00:20:00-00:40:00

➢ Other composition for whitening the alloy kasi hindi naman yellow2 yun

➢ Responsible for whitening the alloy we have silver, platinum, palladium and zinc.

➢ Composition or ingredients that are resistant to tarnish and corrosion here we have gold,
platinum and palladium.

➢ Gives color to the alloy is only gold and copper.

➢ Responsible for the melting of the alloy is indium.

I mention all the composition with their old contribution of each one but notice that among the
composition and the ingredients.

❖ It is the palladium and platinum that has more contribution. It gives more strength, it whitens
the gold alloy, increases resistance to tarnish and corrosion.

• Palladium is the one that gives more because palladium whitens the gold alloy more than
platinum.

• Platinum gives more strength and gives more resistant to tarnish and corrosion compared to
palladium.

Notice that presence of gold I mention about the karat of an alloy:

➢ We cannot make an appliance with just the hardest number of less than 50.

➢ We classify casting gold alloy as Type 1, 2,3, and 4.

➢ Stated also for this classification is the Vickers hardest number Brinells hardest number. These
are to determine the hardness of the metal.

There are four hardest number indicated to determine the hardest of the material:

➢ Knoops hardest number which are use for nonmetallic substances like composite, and dental
cement.

➢ We have the Rockwell's hardest number which are for gypsum products.

➢ Vickers and Brinells hardest number which are specified for metals.

Vickest hardest number in:

❖ Type 1: 50-90

❖ Type 2: 90-120

❖ Type 3: 120-150

❖ Type 4: 150 and up

Easy to remember rather than breenels hardest number which is point something.
TYPE 1 CASTING OF GOLD ALLOYS

➢ Proximal cavities lang

➢ Composition of type 1 is only three: Gold , Silver and Copper

➢ Used for simple proximal cavities of anterior teeth and the gingival 3rd cavities of anterior and
posterior teeth.

➢ We employ that for the restoration of simple proximal cavities.

➢ Just imagine central incisor may cavity sa proximal that is simple proximal cavities of anterior
teeth and gingival 3rd cavities of anterior and posterior teeth.

➢ Pag sinabing gingival 3rd cavities it's more on the cervical 3rd.

➢ In oral anatomy ana we divided the crown into three parts the: incisal third, middle third, and
the cervical third. So that the cavity is on the cervical third.

➢ Kaya sometimes patient will come to the clinic and will say nangingilo sa part na yan. Because the
moment is abrasion of cervical 3rd that is sensitive specially the dentin is already exposed.

TYPE 2 CASTING GOLD ALLOYS

➢ Proximal cavities of posterior teeth and proximal cavities of anterior involving the incisal angle

➢ Composition same as type 1: Gold, copper, silver, and small amount of platinum and
palladium

➢ Vickers hardest number is 90-120

➢ Used for restoration of proximal cavities of posterior teeth.

➢ Imagine nasa proximal ng posterior ng pre molars and molars cavities that are on the proximal of
posterior teeth and also proximal cavities of anterior teeth involving the incisal angle.

➢ The cavities is extended to the angle we have mesio-incisal angle, disto-incisal angle. Pag nag
extend dun sa angle or form ng distal at sharp ng mesial it means that is already class 4 cavities.

➢ That is the indication of the use of type 2 casting gold alloys.

TYPE 3 CASTING GOLD ALLOYS

➢ It is indicated for the construction of crowns and bridges or substance consist up to the molars

➢ Pag sinabing bridges it consist of two or more teeth madamihan na

➢ Composition is the same as type 2: Gold, silver, palladium but more of platinum and palladium

TYPE 4 CASTING GOLD ALLOYS

 ➢ Used for large dental appliances like the partial or removable partial dentures, uni-lateral
dentures, clasps, sandle bars, needle bars?

➢ Big appliances that are constructed and makes use of type 4 casting gold alloys.

➢ Pustiso na nakikita niyo sometimes they are smiling and you see the they make use of type 4 dental
casting gold alloys

QUESTION:

Why the Vickers hardest number for type 1 starts with 50-90? Why not starts 30 or 20?

➢ Because the author mention of type 1 dental casting gold alloy the Vickers hardest number is 50-
90. It is also because of several researches and testing of the gold alloy to form an appliance they
make use of 40 and 45 but it is very soft, and when they use 50 it started to form an appliance. If
you use less than 50 Vickers hardest number the appliance will be very soft. This is a gold even if
we add light to it is still soft. That's is why all the Vickers hardest number type 1, 2,3 and 4 it was
tested for subcase.

I mention of karat so there is gold to this casting gold alloy:

➢ The importance of karat and fineness these are systems of identifying the gold.

➢ We said that a pure gold is 24 karat and pure gold is 1000 fineness.

➢ Important to dentist is to know the price because the patient might be requesting for 20 karat or 18
karat. So, a 18 karat probably sufficient to a gold alloy restoration. You charge the patient higher
and patient will request a discount. And you will give discount but you have to mention the price
and the karat is not the one that you are requesting it might be 16 karat or 14 karat.

➢ Pag sinabe nating fineness there is 1000 fineness in a gold restoration.

❖ So that if we are going to say if one fourth of the alloy is pure gold it is said to be how
many fineness.

❖ One fourth of 1000 it is 250 fineness of gold and 750 other metals.

❖ If you mention of the other way around, 3/4 of the alloy is pure gold , gold is 750 and 250
is other metals.

Casting definition in Philips Science Dental Materials book and Skinners

➢ Casting is one of the widely used method for the fabrication of the metallic appliance outside the
mouth. All restoration with regards to processing of acrylic, casting, it is done outside the mouth.

DENTAL INVESTMENT

➢ Like dental plaster is used as an investing material for acrylic.

