Converters For Soft Switching

Chapter 9
Zero-Voltage or Zero-Current Switchings
• converters for soft switching

Dept of Electrical and Electronics Resonant Converters
Engg, 9-1
Engg, 9-2
Engg, 9-3
Classification of DC-DC Converter
9-4
What is Soft-Switching
Switching transitions occur under favorable conditions – device

voltage or current is zero
Reduced switching losses, switch stress, possibly low EMI,

easier thermal management
A must for very high frequency operation, (also medium frequency

at high power levels)
Usually involves compromises in conduction loss, switch rating,

passive components etc.

Engg, 9-5
Difference between Hard switching and soft Switching
Hard Switching Soft Switching

Switch is voltage or current Voltage or Current
turned is non-zero naturally Zero
ON/OFF,
Operation Slow respond Fast Respond
Efficiency Poor Good
Loses More less
9-6
Soft Switching Converter
9-7
Resonant conversion:
advantages
•Resonant converters can operate at higher
switching frequencies than comparable PWM
converters.
•Zero-voltage switching also reduces converter-
generated EMI.
•Zero-current switching can be used to commutate
SCRs/
•In specialized applications, resonant networks may
be unavoidable
•High voltage converters: significant transformer
leakage inductance and winding capacitance leads
to resonant network
9-8
Resonant conversion: dis-
advantages
• Can optimize performance at one operating point, but not with wide range of input voltage and load power variations
• Significant currents may circulate through the tank elements, even when the load is disconnected, leading to poor efficiency at light load.
• Quasi-sinusoidal waveforms exhibit higher peak values than equivalent rectangular waveforms
• These considerations lead to increased conduction losses, which can offset the reduction in switching loss
• Resonant converters are usually controlled by variation of switching frequency.
• In some schemes, the range of switching frequencies can be
• very large
• Complexity of analysis
9-9
Types of resonant converters:
 Load Resonant Converter
 Resonant Switch Converter
 Resonant DC link Converter
 High frequency link integral half cycle converter
The Resonant Converter broadly Classified into Eight

types. Those are:-
1. Series Resonant inverter
2. Parallel Resonant inverter
3. Class E Resonant Converter
4. Class E Resonant Rectifier
5. Zero Voltage Switching(ZVS) Resonant Converter
6. Zero Current Switching(ZCS) Resonant Converter
7. Two Quadrant ZVS Resonant Converter
8. Resonant dc-link inverter
4

Engg, 9-10
Engg, 9-11
Tank current and output
voltage are essentially
sinusoids at the switching
frequency fs.
Output can be controlled

by variation of switching
frequency, closer to or
away from the tank
resonant frequency

Engg, 9-12
Engg, 9-13
Resonant conversion: advantages
The reducing or eliminating some of the switching loss mechanisms. Hence

resonant converters can operate at higher switching frequencies than comparable
PWM converters
Zero-voltage switching also reduces converter-generated EMI Zero-current
switching can be used to commutate SCRs
Resonant conversion: disadvantages
 Can optimize performance at one operating point, but not with wide range of input
voltage and load power variations
 Significant currents may circulate through the tank elements, even when the load
is disconnected, leading to poor efficiency at light load Quasi-sinusoidal waveforms
exhibit higher peak values than equivalent rectangular waveforms.
 These considerations lead to increased conduction losses, which can
offset the reduction in switching loss Resonant converters are usually controlled by
variation of switching frequency.
 In some schemes, the range of switching frequencies can be very large
Complexity of analysis
Dept of Electrical and Electronics Resonant Converters 9-14

Engg,
Engg, 9-15
Engg, 9-16
Engg, 9-17
Relationship Between Efficiency and Power
Density

Engg, 9-18
Problems of Hard-Switching
Switching losses
Device stress, thermal management
EMI due to high di/dt and dv/dt
Energy loss in stray L and C
Possible Solutions (combination)

• Snubbers to reduce di/dt and dv/dt
usually no change in losses (unless loss recovery)
•Circuit layout to reduce stray inductances•
Gate drive
circuit layout
turn on / off speeds
•usually no change in losses (unless loss recovery)

