Dept & Sem: Subject Name: Course Code: Unit: Prepared by

DEPT & SEM : ECE & I SEM
SUBJECT NAME SIGNALS & SYSTEMS

:
SS
COURSE CODE
: IV
UNIT : Mr. P. Suresh Babu & Mr. Yuvaraj. K
PREPARED BY :
COURSE: SS UNIT: 4 Pg. 1

SIGNAL TRANSMISSION THROUGH LINEAR SYSTEMS
• Introduction
• Linear systems
• Impulse response
• Response of a linear system
• Linear Time Invariant( LTI) system
• Linear Time variant(LTV) system
• Properties of LTI system
• Transfer function of an LTI systems
• Filter Characteristics of Linear systems
• Distortionless Transmission through a system

SIGNAL TRANSMISSION THROUGH LINEAR SYSTEMS CONTD…
• Signal Bandwidth
• System Bandwidth
• Ideal Filter Characteristics
• Causality and Paley-Wiener criterion
• Relation between Rise time and Bandwidth
• Energy and Power spectral densities

INTRODUCTION & LINEAR SYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION
 A system can be characterized equally well in the time domain or the frequency
domain, techniques will be developed in both domains.
 It is also assumed that there is no stored energy in the system at the time the input
is applied.
LINEAR SYSTEMS
 A system is said to be a linear if it obeys homogeneity and additivity properties. This
implies that the response of a linear system to weighted sum of input signals is equal
to the same weighted sum of responses of the system to each of those signals.
 Homogeneity property: This property says if input signal weighted by any arbitrary
constant then output signal also weighted by same arbitrary constant .
 If x(t) is input and y(t) is the output of the system then y(t) =T[x(t)],
T[a x(t)] = a T[x(t)] = a y(t)
LINEAR SYSTEMS CONTD…
 Additive property: Response of system to sum of two input signals is equal to sum
of individual response of the system.
If x(t) is input and y(t) is the output of the system then y(t) = T[x(t)]
If x1(t) is input and y1(t) is the output of the system then y1(t) = T[x1(t)]
If x2(t) is input and y2(t) is the output of the system then y2(t) = T[x2(t)]
If x1(t) + x2(t) is given as input to the system then the output of the system is
T[x1(t) + x2(t)] = T[x1(t)] + T[x2(t)] = y1(t) + y2(t)
Combining the two properties , the condition for a system to be linear is
T[a x1(t) + b x2(t) ] = a y1(t) + b y2(t)

IMPULSE RESPONSE
IMPULSE RESPONSE
 The impulse response of a system is its response to the input δ(t) when the system is
initially at rest. The impulse response is usually denoted h(t). In other words, if the
input to an initially at rest system is δ(t) then the output is named h(t).
If input x(t) = δ(t) then y(t) = h(t)
 Once the transfer function H(ω) of an LTI system is known in frequency domain, the
impulse response of the system can be found by finding the inverse fourier
transform of δ(t)
i.e. h(t) = F-1 [H(ω) ]

RESPONSE OF LINEAR SYSTEM
RESPONSE OF LINEAR SYSTEM

 Once the impulse response h(t) is known, the response of the linear system y(t) for
any given input x(t) can be obtained by convolving the input with the impulse
response of the system. i.e. y(t) = h(t) * x(t) = x(t) * h(t)
If a noncausal signal is applied to a noncausal system, then
If a causal signal is applied to a noncausal system, then
If a noncausal signal is applied to a causal system, then
If a causal signal is applied to a causal system, then

LINEAR TIME INVARIANT SYSTEM
LINEAR TIME INVARIANT(LTI) SYSTETM

 A system which is linear as well as time invariant is called a linear time invariant
system.
 A system whose input and output characteristics does not varies with time is an LTI
system.
 For a system to be an LTI system ,the output due to delayed input x(t-τ) i.e. y(t, τ )
must be equal to the delayed output y(t- τ).
i.e. y(t, τ) = y(t- τ)
 For a Linear time invariant system all the coefficients of the differential equation
describing the system are constants.

LINEAR TIME VARIANT SYSTEM
LINEAR TIME VARIANT(LTV) SYSTETM

 A system which is linear but time variant is called a linear time variant system.
 A system whose input and output characteristics varies with time is an LTI system.
 For a system to be an LTV system ,the output due to delayed input x(t-τ) i.e. y(t, τ ) is
not equal to the delayed output y(t- τ).
i.e. y(t, τ) ≠ y(t- τ)
 For a Linear time variant system at least one of the the coefficients of the
differential equation describing the system vary with time.

