in the list. Use a loop to do the same.
t t t t t t t t t t
a l il.ani.ene
s=[4,5,6,4,3,7,8,4]
a a l a il.ani.ene a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa
print(s) s adsa s adsa s adsa s adsa s
ww n=int(input()) ww ww ww ww ww
c=0
for i in s:
if(i==n):
s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
w .wp.apdac=c+1 w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w
ww print(c) ww ww ww ww ww
output:
tet
.en 8, 4] e tet .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
[4, 5, 6, 4,
s asl .ani7,
ail3, s asl ail.ani.n sasl a i
l sasl a i
l sasl a i
l
4p.apdaada .wp.apda
ada
papdaada
. p.apdaada p.apdaada
w w.w w w w .
w w .
w w .
w w
w 3 w ww ww ww ww
d a
dsaaslal a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a
aa
ww w w
w
l asla l saasla l
p
w.w
a
.pda p.apdad
www.Padasalai.Net
w.w p
w.w
a
. pda p
w.w
a
. pda p
w.w.apda
w
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww
UNIT
CHAPTER 10 PYTHON CLASSES AND OBJECTS
III tet
e etet etet etet etet
ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww
4.What is instantiation ? or How to create object or ww ww
1.What is class. How to define class in python
• Class is the main building block in Python instance in class ?
t t t t t t t
en e
• Classlaisil.aani.template for the object. l a il.ani.en e
saas dsaas variable and p.apdaadsaas • The process saas saas
.•p.apdaAadclass is a way of binding . p.apdaaClass . . p . daadcreating
apof object is calledadas
. p. p aad“Class
w w w w w w w w
Instantiation. w w w
ww functions together. ww ww ww ww ww
Defining classes Syntax: object_name = class_name()
• In Python,entaeclass t Ex.t t
i . ni .
is defined by usingentthe
i . ni . et keyword i . ni.ene rmk: t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
class.
a l a l a a l a l a a l a l aclass a l a a l a
adsas daadsas adsas ……. .p.apdaad
sas adsas
w •
.wp.apdaEvery class has a unique
w .wp.apname followed by a .wp.apda
colon
w w w w .wp.apda w
ww ( :). ww ww a=rmk() w #wa is an object of the classww ww
Syntax:
t t t t 5.Howt t to access class members t t in python? t t
class class_name:
as
asa statements asa as asaas • Any class member dsa asie. class variable or method
asa as
.wp.apdad .wp.apdad .wp.apdad (function) .
w apdaabe
pcan
. accessed by using . p.apdad with a
object
w
w w w w w w
ww Example: ww ww w
dot(.w) operator. ww ww
class Sample:
x, y n=e10, ntet 20
il.ai.object?
aan ail.ani.n
etet t
i.ente Object_name. lclass_member
ail.anSyntax: ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
etet
2.What s a l
is
s s asl s asl s as s asl
ada apdaadaand function that act ada class add: aa aa
w .w•p.apdaObject is a collectionw .wp.data
of w .wp.apda w .wp.apdad w .wp.apdad w
ww w ww x,y=10,5
ww ww ww
on those data. w a=add()
• Objects are also called as instances of a class or print(a.x+a.y)
. n
class avariable. i e
.n tet . ni e
. ntet . n i.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
l i l a l a il a l a il a output: l a il l a i
l
• apdaIn aas
adsPython, everything is aan dsaas For example, all
daaobject. sas
apdaada 15
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
w .wp. .wp. p .wp. .wp . .wp.
ww integer variableswthat ww we use in our program w
wwis an 6.Write w ww note on python classwmethod(function)
short ww ww
w
object of class int. or
t t t t Writet t the significance of .self: tet t
3.What are
l a i.ene members? How do
il.anclass l a .ani.enedefine it?
ilyou l a il.an•i.eneIn Python ,class method l a ilani.enmust l a i
l .ani.ente
a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas asasa have the first a
adsas
w •p.apdaVariables
.w defined inside
w .wp.apadaclass are called as “Class w .wp.apda argument w .apdad as self.
.wpnamed w .wp.apda w
ww Variable ww ww • No need ww to pass a value for thiswargument w
when we ww
• Functions are called as “Methods call the method.
• Class variable te t and methods are together te t known as te t t t t t
a l a n
il.ai e
. n
a l a n
il.ai e
. n
a l a n• .en
il.ai Python provides its a l il.ani.eneautomatically. alail.ani.ene
value
a
class s
adsa members . adsa s adsa s • Even if a method s
adsatakes no arguments,aitdashould s
adsa be
w .w
•p.apdaThe class members w .wp.apdabe accessed through
should w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.p w
ww ww ww ww with the first argumentwcalled
defined w self. ww
objects or instance of class. class stu:
• A class can be defined anywhere in a Python deft pro(self):
e ntet .ani.ente
t
.ani.entea,b,c=10,20,30 lail.ani.ente
t etet
program.
s asl a il.an i .
s asl a il s asl a il s as s asl ail.ani.n
aa ada ada aa ada
w .wp.apdad
Ex.
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda s=a+b+c .w
w p.apdad w .wp.apda w
ww class rmk: ww ww ww
av=s/3 ww ww
x,y=10,20 # class variable print("Total:",s)
defadd(): t # class method t t t t
l a il i.ente
.anprint(x+y) l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.enteprint("Sum:",av) lail.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas x=stu() sas sas
.wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada x.pro() .wp .apdaada .wp.apdaada
ww
ww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww
ww ww
w
d a
dsaaslal a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a
aa
ww w w
w
l asla l saasla l
p
w.w
a
.pda p.apdad
www.Padasalai.Net
w.w p
w.w
a
. pda p
w.w
a
. pda p
w.w.apda
w
etet
il.ani.noutput of the following i.n etet i.n etet etet
il.ani.nmembers in python. n etet
7.Whatasislathe
s
a s
a aslail.anprogram.? s
a aslail.an10.Explainthe types of
s
a asladata s
a aslail.ani.
a
adad class Sample: adada adada There are two.w a
adadmembers in python..w
data adad
They a
w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w p.p w w p.p w
w w
__num=10 w w
are,1.private 2.public w ww
def disp(self): 1. public
t
eteprint(self.__num) etet •eteThe
t variables which are tet
edefined inside the class n isetet
s a l ail.ani.n
S=Sample()
s s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n public by default. s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ai.n
ada ada ada ada ada
w .wp.apda S.disp() w .wp.apda w .wp.apda • These .wp.apda can be accessed anywhere
variables
w w .wp.apda in the w
ww print(S.__num) ww ww ww ww ww
program using dot operator.
etet .ani.ente
t et
i.entprivate .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
ail.ani.n
output: 10
l l a i
l l ail.an2. l ail l a i
l
a daadsaasa sas
apdaada
sas • A variable prefixed
apdaada
sas
apdaada with double underscore(__)
sas
apdaada
w.wp. p w .
w p. w .
w p. w.wp. w .
w p. w
ww ww ww ww private.
becomes ww ww
8.How will you create constructor in Python? • These variables can be accessed only within the
Define constructor t t in python class.