➢ In casting the investing material is dental investment, there is no dental plaster in dental
investment.
➢ The essential component of dental investment is alpha-hemihydrate it is a dental stone.

➢ How many percent is the dental investment together with the other ingredients because formerly it
was 25-45% is dental investment.

➢ The alpha hemihydrate is 25-45%. LALABAS DAW SA BOARD EXAM HAHA

MODULE 9 - CASTING ALLOYS
Composed of:
1. High-noble metals, noble metals,
base metal alloys
2. Investing material: Dental
Investment 3. Casting
Terminologies:
Alloys- mixture of two or more metals.
Metal body containing two or more
elements, at least one of which is metal
and all of which are mutually soluble in
the molten state. Most alloys solidify
over a range of temperature rather than
a single temperature as does a pure
metal
Base metal- a common metal that is
not considered precious, such as
copper, tin, or zinc
Brazing - has a melting point above
450C Carat - a system for stating the
amount of gold in an alloy.
Casting - One of widely used method
for fabrication of metallic appliances
outside the mouth. A process by which
a wax pattern of a shape is converted
into metal
Coping - a thin covering of the coronal
portion of the tooth usually without
anatomic
conformity.
Example in porcelain there is a metal
coping for strength
Coring - a microstructure in which
composition gradient exists between the
center and the surface of cast dentrites,
grains or particles
Fineness - a system for stating the
amount of gold in an alloy
Flux - a chemical used to dissolve the
oxide on the surface of an alloy and
allow a melted solder to flow and bond
to the alloy.
Grains - microscopic crystals that make
up cast alloys.
During a processing of metal alloy.
Metal - an element or alloy whose
atoms readily lose electrons to form
positively charged ions.
Noble metal - metals that are highly
resistant to oxidation, tarnish and
corrosion
Pickling - a process of submerging a
cast restoration in a hot acid to remove
surface oxides formed during the
casting process.
Soldering - is a method of joining two
or more cast or wrought using another
alloy called a solder
Join two or more called a solder or
method of soldering

Spruing -the addition of a small
cylinder of wax, plastic or metal to the
wax pattern before investing
Wrought metal alloys – these are cold
worked metals that are plastically
deformed to bring about a change in
shape of structure and their
mechanical properties.
KARATS- amount of gold and fineness
24 karats in a pure gold
GOLD ALLOYS
Not pure gold since other metals are
added to it.
Karat - amount of gold in the alloy.
Pure gold has 24 karats.
Fineness - craftsmanship of
restoration. About 1000.
Knowing About Karat and Fineness:
1. Economic value
2. Resistance to tarnish and corrosion
Types of Casting Alloy
High Noble- most expensive.
Classification of Gold Alloys Type I
Hardness number: 50 - 90 Uses:
• Fore restoration of simple proximal
cavities of anterior teeth
• Gingival cavities of anterior and
posterior teeth.
Composed of gold, silver and copper.
Type II
Hardness number: 90 - 120 Uses
For cases where cavities are present on
proximal of posterior teeth (involving
incisal angles)
Composed of gold, silver, palladium,
platinum, copper
Type III
Hardness number: 120 - 150 Uses:
• For individual crowns and veneers •
Bridges
Composed of gold, silver, palladium,
copper, platinum. More than type II.
Type IV
Hardness number: 150 and up Uses:
• For construction of large dental
appliances, one piece partial dentures
• Lingual bars
• Clasps
Composition: All 7 metals
DENTAL INVESTMENT - ceramic
material that is suitable for forming a
mould into which molten metal or an
alloy is cast. Materials such as gypsum,
phosphate and silicate are used for
investing.
• Sets in 1 hour
Composition:
• 25-45% Alpha Hemihydrate or
dental stone - binds the ingredients
properly
• Silica
• Duplicating agents
4 types of Silica:
• Quartz most important
• Cristobalite most important
• Tridymite
• Fused Quartz
Quartz and Cristobalite are the
most commonly used and oldest.
• Powdered copper - gives strength
• Chemical modifiers
Desirable Properties of Dental
Casting Alloy
1. biocompatibility
2. Tarnish and corrosion resistance
3. Thermal properties
4. Strength requirements
5. Fabrication of cast prosthesis
and frameworks
6. Porcelain bonding
7. Economic conditions
ADVANTAGES:
1. Casting techniques and materials are
capable of reproducing precise form
and minute detail.
2. Yield strength, tensile strength and
shear strength of alloys used for cast
dental restorations are greater than
those of any other materials used intra-
orally.
3. Casting restorations have fewer
voids, no layering effect, less internal
stresses, fairly even stress patterns,
maximum bonding between component
phases
4. Castingrestorationshave
fewervoids,no layering effect, less
internal stresses, fairly even stress
patterns, maximum bonding between
component phases.
5. Can be finished, polished or glazed
outside the oral cavity without
endangering P-D organ
DISADVANTAGES:
1. Being a cemented restoration,
several interphases will be created at
the tooth cement casting junction.
These interphases and the leakage
accompanying them, will become more
significant.
2. They require extensive tooth
involvement in preparation creating
possible hazard for vital dental tissues.
3. Procedure is length requiring more
than one visit, with temporary
restoration between visits.
4. Cast alloys are expensive than other
restorative materials. 5. Natural teeth
maybe abraded more easily due to
abrasive differential leading to teeth
shifting, tilting or rotating.
CLASSIFICATION
I. According to number of alloys
present
• Binary
• Ternary
• Quaternary
II. According to major element
present
• gold alloys
• cobalt alloys
• Silver alloys
• titanium alloys
• Palladium alloys
• copper alloys
• nickel alloys
III. According to the dominant phase
system
• single phase • Eutectic
• Peritectic
• intermetallic
IV. According to three major
elements
• gold palladium silver
• cobalt chromium molybdenum
• Palladium silver tin
• iron nickel chromium
• Nickel chromium molybdenum
• titanium aluminum
Silica for duplication during the task
during casting.
Melting rates is not mention
Added to the composition aside from
silica we have the alpha hemihydrate as
it acts as a binder for the other
ingredients that binded properly.
Powdered copper is also a composition
of dental investment.
Alpha hemihydrate which is stronger
than the dental plaster you have silica
they have the quartz they are also of
high strength
Copper is also added as a chemical
modifiers added into the dental
investment because it regulates the
setting time and control setting and
function.
Procedure in casting study after plastic
investment
First procedure of casting is the
preparation of the wax pattern.
Where did we invest the pattern in
acrylic? We invest it in the denture
flask you can open that you can do the
wax elimination.
According to type of binder used:
1. Gypsum-bonded investments- used
for casting gold alloys, withstand
temperature up to 700C
2. Phosphate-bonded investments- for
metal ceramic and cobalt-
chromium alloys, withstand higher
temperatures
3. Ethyl-silica bonded investment-
alternative to the phosphate- bonded
for high temperature casting,
principally used in the casting of base-
metal alloy partial dentures.
According to the type of silica used:
Properties of an ideal investment
1. Quartz investment
2. Cristobalite investment
1. Setting time
2. Porosity
3. Smooth surface
4. Easily manipulated
5. Setting expansion
6. Normal setting expansion
7. Hygroscopic expansion
8. Thermal setting expansion- to
compensate for the shrinkage of the
metal thats why we have hydroscopic
expansion.
Requirements of Investment
Materials:
1. wax pattern.
2. Easily manipulated
3. Setting time should be less
4. Should maintain the integrity at
higher temperatures and should not
decompose to give off gases.
5. Possess sufficiently high value of
compressive strength at the casting
temperature to withstand stresses set
up when the molten metal enters the
mould.
6. Should expand to compensate for the
casting shrinkage
7. Investment should be porous enough
to permit the air or other gases in the
mold cavity to escape easily during the
casting.
8. Investment should produce a smooth
surface and fine detail and margins on
the casting.
9. Should be inexpensive
CASTING
described as an object formed by the
solidification of a fluid that has been
poured or injected into a mold.
The procedure involves three steps:
1. Fusing the alloy or thermoplastically
softening the ceramic material.
2. Transporting the thermally treated
investment to the casting machine.
3. Forcing the melt into the investment
mold.
The crucible can be made up of wax or
a metal or a rubber. The crucible acts
as a base for the screw.
Rubber Crucible is the most commonly
used in the laboratory
1:00:00-1:20:00
▪ if you do not have the rubber crucible you can make use of
wax, metal (do the casting of metal), or an acrylic resin
(self-cure resin can be make use of a crucible).
▪ the crucible is the base for the sprue.
▪ There is no definite length or size of the sprue.