Engg, 9-19
Snubbers
• Passive components (R, L, C) and a diode to shape switching
trajectories
Turn-on snubber (seldom used)
At turn-on
It = Vd/Ls x t
low di/dt
lower turn-on losses in the device
low reverse recovery current
Price to be paid at turn-off
1/2 LI2 energy dissipated during off interval

off interval > 2 to 3 times LS /RS time constant
switch voltage rating increases by RS IO

Engg, 9-20
Engg, 9-21
One Inverter Leg
• The output current can be positive or negative

Engg, 9-22
Engg, 9-23
Engg, 9-24
Engg, 9-25
Engg, 9-26
Engg, 9-27
Turn-on and Turn-off Snubbers

Engg, 9-28
Switching Trajectories
• Comparison of Hard versus soft switching

Engg, 9-29
Engg, 9-30
Types of resonant converters:
 Load Resonant Converter
1.Voltage Source Series Resonant Converter
(a) Series Loaded Resonant (SLR) Converter
(b) Parllel-Loaded resonant Converter
© Hybrid –Resonat Converter
2. Current Source Parallel Resonant Converter
3. Class E and Sub Class E resonant Converter
 Resonant Switch Converter

Resonant switch dc-dc Converter
a) Zero Voltage Switching dc dc Converter
b) Zero Current Switching dc-dc Converter
 Resonant DC link Converter
 High frequency link integral half cycle converter

Engg, 9-31
Undamped Series-Resonant Circuit
• The waveforms shown include initial conditions

Engg, 9-32
Engg, 9-33
Series-Resonant Circuit with
Capacitor-Parallel Load
• The waveforms shown include initial conditions

Engg, 9-34
Engg, 9-35
Impedance of a Series-Resonant Circuit
• The impedance is capacitive below the

resonance frequency
Engg, 9-36
Undamped Parallel-Resonant Circuit
• Excited by a current source

Engg, 9-37
Impedance of a Parallel-Resonant Circuit
• The impedance is inductive at below the

resonant frequency
Engg, 9-38
Engg, 9-39
 If tank responds primarily to fundamental component of switch network
output voltage waveform, then harmonics can be neglected.
 Let us model all ac waveforms by their fundamental components.

Engg, 9-40
Series Load Resonant (SLR) Converter
• The transformer is ignored in this equivalent

circuit
Engg, 9-41
Engg, 9-42
Engg, 9-43
Engg, 9-44
Engg, 9-45
Engg, 9-46
Series loaded resonant (SLR) dc-dc converter :
Modes of SLR DC-DC converter

1.Discontinuous condition mode with ws<1/2wo
2.Continuous conduction Mode with
1/2wo<ws<wo
3. Continuous Condition mode with ws>wo
9-47
SLR Converter Waveforms
• The operating frequency is below one-half the resonance frequency

Engg, 9-48
• The operating frequency is in between one-half the resonance frequency
and the resonance frequency

Engg, 9-49
 Switch turn-on occurs at finite voltage and current,
 Switch turn off at naturally .
 Good reverse recovery charecterstics to avoid large
reverse current spicks

Engg, 9-50
•The operating frequency is greater than the resonance frequency

Engg, 9-51
ws> wo : continuous inductor current – lagging power factor
 Switch turn-on occurs at zero voltage and current,

 Switch turn off at finite time.
 T+ Is forced to turn off.
 Here T- is gated on as soon as D- begins to conduct so that it can
conduct when iL reverses.
 Several Advantages.
 The switches Turn ON at Zero voltage and Current.
 Do not need fast recovery diodes.
 Disadvantages.
 Switches need to force turn off near the peak of iL. (switching losses)
Lossless snubbers can use to minimize the switching losees

Engg, 9-52
Series Loaded Resonant Converter

Engg, 9-53
The amplitudes of the fundamental frequencies of the square waves va and vb are
If iL is approximated as a sine wave of amplitude IL1, the average value of ib is
The value of output resistance in this equivalent circuit is based on the ratio of
voltage to current at the output.