• Constructor l a il.ani.eneis the special function l a .entetis
il.anithat l a i.ente
il.anExample
t
l a il.ani.ene
t t
l a
t t
il.ani.ene
a
adsas a a a a
.wp.apdaautomatically executed .wp.apdaadsasan object of a class
when .wp.aispda
adsas
class add: w.w
asas
p.apdad .wp.apda
adsas
w w w w w
ww created. ww ww ww
def __init__(self,a,b): ww ww
• In Python, there is a special function called “init” self.__a=a
which act t
as ta Constructor. t t t t t t t t
l ni.en
ail.abegin
e
l a il.ani.en e
l a il.ani.en self.b=b
e
l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
• Itadsmust a
a s and end with as
double
s underscore(__). adsaas adsaas adsaas
p.apdaThis constructor function aada
.wp.apdcan .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
w •
.w w be defined with or
w def display(self):
w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
without arguments. print(self.__a+self.b)
• This method is used to initialize the class variables x=add(10,5)
Syntax: lail.ani.ene
t t e ntet i.ente
t etet etet
s as s asl aila. ni .
s asl . n
ailax.display() s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada
def __init__(self,[args]): ada ada output : 15 ada ada
ww statements ww ww (a : private ww, b : public) ww ww
example:
class add: tet tet 11.Write
tet a program to calculate tet area and t
def
l a il.ani e
.n
__init__(self): l a il.ani e
. n
l a il.an i e
. n
circumference of a circle
l a il.ani e
. n
l a il.ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.wp.apdaada a=10 .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada class Circle: .w p apdaada
. .wp.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww 9.What is the purpose wwof Destructor? ww ww
pi=3.14 ww ww
What is destructor in python? def __init__(self,radius):
• Destructor t t t t t t self.radius=radius.ni.entet t t
a l a il.ani.eneis also a special method a l a ne is
il.ani.ethat a l a il.ani.ene a l a ila a l a il.ani.ene
adsas
automatically executed when adsasan object exit from adaadsas def area(self): adaadsas adsas
w .wp.apdathe scope. w .wp.apda w .wp.p return
w .p
.wpCircle.pi*(self.radius**2) w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
• It is just opposite to constructor. def circumference(self):
• In Python, del function is used as destructor. return 2*Circle.pi*self.radius
t t t t t t t t t
• It must l a ni e
.
il.abeginn e and end with double l a n e
. n e
il.aiunderscore(__). l a n
il.ai .en e
r=int(input("Enter Radius:
l a i.ente
il.an")) l a il.ani.ene
saas as
adsaobject adsaas asa as asa as
•p.apdaItadremoves
.w the memory pdaan
.wp.aof .wp.apda
C=Circle(r)
. p.apdad . p.apdad
w w w print("The w w w w w
ww Syntax: ww ww wwArea =",C.area()) ww ww
def __del__(self): print("The Circumference =", C.circumference())
statements t t Output: t
.ani.ente .ani.ente i.ente Radius: 5 etet etet
s asl a il s asl a il s asl a il.anEnter
s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda The Area = 78.5
ww ww ww ww
The Circumference = 31.400000000000002 ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
d a
dsaaslal a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a
aa
ww w w
w
l asla l saasla l
p
w.w
a
.pda p.apdad
www.Padasalai.Net
w.w p
w.w
a
. pda p
w.w
a
. pda p
w.w.apda
w
etet
ni.n with two private class etet
n etetn etetn etet
n
12.Write
saaslaail.aclass saaslail.ani.variables and saaslail.ani. self.brand = input("Enter saaslail.ani. brand Name: ") saaslail.ani.
a
adadthe sum using a method.
print adad a adada adad a adada
w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p
def display(self):
w w.wp.p w
w class add: w w w
print("Name of the Item: ",self.item) w ww
s=0 # public variable
print("Brand of the item: ",self.brand)
def __init__(self,a,b):
e ntet e ntet e ntet etet etet
s a l aila
self.__a=a
s
. ni .
s asl aila. ni .
s asl aila. ni . print('\n')
ada aa aa aa ada
w .wp.apdaself.__b=b #
w wp.apda- dprivate variables w.wp.apdad
.a,b, store=[] w pdad list
.wp.a#empty w .wp.apda w
ww def display(self): w
w ww ch = 'y' w
w ww ww
s=self.__a+self.__b while(ch=='y'):
t t t t tet et t
return
l a il s
.ani.e n e
l a il.ani.e n e
l a il.ani.enprint("1. Add New Item l a il i.ent2.Display
.an\n Item") l a il.ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.wp.apdaada
x=add(10,5)
.wp apdaada
. .wp.apdaada .w .apdaadayour choice : ")) .wp.apdaada
r = int(input("Enter
p
w w w w w w
ww print(x.display()) ww ww if(r==1):ww ww ww
output : 15
13.What is thet output of the following program? x=shop()
e t te t te t t t t t
class Greeting:
a l a n
il.ai. e n
a l a n
il.ai. e n
a l a n en
il.ai. x.getdata() a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
w pdad__init__(self, name):
.wp.adef w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
store.append(x)
w .wp.apda w
ww self.__name = name ww ww ww
elif(r==2): ww ww
def display(self): for i in store:
print("Good te tMorning ", self.__name) te t te t t t t t
l a il.ani.en
obj=Greeting('Bindu
a Madhavan') a l a il.ani.en a l a il.ani.en i.display() a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
w .wp.apdad
obj.display() w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
else:
ww output: ww ww ww
print("Invalid input....") ww ww
Good Morning Bindu Madhavan ch = input("Do you want continue....")
