Renewable Energy

ELE4086

Dr. Muralidhar Killi,

Assistant professor,
Dep. Of EEE,
MIT Manipal, MAHE
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 Course Contents
 Introduction to the various renewable energy sources and their importance or role in
the present power system.

 Renewable Energy Resources

 Photovoltaic Systems
 Wind Energy Conversion Systems
 Energy from Bio-Mass
 Ocean Energy
 Grid integration of Renewable Energy

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 REFERENCES

[1] Mukherjee. D & S. Chakrabarti, Fundamentals of Renewable Energy systems, New Age Intl., 2005
[2] Khan B. H, Non conventional Energy Resources, TMH, 2nd Edition, 2006
[3] Twidell J. W & Weir A. D, Renewable Energy Resources, ELBS, 1986
[4] Rai G. D., Non Conventional Energy Sources, Khanna Publishers, 1997
[5] Rao S & B. B Parulekar, Energy Technology, Khanna Publishers, 1997
[6] Bansal N K, Kleemann M & Meliss M., Renewable Energy Sources and Conversion Technology,TMH,
1990
[7] Kothari. D. P, Singal and Rakesh Ranjan, Renewable Energy Sources and Emerging Technology , Prentice
Hall of India Private Limited, 2008.
[8] Keyhani Ali,”Design of smart power grid renewable energy systems”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2nd Edition,
2017.
[9] M. F. Akorede, H. Hizam, and E. Pouresmaeil, “Distributed Energy Resources and Benefit to the
Environment,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. , pp. 724-734, 2010.
[10] J. Driesen, and F. Katiraei, “Design for Distributed Energy Resources,” IEEE Power and Energy magazine,
2008

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 Growth of Installed capacity in INDIA
(Thermal, Nuclear, Renewable)
Time Power Generation (MW)
31-Dec-1947 1362
31-Mar-1990 63,660
31-Mar-2002 1,05,046
31-Mar-2012 1,99,877
31-mar-2015 2,71,722
31-Mar-2016 3,01,965
31-Mar-2021 382,151
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛+𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡
Per Capita Consumption =
𝑀𝑖𝑑 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

 Per capita Consumption of INDIA is 1208 kWh in 2020.

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 Overview of Grid

Ref: http://cets-en.ncku.edu.tw/files/13-1274-132046.php

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 Distributed Energy Resources
 DER refers to electric power generation resources that are directly connected
to medium or low voltage distribution systems, rather than to bulk power
transmission systems.

a) Distributed Generation Technologies:

Any electric power source of limited capacity and can be directly connected
to power system distribution network where it is consumed by the end users.
Conventional: Reciprocating Engines (Diesel, gas), Gas turbines (MT,CT)
Non-Conventional: PV, WECS, Biomass, Solar Thermal, small hydro
turbines.

b) Energy Storage Technologies

Ex: Battery, flywheel, Fuel cells, super conducting magnetic energy storage
(SMES), Compressed air energy storage (CAES), and pumped storage.
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Indian Power Sector – A Glance
Sector MW Percentage
State 1,03617 27.7
Central 93,927 25.1
Private 1,76,655 47.2
Total 3,74,199 100.0

As on
17/12/2020
Source: Ministry of Power,
Govt. of India

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG.- ELE 1001 7

 Indian Power Sector - A Glance
Fuel MW Percentage
Total Thermal 2,31,321 61.8
Coal 1,99,595 53.3
Lignite 6,260 1.7
Gas 24,957 6.7
Oil 510 0.1
Hydro (Renewable) 45699 12.2
Nuclear 6,780 1.8
RES*(MNRE) 90,399 24.2
Total 3,74,199 100

*RES include small hydro, bio-mass, urban and industrial waste

As on
power and wind energy
17/12/2020
Source: Ministry of Power,
Govt. of India
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG.- ELE 1001 8
Share of Renewable resources in India
Resource Potential Upto 9th Upto 10th 11th Plan Upto Cumulative 12th Plan 13th Plan
(MW) Plan Plan Target 30.09.10 Achievement Projection Projection
(2017) (2022)

Wind 48,500 1,667 5,427 9,000 4,714 12,809 27,300 38,500

Power

Small 15,000 1,438 538 1,400 759 2,823 5,000 6,600

Hydro
Power

Bio Power 23,700 390 795 1,780 1,079 2,505 5,100 7,300

Solar 20-30 2 1 50 8 18 4,000 20,000

Power MW/sq
km

Total 3,497 6,761 12,230 6,560 18,155 41,400 72,400

Source: Ministry of New & Renewable Energy,

Govt. of India
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG.- ELE 1001 9
 Assignment