Engg, 9-54
The ratio of output to input voltage
T
The sensitivity of the output to the switching frequency depends on the

values of Lr and Cr. If Q is defined as

Engg, 9-55
Lossless Snubbers in SLR Converters
• The operating frequency is above the resonance

frequency
Engg, 9-56
SLR Converter Characteristics
• Output Current as a function of operating

frequency for various values of the output voltage
Engg, 9-57
Normalized Frequency Response

Engg, 9-58
SLR Converter Control
• The operating frequency is varied to regulate the

output voltage

Engg, 9-59
1) The series loaded resonant converter is having The source voltage is 100V and The
resonant inductance is 30micro H and capacitance is 0.08microF and load is 10 0hm the
operating switching frequency is 120KHz Determine the output voltage of the converter

Engg, 9-60
Engg, 9-61
Engg, 9-62
Engg, 9-63
Engg, 9-64
1) The series loaded resonant converter is having The source voltage is 100V and The
resonant inductance is 30micro H and capacitance is 0.08microF and load is 10 0hm the
operating switching frequency is 120KHz Determine the output voltage of the converter
The resonant frequency of the filter is
The output Voltage is

Engg, 9-65
Engg, 9-66
Engg, 9-67
2). For the series resonant dc-dc converter has the dc source voltage is 75 V. The
desired output voltage is 25 V, and the desired switching frequency is 100 kHz.
The load resistance RL is 10 ohm . Determine Lr and Cr
Select the resonant frequency ω0 to be slightly less than the desired switching
frequency ωs Let ωs /ω0 =1.2,
ωs /ω0 =1.2
From the graph of Fig. with Vo/Vs =25/75 =0.33 and ws/w0 =1.2, the required Qis
approximately 2.5.

Engg, 9-68
2). For the series resonant dc-dc converter has the dc source voltage is 75 V. The
desired output voltage is 25 V, and the desired switching frequency is 100 kHz.
The load resistance RL is 10 . Determine Lr and Cr
Select the resonant frequency ω0 to be slightly less than the desired switching
frequency ωs Let ωs /ω0 =1.2,
ωs /ω0 =1.2
From the graph of Fig. with Vo/Vs =25/75 =0.33 and ws/w0 =1.2, the required Qis
approximately 2.5.

Engg, 9-69
Engg, 9-70
Engg, 9-71
Engg, 9-72
Engg, 9-73
3) The series resonant dc-dc converter of Fig. 9-5a has the following operation
parameters: Vs =10 V, Lr =6 microH, Cr =6 nF, fs =900 kHz, and RL =10 . Determine
the output voltage Vo.

Engg, 9-74
Engg, 9-75
Design and Analysis of Series Loaded Resonant Converter fed by
Standalone/PV Source
SLR Low Pass

Solar Rectifier
Converte
Network Filter Load
Pannel r

Engg, 9-76
Parallel Loaded resonant Converter
Differs from series resonant converter as follows:
Different tank network

Rectifier is driven by sinusoidal voltage, and is connected to
inductive-input low-pass filter
Need a new model for rectifier and filter networks

Engg, 9-77
Model of uncontrolled rectifier with inductive filter network

Engg, 9-78
Effective resistance Re

Engg, 9-79
Engg, 9-80
Engg, 9-81
the average of the rectified sine wave at the bridge output (vx) is the same as Vo,
where Vb1 is the amplitude of the fundamental frequency of vb. The equivalent
resistance is then
where Ib1 is the amplitude of the fundamental frequency of the square wave
current ib.
Solving for output voltage in the phasor circuit

Engg, 9-82
Since Vo is the average of the full-wave rectified value of vb,
Va1 is the amplitude of the fundamental frequency of the input square wave
Vo/Vs is plotted with Q as a parameter
9-83
The circuit of PLR converter has the following parameters:Vs 100 V Lr 8 H Cr 0.32
F RL 10 fs 120 kHz Determine the output voltage of the converter. Assume the
output filter components Loand Co produce a ripple-free output current and
voltage.

Engg, 9-84
Engg, 9-85
PLR Converter Waveforms

Engg, 9-87
 Turn on losses in the switch.