PROPERTIES OF LTI SYSTEM
PROPERTIES OF LINEAR TIME INVARIANT(LTI) SYSTETM

 The Commutative property
The output of an LTI system with input x(t) and unit impulse response h(t) is identical
to the output of an LTI system with input h(t) and impulse response x(t).
 The Distributive property

Two systems with impulse responses h1(t) and h2(t) connected in parallel can be
replaced by a single system with impulse response h1(t) + h2(t)
The distributive property of convolution can be used to break a complicated

convolution into several simpler ones.

PROPERTIES OF LTI SYSTEM CONTD…
 The Associative property

The series interconnection of two systems is equivalent to a single system.
 The impulse response of the cascade of two LTI systems is the convolution of their
individual impulse responses.
 The Unit Step Response
The unit step response s(t) of an LI system is the output of the system for a unit step
input u(t). The unit step response can be obtained by convolving the input u(t) with
the impulse response h(t) of the system.
 or
TRANSFER FUNCTION OF AN LTI SYSTEM
TRANSFER FUNCTION OF AN LTI SYSTEM

 The transfer function of an LTI system is defined as the ratio of fourier transform of
output to the fourier transform of input provided the initial conditions are zero.
 The transfer function of an LTI system is also defined as the fourier transform of its
impulse response.
H(ω) is a complex quantity having magnitude and phase
is amplitude response of the system.

is phase response of the system.

FILTER CHARACTERISTICS OF A LINEAR SYSTEM
FILTER CHARACTERISTICS OF A LINEAR SYSTEM

An LTI system is a filter and basically a frequency selective network.
 Some LTI systems allow the transmission of only low frequency components and stop
all high frequency components. They are called low-pass filters (LPFs).
 Some LTI systems allow the transmission of only high frequency components and stop
all low frequency components. They are called high-pass filters (HPFs).
 Some LTI systems allow the transmission of only a particular band of frequencies and
stop all other frequency components. They are called band-pass filters (BPFs).
 Some LTI systems reject only a particular band of frequencies and allow all other
frequency components. They are called band-rejection filters (BRFs).
 The band of frequencies allowed by the filter is called pass-band.
 The band of frequencies that area not allowed to pass through the filter is stop-band.
 An LTI system is characterized by its pass-band, stop-band and half power bandwidth.
DISTORTIONLESS TRANSMISSION THROUGH A SYSTEM

 The change of shape of the signal when it is transmitted through a system is called
distortion.
 Transmission of a signal through a system is said to be distortionless if the output is an
exact replica of the input signal. This replica may have different magnitude and
different time delay.
 A signal x(t) is transmitted without distortion if the output y(t) = k x(t-td) ,where k is a
constant representing the change in the amplitude and td is the time delay.
A distortionless system and typical input and output waveforms are shown below

y(t) = k x(t-td)
Apply fourier transform on both sides of y(t), we get
for distortionless transmission, the transfer function of the system must be of the form
Taking inverse fourier transform , the corresponding impulse response must be
h(t) = k δ(t-td)
The magnitude of the transfer function |H(ω)|= k and is constant for all values of ω
The phase shift θ(ω) = - ωtd and it varies linearly with frequency
θ(ω) = nπ – ωtd
The magnitude and phase characteristics of a distortionless transmission system

SIGNAL BANDWIDTH
SIGNAL BANDWIDTH
 The spectral components of a signal extend from -∞ to ∞. Any practical signal has
finite energy. The spectral components approaches zero as ω tends to ∞.
 spectral components having negligible energy can be neglected and select only band
of frequency components having most of the signal energy.
 The band of frequencies that contain most of the signal energy is called bandwidth of
the signal.
 Normally, the band is selected such that it contains around 95% of total energy.

