Martin Heidegger and Carl Schmitt: Wh Become a Part Member?

T ac B. S g

U i e i fS ha (UK) a d U i e i f Calif ia Di i g i hed P fe ,e e i

He belie e i ba i e beca e he belie e i hi eak e a d hi fea .

Nie che, Nachlass
He h figh ih e h ld l k i ha he hi elf d e bec ea
e . A d he ga e l g i a ab he ab al ga e i .
Nie che, Be ond Good and E il, a . 146.

A I i e he e d , highl ci ili ed e a e fl i g e head, i g kill e.

Ge ge O ell, 1941.

I i c lace, if ill a a e f c e , e ha f he
i e i ellec al f 1930 Ge a j i ed he Na i Pa (a did a , a he ).
Va i acc f hi ha e bee ade: f e, i a be e ec ed: hei h gh a
h gh a d h gh Na i al-S ciali 1; f he , he e e i led b a bi i ; f e
he , he e e i ake i hei i i ial de a di g f Na i b he f di
i de e ig .2 F ill he , hei e be hi a f a e, b did ei l
affec he i a ce f hei h gh : Richa d R , f i a ce, hile ai i g he
h gh , clai he a be a Sch a alde ed eck. 3
I hi k, a d ill a g e, ha e f he ab e acc i ade a e. M i a l , ha
ill d ,i eadi g, i ake a clea -c e a a i be ee Heidegge a d Sch i
a hi ke a d Heidegge a d Sch i a h a bei g . Ra he he ca e ee be ha
Phili e Lac e-Laba he clai i La fic ion d poli iq e ab Heidegge : Heidegge
li ical ch ice i he ea l 1930 e e ei he a accide a e . O , a J ge
Habe a e a ked: Heidegger? Ein Na i. Sicher ein Na i. While, h e e , i i b i
Habe a , a i i h e h f ll hi a ach like Richa d W li ,4 ha bei g a
Na i ea , he a e i , a e hall ee, clea .5 W li call Sch i a c e a i e
e l i a a d a i ila e hi h gh fa ci .6 I hall c ide each hi ke fi
e a a el .

1
E a el Fa e, Heidegger: The In rod c ion of Na ism in o Philosoph in Ligh of he Unp blished Seminars
of 1933 1935 (Ne Ha e , CT: Yale U i e i P e , 2010).
2
Th a Sheeha , E e e Ha Tell he T h : Heidegge a d he Je , Con in m 1, . 1 (1990):
30 44. I ca e ac la e i cl de a di c i f Sa el Ga e Zei li , "I di ec i a d he Rhe ic f
T a : Sch i ' he T a f Val e , 1965-1967," i : Modern In ellec al His or 2020, 1-24.
3
I c e ai i h he a h , e e ea ag .
4
See Richa d W li , Heidegger s Children: Hannah Arend , Karl L i h, Hans Jonas and Herber
Marc se (P i ce . P i ce UP, 2003) a d The Sed c ion of Unreason: The In ellec al Romance
i h Fascism from Nie sche o Pos modernism (P i ce . P i ce UP, 2004).
5
See i a l Babe e Babich, The E hical Al ha a d he Li g i ic O ega: Heidegge ' A i-
Se i i a d he I e Affi i Be ee Ge a a d G eece, Jo f l Wisdom: A Jo rnal For
POSTMODERN ETHICS V l e 1, N be 1, 1994, . 15 e e i el e i ed a d i cl ded i
he Words in Blood Like flo ers, . 227-242. See he e a ge e all hi e i .
6
Richa d W li , Ca l Sch i : The C e a i e Re l i a , Poli ical Theor 20.3 (1992), 424-447.

1
Heidegger: The Rectorat Ina g ral Speech

Le l k he fi a Heidegge i a g al lec e a ec f he U i e i f F eib g:

Die Selbs beha p ng der de schen Uni ersi . Rede, gehal en bei der feierlichen
bernahme des Rek ora s der Uni ersi Freib rg i. Br. am 27.5.1933 The Self-A e i
f he Ge a U i e i : Add e , deli e ed he le a i f he Rec a e f
he U i e i F eib g Ma 25, 1933. 7 We k f ece k ha , de i e hi la e
clai ha he did a he i i , Heidegge had ac i el gh hi i i a d had
g a di e la f he Ge a U i e i e a a h le.8 I hi add e , Heidegge
ei he ejec he h a i ic i i f he i e i fi d i , a had Ma Webe i 1917,
be a e e i e i c ea i gl f he a . I ead he eek e he i e i i
e c ce i h Wi e chaf . Wissenschaf a la e a cie ce b ca ie a ch
b ade ea i g ha d e c e a a gl h e i f cie ce -- b adl ,
i i cie ce de d i a a cie G eek e e a k ledge e ai i g he li i g f
life. The e e ce f cie ce i a e i i g a di g fi i he id f he ali f
bei g. Thi a ha he G eek held a d ha ha bee l i de i e .9
The e , e h ld ice fi ff, i ab a e Ge a he d cc l i le
i e i fi e f he fi i a ag a h a d i he Lei if all he a h gh. I a ic la ,
i i ab he ela i f he de a d eache f he Ge a i e i he e e ce f
ha (Ge a ) i e i , a e e ce ha be illed.
Thi i he i i al ld f a e le, he Ge a . Heidegge ha i i d e hi g
ch dee e ha i l ha e call c l e. Ra he he i i al ld i he
e ha dee l e e e he e le e g h , hich a e ied bl d a d ea h.
Thi i he e ha dee l e a d f dl hake i bei g (Dasein.). 10
The bl d a d ea h efe e ce f hi a die ce call ech e f he k f he he
Mi i e f Ag ic l e Richa d Wal he Da h had la i ed he i i hi 1930
Ne adel a s Bl nd Boden. [A Ne Nobili from Blood and Soil]. 11 He e, a d el e he e
a e hall ee, Heidegge ake e Na i-ca ch- h a e a d a e e d he iha
hil hical ig ifica ce, he eb h i g dee e he a d ( e ha ) cha ge he .12

7
T a la ed b Ka e Ha ie i Re ie of Me aph sics 38 (Ma ch 1985: 467-502) bli hed i h
The Rec a e 1933/34: Fac a d Th gh a e a a e l i e h l af e he a a d
fi bli hed i 1983 b Heidegge . Ci ed a RR. M c e he e a e i fl e ced b
eadi g f A ld Da id e celle Q e i C ce i g Heidegge : O e i g he Deba e,
Cri ical Inq ir 15.2 (Wi e , 1989) . 407-426.
8
Heidegge clai ed i acc a el i hi S iegel I e ie ha he a e ed i i . See R dige
Saf a ki, Heidegger. Be ond Good and E il (Ha a d U i e i P e , Ca b idge, MA, 1999).
The Ge a b i le i Ein Meis er a s De schland; e le ical a e ial ca be f di
Fa ia , Fa e a d O .
9
Rek a ede i W li , Ed. The Heidegger Con ro ers [THC], . 32. See he di c i f he
add e b Hei ich Wiega d Pe e , Enco n ers and dialog es i h Mar in Heidegger, 1929-1976
(Chicag . U i e i f Chicag P e , 1993), 25-36.
10
RR, 474-475.
11
M ich, 1930. Da a ea l a e be f he Na i Pa , a Ge a a i ali , ec l gi ,
aci , a d a i-Se i e. He a Mi i e f F d a d Ag ic l e a ell a Di ec f he Race
a d Se le e Office a d Leade f he Reich Fa e (Reich ba e f h e ) be ee 1933 a d
1942. He e ig ed a a e l beca e he e i ed a di a ce f Hi le ed ce he a i
c ce a i ca i a e . He a e e ced e e ea i i e af e he a a d died
i 1953. Hi fi b k, Das Ba ern m als Lebensq ell der nordischen Rasse (Pea a a he
Life- ce f he N dic Race) (1928), ged c e a i , la d a age e a d he h a e
ea e f fa a i al . See A a B a ell, Blood and Soil: Richard Wal her Darr and
Hi ler's "Green Par ", Ke al P e , 1985). (S e) Na i e e ec lica ed ha i
e i e e e be ed .