14.Find thei.anerror e te t in the following program e te t to get the etet etet etet
s asl al i.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
given a
a output? ada ada ada ada
w .wp.apdadFruits:
class w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
def __init__(self, f1, f2):
self.f1=f1
. ni e
. ntet .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
l a il a self.f2=f2 l a il l a il l a il l a il
sas sas sas sas sas
.wp.apdaada def display(self): .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww 1 = %s, Fruit 2 = %s"
print("Fruit ww ww ww ww
%(self.f1, self.f2))
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• DML - Data t
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ete(DCL)
l il.ani.ene
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aa ada ada apda of tables etc ada
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ww w ww ww ww ww
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• DQL - Data Query t Language t
Grant : Grants permission to one or more users to
t specific tasks n.entet t
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.anperform .ai .ani.ente
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apdgiven
w w w w w w
ww ww ww GRANT statementww ww ww
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w w w w w w
ww • Transactional control ww language (TCL) is usedww to ww to remove a table from
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t t t t t etet etet
TCL command:
l
e
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ail.aSaves
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l
e
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ail.anthe
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ada as
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ada as * FROM a
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s
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ada as
w .wp.apda permanently w .wp.apda w .wp.apda DROP TABLEw .wp.apda
STUDENT; w .wp.apda w
ww Rollback: Restoreswthe w
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ww ww ww ww
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t t t t t t t
l a il.acanen e
ni. rollback l a il.ani.en e
l a il i.ente
.anDELETE l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente
sas sas sas • It deletes onlydthe sas a
daadsason the
.wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .wp.apaadarows from the table .wp.abased
p
w w w w w w
ww 9.Explain DDL Commands ww with examples. ww ww
condition. ww ww
(i)CREATE TABLE Command • It does not free the space containing the table
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t Admno=104; etet
• Each l a il.ani.enmust
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l a i.ente
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n
a saas saas saas saas saas
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w
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w.w w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w p.p w w.wp.p w
w CREATE TABLE w table-name w • It is used
w to delete all rows without w condition, ww
(column-name datatype size , • The structure remains in the table
t t t t t t t t t
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a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a a l a il.anStudent; a l a il.ani.ene
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ww ww ww ww ww ww
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entet ); entet entet entet entet
a
Age
laila . ninteger,
i.
a laila . ni .
a laila•i. Ex.DROP TABLE STUDENT;
. n
a lail.ani. a lail.ani.
. p.apdaadsas .p.apdaadsas . p.apdaadsas .p.a
p daadsas . p.apdaadsas
ww ww ww w w Table in Databasew?w w w
ww (ii) ALTER COMMAND
ww ww towcreate
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structure. tet t • CREATEt TABLE command teused
t to create a table.n.entet
il.ani.encolumn il.ani.ente il.an•i.enteEach table must have il i.enleast
.anat i.ai
To addsaasla
d ad a
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d adsaasl a
d adsaasl a
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d adsaaslal
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w.wp.p
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ww the Student table, w w w w w w
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la ilai. en e
l a n
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l a n i.ente
il.aColum-name datatype size,……);
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adsas TABLE table-name a
adsas column-name adaadsas Example:
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.wp.apdaType (value); .wp.apda .wp.p .wp. apdaada .wp.apdaada
w w w CREATE TABLE w w w
ww ww ww ww Student ww ww
• Ex. ALTER TABLE Student MODIFY Address char (Admno integer,
(25); Name char(20),
t t t t t t t t t
To rename l a n .en e
i column
il.athe l a n
il.ai .en e
l a n i.enteinteger, );
il.aAge l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
as
adsarename the column Address as
adsa to City adsaas dsa as as
adsa any
•p.apdaTo The above onepis.apdaaasimple
w .w w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .w w .w.apda
table structurepwithout
w
ww • ALTER TABLE Student ww RENAME Address TOwCity; w ww
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To remove a column or all columns
• To remove t column City from the
the t
Student table, 12.Write
t the different types oft constraints and their etet
i .ani.ente i .ani.ente i i.ente
.anfunctions. i .ani.ente .ni.n
the
adsa l a l
ascommand is used as : adsaas l a l
adsaasl a l
a
d saasla l
adsaaslaila
da p.apda COLUMN City; w.wp.apda .pis.apdaacondition applicablewon .p.apadafield or set
w.w•p.ap ALTER TABLE Student w.w DROP • Constraint
ww w w w w
ww (iii) TRUNCATE command ww ww w
of fields. w ww
• The TRUNCATE command is used to delete all the • Tables can be created with constraints.
t t t t t t .they are. t
rowsafrom
l il
en e
.ani. the table, the structure(Table)
l a il.ani.en e remains
l a il i.ente are two types ofla
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constraints
l a il.ani.ente
The adsaas for TRUNCATE command
apdasyntax
sas
apdaada is:
sas Column Constraint
apdaada
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
w .wp. w .wp. w .wp. • Constraint w .wp. w .wp. w
ww • TRUNCATE TABLE wwtable-name; ww ww is applied to individual ww field. ww
Ex.TRUNCATE TABLE Student; • It is given in any field of the table
d a
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adsas
l a a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a a
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l a
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w.w
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w.w
a
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w.w.apda
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t t t t t
i.enteCheck Constraint lail.ani.ente
t t t
a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.an(iv) a a l a il.ani.ene
asa s adsa s adsa s asa s s s
p.apdadConstraint
Table
.w .wp.apda .wp.apda • It helps to.w .apdaadlimit value placed w
pset aada
.wpa.apdfield.
for
w w w w w
ww • It is applied to a w w of field.
group ww • It allowsww only the restricted valuesww on that field. ww
• It is given at the end of the table definition. • It may use relational and logical operators for
entet etet t
i.entecondition t t
il.ani.ene etet
s asl
Theddifferent ail.ani.types of constraints s asl
are ail.a:ni.n s asl ail.anExample : s asl a s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada aa ada
w .wp.apa w .wp.apda w.wp.apda CREATE TABLEw .apdad
.wpStudent w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
(Admno integer NOT NULL,
Name char (20) NOT NULL,
t t t entet t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l.ani.ente i n
lalaAge
. i.enteinteger (CHECK<=19));
lail.ani. l a i
l .ani.ente
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada a daadsaasa a d
a adsaasa sas
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w .
w p. w .
w p. w.wp. p w.wp. p w .