 Requiered good RRC diodes
 No turn off Losses in the switches
•The operating frequency is below the resonance

frequency
Engg, 9-88
• The operating frequency is above the resonance

frequency
Engg, 9-89
PLR Converter Characteristics
• Output voltage as a function of operating

frequency for various values of the output
current
Properties
In dcc MODE CONVERTER exhibits good voltage source charecterstics and
V0 independent I0.
This property useful in designing a converter with multiple outputs.Output

reulation is simple.
If ws>w0 the max change required in the operating frequency less than 50% to
compensate for the output loading for a normalized output 0f 1
It is possible to stepup and step down output

Engg, 9-90
PLR Characteristics
PLR, CCM
• No trun-on losses
• Turn-off with current – Losses
– Losses can be reduced with
lossless snubber as in SLR
• DCM
– Output voltage doesn’t depend on current
• Many parallel outputs are possible – Output voltage depends
linearly from switching frequency
• Output voltage can be higher than input
• Maximum current and voltage much higher than Io and Ud

Engg, 9-91
PLR versus SLR • PLR
– Acts as voltage source
• Fits for multiple output SMPS
– No built in overload protection
– Both step up and step down operation

Engg, 9-92
Series load Parallel load resonance
resonance

Switch on Switch off Switch on Switch off Power
Diode off Diode on Diode off Diode on Factor
fs<1/2f
o
zcs zcs zcs zcs N/A
zvs zvs
fs<fo
hard+ zcs hard+ zcs Lead
zvs zvs ing
fs>fo
zcs hard* zcs hard* Lagg
zvs zvs ing

Engg, 9-93
Hybrid-Resonant DC-DC Converter
• Combination of series and parallel resonance

Engg, 9-94
Engg, 9-95
Engg, 9-96
Engg, 9-97
Engg, 9-98
Parallel-Resonant Current-Source Converter
• Basic circuit to illustrate the operating principle

at the fundamental frequency

Engg, 9-99
Parallel-Resonant Current-Source Converter
• Using thyristors; for induction heating

Engg, 9-100
Class-E Converters
Optimum mode

Engg, 9-101
Engg, 9-102
Class-E Converters
Non-Optimum
mode

Engg, 9-103
Engg, 9-104
Engg, 9-105
Engg, 9-106
–Optimum Mode – Non optimum Mode
1) Switch voltage returns to zero 1)Switch Voltage returs to zero with
With zero slope. negative slope
2) No Need of antiparallel diode 2)Antiparallel diode is required
3) Load resistance R=Ropt 3)Load R<R opt
4) Switch duety ration is= 0.5 4) Duety ratio small
Advantages
1)Elimination of switching losses and reduction of EMI
2)Produces a sinusoidal output current
Disadvatages
High peak voltageand current associated with the switch
Large Volatge and current through the resonant L and C elements
Application
High frequency Electronic Lamp ballast

Engg, 9-107
1. The parallel resonant dc-dc converter has the following operation
parameters: Vs 15 V, RL 10 , Lr 1.3 H, Cr 0.12F, and fs 500 kHz .Determine the output
voltage of the converter.

Engg, 9-108
2. The parallel resonant dc-dc converter has the following operation parameters: Vs 30 V, RL
15 , Lr 1.2 H, Cr 26 nF, and fs 1 MHz. Determine the output voltage of the converter.

Engg, 9-109
3. The parallel resonant dc-dc converter has Vs 12 V, RL 15 ,
and fs 500 kHz. The desired output voltage is 20 V. Determine suitable values
for Lr and Cr.