2
Ke he e i Heidegge a achi g bl d a d il he fa e f he Ge a U i e i a d
ha a c ce i f he Ge a e le, a c ce i ha e i e , a he a la e i he
e , ha each i di id al i a hi ical- i i al e le par icipa e i illi g he
hi ical i i f ha e le.13.
Whe hi ha e , he Ge a e le ill, acc di g Heidegge , ha e a ai ed he
highe f eed a el gi e he la e elf. 14 Gi i g he la e elf i , e
e e be , he Ka ia defi i i fa . Heidegge e hi f eed he -
called acade ic f eed hich, he a , i e el ega i e, ha i , i c ea e ei he
a a ki d f ha ed e e i e f Wissenschaf .15 Ra he , he c llec i e
e e i e f he i e i h ld bi d he de a d he fac l fi i he c i
f he e le ; ec dl , he h a d de i f he a i ; a d la , he i i al
i i f he Ge a e le. I hi Spiegel i e ie , Heidegge ill ela e he ecial
ld-hi ical a k ha he fi d Ge a be c e e he ecial i e
ela i hi be ee he Ge a la g age a d he G eek , he G eek bei g f Heidegge
he igi f ha hich e call The We . 16
Thi d bad a d ca be. Ye e fi d i ila h gh i Ale a de Ha il
(fi Fede ali Pa e ), J h Wi h (A Model of Chris ian Chari ie), a d Ral h
Wald E e (E e ie ce), all f hich e e e A e ica a ic la a d i e
le i ld-hi . 17 The i ha a a ic la e le ai igh ha e a a ic la
de i i a a icall he le i ce f Na i al S ciali lea i g . Heidegge
h ili acade ic f eed c e f hi e e ha k ledge h ld ha e d i h
life. The e a e h a allel i ha Heidegge clai i 1933 d c e ha f
ld fi d l i ffe i e b lif i g. Wha a a ea e ble a ic i he
Heidegge e i i ha life he e i c cei ed f a he i i al i i f he Ge a
people. I h ac i e a e a ic la hi ical ecifici ha i le a ic la i
Nie che a d E e , e e if i be e deg ee e e i Ha il e a ; a d,
i deed, E e ill e e a e i E perience ha he i ead die a d be b agai i
hi e a d e a achable A e ica [he ha ] f d i he We . A e al f he
ce e b Heidegge f he i e f hi ec a e a l c fi hi i l e e
i h hi hi ical ecifici . I a a eal N e be 10, 1933 he F eib g de ,
he ge he e f delega e he Reichs ag a d i hd a al f he
Leag e f Na i . Thi a he ec d f
18
a eal . I e he eek bef e he had

12
See G ae e Nich l , The P li ic f Heidegge Rec al Add e , Man and World 20
(1987); ee al F a k H. W. Edle , Phil h , La g age, a d P li ic : Heidegge ' A e
S eal he La g age f he Re l i i 1933-34, Social Research, 57, 1 (S i g, 1990), 197-238
h a g e ha Heidegge i eeki g b h g be d Na i ide l g a d li k ha he h e
begi he G eek achie e e . Edle ha e c i i e f Nich l 227ff.
13
Rek a add e , RR 480.
14
Ibid, 475. Da id , ci , c ec l a d i igh f l li k hi a e gage e a d a c i i e f
Ka , e eciall i hi la e Wha is Enligh enmen ? ( 413ff).
15
O e f he ea i g f i e i i he e e ie ce f life ake a a ea a d f fi ci .
16
S iegel I e ie i W li , Heidegger Con ro ers . N e ha a -Na i like B S ell ca
i e i hi 1946/1986 Die En deck ng des Geis es, If e a e be E ea , e a k ha
e e he G eek ? ( 7, 205).
17
See he di c i i Poli ics Wi ho Vision: Thinking i ho a Banis er in he T en ie h Cen r .
(Chicag . U i e i f Chicag P e , 2012), cha e Si .
18
The l a ha a ea ed he ball a ha f he NDSAP. Ni e -fi e e ce f he
elec a e a ici a ed a d 92.2 e ce f h e ed f he NSDAP he e ai i g e e e
i alida ed (a ha i g a legi i a e i ee). I i h i g, e ha ha h ee eek af e
he elec i , Da id Ll d Ge ge, h had bee he B i i h i e i i e f 1916-1922 (a d
a he fi PM c ef he ki g cla e ) e d a ic e f hi elf Hi le i c ibed
T Cha cell Hi le , i h ad i a i f hi b illia gif f c age. L d , Dec. 1, 1933. I

3
 i e :
The Na i al S ciali Re l i i b i gi g ab he al a f ai f
Ge a e i e ce (Da ei ).
[ ]
Le ii a d idea be he le f Bei g (Sein).
The F h e al e is he e e a d f e Ge a eali a d i la . Lea
k e e e dee l : f e e i gle hi g de a d deci i , a d
e e ac i e ibili .
Heil Hi le
Ma i Heidegge , Rec 19
Acc di g Ka l L i h, Heidegge ade he F eib g de a ch i f ai he
l cal lli g a i ha he c ld gi e hei a e Hi le deci i en bloc. O he 20

he ha d, O P ggele ha a g ed ha Heidegge had bee c i ced (a a F a kli

R e el ) b he -called Peace S eech eech f Ma 17, 1933 i hich Hi le
clai ed ha ha Na i al S ciali gh ld eace -- l a i e al e e al f
Ge a -- a d ld e ide ai .21 T fac a e ele a he e. Fi , f ll i g a
la f J l 13, 1933, all blic (i.e. a e) e l ee ( f hich, a Rec , Heidegge a
e a d a high- a ki g e a ha ) e e e lici l e i ed e he Hi le al e i al a d
i e c ica i i h he a i g ha a e i hi g c e de ici
f beha i g i a c ci l ega i e fa hi ill he ef e e de he Hi le G ee i g." 22
Sec dl , h e e a d a Fa e ha h , d i g hi i e Heidegge e h ia f
Na i al S ciali e ell be d ee i g he b ea c a ic e i e e i ed ci il
e a . F Heidegge , elf-a e i
23
ea ha Ge a had be f ee f ll i
de i a d he ce h ld e ig f he Leag e. El e he e he i e : Thi i a i g
a a f he c i f e le , b he c a : O V lk, i h hi e , e i elf
de he e e ial la f h a Bei g hich e e V lk e de allegia ce if i i
e ai a e le. 24
Gi e Heidegge clea i l e e i h he li ical e e f 1933-1934, e i
a i e. The fi ha d i h he ela i f hi li ical i l e e hi hil h . The
ec d i e diffic l . S e he e i a ela i be ee hi hil h a d he li ical
ch ice , he f d i ece a de i able ake. Wha h ld e c cl de ab he
hil h ? I ha bee ge e all cha ac e i ic f f We e li ical hil h
i ce he e d f Na i ha ha e e e a g e f , e h ld ce ai l cl e d all
a h ha led ha . He e e ill eed a k ha i i i Heidegge h gh ha e ed a
ah a e i f Na i al S ciali e e if i a hi i ae e i --, a d if, for
ha reason, e h ld ejec hi hi ki g. A Phili e Lac e-Laba he i e , Heidegge
Na i a ei he a d accide a e . 25

1935, i a a icle i he Dail E press, he e ha Hi le a " he g ea e li i g Ge a " a d

" he Ge ge Wa hi g f Ge a ."
19
Ge a S de THC, . 46-47.
20
Ka l L i h, M Life in German Before and Af er 1933 (U i e i f Illi i P e , 1994), 39.
21
See P ggle . O . ci . Hi le aid, a g he hi g : "The Ge a G e e i he e le all diffic l
e i i h he G e e b eacef l e h d . . . Ge a ill ead he a h ha ha laid
d b he T ea ie . . . The Ge a e le ha e h gh f i adi g a c ." See The Speeches of
Adolf Hi ler, April, 1922 o A g s , 1939, edi ed b N a Ba e (O f d. O f d UP, 1942). See J achi
Fe , Hi ler (Ma i e B k , 2002), 435-437.
22
See Ia Ke ha , The Hi ler M h. Image and Reali in he Third Reich/ (O f d. O f d U i e i P e ,
2001), . 60.
23
See Fa e, .ci ..
24
Ci ed f G id Sch eebe ge , Nachlese Heidegger (Be . S h , 1962), 149, i F ied, . 178
( h gi e e le f V lk).
25
Lac e-Laba he. O .Ci .

4
O e hi g is ela i el clea he e. A G ae e Nich l ha i ed , Heidegge ie , i
he Reke ora srede gi e hil hical ig ifica ce e e al Na i-ca ch d ee
la g age, Nich l call he . M i e a g he e a e F hrer, Kampf a d Volk.
Heidegge a id , f i a ce, efe i g hi ii f Rec a Mag ifi e hich
e ai a da d ac ice i Ge a i e i ie hi da . O e c ld, a ed, add hi
he e f he Bl nd Boden l ga , la i ed b Da . B ha a ail: a
Nich l e , he e ed hi hil h he ld f e , a d he l . 26 I hi k,
h e e , hi be a acc a e acc f Heidegge a ac i Na i al S ciali a d
he ibili ie i ee ed ffe hi . (E e if, a Ale a d e K j e a e ak ih
c ci if e lici efe e ce he Heidegge ca e: The hil he e e a e a
di ec l i fl e ci g he a i ece a il i effec al. 27)
H e de a d hi i f i a ce. I a ece b k ake b e be
he fi al ail i he Heidegge -Na i j i e e E a el Fa e ha h he de h a d
he e e d f Heidegge i l e e i h Na i Na i-like ac i i ie bef e, d i g a d
af e hi e i d a ec . F 28
hi , Fa e a g e ha Heidegge i ed Na i in o
hil h a d ha c e e l , hi ki eall hil h a all. I deed, he ge
ha i be e ed f he Phil h hel e i lib a ie . The a g e I a aki g he e
f ll i g e deg ee he i lica i f Nich l k -- i ha i i a he he
he a a d. The e i d b a Heidegge f di l e e i h Na i .
H e e , i a hi hil h ha led hi fi d i hi de a di g a d e e ie ce f
Na i al S ciali a e ial ac ali a i f hi hil hical h gh .
The e i he bec e if he fac ha a hil hical de a di g ca lead i a h
ee a ible eali a i f hi h gh i e hi g like Na i al S ciali i a ea
ejec i . F a i ha bee . O e igh , h e e , a he ha cl i g d hi a h ab
ini io, a k if he e a e he ible eali a i f ch h gh e ha Heidegge e e
a di ca ded. Wha i clea i ha if he i i I a ad a ci g i acc a e,
Heidegge h gh ha a d ha e li ical ac ical i lica i .
I i h ig ifica ha he fi d he eed a la e he a al i f i di id al Dasein i a
a i al, Ge a , Dasein. Wha ill ake he Ge a Ge a i ha he ill hei
29