Factors to determine the size/lenght of the Sprue:

→ size of the wax pattern. (If the size of the pattern is big,
then make a bigger sprue)
→ know the height and dimension of casting ring (don’t make
the sprue very long na makakalabas ang wax pattern)

▪ anything that you use, acrylic or metal, coat it with a wax.

Purpose of the Sprue:
→ for the passageway of the molten metal to enter/reach the
mold space.
o Pag nag burn out na tayo during wax elimination, the
same as acrylic, matatanggal na ang wax.Magging
mold na *ito.
o Now becaue *this is a small wax pattern, it needs a
reservior (reservoir).

▪ Reservior (canvas spelling; reservoir) is a piece of wax

attached to the sprue 1mm away from the wax pattern.
▪ Why apply the reservoir? is it always necessary to have
the reservoir? : It is not always necessary. It is olnly
necessary if the wax pattern is small.
→ The molten metal will pass this way *sprue and it will
enter the mold space
 → if there is an excess of molten metal, the mold space
is filled up with the molten metal
→ purpose of reservoir is to avoid one type of porosity
which is localized shrinkage porosity.
▪ Localized Shrinkage Porosity- lack of molten metal during
the solidification process of the metal.
▪ Area of Attachment of the Sprue to the Wax Pattern:
→ Thickest portion of wax pattern (never attach it to the
thin margins).
→ Attachment of the sprue to the wax pattern must be at
45 degrees (do not/never attach the sprew to the wax
pattern at a right angle, because that will cause
another kind of porosity, especially in casting).
▪ If you attach it at right angle, the flow of the
molten metal will be in two direction.
▪ If you attach it at 45 degrees, there is only one
direction, and the appliance is complete.

▪ There is a liner placed inside the casting ring. Cover the

internal surface of casting ring with a liner, to avoid
grazing/cracks (of dental investment).
▪ Grazing- cracks.
→ Sumabog ang casting means: destroyed, insufficient,
or too much temperature during heating of the
material).

Dental Investment
If done already, there is two ways of investing:
1 method of investing : standing upright (wax pattern)
s t

2 method of investing: upside-down (wax pattern)

nd
 → If the water/powder ratio of dental investment is low
powder ratio (matigas),
So, once you are ready, it is followed with next procedure which
is burn out or wax elimination.
▪ Burn out/Wax Elimination- done in an electrical furnace.
(Hindi na sa watter bath)
→ Wax elimination in acrylic: 5-10 minutes
→ Wax elimination in casting, done in atleast an hour to
make sure that all waxes are taken out from the mold
space.
▪ If there are waxes left into the mold space, it will cause
porosities, which is Subsurface Porosities.
▪ Subsurface Porosities- caused by an excess wax that are left
into the mold space.
▪ We wait for an hour for the dental investment to set, another an
hour for wax elimination.
After the burn out, immediately you have to do the casting
proper.
▪ You are going to put now the very hot casting/inlay ring in the
casting machine.
2 types of Casting Machine:
▪ Centrifugal Casting Machine
o crucible of the casting machine: the placement of the
casting ring and the gold alloy (adjacent to casting ring).
▪ Air Pressure Casting Machine

Air-Gas blowpipe (Technician calling it Torch)- device used

to heat the alloy in the casting ring. (You have to open the air-
gas blowpipe and look into the pipe into the four zones coming
out from the nozzle/opening of the air-gas blowpipe).