Engg, 9-110
Resonant Switch Converters
• Similar ideas was used before gate turnoff devices
– Thyristors were used in dc-dc converters and dc-ac inverters =>

additional LC circuit used to turn-off conduction thyristor (e.g.
McMurray-circuit)
• Nowadays also in power supplies
• Transformer parasitic inductances and other parasitics can be

used in LC-circuits

Engg, 9-111
Engg, 9-112
Engg, 9-113
Classification
• ZCS, zero-current-switching
– Switch turns on and off without current
• ZVS, zero-voltage-switching,
– Switch turns on and off without voltage
• ZVS-CV, zero-voltage-switching, clamped

voltage
– As before but at least two switches
– Voltage over switch is limited to the supply voltage

Engg, 9-114
Advantages and Disadvantages of ZCS and ZVS
• Power switch is turned ON and OFF at Zero-Voltage and Zero-

Current
• In ZCS topologies, the rectifying diode has ZVS
• In ZVS topologies, the rectifying diode has ZCS
• In isolated topologies, both the ZVS and the ZCS utilize

transformer leakage inductances and diode junction capacitors
and the output parasitic capacitor of the power switch.
• Some ZVS and ZCS techniques requires variable-frequency

control to regulate the output, which is a disadvantage.
• In ZCS, the power switch turns-OFF at zero current but at turn-

ON, the converter still suffers from turn-ON loss caused by the
output capacitor of the power switch.
Engg, 9-115
Resonant Switch Converters
Classifications

Engg, 9-116
ZCS Resonant-Switch Converter
• One possible implementation

Engg, 9-117
• Waveforms; voltage is regulated by varying the

switching frequency

Engg, 9-118
Engg, 9-119
Engg, 9-120
Engg, 9-121
• A practical circuit

Engg, 9-122
ZVS Resonant-Switch Converter
• Serious limitations

Engg, 9-123
ZVS Resonant-Switch Converter
• Waveforms

Engg, 9-124
MOSFET Internal Capacitances
• These capacitances affect the MOSFET switching

Engg, 9-125
ZVS-CV DC-DC Converter
• The inductor current must reverse direction

during each switching cycle
Engg, 9-126
ZVS-CV DC-DC Converter
• One transition is shown

Engg, 9-127
ZVS-CV Principle Applied to DC-AC Inverters
• Very large ripple in the output current

Engg, 9-128
Three-Phase ZVS-CV DC-AC Inverter
• Very large ripple in the output current

Engg, 9-129
Output Regulation by Voltage Control
• Each pole operates at nearly 50% duty-ratio

Engg, 9-130
ZVS-CV with Voltage Cancellation
• Commonly used

Engg, 9-131
Resonant DC-Link Inverter
• The dc-link voltage

is made to oscillate

Engg, 9-132
Three-Phase Resonant DC-Link Inverter
• Modifications have been proposed

Engg, 9-133
High-Frequency-Link Inverter
• Basic principle for selecting integral half-cycles of the

high-frequency ac input
Engg, 9-134
• Low-frequency ac output is synthesized by selecting

integral half-cycles of the high-frequency ac input
Engg, 9-135
• Shows how to implement such an inverter

Engg, 9-136
Series Resonant DC-DC Converter
For the dc-dc converter of
Vs 100 V
Lr 30 H
Cr 0.08 F
RL 10
fs 120 kHz
Determine the output voltage of the converter

Engg, 9-137
Engg, 9-138
Engg, 9-139
Engg, 9-140
Engg, 9-141
Vs=36V,I0=5A, Lr=10nH, Cr=10nF and switching frequency is 750kHz a)
Determine the output voltage of the converter b) determine maximum
inductor current and capacitor voltage c) Determine the switching
frequency for the out put of 12V.

Engg, 9-142
The series parallel resonant dc-dc converter has the following parameters
source voltage =100V, Cp =Cs= 0.1µF, L=100µH, Load resistance is 10Ω,
switching frequency is 60kHz. The output filter components L0 and c0 are
assumed to produce a ripple free output. Determine the output voltage of
the converter.

Engg, 9-143
1. The Zero Voltage switching resonant switch converter is having source
voltage Vs=20V,I0=10A, Lr=0.1µH, Cr=1nF and switching frequency is 2MHz a)
Determine the output voltage of the converter b) determine maximum inductor
current and capacitor voltage.

Engg, 9-144
Engg, 9-145
Dept of Electrical and Resonant Converters 9-146
Electronics Engg,
2. The Zero Voltage switching resonant switch converter is having source
voltage Vs=15V, I0=4A a) Determine the resonant inductor and capacitor
the maximum capacitor voltage is 40V, ω0 =1.6x108 rad/sec. find the
switching frequency and the output voltage is 5v.