w p. w
ww ww ww ww
(v) TABLE CONSTRAINT ww ww
(i)Unique Constraint • Table constraint :apply to more than one columns
• The UNIQUE t t tet • t The t table constraint isnnormally t t given at the end of t t
a l a il.ani.ene constraint do notalallow a il.ani.enduplicate a l a il.ani.enethe table definition. a l a il.ai.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsas
entries. asas asas asas adsas
w .w
•p.apdaUNIQUE must have w
the .apdadNULL constraint. w.wp.apdad
.wpNOT Example: w.w p.apdad w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww CREATE TABLE ww Student ww ww
Example:
CREATE TABLE Student (Admno integer NOT NULL,
t t t t t t t t t
(Admno lintegera
e
il.ani.en NOT NULL UNIQUE, l a il.ani.en e
l a i.ente char (20) NOT NULL,
il.anName l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
adsaas a s as as as
char (20) NOT NULL,p.apdaadsa adsa Age integer, asa
.apdad
adsa
Name
w w .w w PRIMARY w
KEY .wp(Admno,Name) ); w w
ww Age integer, ); ww ww ww ww ww
Here Admno field do not allow duplicate entries and
cannot be NULL. 13.Differentiate between Column Constraint and Table
entet entet i.ente
t etet etet
ii)Primary
s asl .
ailKeyni.
a Constraint
s asl aila. ni .
s asl . n
ailaConstraint s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
w •p.apdaIt helps to uniquelywidentify
.w .wp.apda a record. w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww • Only one field ofwawtable can be set as primary ww key. Column w w
Constraint ww ww
• PRIMARY KEY must have the NOT NULL constraint. • Constraint is applied to individual field.
t t •eteItt is given in any field ofethe t table t
l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente l a il i.n Constraint
.anTable l ai l.ani.nte l a il.ani.ente
sas sas sas aas
daaadsgroup sas
.wp apdaada
. .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada • It is applied
.wp .ato
p of field. .wp.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww Example : ww ww • It is givenww at the end of the table wwdefinition. ww
CREATE TABLE Student
(Admno integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
t
ni.enteNOT t t t t t t t t
Name char
a la il.a(20) NULL,
a l a il.ani.ene a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsas ); adsas adsas 14.List and Explain sas Commands with example.
aDML asas
ww p.apdainteger
.Age .p.apda
ww .wp.apda .
w p.apdad .
w p.apdad
ww ww ww
w • The w w
DML
w commands consist ofwinserting,w w deleting ww
w
(iii) DEFAULT Constraint and updating rows into the table
• It is used etoteassign t a default value for t the
t field. et tet t t
a .ani.n
ilno a il.ani.ene field a i.entINSERT
il.an(i) command alail.ani.en a il.ani.ene
• When adsaasl value is given for the
adsa aslspecified asa asl
asa s adsaasl
w.wp.apdaautomatically the default w .wp.apdavalue will be assigned w .wp.apdad
to • The INSERT
w pdad
.wp.acommand w .wp.apdadata or add
helps to add new
w
ww the field. ww ww w
newwrecords to the table. ww ww
Example: Syntax:
CREATE TABLE et
etStudent etet t
i)enINSERT
i. te
INTO table-nameente(column-list t ) VALUES entet
s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.an(values); s asl ail.ani. s aslaila
.ni.
(Admno
ada ad a integer NOT NULL, ad a ada ad a ad a
w.wp.p .p.apda w.wp.p
ada Example: w.w p.apda .p.apda
ww Name char (20) NOTwNULL, ww w ww w w w ww w ww
w
Age integer DEFAULT = “17”); INSERT INTO Student (Admno, Name, Gender, Age,
• In the abovetexample the “Age” field ist assigned a Place) VALUES (100,’ Elango,’ M’, 17,’ Chennai’);
t t t t t
defaultl a il
en e
ni. of 17, therefore when
.avalue l a il
en e
.ani. no value is l a il.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a il.ani.ente
adsaas in age by the user,
apdaentered
sas
apdaaditaautomatically assigns
sas ii) INSERT INTO tablename
apdaada
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
VALUES (values);
w .
w p. w .wp. w .wp. (specifying w . wp. w .wp. w
ww 17 to Age. ww ww wwthe column names is optional ww if data is to be ww
added for all columns)
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w.w p
w.w
a
. pda p
w.w
a
. pda p
w.w.apda
w
etet
n etetn etet
i.n etetn etet
n
Example:
saaslail.ani. saaslail.ani. saaslail.an16.Explain SELECT command
saaslail.ani. with example saaslail.ani.
INSERT a
adad INTO Student VALUES a
ada( d
102, ‘Elango’, ‘M’, ‘17,’ adada Explain DATA .w a
adad LANGUAGE (DQL) .w
QUERY adad
commandsa
w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w p.p w w p.p w
w ‘Bangalore’); w w with example; w w ww
iii)To add data to only some columns in a record by DQL COMMAND– SELECT command
specifying the tet
ni.encolumn name and their ndata, etet •eteThe t SELECT commandnis.entused t to query or retrieve etet
a l ail.a a l ail.ai.n a l ail.ani.n data from a table a l il.ai e
athe a l ail.ani.n
ex. INSERT
aas s INTO s
ada s s
ada s aas s
in database. s
ada s
w .wp.apdad
STUDENT(ADMNO,NAME)VALUES(102,’ELANGO’); w .wp.apda w .wp.apda • It is usedwto pdad a subset of records
.wp.aretrieve w .wp.apdafrom one or w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
more tables.