Dasein, a a deci i e ha hich i hei . The illi g f a c llec i e (i.e. li ical)

Dasein, h e e , diffe f a i di id al Dasein, f he i di id al i ade i he
c a e e ce f he ac ali f i di id al dea h. H e e , a c i a ai
die , i d e die like a i di id al, e e if, a Ca l Sch i ed, e igh clai ha i
i l a eak e le [ ha ] e i he . 30 . N ca i ill like a i di id al. We a e h led
he e i e e f a ille f he c llec i e: hi i he gl ha Heidegge a e f
F hrer. Ha i g aid ha he leade hall be led, he Heidegge he a ha he
F hrer al e i he e e a d f e eali f Ge a a d i la , 31 he i e i agi g a
26
G ae e Nich l , . Ci .
27
Ale a d e K j e, T a a d Wi d , i V. G e i ch a d M. R h ed ., Le S a , O
T a I cl di g he S a -K j e Deba e (Ne Y k. F ee P e , 1991), 165-166.
28
E a el Fa e, Mar in Heidegger: The In rod c ion of Na ism in o Philosoph ; ee he
e celle c e b Pie e J i a h :// ie ej i .c /bl g/? =2377 a d he e ie b Ta l
Ca a , Times Li erar S pplemen , Se e be 10, 2010. F a e e i e a d de ailed c i i e f
Fa e, ee Th a Sheeha , E a el Fa e: The I d ci fF a di Phil h ,
Philosoph Toda 59, . 3 ( e 2015): 367 400.
29
See he e Ka l L i h, M Life in German before and af er 1933 (U ba a a d Chicag .
U i e i f Illi i e 19 ), 32-33; ee i ila c ide a i i R. Phili B ckle ,
H sserl, Heidegger and he Crisis of Philosophical Responsibili (Kl e P bli he ) 214-218
a d ff hich I e e i g i hi ec i . Ma Webe ee a i ila de i f a
Mach aa .
30
Ca l Sch i , The Concep of he Poli ical. I d c i b T ac B. S g. Sec d Edi i
(Chicag . U i e i Chicag P e , 2007, 53.

5
 illi g f he Ge a Dasein ha ill be led, f ab e, b a leade led b a
hil hicall i f ed leade , h e e c e i he ld f Wissenschaf , ha i , a
e l ec i ed i e i .32 He i al calli g he ed legi i ac ffe ed b
he e i i g li ical i a i i Ge a : a d ble ga e, ih i da ge . The e i ,
h e e , a ic e f he li ical he e ha ha e ela i he i e ha d
g ea e f he e e he a a d hi ( ha e e e ake f ha ), b i
( ece a il ) he a e a ha e e beca e he ac ice f Na i al S ciali .
M i a he e f i ha he c ld e cei e a a di cia e hi elf f
i , e e a d e eciall af e he fac . Whe Eli abe h Hi ch ( h had died i h
Heidegge a Ma b g a d ake a d c a e he e) a ked hi af e he a a l gi e
e e eg e f hi allegia ce he NSDAP, he e ded, Aber ie? B h ? 33
Wha ake f hi ? I i hil hicall ade a e a ib e hi e e, a d e
Th a Sheeha , a lack f c age. 34 I A Dial g e La g age i hi On he Wa
o Lang age, igi all bli hed i 1959, eaki g ab dial g e a d la g age, he
I ie a he Ja a e e Ab e all, [ he e ld be] ile ce ab ile ce a d he
ak h c ld i l be ile f ile ce? hich he Ja a e e e d Tha ld
be a he ic a i g. 35
We a ake hi be Heidegge e e h e e i i g hi ile ce. Thi i
i a di ec i b d e l e he e i : Ab ha c ld Heidegge fi d he d
e e eg e ? I hi a a e f he e bei g a a o e press a hen ic eg e , f
he e bei g no eg e ? C delia, af e he a age i he fi ce e he e he a i e e
he fa he de a d f a acc f he a i f he l e, ha he ha hi g
a , ha hile he l e he fa he he ca hea e he hea i he h a eak he
d he de , f h e d ca be h e l e ed a e e a de . I e e
a affi i be ee C delia a d Heidegge ile ce. Thi i he e i d f En na ifier ng
h e h had bee Pa e be e e called blicl e ce hei a allegia ce,
all he g d ha he had bee i led, e a a , a bi i . I deed,
af e Heidegge e ig ed he ec hi , he f be e e-1945 ec e e all dee l
c i ced Na i . Ne e hele , ce en na ifier af e he a , he each ickl f d
e igi ii i he acade e ea ch i i i .36
The i he e a be ha Heidegge c ld fi d a a e e eg e i h hi
e e i bei g h c i ical. He ( e abl ) k e hi ea f adhe i g he Pa
a d f e ea h e, a e ha he gai , a e i e iall i ible f hi . The e
i ch be di c ed he e: I a id he e i f he ela i be ee a de i e be
h c i ical a d ig-headed e .
Wha i clea i ha Heidegge e i he e ha e igh call all a da d f fh a
c llec i i a d c f i . He i e ha e e a i ali i e a h icall a

31
RR ci ed f THC 46.
32
I i h ecalli g he e a g e i Poli ics i ho Vision. Thinking Wi ho a
Banis er in he T en ie h Cen r , cha e h ee, he effec ha i Wi e chaf al Be f
Webe had al h gh he Ge a i e i l ge a ife ed, if i e e did, he H b ld ia
idea f f ei leh e d f ei le e a d eeded be ec i ed.
33
A e ed i Eli abe h F. Hi ch, Le e he Edi , Ne York Times, Ma ch 2, 1988, .
A22
34
Th a Sheeha , "'E e e ha Tell he T h': Heidegge a d he Je ," Con in m, I, 1
(A , 1990), . 30-44.
35
Ma i Heidegge , On he Wa o Lang age (Ha e a d R , 1971), 52-53
36
See Babe e Babich,. Un poli iq e bris . Le so ci d a r i, l h manisme e les j ifs che Heidegger (Pa i .
Ha a a , 2016), 11-12. A ailable i E gli h a he S lici de: T a d a Heidegge ia Ca e E hic - f-
A i a ce, i P. Fai field a d S. Ge i a , ed , Rela ional Hermene ics (L d . Bl b , 2018), 9-28 a
10.

6
a h l gi a d a ch bjec i i . The a age c i e b aci l li ki g a
a i ali ch a ha Ge a had j de g e i h a i e a i ali c llec i i ,
e abl like ha he USSR. Na i ali i a li le b gh a d ai ed h mani as b
i e a i ali a i di id ali i b a ahi ical c llec i i . The la e i he
bjec i i f a i ali . I c le e bjec i i c di i ed elf-a e i ,
hich ef e ield. E elled f he h f Bei g, a e e he e ci cle a d
hi elf a he animal ra ionale. 37

I i h he ca e ha a i ali i a fi f be ejec ed a a f f elf-

a e i . Pe abl a i ali a elf-a e i i a deba ed f f elf-a e i ,
he ki d he had called f i ela i he Ge a i e i i 1933 he a i g he
ec hi . Tha elf-a e i a ea call he Ge a i e i hi k i elf i e
f i Bei g ec i e i elf l gicall , a i e e. T a id he i de a di g
f c f i g a i ali i h elf-a e i , he a he e e e he ble f
de i a he ble f h ele e . Ea l i he Le er on H manism he had a e ed
ha h ele e de d c i i he aba d e f Bei g b bei g . 38
Whe e he igh h a bei g be a h e? Heidegge e i , i deed ejec , a i
a d he ba i f hi ejec i c e i hi c ide a i f la g age. He de a d
la g age be he h e f Bei g. He ea b hi ha la g age a be
de da a l, a i e e a i e ha e el e i ed g af e ha
a ed. Ra he Ma d ell i hi h e. H a d o n la g age i e e e e
a he ed ke b ( hei ) la g age.
Thi c i e a b eak i h he adi i f We e l gic a d hil h . Heidegge d e
eek l e ble ha i , d a a i h he . A he e a k he add e i g
h e c i ic h a ha hi kd e e l ea ble : Wh h ld e a
ge e he e? The f hi Gesam a sgabe, ch e b Heidegge hi elf, i Wege
nich Werke ah , k . 39 F Heidegge , hi k a f da e al le el ( f
Bei g) i a al e b andenken, a d e igh a la e a e a e (a
Andenken i a e e ). Heidegge hi k c a l a d i e i el f h a bei g
a d he ld i hich he li e. If ha e e e de ed a d e all ha e, if l he
g -- h he e i e hi g a he ha hi g; if he igh c e i he
i g; if a e e e eall de a d a he e ; if age i bei g ake e b
he a i ali ed a d echa ical; -- he ha e gli ed hil h .B
hil hi e a d e Heidegge i be e ed f a illi g e hi k ab
e hi g he ha ha di a h a bei g hi k ab , b a he hi k
di ac edl ab hi g ha di a h a bei g ca hel hi ki g ab . 40 O e
igh e e a , f ll i g E e , ha hil h i ide i i f
i ii .
Heidegge fi d ha i he de ld he ld i hidde f h a bei g b he fac
ha he li e i i a d a ach i a a Bes and ha i a e hi g be e a d
e ac ed f . Thi i acc li hed a a e f a i g [Ges ell] ha i b a
de a di g f a e a e i g i elf i e a he ha i ide ifiable h gh
calc la i a d ha i e ai de able a a e fi f a i . 41 The da ge i a ki d