Engg, 9-147
Electronics Engg,
Electronics Engg,
3. The Zero current switching resonant switch converter is having
source voltage Vs=3 load resistance is 5 ohm 0V,I0=10A, resonant
impedance is 25Ω , the output voltage is 15V. switching frequency is
100kHz a) determine the resonant inductor and capacitor.

Electronics Engg,
Electronics Engg,
Electronics Engg,
4. The Zero Voltage switching resonant switch converter is having
source voltage Vs=20V, Load current is 5A, Lr= 1µH, Cr=0.047µF and
switching frequency is 2MHz a) Determine the switching frequency
such that the output voltage is 10V.

Electronics Engg,
Electronics Engg,
Electronics Engg,
5. The Zero current switching resonant switch converter is having
source voltage Vs=18V, V0 =12V and load current is 1 A, resonant
impedance is 10 ohm , resonant frequency is 1MHz a) Determine
resonant components Lr and Cr b) Peak switch current c) peak voltage
rating of the capacitor, d) The linear charging period of the inductor.

Electronics Engg,
Electronics Engg,
Electronics Engg,

Converters For Soft Switching

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Chapter 9

Zero-Voltage or Zero-Current Switchings

• converters for soft switching

Switching transitions occur under favorable conditions – device

Reduced switching losses, switch stress, possibly low EMI,

A must for very high frequency operation, (also medium frequency

Usually involves compromises in conduction loss, switch rating,

Dept of Electrical and Electronics Resonant Converters

Hard Switching Soft Switching

 Load Resonant Converter

 Resonant Switch Converter

 Resonant DC link Converter

 High frequency link integral half cycle converter

The Resonant Converter broadly Classified into Eight

Dept of Electrical and Electronics Resonant Converters

Output can be controlled

Dept of Electrical and Electronics Resonant Converters

The reducing or eliminating some of the switching loss mechanisms. Hence

Resonant conversion: disadvantages

Dept of Electrical and Electronics Resonant Converters 9-14

Dept of Electrical and Electronics Resonant Converters

Possible Solutions (combination)

Dept of Electrical and Electronics Resonant Converters

Turn-on snubber (seldom used)

Price to be paid at turn-off

1/2 LI2 energy dissipated during off interval

Dept of Electrical and Electronics Resonant Converters

• The output current can be positive or negative

Dept of Electrical and Electronics Resonant Converters

Dept of Electrical and Electronics Resonant Converters

• Comparison of Hard versus soft switching

Dept of Electrical and Electronics Resonant Converters

 Resonant Switch Converter

 Resonant DC link Converter

 High frequency link integral half cycle converter

Dept of Electrical and Electronics Resonant Converters

• The waveforms shown include initial conditions

• The waveforms shown include initial conditions

Dept of Electrical and Electronics Resonant Converters

• The impedance is capacitive below the

• Excited by a current source

Dept of Electrical and Electronics Resonant Converters

• The impedance is inductive at below the

Dept of Electrical and Electronics Resonant Converters

• The transformer is ignored in this equivalent

Modes of SLR DC-DC converter

• The operating frequency is below one-half the resonance frequency

Dept of Electrical and Electronics Resonant Converters

Dept of Electrical and Electronics Resonant Converters

Dept of Electrical and Electronics Resonant Converters

•The operating frequency is greater than the resonance frequency

Dept of Electrical and Electronics Resonant Converters

 Switch turn-on occurs at zero voltage and current,

Lossless snubbers can use to minimize the switching losees

Dept of Electrical and Electronics Resonant Converters

Dept of Electrical and Electronics Resonant Converters

If iL is approximated as a sine wave of amplitude IL1, the average value of ib is

Dept of Electrical and Electronics Resonant Converters

The sensitivity of the output to the switching frequency depends on the

Dept of Electrical and Electronics Resonant Converters

• The operating frequency is above the resonance

• Output Current as a function of operating

Dept of Electrical and Electronics Resonant Converters