Four Zones Emenating from the Opening of Air-Gas

Blowpipe
 ▪ Nozzle Zone
▪ Combustion Zone
▪ Reducing Zone
▪ Oxidizing Zone
*Four zones coming out from the air-gas blowpipe upon heating
the casting ring and the gold alloy.
▪ Upon removal of the electrical furnace of casting ring, the
color is still black (but hot), then transfer it into the casting
machine.
▪ Which one are you going to heat first? Casting Ring or the
Gold Alloy with Air Gas blowpipe? Answer: Casting Ring.
(color black, and you have to heat it until flame in color)
1:19:57-1:40:17

Casting proper:

Which one are you going to hear first? The metal ring, casting ring or gold alloy.

ANSWER: Casting Ring

You are going to heat first the casting ring. If the color is black you have to heat it until it
becomes flame in color (baga) stop heating the casting ring and transfer the device or the air gas
flow pipe to the gold alloy.

There are 4 zones coming out from the air gas flow pipe:

1. Nozzle zone - unang pagbukas ng air gas flow pipe (you open the air gas flow pipe) una mong
makikita ay flame yun ung the nozzle zone.

2. Combustion zone - then you try to increase the gas and you will notice that the flame is
surrounded by a green color and that is the 2nd zone.

3. Reducing zone - You don’t have to use it but still increase the gas and you will notice that the
green color was changed into blue color. This blue color is considered the reducing zone.
⁃ the hottest portion of the flame. That is the zone that we are going to use to heat the casting
ring and the gold alloy.

4. Oxidizing zone *Hindi mo sila iaano doon sa combustion to the nozzle because the oxidizing
zone is the last, that is the time that you decrease. Isasarado mo na yun ang tnatwag na
oxidizing zone.

So you have to heat the casting ring and the golden alloy in the casting machine using the air gas
flow pipe using the reducing zone. And the first that you are going to heat is the casting ring, and
followed by the heating of the gold alloy. Now the gold alloy, hindi na natin tatawagin na melted
metal. Gold alloy is called Molten metal. The molten metal should show a mirror like
appearance. (Para yung mercury) while you are heating it. After obtaining the mirror like
appearance of the golden alloy, you take out the spring of the casting machine.

In removing the spring of the casting machine, the casting machine now is turned into clockwise
rotation and turning is less than one minute. Now when the casting machine stops, all the molten
metal now are inside the mold space. Assured that the molten metal enter into the mold space.

Now in acrylic, after 20-25 minutes its send we have to bench it. You cool it or do it the next day.
In casting no. Its the opposite, immediately from the casting machine the casting ring is put in
water. Sa acrylic hindi nillgay sa malamig dahil sa dimensional change. In casting there is no
dimensional change because this is metal.

In casting, immediately after the casting, while the casting ring is hot, put it in the water. And
this is your quenching process.

In Quenching process, there is rapid dissolution or removal of the dental investment from the
casting ring. There is no difficulty in removing now unlike in acrylic. In acrylic you do the dental
plaster as the investing material you have to pound it in removing it from the denture flask. But
in casting no. Immediately from the casting machine you put it in water and suddenly there is
rapid disintegration of the investment compound from the casting ring. And what you will see is
the metal now (the casted metal). You will notice that the casted metal is dirty (filled up with
sulfur and you need to clean it through the process of pickling.

Pickling - the process of cleaning the casted metal with an acid.

Then, the methods od picking. 2 methods:

5. Put the casted metal in a test tube with an acid.

6. By holding the casted metal and directly pouring an acid to it. (This is dangerous to the
operator)

That is why the best picking method is putting the casted metal in a test tube with an acid.

What is the pickling agent or solution that can be used to clean the casted metal?

⁃ Hydrochloric acid
⁃ Hydrochloric acid and Sulfuric acid

Sulfuric acid- the best pickling solution

Because in research, hydrochloric acid they found out that it causes tarnish on the other metal
furnishings in the laboratory compared to sulfuric acid which is more stable when it comes to
tarnish than hydrochloric.

After the picking process, clean the casted metal with sodium bicarbonate and that is the time
that you start doing the finishing and polishing of the casting metal.
Porosities in casting:

7. Localized leakage porosity

8. Subsurface porosity
9. Microporosity
10. Gas inclusion
11. Tinhole porosity

⁃ In book daw.

Dental ceramics (eto yung dental porcelain)

⁃ consist primarily of glasses, porcelains, glass-ceramics, or highly crystalline structures and

 exhibit chemical, mechanical, physical, and thermal properties that distinguish them from
other materials such as metals and acrylic resins. The properties of ceramics are customized
for dental applications by precise control of the type and amount of the components used in
their production.

Dental ceramics are nonmetallic, inorganic structures, primarily containing compounds of

oxygen with one or more metallic or semi metallic elements (aluminum, calcium, lithium,
magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, silicon, sodium, titanium, and zirconium). Ceramics are
more resistant to corrosion than plastics, and metals are much tougher than either ceramics or
plastics. Generally, it does not react with most liquids, gases, alkalis, and acids and also remain
stable over long time periods.

Because it only sold in powder form no liquid.

What is added is just distilled water.

Condensation in dental amalgam- remove excess mercury and allow the fixture to be seated
properly in the walls of the cavity.