(ii) DELETE COMMAND Syntax:
t t t t t t t
• The DELETE
l a il
en e
.ani. command permanently l a il
en e
.ani. removes one l a il i.ente column-list FROM
.anSELECT l a il i.ente
.antable-name; l a il.ani.ente
as records from the table.
adsamore sas sas Example: sas sas
.wp apdaor
. .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada
w w w w w table: w
ww • It removes the entire ww row, not individual fields ww of • To view ww all the fields and rows w ofwthe ww
the row, so no field argument is needed. SELECT * FROM STUDENT;
Syntax: DELETEt FROM t table-name WHERE t t condition; • t To t view only admission number
t t and name of t t
a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.enestudents from thealStudent a il.ani.ene table a l a il.ani.ene
adsas to delete the record adsas adsas asas asas
w .wp.apdaexample
For
w .wp.apda whose admissionw.wp.apda SELECT Admno, w pdad FROM Student;w.wp.apdad
.wp.aName w
ww number is 104 the command ww is given as follows: ww The SELECT ww command can be usedwinwvarious forms: ww
DELETE FROM Student WHERE Admno=104; (i) The DISTINCT keyword
t t t t t t
il.an•i.eneIt used along withathe
To delete allnthe te rows of the table, te i.ente command to lail.ani.ente
a l a il.ai.en a l a il.ani.en a l a l a il.anSELECT a
DELETE asa *
s FROM table-name; adsa s adsa s eliminate duplicate s
adsa rows in the table. adaadsa s
w .wp.apdad
Ex. w .wp.apda w .wp.apda Ex. SELECT w .wp.apda Place FROM Student;
DISTINCT w.wp.p w
ww DELETE * FROM Student; ww ww ww ww ww
(ii) ALL Keyword
• The ALL keyword retains duplicate rows.
en tet en tet t
i.enteSELECT ALL Place FROM etet etet
s asl aila. ni.
s asl aila. ni .
s asl . n
ailaEx. s asl ail.ani.nStudent; s asl ail.ani.n
(iii) aa
UPDATE COMMAND adaada aa aa aa
w .wp.apdad w .wp.p w .wp.apdad (iii) The WHERE
w .w pdad
p.aclause w .wp.apdad w
ww • The UPDATE command ww updates some or allwdata w • It is used ww to specifies the criteria wwfor getting the ww
values in a database. desired result.
• It can update t one or more records in attable. Syntax: t t t
• The l a i
UPDATEl.ani.ente command specifies l a il.ani.entrows
the
e
to be l a il i.ente column-name,column-name
.anSELECT l a il.ani.ente ,…FROM l
table-a il.ani.ente
adsaas
apdachanged dsaas and the new data
apdaaclause
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada apdaada
sas
w .wp . using the WHERE
w .wp. w .wp. name WHERE w .wp.
condition; w .wp. w
ww using the SET keyword. ww ww Examples: ww ww ww
Syntax: 1. SELECT Admno, Name, Place FROM Student
UPDATE table-name t t SET column-name =t t
value WHERE t t t t t t
a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.eneWHERE Place =”Chennai”; a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
asas
column-name = condition; adsas adsas 2. SELECT Admno, as
adsName, Age FROM Student s
adsaWHERE
w .wp.apdad
Example: w .wp.apda w .wp.apda Age >= w
18;.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww UPDATE Student SETwAge w
= 20 WHERE Place =
ww ww ww ww
3. SELECT Admno, Name, Age, Place FROM Student
“Bangalore”; WHERE (Age>=18 AND Place = "Delhi");
te t te t te t t t t t
a l a il.ain e
.n
a l a n
il.ai e
. n
a l a n .en
i BETWEEN and NOTlaBETWEEN
il.a(iv) a il.ani.ene Keywords alail.ani.ene
s
adsa is Query? adsa s adsa s adsa s s s
15.What
.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda • The BETWEEN
.wp.apdakeyword used to display aadarecords
.wp.apdthe
w w w w w w
ww • A Query is a command ww given to get a desired wwresult ww the condition true. ww
satisfying ww
from the database table. Ex. SELECT Admno, Name, Age FROM Student WHERE
• SELECT command is used to query or retrieve data Age tBETWEEN 18 AND 19; etet
from l a
a il ni.entet
.atable. l a il.ani.ente
t
l a il.an•i.enteThe NOT BETWEENlakeyword il.ani.n used to displayathe l ail.ani.n
etet
s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as aas as s
ada s
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda records w not pdad
.wp.asatisfying the condition. w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww Ex. SELECT wwAdmno, Name, Age FROM ww Student WHERE ww
Age NOT BETWEEN 18 AND 19;
t t t t t t t
l a il.ani. e n e
l a il.ani.e n e
l a il i.enteIN Keyword
.an(v) l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente
sas sas sas • The IN keyword as
sdisplays sathat
s
apdaada apdaada apdaada apdaada apdaada
only those records
w .wp . w .wp. w .wp. match w .wp. w .wp. w
ww ww ww wwin the list. ww ww
For example :
d a
dsaaslal a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a
aa
ww w w
w
l asla l saasla l
p
w.w
a
.pda p.apdad
www.Padasalai.Net
w.w p
w.w
a
. pda p
w.w
a
. pda p
w.w.apda
w
etet
n etet
il.ani.n WHERE i.n etet etet
i.n Student GROUPlaBY etet
il.ani.n
SELECTaAdmno,
sa slail.ani. Name, Place FROM saaslaStudent saaslail.anSELECT Gender , count(*)
saaslail.anFROM saas
Place a
adadIN (“Chennai”, “Delhi”); adada adada Gender HAVING a
dad = ‘Chennai’;
aPlace adada
w • The NOT IN keyword w displays only those records w w
17.TCL commands w ww
that do not match in the list. TRANSACTIONAL CONTROL LANGUAGE(TCL)
For example: etet t t •eteTransactional
t control language etet (TCL)commands are etet
a l ail.ani.n Name, Place FROM a l il.ani.ene
aStudent a l ail.ani.n used to managestransactions a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n
SELECT aas s
Admno, aa s s WHERE s
ada s ada s . s
ada s
w .wp.apdadNOT IN (“Chennai”,
Place w .wp.apdad
“Delhi”); w .wp.apda (i) COMMIT .wp.apda
command
w w .wp.apda w
ww (vi)NULL Value : ww ww ww ww ww
• The COMMIT command is used to permanently save
• NULL values in a table can be listed using IS NULL any transaction to the database.
t t t t t t COMMIT; t t
For example: l a il.ani.en e
l a il.ani.en e
l a il
e n
.anSyntax:
i. e
sas sas sas (ii) ROLLBACK command sas sas
.wp.apdaada* FROM Student WHERE
SELECT
.wp.apdaadaAge IS NULL; .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .wp .apdaada
w w w ww w w
ww • Non NULL valueswinwa table can be listed using wwIS • The w ROLLBACK command restores ww the database to ww
NOT NULL the last committed state.
