Chapter II

Covid-19 Pandemic and Global Demography

Manuscript Intended for: Students

Modality: Blended/Flexible Learning
Module No./Subject: No. 2, Contemporary World
Allotted time: 3 hours in Second Week
Author: Dr. Arsenio M. Escalona

I. Learning Outcomes
This lesson intends to prepare students to:
1. Articulate personal definition of global demography and demographic transition model;
2. Analyze if Covid-19 Pandemic has direct impact on demographic transition;
3. Explain the theory of demographic transition as it affects global population;
4. Use current technology to facilitate learning; and
5. Contribute personally and meaningfully to the country’s development.

II. Learning Management System

Lesson 1: Suggested Activity/Activities
1. Get the attention of all students by checking the attendance per class. Allow them to say “present” to
curb unnecessary distractions. Please take notice of the adjective used in this case which is unnecessary
because “distraction” per se might be allowed because distance learning has to conform with unforeseen
interventions. Teachers need not have “onion skin” instead she/he should be more sensitive especially in
time of emergencies. This strategy will permit students to acquire self-discipline. While it is a must for all
students to have “designated places” on their own, it is likewise very important for them to become relax
or at ease.

https://imgur.com/4Jd2Nm4

Thus, the required “mind set” is given voluntarily. Each student then consequently will be structured and
well-adjusted with this “blended” set-up as they were motivated internally. All of them as expected will
embrace sense of accountability-meaning fully much aware that their individual performances will
definitely speak for them and eventually their grades. It is important to get the required deliverables on
time, otherwise, learning outcome would not be realized.

Lesson 2: Integration
As mentioned above, student
adaptability is the key for modular
instructional materials to prosper.
Students have to learn life skills by
understanding themselves well. In
order to get more concrete result
regarding their readiness, ask them
individually their respective birth
order. Various scientific studies in
Psychology taught us that indeed there
is a significant relationship between
academic performance and child’s
birth order. Eldest children both male
and female are seen most responsible. www.researchgate.net/figure/Regions-of-the-Philippines-a-population-density-of-the-regions-2010-b-individual_fig4_315849156

Having enough needed information

like this would help both parties – teacher and students, to support each other. “Esprit de corps” will be
felt.

Lesson 3: Motivation
As much as possible, please distribute the line of questioning to all students to avoid favoritism amongst
them and monopoly of discussion by students who are very fond of expressing their ideas. Even
distribution would prevent situation like this to happen. Teacher at this stage must have prior knowledge
about student population. Experienced teacher could easily categorize students who belong to fast learner,
average and slow learner levels. As a mandate, teachers have to transform their students to become
“learned” professionals.
In order to gauge student competencies and capabilities, the following questions would help elicit answers
directly coming from one’s heart. 1.) Sino ang dahilan ng paggising mo sa umaga?; 2.) Anung oras ka
gumigising?; and 3.) You woke up like what?
At this stage, give the meaning of demography which was derived from two Greek words: “demos” which
means people and “graphos” which means: illustrate, draw, and measure. Demography is the statistical
study of human population. It is very significant to ask the following follow-up questions because these
would instill sense of ownership or possession, thus helping them discover the importance of the DHVSU
vision, mission, goals, and objectives which would serve as beacon of light in pursuing individual or
personal goal in life.
Population in simple term is the number of people in a city or town, region, country or world. Population
is usually determined by a process called census. It is a process of collecting, analyzing, compiling and
publishing data.
Here are some of suggested follow-up questions: 1.) How many children are there in your family? This
would help gauge, population density of the family. 2.) What are different responsibilities being entrusted
to you with respect to birth order in your family? Are you a front liner in your family? How would you
define gender roles?
Community quarantine restrictions in Belgium, England, New Zealand and Northern Ireland had been
relaxed to support good mental health of their constituents. This strategy is called “social bubble” effect.
It allows people to meet and be with significant people who matters a lot in their lives. By talking with
them, feeling of isolation is being prevented.
How much is your appreciation with all the efforts of government to save lives? Who are the people
whom you regarded as social bubble? The following questions need flexibility and certainty to get a
desired outcome? With your knowledge, how many deaths so far are brought about by Covid-19
pandemic? In a range of one to ten, how will you rate yourself if feeling of anxiety is asked?

Lesson 4: Presentation
At this stage, there is a need to have possession of a Class Record. It is very important for all your
students of becoming fair and just with you as main model. Transparency in recording every contribution
of students would instill that success indeed is a product of hard work. While working for the knowledge
not just for grades would imbibe great virtues students have to value that as they graduated the image, of
DHVSU as their Alma Mater goes with them. Stress the importance of knowing the grading system being
implemented. Quality education spells quality graduates. Their accomplishments as student are their
passport to success. To help them see the difference, ask them to comment on the Balik Probinsya
Program of the government to decongest highly populated cities like that of in Metropolitan Manila?
Informed them of the importance of their education to better prepare their lives in the future. Recall in
them that Covid-19 originated from Wuhan, China whose population density became so difficult to
manage and control.

Lesson 5: Discussion Proper

Introduction
Global demography is the study of population
globally based on factors such as: age, race, sex,
and a study how birth rates and death rates change.
The word global demography was coined by John
Graunt. It also means the statistical and
mathematical study of size compositional and
spatial distribution of human populations and the
changes over time in these aspects through the
operation of the five (5) processes namely: fertility,
morality, marriage, migration and social mobility.
It encompasses the study of the size, structure, and
distribution of these populations and temporal fitnessandwellnessnews.com/the-effect-of-parenthood-on-health/
changes in them in response to birth, aging, death,
or incidence of disease. Before this Covid-19 pandemic, the most popular incidents of disease in history
that caused a demographic upheaval are the Black Plague in 15 th century Europe were half of the
population died and the Potato Blight of Ireland.