Condensation in compaction - also to avoid voids ( to avoid spaces in the increments).

Condensation in dental porcelain - is to remove the excess water. Because what you add is just
distilled water to cause agglomeration (para magsama sama sila).

Types of condensation:
⁃ Spatulation
⁃ Brush technique
⁃ Whipping condensation
⁃ Vibration
⁃ Gravitation

The Commonly used are spatulation and brush technique.

Casting Proper- which one are you going to heat first?
Metal ring
Casting ring
Gold alloy
Heat first the casting ring and heat it until it becomes flame in
color- Baga na sya. This is where you stop heating the casting
ring and transfer the device, the air gas blow pipe to the gold
alloy.
THERE ARE 4 ZONES COMING OUT FROM THE AIR
GAS BLOW PIPE.
The first is the nozzle zone- unang pag bukas ng air gas blow
pipe, unang makikita mo ay yung flame, yun yung nozzle zone.
Then you try to increase the gas and you will notice that the
flame is surrounded by a green color. And this is the 2 zone.
nd

(Combustion Zone)
Combustion zone. To increase the gas, and you will notice that
the green color will change into a blue color which is the
reducing zone which is the hottest portion of the flame.
Reducing zone. This is the zone we are going to use to heat the
casting ring and the gold alloy.
Oxidizing zone. This is the time that you decrease (isasarado
mo na)
The first you will be going to heat is the casting ring, followed
by the heating of the gold alloy. Now the gold alloy is now a
molten metal. The molten metal should show a mirror like
appearance while you are heating it. after obtaining the mirror
like appearance of the gold alloy, you take out the spring of the
casting machine. Now in removing the spring of the casting
machine, the casting machine is now turned in a clock wise
notation and turning is less than 1 minute. Now, when the
casting machine stops, all the molten metal is now inside the
mold space. (pag nag stop na, halos tapos na yung casting moo).
It is assured that the molten metal enters into the mold space.
Now in acrylic, after 20-25 mins, you have to bench it. cool it or
do it the next day. But in casting, it is the opposite. Immediately
from the casting machine, the casting ring is put in water. While
the casting ring is hot, put it in water which is what we call the
quenching process.
What happens during the quenching process?
- There is rapid dissolution or removal of the dental invested
from the casting ring. There will be no difficulty in
removing unlike in acrylic.
You will notice that the casting metal is dirty, filled up with
sulfur. You need to clean it through the process of Pickling
Pickling is the process of cleaning the casting metal with an
acid. Then the methods of pickling are:
1. Put the casting metal in a test tube with an acid
2. By holding the casting metal, directly pouring the acid to it.
this is dangerous to the operator. That is why the best
pickling method is the first one.
Pickling agent is the HCl or the Hydrochloric acid and
Sulfuric acid but the best pickling solution is the sulfuric acid
because HCL causes tarnish on the other metal furnaces in the
laboratory compared to sulfuric acid which is more stable when
it comes to tarnish.
After the pickling process, you have to clean the casting metal
with sodium bicarbonate to remove the acid and that is the time
where you start doing the finishing and polishing of the casting
metal.

Determine the porosities in casting. There are porosities in

casting:
➢ Localizing leakage porosity
➢ Subsurface porosity
 ➢ Micro porosity
➢ Gas inclusion porosity
➢ Pinhole porosity
Dental Ceramics/ Dental Porcelain
Consists of glasses, porcelain, glass-ceramics or highly
crystalline structure. The ceramics is just supplied in powder
form. Distilled water is added.
By classification according to composition
Indication
Firing
Classification according to uses ( nasa canvas table)
Factors Affecting the Rate of Abrasion
1.Size of abrasive particle
The larger the particle the deeper the scratches on the surfaces and the faster
the surface is worn.
2.Pressure of the work against the abrasive
The greater the pressure of the abrasive to the work, the deeper the scratches
and abrasion is more rapid.
3.Speed at which the particle travel across the work
The faster the particle travels over the work, increases the rate of abrasion.
It is very important in doing the grinding or the finishing and polishing. Example in
doing the acrylic (madami talagang babawasan because some patients want it thin
but it cannot be too thin).

Polishing
• Production of a smooth, mirror-like surface without the use of a film
• Producing a virtually scratch free surface
• If particle of abrasive is reduced sufficiently, the scratches finally becomes
extremely fine and may disappear entirely, the surface acquires a smooth
shiny layer known as polish.
• During the polishing procedure, polishing agents remove material from the
surface, molecule by molecule, and thus produce a very smooth surface. In
the process, fine scratches and irregularities are filled in by the powdered
particulate being removed from the surface. This microcrystalline layer is
referred to as the Beilby Layer or polish layer. (Fine crystalline layer?)
• The difference between an abrasive agent and polishing agent may be hard to
define. E.g. a given agent having a large particle size may act as an abrasive
and the same abrasive with a smaller particle size may leave a polished
surface.
Types of Abrasives
1. Emery – consist of natural oxide of aluminum (corundum), with presence of
impurities such as iron oxide.
2. Aluminum Oxide – from bauxite and supplied in various grain sizes and has
partially replaced emery.
Levigated Alumina (from water flotation process) is used extensively as abrasive
agents for metal
3. Garnet – comprises the silicates of any combinations of aluminum, cobalt,
magnesium, iron and manganese. Common denture abrasive disks.
4. Pumice- Highly siliceous material of volcanic origin. Used either as abrasive
or polishing agent.

5. Kieselguhr – composed of siliceous remains of aquatic plants known

as diatoms. It is a mild abrasive and polishing agent.

6. Tripoli – derived from a light weight, porous friable silicone sedimentary

rocks. Frist found in Northern Africa near Tripoli. Can be white, gray, pink,
red or yellow. Grey and red type is most frequently used in dentistry.