37
Ma i Heidegge , Le e H a i , i Heidegger. Basic Wri ings, Da id K ell, ed.
(L d . R ledge, 1993), . 221.
38
Ibid, 218.
39
See Babe e Babich, Words in Blood, Like Flo ers (Alba . SUNY P e , 1998), cha e
Heidegge . See Ch i he MacCa , ed. Heidegger: Cri ical Assessmen s (A hga e),
I d c i , . 5.
40
S a le Ca ell, Themes O of School (Chicag . U i e i f Chicag P e , 1984), 9.
41
Heidegge , The Q e i C ce i g Tech l g i Basic Wri ings, 304.
 fh b i a ... e al hi elf a he l d f he ea h. Thi ill i gi e i e i
e fi al del i : i ee a h gh a e e he e a d al a e c e l
hi elf. 42 I i f hi ea ha Heidegge hi k ha he a b b, he fac
la gh e i g f a i al f f d, a d he c ce a i ca ( hich a fac ed
c e ) a e f a fa il . Thi e a i i c e e a i e i i i b eflec hi
de a di g ha f a ech icia he diffe e ce be ee d c i a d de c i i
i ele a . A Ge ge Ka eb ha e a ked: A cie i e hle d ci ill
fi d a ea le c i i i i g a de c i . 43
Heidegge i a i g ha a ech l gicall d i e a i ali ha bec e he f da i f
life i he We , h a bei g ca a d ill a e ake he ea h lel i hei
i age. I i a de i e, a a e , b i g he ld all de h a c l. Th i hi
di c i f fac fa a da ic ea , Heidegge i i fac a g i g ha he a e
b h a ife a i f he de i e bd e he ea h a d b h lace he ea h i da ge . We
ha e i i e, e he A e ica F de , ake he ld e hi
a i de i he g d f Heidegge e i a ce he E ligh e e .
Ye i hi h ele l - li ical? D e i ake a diffe e ce ha e kill chicke
a he ha h a bei g , ha e da a i e a he ha bl Hi hi a? T a
c ec l ha i d e , i ,h e e , de a d he h f ha diffe e ce i ac all
ake . Wha i clea i ha ha Heidegge c e call gl bal ech l g ha bec e
a f ce h e c e i de e i i g hi ca ca cel be e e i a ed. A d he e
he e i f hi f ce i e ha a e li ical: A deci i e e i f e da i , h
ca a li ical e acc da e i elf he ech l gical age a d hich li ical e
ill hi be? I ha e a e hi e i . Ia c i ced ha i i de c ac . 44

De c ac , he g e i edia el e lai , ca ha e a ge i e c f ai ih
he ech l gical ld, beca e behi d [i ] i he i ha ech l g i i i e e ce
e hi g e hich a ha c l. I b acke f he e i f h de c ac
ca ha e ch a c f ai a d he e i f ha igh . Wha i i f he
li ical d e Heidegge ha e?
I he Rec a e add e , Heidegge a b a e i g ha he e e ce f he Ge a
i e i ill l achie e cla i , a k a d e he fi f all a d a all i e he
leade a e he el e led. 45 He cl e he add e i h a ci a i f Pla Rep blic
(497d 9): a egala a a e i hale [ ] ].
Heidegge a la e hi a all ha i g ea a d i he . Episphale ea e hi g
like eca i , e fall. The c e f he e i a f ll :
SOCRATES: B i a fficie l e lai ed, I aid, f fea f h e bjec i
a hich ha e h ha he de ai f i i l g a d diffic l . A d a a f
ha he e ai de f he e ii i b ea ea .
GLAUCON: J ha d ea ?
SOCRATES: The a e i hich a a e ha cc ie i elf i h hil h ca e ca e
de c i . For all grea hings are precario s a d, a he e b l a , 'fi e hi g a e
diffic l .'
GLAUCON: All he a e, he aid, e ii be c le ed b aki g hi lai .
SOCRATES: I ill be lack f ill, I aid, b if a hi g, a lack f abili ha ld
e e ha . B hall b e e f elf eal. A d e agai h eal l a d

42
Ibid 308.
43
Ge ge Ka eb, Pa rio ism and O her Mis akes (Ne Ha e . Yale UP, 2006), 405.
44
S iegel I e ie i Ma i Heidegge , Philosophical and Poli ical Wri ings (C i
B k . Ne Y k, 2003), 35-36.
45
SA 470.
 eckle l I a e a ed a ha he a e gh ake hi i i j he e e e f
e e fa hi .
GLAUCON: I ha a ?
SOCRATES: A e e , aid I, h e h d ake i ae h ,j f b h d, h
i he i e al bef e he e gage i b i e a d e - aki g a ach he diffic l
a f i , a d he d i --a d he e a e ega ded f h a he be e e la f
hil h . B he diffic l a I ea di c i . I la e life he hi k he ha e
d e ch if, he i i ed, he deig li e he hil hical di c i f he .
Tha f hi g he hi k h ld be b k. A d a d ld age, i h fe e ce i ,
hei ligh i e ched ec le el ha he f He acli , i a ch a i i e e
eki dled.
The c e add c e Heidegge ci a i . The ble i de e i e h a a e46
a he a p lis --ca cc i elf i h hil h ih c i g de c i : The
a e i hich a a e ha cc ie i elf i h hil h ca e ca e de c i . H
igh e ec c Ge a Da ei ch ha i , h gh eca i , igh a d i he
? He c cei e f hi a he a k f hil h . H e e , he al a e , a
Pla , i hich hil h i ake c e d i g la e ad le ce ce a d hi i a ble
(N e ha Heidegge i add e i g de f hi age) f he d i a d hei ligh
g e , be eb (a He acli had aid ab he ). The e i , a S a Elde
a d he ha e b e ed, a a a e Pla i hi add e .47 Th hi a k: he leade
a e be led a d hil h i be j i ed he p lis. I The Essence of Tr h: Pla o s
Ca e-allegor and he Thea e s48, fi gi e a lec e i 1932, Heidegge ill i e f
The philosophos a Libe a f P i e . Hi Ac f Vi le ce, Hi E da ge e , Hi
Dea h . Libe a i g ill ece a il i l e i le ce, a i le ce hich he philosophos i
e i led f ha i g beheld he aga hon.
S e ha la e i ha b k, Heidegge e he f ll i g:
Pla ai ai a hi fi i ci le ha he g a dia f he a e be h e
h hil hi e. He d e ea ha hil h fe a e bec e
cha cell f he a e (Reichskan ler) b ha hil he a e bec e ph lakes
- g a dia . C l a d ga i a i f he a e i be de ake b
hil he , h e a da d a d le i acc da ce i h he dee e f eel
i i i gk ledge, h de e i ed he ge e al c e hich cie h ld
f ll . 49
I 1932, he e i f h ld be Reichskan ler a d ha a h he igh f ll e ed
hea il Ge a . I i hi g ha d a ha 1932-1933 ee ed Heidegge
e e he ibili ha he c ld bec e a g a dia he e egi e, he leade f he
leade . He ce, he Cha cell hi elf-de ig a i a F hrer (a d, a ed,
Magnifi en sen ) i a a i g f he Na i age b a a e i f e i i , e e if i
eek da e eg f he e la e f ha d i Ge a f he i e. I ha e
ab e a g ed ha Heidegge gh ake e a d gi e he ee - cab la f he
Na i a hil hical ea i g. While bei g a g a dia a a l gical de el e f hi

46
The Re blic -- li eia -- i De S aa i Ge a Heidegge ill e i hi a la i ;
ee bel .
47
S a Elde , Re hi ki g he P li : I lica i f Heidegge e i i g he li ical,
P li ical Ge g a h 19 (2000), 407-422; ee al Jac e Ta i ia , Heidegger and he Projec
of F ndamen al On olog (Alba . SUNY P e ,1991).
48
M. Heidegge , The Essence of r h: Pla o s Ca e-allegor and he Thea e s (C i B k ,
1998), . 58.
49
Ibid . 73.
 h gh , i al be a a a ga ce a d ai e ab he ac ali f e e i Ge a
ha i iea i hi g.
T hi e eed add, h e e , Heidegge de a di g f ha i a ha a be
g a ded. I he ab e a age he efe he S a e, i dica i g ha hi i a ade a e
a la i f p lis. S a i g i 1935, Heidegge e ed e e al i e he idea f he
p lis ec e a i ha ee ed, a d ih ea , ha he a i g
di a ce hi e e f he li ical f ha hich a bec i g a a e i Na i al
S ciali . The e e i cl de An In rod c ion o Me aph sics, he lec e c e
H lde li e Deras Is er (The Da be), he c e e i led Parmenides. I i i a
e e be , h e e , ha he had alread ai ed a e i ab he ade ac f e de i g
p lis a ci - a e i The Essence of Tr h: Pla o s Ca e-allegor and he Thea e s (1932),
h bef e Hi le a i e a Cha cell , albei d i g he i e f he i e f Na i al
S ciali .
Wha i he p lis? Wha b i g i i bei g? A fi cl e c e f he d S aa . O e
de i a i i f he La i s are a d. A he de i a i i f a e f Te ic
d ea i g a defi i e lace . The E gli h e i f hi i ead, a i
h e ead, c e a e e f lace a i he e e i i ead f. A a , ead
ha e ch di a ea ed f c age b he e e ee h ce . The O ford
English Dic ionar i f ha i ea l a i habi ed lace b al a lace a
de ig a ed b he c e . I Middle L Ge a , he Ha ea ic ci ie e e efe ed a
de S eden. I al ca ie he ea i g f a di f .
Heidegge ef e he La i de i a i i fa f he G eek-Te ic de a di g. The
p lis i h ae e e ci - a e Heidegge ee a e le h hi k l e
he e i b i gi g edica e ge he . I i a he i he fi i a ce he ead
[die Si e], he i e [die S e] f he ab de f h a hi ha bel g h a i he
id f bei g . Ea lie he had a e ed ha he p lis i he polos he call i b h a le
50

