LTI SYSTEMS

Dr. Muhammad Hanif

SIGNAL CLASSIFICATION
Signals are mainly classified into the following
categories:
Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signals
Even and Odd Signals
Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
Energy and Power Signals
Deterministic and Non-deterministic Signals
SIGNAL CLASSIFICATION
Deterministic Signals:
 No uncertainty with respect to its value at any instant of time
 Defined exactly by a mathematical formula

Stochastic or Non-deterministic Signals:

 Uncertainty with respect to its value at some instant of time.
 Random in nature hence they are called random signals.
 Cannot be described by a mathematical equation.
 They are modeled in probabilistic terms
LINEAR TIME INVARIANT (LTI) SYSTEM
Linearity and time invariance play a vital role in the analysis of signals and systems
If a system has both the linearity and time invariance properties, then this system is
called linear time invariant (LTI) system.
The LTI systems exhibit one important characteristics that the superposition theorem
can be applied to find the response y(t) to a given input x(t).
Superposition Principle: the overall response of an LTI system to a weighted sum of
signals is simply the same weighted sum of the responses to each of the individual
signals.
LINEAR TIME INVARIANT (LTI) SYSTEM
Superposition Principle:
LINEAR TIME INVARIANT (LTI) SYSTEM
Linear Systems:
When an input to a given system is scaled by a value, the output of the system is
scaled by the same amount.

A linear system obeys the principle of superposition

LINEAR TIME INVARIANT (LTI) SYSTEM
Linear Systems: Example
Consider the system H in which
H (f(t)) = t.f(t) for all signals f
Given any two signals f, g and scalars a, b
H (af(t)+bg(t))) = t. (af(t)+bg(t)) = a.t.f(t) + btg(t) = aH (f(t)) + bH (g(t))
for all real t.

Thus, H is a linear system.

LINEAR TIME INVARIANT (LTI) SYSTEM
Consider the following system
for all signals f.

Is this a linear or non-linear systems ?

Non- linear system

LINEAR TIME INVARIANT (LTI) SYSTEM
Time Invariant Systems:
The output for a particular input does not change depending on when that input was
applied.
Any delay in the input is reflected in the output.
the input x(t – t 0) produces a response y(t – t 0)
LINEAR TIME INVARIANT (LTI) SYSTEM
Time Invariant Systems: Examples:

Time in-variant ?

NO
LINEAR TIME INVARIANT (LTI) SYSTEM
Time Invariant Systems: Examples:

Time in-variant ?

YES
 LINEAR TIME INVARIANT (LTI) SYSTEM
We can use super position theorem to find the response of a LTI system using following
steps:
1. Resolve the input function x(t) in terms of simpler or basic function like impulse function
for which response can be easily evaluated.
2. Determine individually the response of LTI system for the simpler input impulse functions.
3. Using superposition theorem, find the sum of the individual responses, which will
become the overall response y(t) of function x(t).
LINEAR TIME INVARIANT (LTI) SYSTEM
Impulse Response:
Response of a system when the input signal is a unit impulse signal

LTI system can be completely characterized in terms of its unit impulse response
The impulse response for an LTI system is the output y(t), when the input is the unit
impulse signal, σ(t). In other words,
y(t) = h(t) when x(t) = σ(t)
 CONVOLUTION
 Convolution is the mathematical technique for determining a system
output y(t) given an input signal x(t) and the system impulse response h(t).
 Convolution can be used to calculate the response of a system to an
arbitrary input x(t) by using the impulse response of the system h(t).
LTI SYSTEM RESPONSE
System response using convolution sum
 Discrete case:

 Continuous case:
LTI SYSTEM RESPONSE
LTI SYSTEM RESPONSE: ARBITRARY INPUT
LTI SYSTEM : CONVOLUTION INTEGRAL
LTI SYSTEM : CONVOLUTION PROPERTIES
LTI SYSTEM : CONVOLUTION PROPERTIES
LTI SYSTEM : CONVOLUTION PROPERTIES
LTI SYSTEM : CONVOLUTION PROPERTIES
CONVOLUTION: INTEGRAL OPERATION
CONVOLUTION: GRAPHICAL EXAMPLE - 1
CONVOLUTION: GRAPHICAL EXAMPLE - 1
CONVOLUTION: GRAPHICAL EXAMPLE - 1
CONVOLUTION: EXAMPLE -2
CONVOLUTION: EXAMPLE -3
CONVOLUTION: EXAMPLE -3
LINEAR TIME INVARIANT (LTI) SYSTEM