SYSTEM BANDWIDTH
SYSTEM BANDWIDTH
 For distortionless transmission, we need a system with infinite bandwidth, practically
it is not possible to construct a system with infinite bandwidth.
 A satisfactory distortionless transmission system can be achieved by systems with
finite, but large bandwidths and magnitude is constant over this band.
 The bandwidth of the system is defined as the range of frequencies over which the
magnitude |H(ω)| remains within 1/√2 times of its value at midband. The bandwidth
of the system is ω2-ω1 . where ω2 is upper cutoff frequency and ω1 is lower cutoff
frequency.
 The band limited signals can be transmitted without distortion, if system bandwidth is
at least equal to the signal bandwidth. COURSE: SS UNIT: 4 Pg. 17
IDEAL FILTER CHARACTERISTICS
IDEAL FILTER CHARACTERISTICS

 A filter is a frequency selective network. It allows transmission of signals of certain
frequencies with no attenuation or with very little attenuation and it rejects or heavily
attenuates signals of all other frequencies.
 An ideal filter has very sharp cutoff characteristics and it passes signals of certain
specific band of frequencies exactly and totally rejects signals of frequencies outside the
band.
 Filters are usually classified according to their frequency response characteristics as
Low pass filter(LPF) ,High pass filter(HPF) ,Band pass filter(BPF) and Band reject filter
(BRF).
Ideal versions of these filters are described below and their magnitude responses are
shown below.

IDEAL FILTER CHARACTERISTICS CONTD…

IDEAL FILTER CHARACTERISTICS CONTD…
The transfer function of all ideal filters are shown below.

IDEAL LPF IDEAL HPF
IDEAL BPF IDEAL BRF

CAUSALITY AND PALEY-WIENER CRITERION
CAUSALITY AND PALEY-WIENER CRITERION

 A system is to be causal if it does not produce an output before the input is applied.
for an LTI system to be causal , the condition to be satisfied is its impulse response must
be zero for t less than zero i.e. h(t) = 0 for t <0
 The time domain criteria for causality is h(t) = 0 for t <0
 In frequency domain, the necessary and sufficient condition for a magnitude function |
H(ω)| to be physically realizable is
 This condition is known as Paley-Wiener criterion and it is valid only if the magnitude
function is square integrable i.e.

CAUSALITY AND PALEY-WIENER CRITERION CONTD…
Conclusions drawn from the Paley-Wiener criterion

 The magnitude function |H(ω)| may be zero at some discrete frequencies, but it cannot
be zero over a finite band of frequencies because it causes the equation of Paley-Wiener
criterion infinity. This infers that the ideal filters are not physically realizable.
 The magnitude function |H(ω)| cannot fall off to zero faster than a function of
exponential order, It implies, a realizable magnitude characteristic cannot have total
attenuation.

RELATION BETWEEN RISE TIME & BANDWIDTH

 If a unit step function u(t) is applied to an ideal LPF, the output will show a gradual rise,
instead of sharp rise in the input.
 The rise time (tr) is the time required by the response to reach from initial value to its
final value.
Transfer function of an ideal low pass filter
G(ω) represents a rectangular pulse whose magnitude is k for –B ≤ f ≤ B i.e.

- ωm ≤ ω ≤ ωm where ωm =2πB and phase θ(ω) = - ωt0
 Fourier transform of unit step function u(t) is given by
Fourier transform of response r(t) is R(ω) and it is related to H(ω) as
δ(ω) exists only at ω = 0 i.e. H(ω)|ω = 0 = 1
Taking the inverse fourier transform to R(ω) , we get the response r(t)

RELATION BETWEEN RISE TIME & BANDWIDTH CONTD…
Where
Inverse fourier transform of π δ(ω) is ½
we know that

Where is sine integral.

The rise time
The response r(t) is shown below

ENERGY & POWER SPECTRAL DENSITIES
SPECTRAL DENSITY
 The spectral density of a signal characterizes the distribution of the signal’s energy or
power in the frequency domain.
 This concept is particularly important when considering filtering in communication

systems while evaluating the signal and noise at the filter output.
 The energy spectral density (ESD) or the power spectral density (PSD) is used in the
evaluation.

ENERGY & POWER SPECTRAL DENSITIES CONTD…
ENERGY SPECTRAL DENSITY

 Energy spectral density describes the signal energy per unit bandwidth measured in
joules/hertz and is represented as ψx(f), the squared magnitude spectrum
2
 x( f ) X ( f ) According to Parseval’s theorem,
the energy of x(t):
 
Ex = 
-
x 2 (t) d t = 
-
|X (f)| 2 d f

Ex = 
-
x (f ) d f
 The Energy spectral density is symmetrical in frequency about origin and total energy of
the signal x(t) can be expressed as:

E x = 2   x (f) df
0
ENERGY & POWER SPECTRAL DENSITIES CONTD…
POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY

 The power spectral density (PSD) function Gx(f ) of the periodic signal x(t) is a real, even,
and nonnegative function of frequency that gives the distribution of the power of x(t) in
the frequency domain