a da e (Wirbel) a d hich e e hi g . I i he d ha Pla e i he

Timae s (40c) f he a i f he i e e a d hich e e hi g .
The p lis h de e i e he li ical, a d he he a a d. I hi e e, he p lis
is a he hea f Heidegge eachi g. A Heidegge e a k i An In rod c ion o
Me aph sics: he p lis i he i e f hi , he he e, i hich, o f hich a d f hich
hi ha e . T hi i e f hi bel g he g d , he e le , he ie , he
celeb a i , he ga e , he e , he hi ke , he le , he c cil f elde , he a e bl
f he e le, he a ed f ce , a d he hi . 51 The e e ce f he p lis i h
li ical, b i ha f hich all ha i h a ake lace ( hich i ha hi i ),
i cl di g a d e eciall ha hich e call li ical. Th de a di g f he li ical
e e he p lis a d he he a a d.52
The p lis i he hi ical eal f f eed i ha i i he e h a bei g di cl e ha
hich he a e a d i h each he hei hi ical bei g a Heidegge call i . Heidegge
he e e a e bei g-i - he- ld i h bei g- i h- he a d call hi hi ici i g. S ch
hi ici i g i , he a , a de i a d hi de i , c e e c ica i g a d
ggli g: i f ee. 53 Hi i he e de d i a h l gical e , b i
l gical e . He b i g ge he Geschichlichkei [hi ici ] a d Geschicklichkei
[fa ed e , b al killf l e ] e igh de a d ha Heidegge ea b
hi ici b h he e a d he Rec add e a bei g e e a i h he

50
M. Heidegge , Das Is er (I dia a U i e i P e , 1996), . 82.
51
Ma i Heidegge , An In rod c ion o Me aph sics (Ne Ha e . Yale U i e i P e , 2000), .
162-163.
52
See he i ila c cl i i Elde , .ci ., 416
53
Bei g a d Ti e a a 74, . 436 (al ci ed i a diffe e a la i b Be ei )

10
 illi g e ake hi e di g e elf.54 The li i h he e c e f bei g i h
Bei g, hich e c e i e d he he a ha i hei . The ef al f
fail e f ch a e c e i ha i ea h ele e i c ea i g he c di i f
de h a bei g . T e ea : i a l , hi ici i f Heidegge l gical
a d a h l gical. A Ha ah A e d a i : The li , el eaki g i
he ci - a e i i h ical a ea a ce . I i he ace f a ea a ce i he ide
e e f he d, a el he ace he e I a ea he a he a ea e, he e
e e i e el like he li i g i a i a e hi g b ake hei a ea a ce
e lici l . The ace d e al a e i , a d [ e ]d li e i i . N a ca
li e i i all he i e. 55 A l i a ake -- Heidegge a k i An In rod c ion o
Me aph sics:
Wha if he fa l i , e f da , ha i edia e
di a f ebea e , b a he i ba ed i a ha e i g ha h gh We e
hi f he i ce i a d , a ha e i g ha he e e f hi ia ill
e e each, b hich e e hele ha e f e l , da , a d i he f e.
Wha if i e e ible ha h a bei g , ha e le i hei g ea e
achi a i a d e l i , ha e a ela i bei g b ha e l g i ce falle f
Bei g, i h k i g i , a d ha if hi e e he i e a d e f l
g d f hei decli e? 56
The e e ce f he p lis a d bei g- f- he-p lis i he f da e al ibili f bei g
h a . Eigh ee ea la e , hi e i Heidegge i hi c
57
e Deras Is er a e
ha A i le h ha h a a e on poli ik n li ical a i al beca e he a e
-- a i al e ed i h eech. He i e : A i le a e e ha
he h a bei g i on poli ik n ea ha h a a e h e bei g ca able f bel gi g
he p lis: e hi e ail eci el ha he a e li ical i h f he ad . 58
Like Sch i a d Webe bef e hi (a d i deed like Habe a af e hi ), Heidegge hi k
ha E ei i a e eca i ace, lack f ace.
Thi E e, i i h l bli d e al a he i fc i gi h a , lie da
i he g ea i ce be ee R ia he e ide a d A e ica he he . R ia a d
A e ica, ee e a h icall , a e b h he a e: he h ele f e f chai ed
ech l g a d he le ga i a i f he a e age a . We lie i he i ce . O
e le (V lk), a a di g i he ce e , ffe he e e e le, he iche
i eighb a d he ce he e da ge ed e le, a d f all ha , he e a h ical e le.
We a e e f hi ca i ; b hi e le ill gai a fa e f i ca i l he i
c ea e i i elf a e a ce, a ibili f e a ce f hi ca i , a d g a i
adi i c ea i el . All hi i lie ha hi e le, a a hi ical e le, a e
i elf a d i h i he hi f he We f he ce e f he f e ha e i g i he
igi a eal f he e f Bei g.59
Thi a k i a ec e f he ibili f he li ical f he ed c i f ech l g . I
a , a g ea deg ee ha ed b hi c e a , Ca l Sch i .

54
I a a i ed he e b Ha ah A e d , C ce i h P li ic i Rece E ea Th gh , i
Essa s in Unders anding (Sch cke B k , Ne Y k, 1994, . 428-447, e 432. I igh al
e ha L he df ca i i Schick ng. I hi k he e a e ech e he e f Webe
de a di g f ca i e ce ha hi i i h he a he ha b e elf.
55
Ha ah A e d , The H man Condi ion (Chicag . U i e i f Chicag P e , 1998), 298-299.
56
Ma i Heidegge , An In rod c ion o Me aph sics, 39.
57
See Heidegge , Basic concep s of Aris o elian Philosoph , (Cha aig , IL. IU cia a U i e i
P e , 2009).
58
Heidegge , Deras Is er, . 83; ee In rod c ion o Me aph sics, 40.
59
I d ci Me a h ic 41.

11
Carl Schmitt

I Ma 1933, a e f he leadi g Ge a j i , Sch i j i ed he Na i al S ciali

Ge a W ke Pa ( he Na i Pa ), he a e h a Ma i Heidegge , hi elf, f
c e, e f Gea a f e hil he . I N e be f ha ea , he beca e he
e ide f he Na i al S ciali J i a cia i . He bli hed k ha e e
i e f he Na i Pa , i cl di g e ha e e a i-Se i ic.60 All did g
hl : e e d f ge ha he e e e i Na i di e e fac i , a he e a e i all
li ical e e , a d Sch i f d hi elf he l i g ide f e e al c e ie .
Se e el c i ici ed i e e al fficial ga , he a ec ed b He a G e i g. He
e ai ed a e be f he Pa a ell a fe f la a he U i e i f Be li
be ee 1933 a d 1945; he a de ai ed af e a d b he ic i Allie . While e e
cha ged i h c i e , like Heidegge , he e e eca ed a l gi ed f hi e be hi i
he NSDAP.
The a decade ha e ee a e a di a e ge ce f i i g ab Sch i .61 The
a ge f hi ke h k Sch i e i l g e f libe al like Ca l J., F ied ich (la e
P e ide f he A e ica P li ical Scie ce A cia i a d a i ci le a h f he -
a Ge a c i i ),62 Wal e Be ja i a d he e be f he F a kf
Sch l,63 he hil he he l gia , Jac b Ta be , c e a de c a ic ciali
ch a Cha al M ffe a d E e Lacla . E e h e a acki g hi fi d i ece a
ake hi e i l . Ye , like Heidegge , he a a ela i el ea l a d a a e l e e a
e be f he Na i Pa .
M c ide a i he e a ee ead da ge g d a di d e . Id
e ig e Sch i ch ice bec e a e be f he NSDAP; d I e
a i ali e i d la i e c e i , a ha e ec e a . Ra he I h e h
ha Sch i ha e ch i h Heidegge i ha he ade a ch ice ha elf-c ci
g d . T ee he ch ice ha Sch i ( Heidegge , ha f a he Ge a
hil he , he l gia , la e , a i , a ell a e le f all alk f life a d
j i Ge a , a d j he ) ade a a bli d ig a f e al a bi i , i , I
hi k, i de a d hei h gh a d hei life. I i al ee de he able ha
a ea ed a he a eal a d a a e ece i f ch a e e a d a id e i
e gage e i h h i a ea ed a ch.
A d he e I i d ce a e i de . The e e f he e ie h ce lead a all a
eadi g f Sch i i e f hi ela i Na i al S ciali a di i i a ha e
d e . B : he i l a ea lde ha Heidegge (1888 1889) a d f h e f ha
ge e a i e f ge ha Sch i (a d Heidegge ) e e al hi ea f age
he he R ia a d B l he ik e l i cc ed. N l did he cc b , c a
ge e al e ec a i i he We , he e d ed.64 A d he he he Lef , a i h

60
G al Balak i h a , The Enem : An In ellec al Por rai of Carl Schmi ( e i L d . Ve , 2002)
a g e ha il he la ea f he Wei a Re blic Sch i e e ed a i-Se i ic ie a d ha d i g
he Na i e i d, he beca e killed a a f i g c de a i-Se i ic ide g a i a highe de he e ical
di c e. See hi b k a ell a he e cha ge be ee hi a d Sche e a i Bos on Re ie (S e,
2001). Sch i a i-Se i i , h e e , i ell d c e ed i Hei ich Meie , The Lesson of Carl Schmi
(Chicag . U i e i f Chicag P e , 1998). See di c i bel .
61
The a ge i de ailed i I d ci The Concep of he Poli ical.
62
See he li f he e (i cl di g F ied ich) i Rei ha Meh i g, Carl Schmi . A fs ieg nd Fall (M che ,
Beck), 2009, 365.
63
See he k f Elle Ke ed [Cons i ional Fail re (D ha , NC. D ke U i e i P e , 2004)] a d
ai i e f he j al TELOS.
64
See he di c i f Le i i Poli ics Wi ho Vision, cha e fi e.