For example: tet syntax:ROLL BACK TO savepoint-name;
i . ni en
. i . ni entet
. i . n i entet
. t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
• SELECT a l a l a* FROM Student WHERE a l a l a
Age IS NOT NULL; a l a l a (iii) SAVEPOINT command a l a a l a
adsas asas adsas adsas asas
w .wp.apdaORDER
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t t t t 8.What
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t is the advantage of t t
declaring a column as nentet
sqlite3 in python?
a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.an“INTEGER PRIMARY a l
KEY” a il.ani.ene a lail.ai.
Step a s
1:
d a simport sqlite3 a sa s a sa s a sa s a s
a s
p.apda2: apdad adad .apdaadtable is declared towbe dad
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w w.wStep create a w.wp.using
connection
w connect () w.wp.p
method
w • If a column w w.wpof w INTEGER w
w w w w KEY,
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and pass the name of the database File
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s as
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l . ni .
aila= connection. cursors() asl aila. ni .
s asl ailai.n this column, saslail.ani.n
. n
s asl ail.ani.n
aa ada ada The NULL will a aautomatically converted
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w.w p.apdad is the use of connect()
4.What
w .wp.apdain sql? w .wp.apda w .wp.apdad w .wp.apdad w
ww • connect() – usedwtow passing the name of the ww ww
integer ww ww
database • For NULL ,it stores 1
ex. con=sqlite3.connect(“D:\ela.db”)
tet tet cur.execute(“create
tet table student tet (rno integer primary t
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. n
l a il.ani e
. n
l a il.ani e
.
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. p.apdaada is a cursor() in sql?.wp.apdaada
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w .wp.apdaada 9.Write the command
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p
w w w w w w
ww • A cursor()is a control ww structure used to traverse ww and table. Givewwan example ww ww
fetch the records of the database. • To populate (add record) the table "INSERT"
• All the ni.enet t t t
ne cursor t
t command is passed to.niSQLite. t t t t
a l a il.commands
a will be executed
a l a il.ani.eusing a l a il.ani.ene a l a ila .ene a l a il.ani.ene
asas only.
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w .wp.apdad w .wp.apdad w .wp.apdad w .wp.apdad
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ww Example ww ww ww
10.Define select statement
ww ww
cur=con.cursor()
cur.execute(“select Which statement in SQL used to retrieve data from
t t * from student”); n.entet t t t t t
l a n
il.ai e
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l a il.ai l a ni.ente
il.atable? l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
asa as s as adsaas adsaas adsa as
p.apdad method is usedwto
6.Which
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in SQL is used to retrieve
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w w w w w w w ww w
w an example or w w fetch
w data from a table in a database.
w ww
How to create database in sqlite3 through python Syntax : “Select * from table_name”
connect() method t used to connect a database. etet t etet etet
l a il.ani.ente l ail.ani.n l i.ente sqlite3
ail.animport lail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
s
ada asimport sqlite3 s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as adas as
w .wp.apda c=sqlite3.connect(“D:\ela.db”) w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
c = sqlite3.connect("Academy.db")
w .wp.apda w
ww cur=c.cursor() ww ww ww
cur = c.cursor() ww ww
cur.execute("SELECT * FROM student")
t t t t t
l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente l a il i.ente = cur.fetchone() lail.ani.ente
.anresult l a il.ani.ente
sas sas sas for r in result: dadsaas sas
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w fetchall() w w w w ww
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t •eteItt saves data in files or in ete t internal memory ofn.entet
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• dItadsreturns
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a ad a ad a ad a ad a
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ww ww ww ww w ww
• Using loop we can display all the records Advantages:
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e tet e tet t
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t
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t
• It returns l a il.ani . n
the next number of rows
l a il.ani . n
(n) of the result l a il.aneasier l a il l a il
adsaas
apdaset
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
w .wp . .wp . .wp. .wp . .wp.
ww • specified numberwof wwrecords is done by using ww
w Steps towconnectww to database usingwsqlite3 ww in python ww
w
fetchmany(). Step 1: import sqlite3
Ex.fetchmany(4) Step 2: create a connection using connect () method tet
n entet n entet n entet n entet en
12.Which saas
il.a
lamethod i . is used to fetch s a
a slalli .a i .
al rows from the saaslal i .a i . and pass the saaname
s
i .a i .
lal of the database File saaslail.ani.
a adaad adaad a adaad
w.w p.apdad table?
database w.wp.p w.wp.p Step 3: Set the .apdad object
w.wpcursor w.wp.p w
w
w • The fetchall() method w w w
w from w w
cursor = connection. cursor w
w() ww
is used to fetch all rows
the database table The following example is used to create database
tet te t t t Table and enter and
file,stu t
tdisplay data t t
a l a il.ani.en a l a il.ani.en a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
asa
13.Mention s the difference between s
adsa fetchone() and adaadsa s import sqlite3
adsa s adsa s
w .wp.apdad
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c=sqlite3.connect(“D:\ela.db”) w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww
cur=c.cursor()
ww ww
fetchone()
• It returns the next row of a result set or None in
etet etet i.ente
t entet integer not null i.ani.entet
a ail.ani.nis no row left. saslail.ani.n
case lthere
a l ail.ancur.execute(“create TABLE
a l ail.ani.stu(no lal
• a da
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Using
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ada loop we can display a daadathe records
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ada s primary key,name a da dsa s
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w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p into w.wp.p w
ww Ex ww ww ww
cur.execute(“insert ww ww
import sqlite3 stu(no,name)values(101,’elango’))
c = sqlite3.connect("Academy.db")
tet tet c.commit()
t
a il.ani e
. n a il.ani e
. n a il.an i.ente
cur.execute(“select * from
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t
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cur =ac.cursor()
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cur.execute("SELECT
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w w w w w w
ww result = cur.fetchone() ww ww for x in a:ww ww ww
for r in result: print(x)
t t t t t t t t
print(r)i.ni.ene
l a l a l a il.ani.ene l a i.ene
il.an15.What l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente
fetchmany()ssa ssa ssa is the useaof a
s s‘sep=’ separator in python? ssa
.wp .apdaada . p apdaada
. . p.apdaada • To print .
allp .apdada in new lines or.wp
elements .apdaada by
separated
ww • It returns the next
w w w w w w w w w
wwnumber of rows (n) of the wwresult spacewwuse sep= "\n" or sep= " w
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set
• specified number of records is done bytusing 16.List some frequently used clauses in select
t t t t in sqlite ail.ani.entet t t
l n
il.ai
fetchmany().