Nine (9) Important Terms to Remember

1. Dependency ratio- the number of people who are too young or too old to enter the workforce. Often
dependent on the working forces.
2. Mortality decline-countries suffer small growth rate, caused by cleanliness, hygienic surrounding,
population control, balanced food and health consciousness.
3. Population explosion-the result of improved nutrition, public health infrastructure and medical care.
4. Working age- if these people are huge numbered in a country, savings per capita will be bigger.
5. Life expectancy- the average period that a person may expect to live.
6. Birth rate- the total number of live births per 1000 of population in a year.
7. Death rate- the total number of deaths per 1000 of population in a year.
8. Fertility rate- the number of offspring both per mating pair, individual, or population.
9. Morbidity- condition of being diseased. Amount of disease within a population.

Policy implications
Rapid and significant demographic change places new demands on national and international policy
making. Transitions from high mortality and fertility to low mortality and fertility can be beneficial to
economies as large baby boom cohorts enter the workforce and save retirement. Rising longevity also
affects the incentives to save for old age, which can affect investment, internal capital flows, and interest
rates.
The ability of countries to realize the potential benefits of the demographic transition and to mitigate the
negative effects of ageing depends crucially on the policy and institutional environment. Attention to the
following areas is likely key in developing effective policy deal with the effects of demographic change.
Demographic transition
In order to effect change, explain the significance of embracing the topic by capitalizing on various
questions discussed earlier. Their respective answers are so important that it would serve as compass to
achieve better plans for the future. These will be integrated in their moral fabric and if ingrained and
hardwired holistically would give better meaning for different terms like: responsible parenthood, pre-
marital sex, teenage pregnancy, pornography, HIV Aids, etc. This is the right opportunity for the teacher
to provide accurate information along these very controversial issues and be able to instill instantly
significance of planning the right size for their families, household food security, family income,
emotional security, and spirituality all based on effective adherence to Christian tenets and doctrines.
Likewise, get also their valid opinion regarding the use of condom for safe sex, belief that virginity both
for male and female becoming irrelevant, and couples having twelve (12) children with no stable job and
living in shanties or slum areas. Genuine insights about Godly virtues and true value of life should be
well-explained. Do not ever imitate the mistakes committed by a Senior High School teacher that in
incompetence allowed his students to watch a pornographic material. Teachers have to be so sensitive but
not too ignorant and offensive in emphasizing concerns of Gender and Development. Do not forget to
illustrate the plight of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) sacrificing a lot for their families just to fill in
some gaps in economies of other countries. With their jobs, absence of the working age in Japan and Italy
are solved. Having a population mostly elderly is a chronic problem for their economy. Emphasize also
that in Europe women are not wanting to get married because of their having no time for themselves.
Demographic Transition Model
Demographic transition is a model that describes population change over time. It is based on an
interpretation begun in 1929 by the American Demographer Warren Thompson, of the observed changes,
or transitions, in births and death rates in industrialized countries over the past two hundred years or so.
By model we mean that it is an idealized, composite picture of population change in these countries.
Demographic transition theory suggest that population grow along a predictable five-stage model.

Five-Stages of Demographic Transition Model

Stage 1: High Stationary.
-pre-industrial society, death rates and birth rates are high and roughly in balance, and population growth
is typically very slow and constrained by the available food supply.
High death rates reasons:
1. Lack of knowledge of disease prevention and cure.
2. Outbreaks of infectious diseases such as: influenza, scarlet fever or plague.
3. Water and food borne diseases such as: cholera, typhoid dysentery and diarrhea were common killers,
as well as TB, measles, dipteria and whooping cough.
4. Occasional food shortages and poor water supply.
5. Primitive sanitation. People live in dirty surrounding, inefficient sewage disposal.
-Amazon, Brazil, Bangladesh
Stage 2: Low Death Rate, High Birth Rate. Early Expanding.
-true to developing countries, the death rates drop rapidly due to improvements in food supply and
sanitation, which increase life spans and reduce disease. The improvements specific to food supply
typically include selective breeding and crop rotation and farming techniques. Other improvements
generally include access to technology, basic health care and education.
-Sri Lanka and Peru

Stage 3: Late Expanding.

-Birth rates fall due to access to contraception, increase in wages, urbanization increase in status,
education of women and increase investment in education. Population growth begins to level off. It is
Important to note that birth rate decline is caused also by a transition in values not just because of
contraceptive.
-China and Chile

Stage 4: Low Stationary.

-Birth rates and death rates are both low. The large group born during two stages, it creates an economic
burden on the shrinking population. Death rate may remain consistently low or increase in lifestyle
disease. Little growth in population. The population age structure has become older. People born during
stage 2 are now beginning to age. Birth rates are low as the society is advanced and therefore, women
choose for careers and smaller families to ensure that they have a better quality of life.
-Australia

Stage 5: Declining. Only speculation.

-Fertility rates transition to either below replacement or above replacement. Some believed that the world
population will be forced to stabilized. Perhaps the world will run out of resources or food shortage due to
population growth. Decline birth rate may result because of rising individualism, one child policy, many
decide not to have children at all by being sterilized.
-Italy and Japan

III. Process Questions

The following questions are laid down to assess effectiveness of teaching-learning process. It will also
help them remember important concepts and principles discussed earlier and to apply what they have
learned in daily lives.
1. Have you experienced becoming an enumerator of the Philippine Statistics Administration? In your
opinion, how important is conducting population census in city/municipality or provinces in a given
period? Does your experience became too limited by securing an original copy of your Birth Certificate?
Yes or No? How these things matter to you?
2. After studying demographic transition model, does the Philippines undergoing transition because of
Covid-19 pandemic?
3. How would you implement personally Reproductive Health Law?