12
Sch i a d Heidegge , he Righ , i beca e ece a f a ei hi ke gi e a
acc f h i a he Le i a d he he had a aged ha had a ea ed a
i ible a k. While Sch i i ce ai l a i-libe al, e ha e e ei a l
al h gh e cl i el , he i a i-S ie a d a i-A e ica a a al Heidegge .
I i ce al Sch i de a di g f poli ical heolog ha he e e ie ce f li ic
e i e a he l g be iable ha i , li ic el a ce f a h i ha ha
he ali f bei g be d e i . I d ea ha e le a e i i b ha i
diffe e ha calli g i i e i .65 F e hi g be be d e i ea ha e
fi d ha a h i i e elf ch ha e ca d he ha ack ledge i clai .
T eak f a li ical he l g h ea eak f a li ic i hich i i held ha
ble ca be e l ed b i e all ag eed ced e . The j ifica i fa
lic ca be ade i e - e al e b a d ca l be ade a h i a i el .
If he libe al d ea i he le f la a d f e , he li ical he l g a ha hi i a
ai d ea .
S a ce al e i f a li ical he l g be f he a f he a h i he ba i
f hich deci i a e ake . Wha ha ha e ed a h i i i e ?I de i e ,
Sch i a i bei g e laced b eal . O e eal a he edl e al ace f
cie ific ech i e, i hich a i al a d l gical c cl i e al i h ega d h a
bei g -- e e a ai able. Al ech i g Heidegge , b bef e he la e had i e ,
Sch i e : T da hi g i e de ha he la gh agai he li ical .
The e be l ge be li ical ble , l ga i a i al- ech ical a d ec ic-
ci l gical e . 66 I
The ce al ali f all a f ai ha ha e led ee age ech ici i
he i i g f a e al he e. F E e, he a ac i f a e al he e i ha i
ee ed ide a l i he c flic ha had g f a el e he l g .
I gh a f he c ce elab a ed b ce ie f he l gical eflec i i
ha a e f Sch i i a e affai -- je Pri a sachen.67 H e e , each age f
e ali a i beca e, i Sch i a al i , e el he e a e a f ggle. Th ha
e e like J h Ra l ee a e f he i a achie e e f he We
eligi le a i i f Sch i e el he el de a he f f c flic .
Wha i g i h ech ici ? The da ge a d ble i h ech ici i ha i clai
ha e e - e al a f l i g di e . Al g i h cie ce, a d e e el c a i
i , Sch i a he a i i g f a ec d eal , he eal f ae he ic bjec i i . The
a ii he Techni i he e i ade ible, Sch i a g e b a s he isier ng
aller geis igen Gebie e [ae he ici a i f all ec f he i i ]. Thi i he
e i e l gical ba i f hi c i i e f libe ali a a clasa disc ora, able c e a
deci i a hi g beca e all deci i a ea he a e. If he cie ific eal held a
eh df e l i g e di e , he ae he ici a i f he e f he ld f ha
i a e able cie ific e l i -- bjec i i ed i a d held ha a a
e l e h e di e if he c ld be e l ed b cie ce. The b de f hi 1917 b k,
Poli ical Roman icism, a a g e ha he ld a i c ea i gl c i g be de d

65
I i h a he l gical li ic , ha i a he l g ha e ail li ical c e e ce , a f i a ce i
libe a i he l g S cial G el.
66
Ca l Sch i , Poli ische Theologie (Be li . D cke d H b ld , [1022] 2004), . 68. He cef h PT
i he e . E gli h edi i a Poli ical Theolog , a . Ge ge Sch ab i h a F e d b T ac B. S g
(Chicag . U i e i f Chicag P e , 2005). Page be i e a PT (Ge a )/ (E gli h): He e
is nich s moderner als der Kampf gegen das Poli ische. ... Es soll n r das organisa orish- echnische nd
konomisch-so iologische A fgaben, aber keine poli ischen Probleme mehr geben. (E gli h i PT 65).
67
Ca l Sch i , The Concep of he Poli ical a d The Age of Ne rali a ion and Depoli i a ion (Chicag .
U i e i f Chicag P e , 2997, 90. Ge a : Der Begriff des Poli ischen (Be li .D cke d H bl ,
2002), 89: i iele Jah h de e he l gi che De ke . He cef h i e a CP /BP .

13
i bjec i el cca i al a , ch ha all h a affai e e e el ha he e e i
e e f he beh lde .68
Th libe al ech l gi a d a ici c e ge he ide f he a e de
c i . F hi e ge hi la ida e e ce f The Crisis of Parliamen ar Democrac :
If a de Techni i ae libe al i a ked Ch i Ba aba , he e d iha al
adj a i ac i ee f i e iga i . 69
The fi e e ce f Poli ical Theolog i fa : i l ca e he eal i hich Sch i
a e he e i f he ce ali f e eig . Sch i lace he e e ce a he
c le e i i ial a ag a h he b d f he b k. He i e : S e eig i he h decide
he e ce i al ca e. 70 T a la i i al a i e e a i a d he e i g e e ce
ai e i edia el a be f i e . The fi i c e e he a e a d a ge f he
decide. The Ge a i So er n is , er ber den A snahme s and en scheide . (PTg71
13) The deci i e a e c e f he fac ha he be a be h gh be e iall
a big : i ca ea he h decide ha he e ce i al ca e i he h decide
ha o do ab he e ce i al ca e. 72 Ge ge Sch ab fi e a la i i hi l e
decide he e ce i e ai he a big i , if i c de e ca e i e ce i .
Ye he fac ha hi a a ea a big i E gli h Ge a h ld de ai i a
i g ided a e : e ai i g he a a e a big i i ce all i a g a i g ha
Sch i a a . We ca ee hi i a i he fac ha en scheiden ber ca al ea
e le : Sch i i a i g ha i i he e e ce f e eig bo h decide ha i a
e ce i and ake he deci i a ia e ha e ce i , i deed ha e ih
he he ake e e a all.
I i h l he ca e ha e ce i a e b i , a he ld be if e hi k f
he a he d ced b e e e ec ic li ical di ba ce. Ra he ha eeki g
de e i e ha eci el a e ce i ( a e e ge c a c i i , e c) i , he
ble h ld be l ked a f he he di ec i . I i i a l he ca e f Sch i
ha e-e i i g e f le ca be laid d ha ill ell a e if hi i a i i i
ac al eali a e ce i . I i f he e e ce f Sch i c ce i f he a e ha
he e ca be e e le-fi i g defi i i f e eig .73 Wh ? Wha i clea he e i
ha he i f e eig c ai , a Sch i ell , hi ge e al he f he a e. (PT
5) The a e f he e eig , he e a k i he eface he ec d edi i (1932) i he

68
Ca l Sch i , Poli ical Roman icism (Ca b idge. MIT, 1986) 16-20 a d a i .
69
Ca l Sch i , The C i i f Pa lia e a De c ac (MIT, 1985) 62.
70
Ca l Sch i , Poli ical Theolog (Chicag . U i e i f Chicag e , 2005), . 5. He cef h PT i he
e ).
71
PTg efe he Ge a edi i : Ca l Sch i , Poli isches Theologie (D cke d H b ld . Be li ,
([2002] 2004).
72
Thi i ed al b J h McC ick i The Dile a f Dic a hi : Ca l Sch i a d C i i al
E e ge c P e , i D e ha (1999), . 223. McC ick ee hi , gl f e, a a eb
Sch i a a f c e ai a d fa ci ( . 218). See he f ll i g di c i . F he a la i
ble i F e ch ee he di c i b J lie F e d, a f ie d f Sch i a d a c ib hi Fes schrif ,
i he igh - i g F e ch j al La no elle cole, 44 (S i g) 1987, e . . 17. F e d i F e ch f lors
(d i g, he cca i f) a he a la i f ber. Thi j dg e i ef ed b Jea -L i Schlegel, he
edi f he Galli a d F e ch edi i f Th ologie poli iq e (Galli a d. Pa i , 1988), . 15, h gi e d cide
de; See di c i f igh - i g, lef - i g a d libe al e a d i e f Sch i i Di e i f he
Ne Deba e A d Ca l Sch i , I d ci Ca l Sch i , The Concep of he Poli ical (Chicag .
U i e i f Chicag P e , 1996). F a ece defe e f Sch i b he F e ch Righ ee Alai de Be i ,
Ca l Sch i e le ag i ,[a sago in i a l b l e l e ] El men s 110, e e b e 2003,
a ailable li e a h :// .g ece-f . e / e e /_ Web. h ?idA =180.
73
Th he e ce i i a f he de e e if ha de i eci el j idical. Sch i e gaged i a
e cha ge ab hi i h Wal e Be ja i e i le ce. See Be ja i , T a d a C i i e f Vi le ce, i
Wal e Be ja i , Selec ed Wri ings, l e I (Ca b idge. Ha a d U i e i P e , 1996). See he di c i
i Aga be , . ci ., 52-64.

