Submitted to Dr.

Waqas

Submitted by Muhammad Sarwar

Roll no : 1137-BH-GEOG-20
Section : A1

Topic:
How abiotic stress posses impacts on community interaction ?
Salinity Stress
Heavy metal Stress
Heat Stress
Organic Pollutants
Fertilizer Stress

Introduction :
Usually plants in their physical life face several types of variations. Animals uses
different techniques to prevent our selves from the environmental stresses . But plants due the
sesile nature are fail to perform functions against the these variations. Therefore plants
depends upon their internal functions for the survival against the external changes .The
possibility of abiotic stress is leads to the physical harm to the plants due the long time changes
in the environment .
Plants growth and crops are affected by many environmental stresses like Drought, Salt.Heavy
metal Stress , Salinity Stress , Heat stress, Fertilizer Stress and Organic Pollutants. Sudden
climate changes also play an important role in the production of crops yield .

Types of abiotic stresses :

Salinity Stress:
Salinity is defined as the high content of salts in the soil. So the
increase of salts in the soil refers to the salinity or salinization. It is mainly found
in the arid or semi arid environment in which plants have higher amount of
evaporation and transpiration rates than precipitation volume throughout the
year.
If salts are increase in the soil naturally so it is called primary soil Salinity.
If the salts are increased anthroprogenic conditions like soil pollution’s it is called
secondary soil Salinity it is normally occur due to the increase of fertilizers or
useage of saline water for irrigation purposes.
Soil Salinity has a very powerful impacts on global crops production and it reduces
the production of plants. Two significant effects occur due the high content of
salts in the soil.
Osmotic stress increase of osmotic pressure in the cell leads to absorb necessary minerals from
the roots of plants in the circumstances of high content of salts in the soil Leeds to increase
salinity level in the plant cells this may leads to restricting to absorb the necessary minerals and
water potassium and calcium . Sodium and chloride ions move to words the cells and damage
the membrane of cells in the cytosol .
Increase of saline water in the cells reduces cell growth , cell membrane functions and ROS
production. It also demage the growth of seed germination and the production of plants
quality and quantity by inhibiting the seed germination.

Reference:
https://www.intechopen.com/books/sustainable-crop-production/effect-of-abiotic-stress-on-crops

Heavy metal Stress.

Heavy metal Stress belongs to non biodegradable group. These metals
influence the effects on the plants which cause mutagenic impacts on the crops due the
contaminating soil , irrigation,drinking water , food chains and surrounding environment.
Among all the heavy metals are harmful for the plants growth but four are more devastating
than others like As, Pb , Ca and Hg . These four metals increase the high level of toxicity in the
plants which leads to the high level of decrease in the plants growth for demaging the soil
texture like pH of soil , accumulation of heavy metals, distraction of helpful minerals .
Metals like Zn , Cu , Mo, Mn, Co, and Ni are necessary to perform vital functions in the plants
growth but when these metals combine with these four heavy metals they decreased the
production of crops at a great extent . Normally plants need these metals in minute but the
higher level of these metals alters the plants growth . Plants which are present in the under
water or present at the surface all of us can take HMs. Enzymetic activity also occur in the
presence of these metals which play an important role in the production of proteins.
We can reduce the effects of these heavy metals by development of industrial zones that they
should discharge their water after the biological treatments and do not spread these heavy
metals in the water bodies .

Reference :
https://www.intechopen.com/books/sustainable-crop-production/effect-of-abiotic-stress-on-crops

Heat Stress.
Difference in temperature is one of the prime factors of abiotic stresses like
Drought. Increase or decrease of temperature undesirably leads to decrease of production of
plants at the extent level .
If the growth plants take place the under the elevated temperature’s heat Stress occur . And it
may leads to the permanent injury of functioning of plants . Great level of heat Stress posses
the sexual development . Which reduces the normal time required for the photosynthesis to
become production of seed or fruit. Increase of heat also leads to Drought due the loss of water
through transpiration or evaporation. High level of heat in the soil also become responsible for
decrease emergence of plants . High intensity of heat also influence seed germination plants
growth and development and it’s also responsible for the droughts which may lead to the death
of plants as well.
We all know that abiotic stresses are playing the major role of reducing the world’s production
of crops and it’s occur mainly by the human activities like the high level heat is maintained in
environment due the global warming . If we overcome these little mistakes it can play a very
significant role in the development of plants and the production of our crops .
Reference:
https://www.intechopen.com/books/sustainable-crop-production/effect-of-abiotic-stress-on-crops

Organic Pollutants:

Nowadays environmental Pollution has become one of the major

problems in the ecosystem for last few decades . Organic Pollutants have immense effect on
the growth of plants . Mostly organic chemicals like pesticides, Antibiotics,bisphenol A and
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . They contain high amount in the environment and it may
take decades or centuries for degrade. Environmental Pollutants have found almost all parts of
the world’s environment . Because of these Pollutants have unique properties they may present
in the atmospheric particles or in the vapour forms . Toxic organic pollutants can take by the
plants through their roots . When the plants uptake these harmful organic pollutants it highly
alters the functioning of plants it damage the cells of plants this may leads to the deficiency of
nutrients in these plants . They alters the production of crops at the world wide level .

Reference :
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119501800.ch1

Fertilizer Pollution:
Fertilizers are mainly used for the enhancement of crops for getting good
and vast amount of yield . Chemical fertilizers are used to get Cost-effective production of
commercial crops with the increase of population in the world to ensure that the everyone
should have access of enough food and in the affordable range as well but the chemicals in the
fields should have some hiddin dangers that most of the do not know .Like the higher amount
of nitrogen in the soil can kill the fishes near by water bodies.
The usage of Fertilizers are become more advanced in these days mainly two types of Fertilizers
are used one is organic fertilizer and other are chemical fertilizers.
Organic Fertilizers are mainly come from animals manure and plants and they are less drastic .
They are used to get micro and macro nutrients that the plants can grow in the presence of
these vital nutrients more friendly.
Chemical Fertilizers are mainly came from the source of inorganic materials after the several
chemical treatments . Normally we think that the chemical fertilizers give farmers more
benefits that they can enhanced their yields may be you are right, but you would also be wrong.
Chemical Fertilizers allow farmers to get more quality and quantity of crops in the short time
period but may leads to the poor and less quality wise yield.
Reference:
https://ohsonline.com/articles/2017/12/07/the-hidden-dangers-of-chemical-fertilizers.aspx?
m=1