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Verification of Coulomb Law Using Coulomb Balance
Verification of Coulomb Law Using Coulomb Balance
Objectives:
(i) To study Coulomb's force as a function of the distance between two charges.
(ii) To study Coulomb's force as a function of charge.
(iii) To determine Coulomb’s constant
Introduction:
The fundamental question in electrostatics is, given a set of charges located at certain
positions, what would be the force on a given charge at a given position? The solution of this
question is an empirical law that governs the forces (of repulsion or attraction) between two
charges – the Coulomb’s law. This electrostatic force or Coulomb’s force is extremely strong
in magnitude. For example, if one gram of protons and one gram of electrons are separated by
1 meter distance, the attractive Coulomb’s force between them will be 1.5 x 1023 N. This is
roughly the force needed to lift an object from the surface of the Earth with a mass about 1/5
that of the moon- not a small force. However, it is not so easy to measure such a force in the
laboratory. Reason, the very magnitude of the force itself and secondly the tiny charge
carriers as well as extremely mobile nature of the electrons. Therefore, while we can measure
gravitational force by simply weighing an object, one needs a very delicate instrument such
as a Coulomb balance to measure the much stronger Coulomb’s force. Coulomb torsion
balance occupies an extremely important place in the history of physics. Using this balance,
Coulomb in 1785 developed a method for measuring the electrostatic force between two
charged objects and confirmed that it depends on the charge and inverse square of the
distance between two charged objects.
Theory:
If q1 and q2 are two point charges separated by distance R, then Coulomb’s law is expressed
as:
݇ = ܨ ோభ మమ (1)
where ke is the Coulomb constant. In SI units, the value of ke is 8.9875 X 109 Nm2/C2.
Coulomb’s force acts along the direct line of separation between the two charges. Depending
on the like or unlike nature of the point charges, the force is attractive or repulsive,
respectively. Coulomb’s force varies directly with the amount of charge and indirectly with
R2. A torsion balance gives a direct and reasonably accurate measurement of the Coulomb
force. The validity of Coulomb’s law has been subjected to intense scrutiny. The inverse
square behaviour with the charge separation distances appears almost exact. One may write
Coulomb force as, ∝ ܨ1/ܴ ଶାఌ , where ߝ is the deviation from the inverse square behaviour.
Experimentally, one may fix limits on the maximum magnitude of ߝ, depending on the
sensitivity and accuracy of the experiment. Value of ߝ determined by Cavendish and Maxwell
in earlier times were < 10−2 and < 10−6, respectively. With modern experiments this has
improved to < 10−16. Today, Coulomb force is believed to obey inverse square behaviour
exactly. Another amazing aspect of the Coulomb law is the range of length scales where it
has been tested and found valid. Coulomb’s law is confirmed down to length scales of
10−15 m while measurements on the magnetic field of Jupiter have confirmed this law to the
large length scales of 108 m.
The complete set up used in this experiment is shown in Figure 2. The PASCO Model ES-
9070 Coulomb Balance is a delicate torsion balance that can be used to investigate the force
between charged objects. A conductive sphere with radii of 1.9 cm is mounted on a rod,
counterbalanced, and suspended horizontally from a thin torsion wire. The torsion wire is
connected to the torsion knob, passing through the counterweight vane, and connected to the
torsion wire retainer. The torsion knob is attached to a degree scale, which indicated how
many degrees the knob was turned. Another identical sphere is mounted on a slide assembly
so that it can be positioned at various distances from the suspended sphere.
To perform the experiment, both spheres are charged, and the sphere on the slide assembly is
placed at fixed distances from the equilibrium position of the suspended sphere. The
electrostatic force between the spheres causes the torsion wire to twist. The angle through
which the torsion wire must be twisted to re-establish equilibrium is directly proportional to
the electrostatic force between the spheres. One can verify the inverse square relationship and
the charge dependence using the balance and any electrostatic charging source. A stable
kilovolt power supply (0-6.6 kV) is used to charge the spheres. An electrometer and a
Faraday ice pail are provided for accurate measurement of the charge on the spheres. For
more detail information about the set up and initial adjustment, please refer the company
manual.
Corrections to the data
The inverse square relationship has been found to deviate at short distances due to the fact
that the charged spheres are not simply point charges. A charged conductive sphere, if it is
isolated from other electrostatic influences, acts as a point charge. The charges distribute
themselves evenly on the surface of the sphere, so that the centre of the charge distribution is
just at the centre of the sphere. However, when two charged spheres are separated by a
distance that is not large compared to the size of the spheres, the charges will redistribute
themselves on the spheres so as to minimize the electrostatic energy. The force between the
spheres will therefore be less than it would be if the charged spheres were actual point
charges.