14
 aki g f a ge i e deci i . (PT 3) Th i i i l he aki g f a deci i , b f
a ge i e deci i ha i ce al. The b i e i i ha ake a deci i
ge i e a d i l a e a ai f a dege e a e deci i i . A Sch i ake
clea i he 1968 eface he ei i g f hi d c al di e a i , he i e e i l a74

deci i i , if b ha e ea i l ha ch ice i ece a a d a ch ice i be e

ha e.75
Wha c i e a ge i e deci i i h ac le a e i Sch i . T de a d
hi ii e eali e h , a i h Heidegge , li ic ( he e, he li ical ) i
he a e f Sch i a he a e, 76 e e if he al f a e k f he c c e i a i
f li ic i de i e ha bee he a e.77 I a b k bli hed i 1969 ha ake he
he e f Poli ical Theolog , Sch i ie da e ca l ge defi e li ic i
e f he S a e; he c a ha e ca ill call he S a e da i e el be
defi ed a d de df he li ical. 78 I hi e cha ge i h Ale a d e K j e, he, a d
K j e, a e i ag ee e ha de i i i c ea i gl cha ac e i ed b he le e ed
i a ce f he a e. U de l i g he a e i a c
79
i f e le ece a il
i e al a e ha , a i defi e i elf ece a il i ii ha hich i i :i
e e a d i defi ed b c flic .80 I de i e i defi i i f he f ie d-e e
di i c i . Tha di i c i , h e e , i a / he di i c i , he e he i f i a
a d ece a i a ce. The f ie d-e e di i c i i e i e ial, i he e e ha he
e i e ce f he he i ha i i e i . The e i hi d e . O e k h ei i
ii h ei . 81

Thi clai i a he ba i f Sch i ejec i f ha he call libe al a i i , ha i ,

f he a i ha a a e ca i he e d e a e f all ag eed- ced e
a d le ha a ic la clai a d ece i ie . Pl ali i h a c di i
hich li ic , a d he ef e e e all he a e, ca be f ded. P li ic e a he he
e ali f i ci i e (i hi e e Sch i i a de c a ) a d h hei c llec i e
diffe e ia i f he ch g : hi i he f ie d-e e di i c i , e
acc a el he di i c i ha ake li ic ible. I i , e igh a , i a ce de al
e i i .82

74
Ca l Sch i , Loi e j gemen . Une enq e s r le probl me de la pra iq e d droi . Pa i . EHASS, 2019, 43.
Ge a i le i Gese nd Ur eil.
75
I e he e ha he e ee be g ele e f Sch i ie l ee i ch f He Ki i ge
a al e f i e a i al li ic . See f i a ce hi The Necessi for Choice (Ne Y k. Ha e , 1961).
76
Thi i a he e f Sch i ea lie k, i cl di g hi Habili a ionsschrif , Der Wer des S aa es nd die
Bede ng des Ein eln (Helle a , 1917) See Rei ha d Meh i g, Carl Schmi . Z r Einf hr ng (Ha b g.
J i , 2001), 19-2.1
77
Cf. Ma Webe defi i i f he a e: N ada , h e e , e ha e a ha he a e i he f f
h a c i ha ( cce f ll ) la clai he monopol of legi ima e iolence i hi a gi e
e i Ma Webe , P li ic a a V ca i , The Voca ion Lec res, Da id O e a d T ac B. S g,
ed . (Hacke , 2002), . 33. See he di c i . li . If i i a ha hi i he defi i i hich he
ada compels a d ha Webe he e flie di ec l i he face f h e (like he Georgkreis a d he )
h laced e ha i he a i , bl d a d il.
78
Ca l Sch i , Poli isches Theologie, II (D cke d H b ld ; ([1969] 1996), . 21.
79
C e da ce. K j e/Sch i , Philosophie, 135 ( e e b e 2017), 5-27.
80
O e fi d he i fl e ce f Sch i f i a ce h i ha igh a ea ed be a fa e ed l c , e.g.
Be a de J e el, The P re Theor of Poli ics (Ne Ha e , Yale U i e i P e , 1964).
81
E a el Fa e i ha i he 1933 edi i f The Concep of he Poli ical ( he a da d E gli h
a la i i f he 1932 edi i ), Sch i add a l g a ag a h ha e d gi e a acial c ai
e e , See Fa e, Heidegger. The In rod c ion of Na ism in o Philosoph , .160.
82
Thi i c fi ed e lici l i a le e f Le S a Sch i , Se e be 4, 1932. I i i ed i
Hei ich Meie , Carl Schmi and Leo S ra ss: The Hidden Dialog e (Chicag . U i e i f Chicag P e ,
1995), . 124. Meie b k i a i igh f l a al i f he diffe e ce be ee li ical he l g a d li ical
hil h be ee Sch i a d S a . F a e e ded c i i e f Meie c le li ical

15
The ece a il e a- di a ali f e eig i ade clea i he a al g he e
e lai hi i . He i e : The e ce i i j i de ce i a al g he i acle i
he l g . (PT 36) Wha d e i ea efe he e ce i a i acle? Clea l , hi
ha d ih li ical he l g . T e ad a a e , e h ld l k fi a he
a h h e ai ed Sch i ch e. I he hi d b k f Le ia han, H bbe fi
ide ifie a i acle a a cc e ce he he hi g i a ge, a d he a al ca e
diffic l i agi e a d he g e defi e i a a k f G d, (be ide hi eai
b he a f a e, dai ed i he c ea i ,) d e, f he aki g a ife hi elec , he
i i f a e a di a i i e f hei al a i . 83 H bbe defi i i i a ie
Sch i , a f hi he e ce i i he occasion for and of he re ela ion of he r e na re
of so ereign . Th he e eig d e f Sch i l defi e he e ce i he i
al e ealed b a d i i , hich i h Sch i efe a ge i e deci i .
Wha ld be g i h a lea i g e h a affai he le f la ? Sch i
fi d aj ble . The fi c e f he e i e l gical ela i hi be ee he
e ce i a d he . S e eig i ha Sch i call a Gren begriff, a li i i g
b de c ce .84 I h l k i di ec i , a ki g he li e be ee ha hich i
bjec la he e e eig eig a d ha hich i e iall he ace f
he e ce i (PTg 13). T l k l he le f la ill be i de a d he a e
a d lace f e eig .
Th ee de a di g c e e ec la i a i
1/ e i f c ea i i a al g G d aki g he ld
2/ The V lk e a h
3/ S e eig i he e e e f he V lk be ei .
Take ge he he e ele e i Sch i h gh ca ligh ha e ca ie a
he a ac i f Na i al S ciali . Sch i ca e, a did Heidegge , f a al, Ca h lic,
e i -b ge i b i gi g. He de c ibe hi childh d, ad le ce ce a d h -- he la e
la i g f hi il he e d f W ld Wa I d i g hich he e ed a a ffice a d a he
e d f hich he a hi ea ld -- a e i d f ge i g id f a i i fl e ce : hi
Ca h lici i di - laced a d de- ali ed ; g ea e P ia e i de-Hegeli ed .
Like i e d i g hi a h d Wei a Ge a i de-P ified. 85 While Ca h lici
a al a e ai i a Sch i , i i i a ee i hi elf-de c i i he
ai f a e h e ie hi a i adi i a e ega i e a d a e e laced b a
libe al fai h i he f e i g e .86 O e ha ead he ef e hi a ack libe ali
i c j ci i h he acc la i f de- e b .87 Thi i a eac i a f h he
a ide e a e , a Le i f he Righ , a Ta be e a ked.

a che e fS a a d Sch i , ee R be H e, The U e a d Ab e f Le S a i he Sch i

Re i al he Ge a Righ - The Ca e f Hei ich Meie , (f hc i g) a d af f hich i a ailable li e
a h ://fac l .la . ich.ed / h e/D af _a d_P blica i /Meie b k e . df
83
H bbe , Le ia han, cha e 37.
84
Th he e ce i i b h a f a d a f he j idical de . See he ef l di c i i Aga be ,
op. ci ., 24-26.
85
Thi i Sch i acc i hi c ib i H. Q a i ch, Ed., Comple io Opposi or m. Uber Carl Schmi
(Be li , 1988), . 105. See he di c i i Meh i g, Carl Schmi , 12 15 hich I e hi efe e ce. I
i h i g ha he fle ibili f he Ge a la g age e i Sch i c c e l gi i each f
he e ca e : en or e , en o alisier , en hegelianisier a d en pre ss .
86
Sch i i f c e he l e be i hi i a i , a Heidegge . F a e e e a i e e e
f he i e , e ca ill fi abl ead J.B. B , The Idea of Progress; an inq ir in o i s origin and gro h
(L d . Mac illa , 1920).
87
A d h hile lef - i g a i-libe al ca lea f Ca l Sch i , i i c le el clea ha i i Ca l
Sch i ha he a e lea i g. See Pa l Picc e a d G.L. Ul e , I d ci Ca l Sch i , Telos 72
(S e , 1987), . 14. See he a e ial ci ed i S g, . ci . f e 5-7.