 PSD is represented as: G x (f ) =  n  ( f  nf 0 )
|C
n=-
| 2
 Whereas the average power of a periodic signal x(t) is represented as:

T0 /2 
1
Px 
T0  x (t) dt 
2
 n
|C
n=-
| 2
 T0 / 2
 Using PSD, the average normalized power of a real-valued signal is represented as:
 
Px  G

x (f) df  2  G x (f) df
0

DIGITAL RESOURCES
 Lecture Notes
-https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1wCXZ3F5HlNzZBPOwBHjX_LZyGNcDLdg
2?usp=sharing
 E-Book –
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1sS1Fb2-dm16LzSythVWIAhlAlj9J0aSS?
usp=sharing
 Videos Link – http://signalsandsystems.wikidot.com/video-lectures
 Model Papers - JNTUA Question Papers
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1xdkly8gR1Gs-
VZPGR41jMFNkDc0WEjAb?usp=sharing

Dept & Sem: Subject Name: Course Code: Unit: Prepared by

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dept & Sem: Subject Name: Course Code: Unit: Prepared by

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DEPT & SEM : ECE & I SEM

SUBJECT NAME SIGNALS & SYSTEMS

UNIT : Mr. P. Suresh Babu & Mr. Yuvaraj. K

COURSE: SS UNIT: 4 Pg. 1

• Response of a linear system

• Linear Time Invariant( LTI) system

• Linear Time variant(LTV) system

• Properties of LTI system

• Transfer function of an LTI systems

• Filter Characteristics of Linear systems

• Distortionless Transmission through a system

• Ideal Filter Characteristics

• Causality and Paley-Wiener criterion

• Relation between Rise time and Bandwidth

• Energy and Power spectral densities

COURSE: SS UNIT: 4 Pg. 3

T[x1(t) + x2(t)] = T[x1(t)] + T[x2(t)] = y1(t) + y2(t)

Combining the two properties , the condition for a system to be linear is

T[a x1(t) + b x2(t) ] = a y1(t) + b y2(t)

COURSE: SS UNIT: 4 Pg. 5

COURSE: SS UNIT: 4 Pg. 6

RESPONSE OF LINEAR SYSTEM

If a causal signal is applied to a noncausal system, then

If a noncausal signal is applied to a causal system, then

If a causal signal is applied to a causal system, then

COURSE: SS UNIT: 4 Pg. 7

LINEAR TIME INVARIANT(LTI) SYSTETM

COURSE: SS UNIT: 4 Pg. 8

LINEAR TIME VARIANT(LTV) SYSTETM

COURSE: SS UNIT: 4 Pg. 9

PROPERTIES OF LINEAR TIME INVARIANT(LTI) SYSTETM

 The Distributive property

replaced by a single system with impulse response h1(t) + h2(t)

The distributive property of convolution can be used to break a complicated

COURSE: SS UNIT: 4 Pg. 10

 The Associative property

TRANSFER FUNCTION OF AN LTI SYSTEM

H(ω) is a complex quantity having magnitude and phase

is amplitude response of the system.

COURSE: SS UNIT: 4 Pg. 12

FILTER CHARACTERISTICS OF A LINEAR SYSTEM

DISTORTIONLESS TRANSMISSION THROUGH A SYSTEM

COURSE: SS UNIT: 4 Pg. 14

COURSE: SS UNIT: 4 Pg. 15

COURSE: SS UNIT: 4 Pg. 16

IDEAL FILTER CHARACTERISTICS

COURSE: SS UNIT: 4 Pg. 18

COURSE: SS UNIT: 4 Pg. 19

The transfer function of all ideal filters are shown below.

IDEAL BPF IDEAL BRF

COURSE: SS UNIT: 4 Pg. 20

CAUSALITY AND PALEY-WIENER CRITERION

COURSE: SS UNIT: 4 Pg. 21

Conclusions drawn from the Paley-Wiener criterion

COURSE: SS UNIT: 4 Pg. 22

RELATION BETWEEN RISE TIME & BANDWIDTH

Transfer function of an ideal low pass filter

G(ω) represents a rectangular pulse whose magnitude is k for –B ≤ f ≤ B i.e.

 Fourier transform of unit step function u(t) is given by

Fourier transform of response r(t) is R(ω) and it is related to H(ω) as

δ(ω) exists only at ω = 0 i.e. H(ω)|ω = 0 = 1

COURSE: SS UNIT: 4 Pg. 24

COURSE: SS UNIT: 4 Pg. 25