A correction factor can be used to account for this deviation. Using method of image charge,
a first order correction, B, can be calculated as
య
= ܤ1 − 4 ோయ (2)
where a equals the radius of the spheres and R is the separation between spheres. Thus the
corrected Coulomb force can be written as
భ మ
ܨ = ܤ. ݇ ோమ
(3)
When the torsion fibre is twisted by an angle θ, the resulting torque is proportional to θ. In
the present set up since the torque arm is always the same, the torsion force becomes
proportional to θ. Thus
ܨ௧ = ܭ௧ . θ (4)
where Ktor is the proportionality constant is termed as torsion constant Ktor. The value Ktor can
be determined by measuring torsion force as a function of θ and calculating Ktor from the
slope of a graph plotted between Ftor ~ θ. Details about this measurement is provided in the
company manual. The value of Ktor is pre-determined following the suggested method and
hence you don’t have perform this part during your experiment. At equilibrium Coulomb
force Fcorr is balanced by Ftor. Hence using Eqns (3) and (4), a general working formula can
be derived showing the relation between the angle of twist, charge on the spheres and the
separation distance between them:
ࢋ
ࣖࢉ࢘࢘ = (5)
ࡷ࢚࢘࢘ ࡾ
Operating Tips:
This experiment works best in winter when the air is dry and charge will not leak rapidly
from the spheres. Keep the balance away from the walls or people which might be charged.
Stand behind and away from the balance, and touch ground to lose any charge on yourself.
After charging the spheres, turn off the power supply immediately. Keep your hands as far as
possible from the sphere while charging it. If the charge seems to be leaking away rapidly,
clean the insulators with alcohol. Note that the high voltage supply is turned all the way up to
around 6kV. Do not touch the end of the high voltage probe or else you will receive a
moderate shock. The shock is moderate because the high voltage supply has a very large
resistor in series with the probe, limiting the current flow to a safe level.
Procedure:
Observations:
Sl# ܴ ߴ ߴ
Table – 2: R = .....
1. Using data from section A plot ߴ ~ R and fit an appropriate function to check
inverse square relation. Justify the deviations in your data.
2. Plot ߴ ~ (1/R2), fit the data with a straight line.
3. Plot ߴ ~ (q2), fit the data with a straight line.
(C) Determination of Coulomb’s constant:
1. If you live in an area where humidity is always high, and if you have no facilities for
controlling humidity, the experiment will be difficult, if not impossible, to perform. Static
charges are very hard to maintain in a humid atmosphere because of surface conductivity.
2. As with any quantitative electrostatic experiment, things like a charged shirt sleeve, an
open window, an excessively humid day etc can affect your experiment. However, if you
carefully follow the tips listed below, you have got a good start toward a successful
experiment.
3. Position the torsion balance at least two feet away from walls or other objects which could
be charged or have a charge induced on them. When performing experiments, stand directly
behind the balance and at a maximum comfortable distance from it. This will minimize the
effects of static charges that may collect on clothing.
4. Avoid wearing synthetic fabrics, because they tend to acquire large static charges. Short
sleeve cotton clothes are best, and a grounding wire connected to the experimenter is helpful.
5. When charging the spheres, turn the power supply on, charge the spheres to the desired
value and then immediately turn the supply off. The high voltage at the terminals of the
supply can cause leakage currents which will affect the torsion balance.
6. When charging the spheres, hold the charging probe near the end of the handle, so your
hand is as far from the sphere as possible. If your hand is too close to the sphere, it will have
a capacitive effect, increasing the charge on the sphere for a given voltage. This effect should
be minimized so the charge on the spheres can be accurately reproduced when recharging
during the experiment.
7. Surface contamination on the rods that support the charged spheres can cause charge
leakage. To prevent this, avoid handling these parts as much as possible and occasionally
wipe them with alcohol to remove contamination.
8. There will always be some charge leakage. Perform measurements as quickly as possible
after charging, to minimize the leakage effects.
9. Discharge the spheres completely and recharge them before each measurement.
Remember that the spheres should be at maximum separation while charging them.
Ref:
1. Company manual
2. http://pms.iitk.ernet.in/wiki/index.php/Coulom’s_law_its_experimental_verification_a
nd_validity