7. Rouge – a fine red powder composed of iron oxide. It is usually cake form.
Excellent polishing agent for gold and precious metal alloy.

8. Tin Oxide – also known as putty powder. It is pure white powder.

9. Chalk – calcium carbonate prepared by precipitation. Abrasive often found
in dentifrices,

10. Sand – sand and other forms of quarts are used as abrasive agents.
Common example is sand paper.

11. Carbides – Silicon carbide (SiC) and boron carbide (B4C). Most of the
stone burs employed for cutting tooth structure are made of silicon carbide.

12. Diamond – the hardest and most effective abrasive for tooth enamel.
13. Polishing should initially be performed with coarse abrasion.
14. Followed by fine abrasion
15. Gradual shift from coarser to finer abrasives results in scrstched lesser
that 0.5µ . These scratches have a diameter lesser than the wavelength of
the visible light, thereby making the surface

16. Polishing should initially be performed with coarse abrasion.

17. Followed by fine abrasion
18. Gradual shift from coarser to finer abrasives results in scrstched lesser
that 0.5µ . These scratches have a diameter lesser than the wavelength of
the visible light, thereby making the surface

19. Polishing should initially be performed with coarse abrasion.

20. Followed by fine abrasion
21. Gradual shift from coarser to finer abrasives results in scratched lesser
that 0.5µ . These scratches have a diameter lesser than the wavelength of
the visible light, thereby making the surface

22. Abrasive agent should be carefully selected as the hardness of the agent
should not exceed the hardness of the surface to be polished.
23. Polishing should initially be performed with coarse abrasion.
24. Followed by fine abrasion
25. Gradual shift from coarser to finer abrasives results in scratched lesser
that 0.5µ . These scratches have a diameter lesser than the wavelength of
the visible light, thereby making the surface

26. Abrasive agent should be carefully selected as the hardness of the agent
should not exceed the hardness of the surface to be polished.

27. Polishing should initially be performed with coarse abrasion.

28. Followed by fine abrasion
29. Gradual shift from coarser to finer abrasives results in scratched lesser
that 0.5µ . These scratches have a diameter lesser than the wavelength of
the visible light, thereby making the surface

30. Abrasive agent should be carefully selected as the hardness of the agent
should not exceed the hardness of the surface to be polished.

31. Zirconium Silicate – occurring in nature as zircon, and used as a polishing agent in
ground form. Common constituent in prophylactic pastes. Also used as an abrasive
impregnated polishing strip and discs,

Rock pumice not fine pumice.

Rock pumice - pang pustiso

Fine pumice - pang prophylaxis

 OCTOBER 18 DISCUSSION
(02:00:00 - 02:20:00)

11. Carbides – For example there is a dentectomy (there is a impaction)

they don’t use the diamond burs, they make use of the carbides.

12. Diamond – the hardest and most effective abrasive for the tooth
enamel, only for the structure of the tooth. The enamel, the dentin. The
diamond and the carbides are used for cutting, polishing. Polishing should
initially be performed with coarse abrasion followed by fine abrasion.
• Coarse abrasion is between irregular particles.
• In final polishing, you use fine abrasive agents.

ABRASIVE AND ITS USES IN DENTISTRY

1. Natural diamond – ceramic and resin based composite materials
2. Synthetic Diamond – tooth structures, ceramic and resin, composite
materials
3. Arkansas Stone – tooth enamel and metal alloys
4. Chalk – tooth enamel, gold amalgam and resin materials;
(pangpakinang)
5. Corundum – metal alloys
6. Emery – metal alloys and acrylic resin
7. Garnet – metal alloys and acrylic resin
8. Pumice – tooth enamel, gold, dental amalgam, acrylic resin
9. Quartz – metal alloy, tooth enamel
10. Sand - metal alloys and acrylic resin
11. Zirconium Silicate- prophylactic paste
12. Cuttle – metal alloys, dental amalgam.
13. Silicon Carbide – metal alloy, ceramics and acrylic resins
14. Aluminum Oxide – Tooth enamel, metal alloys, resin composites,
 and ceramic materials
15. Aluminum Oxide - Tooth enamel, metal alloys, resin composites,
and ceramic materials
16. Tin Oxide – tooth enamel, metallic restorations

Polishing Procedure:
• Polishing should initially be performed with coarse abrasion.
• Followed by fine abrasion.
• Gradual shift from coarser to finer abrasives results in scratched lesser
that 0.5µ . These scratches have a diameter lesser than the
wavelength of the visible light, thereby making the surface
• Abrasive agent should be carefully selected as the hardness of the
agent should not exceed the hardness of the surface to be polished.
(Pag nasobrahan, it might cause fracture)

DENTIFRICE
▪ Its primary function is to assist the tooth brush in cleaning the surfaces
of the teeth of debris and stains.
▪ French word for toothpaste
▪ Toothpaste, mouthwash
Composition of Dentifrice
1. Abrasive and polishing agent (20-55%)
For the removal of plaque/stains and polish tooth surface
e.g. Calcium Carbonate, Dibasic Calcium Phosphate dihydrate,
Hydrated alumna, Hydrated silica, Sodium Bicarbonate or mixtures
of abrasives
2. Humectant (20-35%)
Maintains moisture (e.g. Sorbitol, glycerin)
3. Water (15-25%) - e.g. Deionized water
 4. Flavoring Agent
5. Sodium and alginate derivatives
Control the consistency of the paste and aid in keeping the solid paste in
suspension

Types of Toothpaste
1. Children's toothpaste
Contains less fluoride and abrasives than those designed for adults.
2. Teeth-whitening Toothpaste
Contain abrasives and cleansers that help remove stains; whitening
Usually found in advertisements.
3. Sensitive Teeth Toothpaste
Contains potassium nitrate, substance that can reduce painful
sensation.
For sensitive teeth.
4. Herbal Toothpaste
A natural cleaning alternative . May have fluoride component or not.