a
e
. n e
l a n
il.ai e
. n e
l a i.ente
il.astatements
n l l a il.ani.ene
asa as adsaa s adsaas DISTINCT • WHERE as
a•saGROUP BY • ORDER BY. as
a•saHAVING
w p.ap.dad
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.w w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apdad w .wp.apdad w
ww import sqlite3 ww ww 17.Writewawpython script to displaywthe w name and ww
c = sqlite3.connect("ela.db") grade of students who have born in the year 2001
cur = c.cursor() import t sqlite3
l a il.ani.entet l a il.ani.entet l a il.anci.e=ntesqlite3.connect("ela.db") l ail.ani.n
etet
l ail.ani.n
etet
cur.execute("SELECT
s as * FROM student")
s a s s as s as s as
daada
rp=.apcur.fetchmany(3)
.w .wp.apda
ada
.wp.apda
ada cur = c.cursor() .wp.apda
ada
.wp.apda
ada
w w w w w w
ww print( r) ww ww ww
cur.execute("SELECT Rollno,snamewFROM w student ww
WHERE(Birth_date>='2001-01-01' AND
t t t
Birth_date<='2001-12-01')") t t
sas sas sas result = cur.fetchall() sas sas
.wp .apdaada .wp apdaada
. .wp.apdaada .
print(*result,sep="\n")
wp .apdaada .wp.apdaada
w w w ww w w
ww ww ww OUTPUTw: (5, 'VARUN') ww ww
d a
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adsas
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ww w w
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etet
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18.Explain
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s aslail.a ni.sqlite
in Sql
s aslail.an21.Read s ail.ani.n Based on that write
the followingasldetails.
s aslail.aani.
n
adad a a adada a adada a a a
dad records in descending a a
adad order of
statement. python script .w toadisplay
w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w p.p w w.wp.p w
w Aggregate functions w are used to do operationswfrom the Eno w w ww
values of the column and a single value is returned database name :- organization.db
• COUNT() •nAVG() t t • SUM() • MAX() •.nMIN() etet i.ente
Table t name :- Employee t t etet
a l il.ai.ene
afunction a l ailai.n a l ail.anColumns a l il.ani.ene
aEno, a l ail.ani.n
COUNT() aas s s s s s in the table s :-
s EmpName, Esal, Dept
s s
p.apdaItdreturns the number daada
p.aprows .wp.apda
ada
.wp.apda
ada
.wp.apda
ada
w •
.w w .wof in a table . w w w w
ww ww ww ww sqlite3 ww ww
• COUNT() returns 0 if there were no matching rows. import
Ex.cursor.execute("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM student ") c = sqlite3.connect("organization.db")
t t t t t t cur = c.cursor() ail.ani.entet t
AVG(): lail.ani. en e
l a il.ani.en e
l a il.ani.e n e
l l a il.ani.ente
as
adsadisplay sas sas sas sas
.
•papdaTo
. . . aada in a field
the averagepofapddata
. p .apdaada . .apdaada
cur.execute("SELECT
p . p.apdaada ORDER
* FROM Employee
w w w w w w BY w w w w w
ww Example: ww ww wwEno DESC") ww ww
cursor.execute("SELECT AVG(mark) FROM student ") r = cur.fetchall()
SUM(): print(r)
i . ni entet
. i . ni entet
. i . ni entet
. il.ani.ene
t t t t
il.ani.ene
• Tosdisplaya l a l a the sum of data in a l a l
field a a l a l a a l a a l a
a as adsas adsas 22.How to update adsas adsas
w .wp.apdad
Example: w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apdachange the name “Priya” w .wp.apdato w
ww cursor.execute("SELECT ww SUM(mark) FROM student ww ") “Priyanka” wwin a record in “studentwtable” w ww
MAX() AND MIN() FUNCTIONS conn.execute("UPDATE Student SET sname ='Priyanka'
• The MAX() t t t t where
i.ente
t Rollno==6 ") t t t t
a l a il.ani.enefunction returns the a l a il.ani.ene value of the
largest
a l a il.anconn.commit() a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s
selected column. adsa s asa s adsa s adsa s
w .w
•p.apdaThe MIN() function w .wp.apda the smallest value w
returns of .apdad
.wpthe w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww w
23.Whatwis the use of cursor. description? ww ww
selected column
Example: • cursor. description contain the details of each
e te t e te t etet etet etet
s asl ail.ani.n
cursor.execute("SELECT sname,max(mark)
s asl ail.ani.n FROM s asl ail.ani.n column headingssa.slail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
aa ada ada • It will be stored a a tuple
a as aa
w p.apdad ")
student
.w w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apdad w .wp.apdad w
ww 19.What is master table? ww Or what is sqlite_master? ww • The w w one that is 0(zero) index
first wwrefers to the ww
• The master table holds the key information about column name.
your database tet tables and it is called sqlite_master
tet • teUsing
t this command youtcan et display the table’si.ni.entet
i . ni e
. n i . ni e
. n i . ni e
. n i . ni e
. n
lala
• sqlite_master table used to aslala the list of tables adsaaslala Field names. adsaaslala lala
a da adsaas a daadsadisplay a da a da a daadsaas
p
w.wp. created in a database w.wp. p w.wp. p w.wp. p w.wp. p w
ww Example: ww ww ww ww ww
cursor.execute("SELECT name FROM sqlite_master 24. Write the Python script to display all the records of
t t t t t
thet following table using n t t
fetchmany() t t
i.ni.ene
WHERE type='table';")
a a i.ni.ene
a a i.ni.ene i. i.ene a i.ni.ene
d a
dsaaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal
aa aa aa .wp.apa .p.apa
w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p Icode wwwItemName ww w w
ww 20.Read the following
wwdetails.Based on that write
ww a wRate ww
python script to display department wise records 1003 Scanner 10500
database name :- organization.db 1004 Speaker 3000
Table name i .
an i
:-entet
. Employee i .
ani entet
. i .
a ni entet
. i .