Source of Power Generation: Hydro, PV, Wind

Installed Capacity all over the World:

List of top five countries:

Installed Capacity in India as of Dec. 2020:

Growth in INDIA from Last 5-10 years:

Its contribution to overall power generation:

List of Top ten states in India:

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 SALIENT FEATURES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

Merits
1. Non-conventional sources are available in nature free of cost.
2. They produce no or very little pollution. Thus, by and large, they are
environment friendly.
3. They are inexhaustible.
4. They have a low gestation period
Demerits
1. In general, the energy is available in dilute form from these resources.
2. Though available freely in nature, the cost of harnessing energy from
non-conventional sources is generally high.
3. Availability is uncertain; the energy flow depends on various natural
phenomenon beyond human control.
4. Difficulty in transporting such forms of energy.
 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF ENERGY

Trade-off Between Energy and Environment

During every energy conversion process, some energy is expelled by the energy
conversion system into surroundings in the form of heat.
 Also, some pollutants may be produced as a by-product of this process. Both of
these cause degradation of environment.
The future seems to be in favour of developing renewable and environment-friendly
energy resources.
 Solar Radiation

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  How much solar radiation we receive on earth surface?

 How to install Solar PV modules to collect most solar

radiation?

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 Extraterrestrial Radiation:
Average solar radiation outside the earth atmosphere is known as solar
constant. Its value is 1367 W/m2

 The earth revolves around sun in elliptical path with small eccentricity
sun-earth distance varies (radiation inversely proportional to square of the
distance)

 Actual radiation can be estimated with following eq.

 360n 
I  I sc 1  0.033 cos(
'
sc ) Where n is the day of the year
 365 

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Electromagnetic spectrum-Solar Radiation

E  hv
1.24
E eV
 ( m)
www.wikipedia.org
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 Solar radiation through earth’s atmosphere

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 Air mass
AM  1 θ is Zenith angle
cos 
Distance traveled by sun rays Solar radiation flux reaching
to reach earth’s surface, or the surface (W /m2)
AirMass
AM0 (extra terrestrial) 1376

AM1 (sun at overhead 1105

position)
AM1.5 (sun at about 48o from 1000
overhead position)

AM 2 (sun at about 60o from 894

overhead position)

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 Diffuse and direct beam solar radiation
The solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface can be divided into two types of
solar radiation: Direct beam solar radiation and diffuse solar radiation.

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 Some of the solar radiation entering the earth's atmosphere is absorbed and
scattered. Direct beam radiation comes in a direct line from the sun.
 Diffuse radiation is scattered out of the direct beam by molecules, aerosols, and
clouds. The sum of the direct beam, diffuse, and ground-reflected radiation
arriving at the surface is called total or global solar radiation.

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 On a clear day, about 10-20% of the insolation is from diffused
radiation, the proportion increases up to 100%.

 When the humidity is high , the insolation on a cloudy day consisting

entirely on diffused radiation, may be as high as 50%.

 Scattering: As solar radiation passes through the earth atmosphere

the components of the atmosphere, such as water vapor and dust,
scatter a portion of the radiation. A portion of this scattered
radiation always reaches the earth surfaces as diffused radiation.

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 Global and diffuse radiation

0.8

Radiation (kW/m2) 0.6

0.4

0.2

0
6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Hours

Note: Data are for a clear sky

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 www.wikipedia.org
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 Distribution of Solar Energy
Name Range of wavelengths % of energy
(micrometers) carried

Ultraviolet radiation 0.15 to 0.38 7.6

Visible radiation 0.38 to 0.72 48.4

Infrared radiation 0.72 to 4.0 43

Other radiation > 4.0 1

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 Solar Radiation Measurement

 Solar radiation is given in units of kWh per unit area per unit time

• Daily solar radiation will be kWh/m2/day

• Monthly solar radiation will be kWh/m2/month
• yearly Solar radiation will be kWh/m2/year

 Typically in India solar radiation varies between 4 to 7kWh/m2/day

or about 1400 to 2500 kWh/m2/year

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 Solar Radiation Map of India

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 Solar Radiation Map of World

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 Thank You

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