MODULE 12: SPECIALITY MATERIALS

DENTAL IMPLANTS
A dental implant is an artificial tooth root that is placed into your jaw that
acts as an anchorage device to hold or support a replacement tooth or a
dental prosthesis such as a crown, fixed bridge or partially and complete
dentures. Dental implants may be an option for people who have lost a
single or multiple teeth due to tooth decay, dental infections, periodontal
disease, an injury, or some other reason.
Good for busy people.
▪ Periodontal disease – wala namang sira pero natatanggal ung ipin.
 ▪ Removal of the tooth to the socket is affected
▪ If it is on the junction of the cervical and the middle third, you have to
see the dentist. If you will wait for the time that it’s on the middle
third, that will start the mobility of the tooth.
CLASSIFICATIONS:
▪ Subperiosteal
▪ Transosteal
▪ Endosteal – this is common

o Subdivisions:
▪ Blade form
▪ Root form
o Categories:
▪ One-stage
▪ Two-stage
*but now it is only one-stage
o Components:
▪ Implant body
▪ Cover/ healing screw
▪ Healing abutment
▪ Impression coping
▪ Implant analog
▪ Implant abutment
▪ Abutment screw
▪ Implant screw

Definition of Terms:
Abutment – refers to a structure/tooth that acts as an anchor or a common
attachment to a jacket crown, fixed bridge or a removable dental
prosthesis.
▪ For example, you do the preparation of the jacket crown. The
preparation you do is the abutment (ng ikakabit mong jacket crown)
 ▪ Kung saan nakakabit ung pustiso, you call it abutment. Kung ano ung
kinakapitan.
Edentulous – it is the state of lacking or missing or absence of teeth
Endosteal – into/inside the bone
Osseointegration – histological intimate connection between the alveolar
bone and the implant.
Periosteum - a dense outer layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping
the bones except at the surfaces of the joints
Prosthesis – an artificial replacement of an absent part of the human body
Subperiostal – under the periosteum
Titanium - is a chemical element with the symbol Ti and atomic number
22. It is a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and
high strength. It is a type of metal often used in dental implants because its
properties are known to fuse well with human bone. It has been used for
decades, and it's so strong and lightweight that surgeons use it for hip and
knee replacements.
Titanium alloys - are alloys that contain a mixture of titanium and other
chemical elements. Such alloys have very high tensile strength and
toughness (even at extreme temperatures). They are light in weight, have
extraordinary corrosion resistance and the ability to withstand extreme
temperatures.
Transosteal – through the bone
Zirconia - (zirconium dioxide) is a white, powdered metal oxide. Like
other common dental crown materials, it is a ceramic. It is made from
zirconium, a metal with similar properties to titanium
Zirconium - is a silver-gray transition metal, a type of element that is
malleable and ductile and easily forms stable compounds. It is also highly
resistant to corrosion and makes a good choice for dental material because
it is chemically unreactive.
Classifications of Dental Implants:
Implants can be classified according to implant design, implant properties,
or implant attachment mechanism. There are four types of implant designs
that have evolved during centuries of development.
Main classifications:
1. Subperiosteal Implants
2. Transosteal Implants
3. Endosteal Implants
4. Epithelial Implants(Anusavice)

Subdivisions of Endosteal Implants :

1. Blade form/ Platform wedge
2. Root form or Cylindrical
Categories of Endosteal Implants
1.) One-stage type
2.) Two-stage type
IMPLANT COMPONENTS
To understand the materiall characteristics and function of an implant, one
must first be knowledgeable of its numerous parts Although each implant
system varies, the parts are basically consistent.
Components of Dental Implants (Endosteal):
1.) Implant Body or Fixture
- Commonly referred to as “root form implants” as it takes a form of a
cylinder or tapered cylinder (simulating a form of the root of a tooth)
2.) Cover or Healing Screw
- A low profile , intraimplant cover screw that acts as a seal to the
implant body’s platform which is placed after the implant fixture/body is
surgically placed in a two-stage approach.
3.) Healing or Interim Abutment
- are dome-shaped intraimplant screws which provide permucosal
access to the implant platform which are place at the completion of
implant placement surgery in a one-stage surgical approach or after
uncovering of the healing screw in a two-stage surgical approach.
4.) Impression coping
- used to replicate or facilitate the transfer of the intraoral location
of the implant to the same position on the laboratory cast upon performing
an open/closed tray impression technique.
5.) Implant analog or replica
- used to replicate the position and orientation of the implant inside
the bone of the patient’s mouth.
6.) Implant (Prosthetic) Abutment
- Portion of the Implant that supports the prosthesis (crown) or implant
superstructure.
7.) Implant Crown
- tooth like form that is placed to cover the implant abutment.
8.) Prosthesis Retaining Screws (Abutment screw)
- are intended to attach prosthetic abutments, or frameworks to the implant
fixture or implant abutment.

ORTHODONTIC & PEDIATRIC MATERIALS

Orthodontics which deals with the growth and development of the
masticatory apparatus require materials which are used for the it
prevention and treatment of irregularity and malocclusion of the teeth.
While Pediatric dentistry deals with the comprehensive preventative and
therapeutic oral health care of children from birth through adolescence.