a ni entet
. t t
il.ani.ene
a sl a l a sl a l asl a l 1005 Printer asl a l 8000 asl a
asa daadsa Esal, Dept p.apdaadsa adsa adsa
w.w p.apdad in the table :- w
Columns Eno,
.wp.apEmpName, w .w 1008 w .wp.apda
Monitor .wp.apda
15000
w w
ww ww ww w
1010 w Mouse
w
w700 ww
import sqlite3 import sqlite3
c = sqlite3.connect("organization.db")
e te t e te t e tet c=sqlite3.connect(“D:\ela.db”) etet etet
n
ail.an=i.c.cursor() ail.ani.n ail.ani.n ail.ani.n ail.ani.n
s asl
cur s asl s asl s asl s asl
ada aa aa cur=c.cursor() ada ada
w .wp.apda cur,execute(“create w pdad employee(eno w.wp.apdad
.wp.atable w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww integer,empname ww varchar(20), ww ww ww ww
cur.execute(“create table item(icode integer not null
primary key,itemName varchar(20),Rate integer;”)
. ni e
. ntet
cur.execute("SELECT * FROMi.nEmployee
i e
. ntet GROUP . n i e
. ntet . ni e
. ntet .ani.ente
t
l a i
l a l a l a l a i
l a cur.execute(“insert intol a i
item
l a l a il
sasBY dept") sas sas (icode,itemName,Rate)values(1003,Scanner,10500)”)
sas sas
.wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .wpapdaada
w r = cur.fetchall() w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
print(r)
d a
dsaaslal a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a
aa
ww w w
w
l asla l saasla l
p
w.w
a
.pda p.apdad
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w.w p
w.w
a
. pda p
w.w
a
. pda p
w.w.apda
w
etet
n etet n etet
n etetn etet
n
saaslail.ani.
cur.execute(“insert into item
saaslail.ani. saaslail.ani. saaslail.ani. saaslail.ani.
adada adad
(icode,itemName,Rate)values(1004,Speaker,3000)”) a adada Ref.Book Pg.no a
adadQ.No.5
319 adada
w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p ww.wp.p w w.wp.p w
w cur.execute(“insert into w item w i)DisplaywName,City and Itemnamewof suppliers who do ww
(icode,itemName,Rate)values(1005,printer,8000)”) not reside in Delhi.
cur.execute(“insert etet into item etet i.ente
t
con.execute(“SELECT etet
Name,City,Itemname FROM n.entet
a l ail.ani.n
(icode,itemName,Rate)values(1008,monitot,15000)”)
s s s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.anSupplier WHERE Citys a l ail.ani.n “)
<>”Delhi”
s s aslaila
.i
ad a ad a ad a ad a ad a
w.w p.apda
cur.execute(“insert into .wp.apda
witem w.wp.p
ada ii)Increment pda
.wp.asuppQty 40w.w p.apda
ww (icode,itemName,Rate)values(1010,mouse,700)”)
ww ww w wwthe of Akila by w
w ww
w
con.execute( “UPDATE Supplier SET SuppQty=40
c.commit() WHERE Name =”Akila” “)
t t t t t t t
cur.execute(“select
l a il.ani.en e * from item;’)
l a il.ani.en e
l a il i.ente a sql table usinglapython
.anCreate il.ani.ente and accept 10 names l a il.ani.ente
sas sas sas and age .sort in descending sas saas
.wp.apdaada
x=cur.fetchmany(7)
.wp apdaada
. .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada order of age and
.wp.apdaaddisplay
w w w w w w
ww print(x) ww ww import sqlite3 ww ww ww
c= sqlite3.connect("D:\info.db")
25.Write a python t script to delete a record curt =t c.cursor()
i
import .ani entesqlite3
. i .ani entet
. i .an i.ene
cur.execute("create table i.ente
t
il.anstudent(name, age)")alail.ani.n
etet
a l a l a l a l a l a l a l a
adsas adsas adsas for i in range(10): adsas adsas
w .wp.apda c = sqlite3.connect("els.db") w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww cur = c.cursor() ww ww ww
who =[input("Enter Name:")] ww ww
cur.execute("DELETE from Student where Rollno='2' ") age =[int(input("Enter Age:"))]
x= cur.execute("SELECT t t * FROM Student") t t t
nte=len(who) t t t t
for row a l
in a il.ani.ene
x: a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.enfor i in range(n): a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
asa s adsa s adsa s adsa s s s
.wp.apdad
print(row) .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
cur.execute("insert into student values aada
.wp.apd(?,?)",
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww
(who[i],age[i])) ww ww
26.Write a Python script to create a table called ITEM cur.execute("select * from student order by age
with following e te t
specification. e te t e
desc")te t etet etet
Adddaaone a record to the table.adaada ada print("All Recordsdain adaDescending order of age") ada
w .wp.ap d of the database :-wABC
Name .wp.p w .wp.apda print w .wp.ap
(*cur.fetchall(),sep='\n' ) w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Name of the table :- Item Ref.book pg.no316 Hand on Experience
Column name and specification :- Q.no
. ni e
. ntet . ni e
. ntet . n i e
. ntet 2 tet
.an*i.enfrom .ani.ente
t
Icode :- integer
l a il a and act as primary l a i
keyl a Item l a il a i) cur.execcute(“SELECT l a il games ORDER l a i
BYl
sas sas sas sas sas
.w .apdaada:- Character with length
Name
p .wp apdaad25a
. .wp.apdaada ScheduleData .wp.apdaada Gcode,GameName”)
DESC, . wp.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww Rate :- Integer ww ww ww
ii) cur.execcute(“SELECT ww
GameName,PrizeMoney ww
Record to be added :- 1008, Monitor,15000
from games WHERE (PrizeMoney > 7000)”)
t t t t t
i.entecur.execcute(“SELECT ntet t t
a la il.ani.enesqlite3
import a l a il.ani.ene a l a n
il.aiii) a l a il.ani.eName,GameName a
from
l a il.ani.ene
adsas adsas adsas games ORDER aBY adsas adsas
w .wp.apda c=sqlite3.connect(“D:\ela.db”)
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.pda GameName”) w.wp.apda w
ww cur=c.cursor() ww ww ww
iv) cur.execcute(“SELECT ww
Number,sum ww
(Prizemoney) from games GROUP BY GameName”)
t t t t et tet games GROUP BY t t
cur.execute(“create
l a il.ani.en e TABLE ITEM(icode
l a il.ani.en e
integer not null
la i.entcur.execcute(“SELECT
il.anv) l a il.ani*.enfrom l a il.ani.ene
as
asa key,Itemname varchar(25),rate
primary a
adsas integer;”) a
adsa s GameName”) adaadsa as a
adsa s
w p.apdad
.w
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