Orthodontics
Classification of materials:
▪ According to structure
▪ According to usage
Paediatric Dentistry
Preventive:
▪ Flouride (hindi ba dapat Fluoride spelling?)
- Minumizes caries formation
▪ Fissure sealing
- For as long the occlusal is out but there is a slight discoloration.
Hindi sira at walang cavity but only discoloration, you apply
fissure sealant to prevent the occurrence of caries.
Therapeutic:
▪ Stainless steel crown
▪ Open-faced steel crown
▪ Componer
- Combination of composite and glass ionomer.
OCTOBER 18, 2021
(2:20:00-2:40:00)
Endo-Perio- they are always together.
Biocompatible materials – a calcium silicate base materials that
has drawn attention in recent years. It is dentin replacement
material that is bioactive and biocompatible.
Indentions:
- No retention
- Indication for deep carries
- Pulp exposure
- Perforations
- Pulpotomies
- Apexifications
1. MPA(mineral trioxide aggregate) they are used for
apexifications but also used for root canal
The examples for perio are:
Bone Grafts- used as fillers and scaffold to facilitate bone
formation and wound healing
- If bone graft is paced specially on the anterior there are no
change that are seen specially on the appearance.

TYPES AND TISSUES OF THE BONE GRAFT

1. AUTOPRAFTS- utilizing bone obtained from the same
individual receiving the graft
2. ALLOGRAFTS- harvested from an individual other than
the one receiving the graft
3. XENOGRAFTS- bone grafts from species other than
humans
4. ALLOPLASTS- are made from hydroxyapatite, a
naturally occurring mineral ( main mineral content of the
 bone)
Barrier Membranes- used in oral surgery and periodontal
surgery to prevent epithelial migration into a specific area into
the guided tissues regeneration procedure.
1. Nonresorbable
- Cellulose acetate
- Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) with or without
titanium reinforcement
- Dense polytetrafluoroethylene (d-PTFE)
- Titanium- reinforced high density polytetrafluoroethylene
(Ti-d-PTFE)
2. Resorbable
- Natural
- Synthetic
Periodontal Dressing- used to protect wound from mechanical
trauma and stability of the surgical site during the healing
process. It also helps in the patient comfort during tissues
healing after the surgery.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ATTACH GINGIVA TO
UNATTACHED GINGIVA
- If it reaches to the attached gingiva, it is already hard
because it already needs to flop(?) the gums in order to take
out those hidden calpular diposites(?), when they enter it
hardens. After scaling comes the periodontal dressing in
perio that would protect the wound from mechanical
trauma to stabilize the surgical site during the healing
process. It also helps in the patient comfort during tissues
healing after the surgery. You need to put something in
order to stabilize the tissues that is used.
PREVENTIVE AND BLEACHING MATERIALS
- Every dental procedure is performed with the aim to
preserve healthy oral structures and not for the mere
restoration of what has been lost. Therefore preventive
dentistry, the practice to maintain good oral health and
 prevent oral pathologies, is the foundation on which all oral
health care must be built.
BLEACHING MATERIALS
- One of the most frequent reasons patients seek dental care is
discolored anterior teeth. One possible treatment is
Bleaching, the lightening of the color of a tooth through the
application of a chemical agent to oxidize the organic
pigmentation in the tooth.
- When using bleach on the teeth, it does not last forever. You
need to avoid some foods that contains color eg. Coffee,
smoking is also prohibited. Something that is colored,
foods. And you have to see the dentist occasionally. You
need to cooperate
PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY MATERIALS
1. PITS AND FISSURES SEALANT- you will see the
improvement. If your patients are family you would be able
to see haw many years you are going to reapply the pits and
fissures. It is not permanent, specially there is not
preparation of cavity, you would just apply the pits and
fissure with the acid etch application which is used as a
sealer. It is usually applied to pits and fissures, it is not
applied to smoth area of the tooth tissue.. that is why it is
not placed in the angular ridge , ridges, it is only applied to
pits and fissure. Because it is where carries starts to form.
2. FLUORIDE APPLICATIONS- it can be, or placed on or
bring the child to the clinic for community water
fluoridization or perhaps placed on water, the process of
adjusting the fluoride content prescribe for children but in
tablets
3. TOPICAL FLUORIDIZATION- decay resistance.
4. FLUORIDE TOOTHPASTE- you need to see the literature
of the toothpaste if it contains fluoride. You can use it then
the mouth rinses, mouth rinse, white fluoride. You can
make use of it. But it is good for growing children no
 longer for 13 years old patient. because the contents of the
fluoride mouth rinse you can just spite it out sodium
chloride the most common fluoride in the mouth.
5. FLUORIDE VARNISH- available as sodium fluoride.
diplolorocelaine(?) preparations
6. PITS AND FISSURE SEALANTS- it is lie composite
resin. Applied to the occlusal.

BLEACHING MATERIALS
- The bleaching agents are 30-35% hydrogen peroxide,
sodium perborate, 30-35% hydrogen peroxide, 10-15%
carbamide peroxide. It is upon the literature of the
manufacturer.
CAD CAM MATERIALS
- Just now, it is used in the US. You can finish your work with
the help of the computer and without going to the
laboratory but very expensive.
CAD/CAM: The term CAD refers to computer-aided design
technology, which is based on the use of computer software and
systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, and
optimization of two-dimensional or three-dimensional models of
objects. Any computer program that embodies computer
graphics and an application program that facilitates engineering
functions in the design process can be classified as CAD
software. The term CAM refers to computer-aided
manufacturing of a restorative device using the CAD input file.
CAM may be additive (buildup) or subtractive (machining of a
device from a larger starting piece of material).
Copy milling: Process of cutting or grinding a desired shape
to the same dimensions as a master pattern in a manner similar
to that used for cutting a key blank from a master key.
Optical Scanning/ 3D Scanning: is the process of analyzing
a real-world object or environment to collect data on its shape
and possibly its appearance. The collected data can then be used
to construct digital 3D models.

- Impresson plaster, we don’t really use it but according to the

book some imprantologist are using it as an impression
materials .