16
Wha he a he ce f hi a ac i Hi le ? I a e clea l a ad i a i
f he a ic la ali ie ha he a had: e e if e di c he cca i , he di dai he
e e e d i g hi i e ga i a N e be g i al able.88 O e igh a he a ha
Hi le a ea ed hi e hi g like he e i G d had e ef a i acle a i he
ci a i f H bbe ab e a d he i acle a he ec e f a hi - ld a ce de ce
e eig a d h he h a eal f he li ical. F hi de a di g, he e
Hi le a hi g i a a d Sch i ela i i c ld l be he ela i e ha
a i acle: acce a ce ejec i .
Thi i all he e likel a e a idl Hi le ee ed a beha e like a a e
a e a i i e f e ce i , legall elec ed b / /a d ca able f aki g he ha d, e a-
legal deci i ha e e ece a . Whe , i he id f i c ea i gl blic c flic
be ee a i fac i f he Pa , Hi le a d G e i g de ed, J e 30 il - J l 1
a d 2, he e ec i f all f he leade hi f he SA, i hi da he he f
c ic i de ce, al all he e a c g a la i g he ha i g a ed he
c f ci il a . Hi de b g e ( a led e d) a eleg a f ha k he e
Cha cell . Sch i bli hed A g 1, 1934 a e a e a icle e i led Der F hrer
sch das Rech The F h e ec he legal de defe di g Hi le ac i .89 Th i
i he reali of aking po er a d a ife i g e eig i he e f e ha a ac ed
Sch i : his nders anding of la req ired in hose circ ms ances ha he s ppor Hi ler. I
a a e i f cc bi g he cha i a f a he , e fal e.

His relation to Na ism

If Sch i gh e g he a d ec e he ibili f a e, ified, Volk, ha a

hi ela i Na i ? A Volk i j a e le b e le ified b ha i g a c
hi , la g age a d e e f de i . We k ha Sch i did j i he NSDAP i 1933
a d e ai ed a e be il he e d. Ma defe de f Sch i a g e, h e e , ha hi
f e c ce i he ea l 1930 a e g he he Wei a egi e. I d hi k i
c edible ha hi a Sch i i e .I i e ha Sch i gh i e-1933 e i d
e ade he Ge a Cha cell (F a Pa e , he i 1932 K Schleiche )
c ibe all h e li ical a ie ha e e e e ie f he c i i b hich he
ea he C i a d he Na i . The c e a i e cha cell ee e deg ee
ece i e Sch i ii a d gh i ke (a d e e all did) A icle 48 f he
Wei a C i i ha e i ed ha Sch i had called c i a ial dic a hi . 90 I
i i a e e be ha f a a e age iddle-cla Ge a he i a i did i deed
a ea di e: he e e e f e e l i ched ba le i he ee , f e be ee
C i a d Na i . The Pa lia e a ea ed i ca able f e l i g he i a i . I he
1930 elec i , he ge i e e e he C i a d he Na i al S ciali a

88
Ca l Sch i ; E Cap i a e Sal s. E periences des ann es 1945-1947. Te es e commen aires, A. D e ,
ed. Pa i , V i 2003), . 41; He (Hi le ) a i ee i g e ha I d e e a alk ab i.
89
The a e i a bi ec le . Elle Ke ed a g e ( e al c ica i ) ha he a c elled
i e hi a icle. Sch i a ide ified i h e ele e f he SA a d he e i e e ide ce ha he a
ecificall e e ed f he ge b G e i g. I a e ha elf- i i g a d elf-agg a di i g e he
e f hi i ie h bi hda , Gesang des Sech igj hrigen, he e ha he ha bee h ee i e i he bell
f he fi h. The fi i 1934; he ec d, he a ack hi i 1936 i he Ge a ga Das sch ar e Korps
(a e he ide ifie hi i e ga i N e be g a he he f e e he de il ) a d he la hi
i e ga i af e he a he he a ea belie e ha he igh be h g. See Sch i , E Capi i a e Sal s,
Te es e commen aires, . 171.
90
Ca l Sch i , Die Dik a r. Von den Anf ngen des modernen So er ni sgedankens bis m prole arischen
Klassenkampf (M che . D cke d H bl , 1921).

1
 he e e e f he a lia e a d de c a ic ce - ie ed iddle a ie . Vi le
i cide beca e c , e eciall af e Pa e lif ed he ba he Na i
S rmab eil ng (SA). I e ch ca e i l i g Sch i , he Pre ssenschlag ca e f 1932
( he e, af e he Al onaer Bl sonn ag [a bl d g figh i he f Al a be ee he
SA a d C i ], Cha cell Pa e had di i ed he P ia SPD ( ciali )
g e e i h a i ca i f A icle 48. The P ia had challe ged he e. A he
ial, Sch i , i hi b ief he c f Pa e , cl ed i h a ci a i f Li c l
he effec ha a h e di ided ca a d. 91
Sch i lic ai e e ce ai l e g he he Wei a Regi e, b , b
eli i a i g he ele e dee ed c i i al, replace he Wei a egi e i h a
a h i a ia a i ali egi e ha ld e e he eal ill f he Ge a e le.92 I
i fai a ha a hi i Sch i h ed ha ch a egi e c ld be ha ed b
eli i a i g h gh ch dic a hi he ciali f he lef a d he igh . (The S i NSDAP
a he e i h ea ).
H e e , he he Na i b ai 37.2% f he e i he J l 31, 1932 elec i a d 33.1%
he f ll i g N e be (af e he f ai fag e e had ed i ible),
e cl i f he Na i Pa a i l ible. Fea f l f C i b h d e ic
a d f eig , a ac ed b Hi le deci i e e af e hi a i e a Cha cell (A icle 48
e ai ed i f ce) a d ibl , a Ge ge Sch ab gge , i ig ed b he fac ha he
e g e e ac i ee ed c fi hi he e ical i i g , Sch i had
diffic l i j i i g he NSDAP.93 He ceeded bli h he e ea a e a S a e,
Mo emen , People.94 I i he ied de el a a ic la ed e e f he e ele e .
Each e f he h ee d -- S a e, M e e , Pe le --ca be ed de ig a e he
e ie f he li ical i . H e e , each al de c ibe a he a e i e a a ic la
a ec a d a ecific ele e f hi h le. S he S a e ca be de d i he a e
e e a he li ical- a i a , he M e e a he li ical-d a ic ele e , a d he
Pe le a a g i g li ical ide de he ec i a d i he had f li ical
deci i .95
Sch i g e gi e i ac he S a e: hi a ge hi i ble i h Na i
he i f h he i f he M e e a ade a ife i he Pa a he Leade
e ifica i f he Pe le a i a . A ed, he a e e el c i ici ed i
a icle i he Ge a blica i Das sch ar e Korps. T be a acked a like
ge i g a bad e ie ch a ack e e, a G e Ma chke e , life- h ea e i g. 96 Wi h
e lici efe e ce Sch i , Walde a G ia , a cial a d eligi he i f
c ide able i a ce a d b illia ce h had bee a de f Sch i a d a i
e ile i S i e la d, e a a icle e i led O he Pa h E ig a i he
C ce a i Ca ? 97 Sch i ef ed he fi a d a ided he ec d b ed hi
91
See he acc i he e celle Pe e Cald ell, Pop lar So ereign and he Crisis of German Cons i ional
La (D ke U i e i P e . D ha a d L d , 1997), 164-176. Li c l a f c e ci i g he Bible:
L ke i, 17: E e ki gd di ided agai i elf i b gh de la i ; a d a h e di ided agai a h e
falle h. See L Schi a : Al onaer Bl sonn ag 17. J li 1932. Dich ngen nd Wahrhei . E geb i e
Ve lag, Ha b g 1994.
92
See Oli ie Bea d, Les derniers jo rs de Weimar. Carl Schmi face l a nemen d na isme (Pa i .
De ca e e Cie, 1997).
93
Ge ge Sch ab, i d ci PT, . i .
94
Ca l Sch i , S aa , Be eg ng, Volk (Ha b g, Ha ea i che Ve lag, 1934). Volk efe a e le i h a
c hi a d de i .
95
Ca l Sch i , S aa , Be eg ng, Volk, . 12. Sch ab al di c e a f hi e . .
96
G e Ma chke, Z Le ia ha Ca l Sch i , i Ca l Sch i , Der Le ia han in der S aa s Theorie
des Thomas Hobbes, (Keff K a, 1982) . 184.
97
G ia a a Ge a -R ia Je h had c e ed Ca h lici . He a he e h de ig a ed
Sch i a he Kronj ris en des Dri en Reiches. He la e e ig a ed he USA a d a gh li ical cie ce a

1
a e i l i e a i al la a d li ic a d cea ed c e i g d e ic affai .
Rei ha d Meh i g g e fa a clai ha b 1939 ha Sch i had bee e i e
di ill i ed i h Na i al S ciali . 98

So ho joins the Part ?

Wha be ack ledged he e i ha he e e , f he highe i ellige ce a d

f ai ,f d a lea f a hile a a al a h Na i al S ciali . A S a le Ca ell
a e a ked i ela i Heidegge , hi a ac i Na i igh be i e al
de a di g Heidegge k. The e ible fac , e ha he i ci le f i le
e aai a i h de , i ha Na i ha i hil hical a ell a li ical
a ac i . 99 I ill d i d ce a ed hia be ee he a a d hi h gh .
F b h e , hei hi ki g i h gh i c le e if i d e acc li h a a f ai
i he a ha h a li e hei li e . A Ca ell, agai , ha i e ab Wi ge ei ( he
c e a f b h): belief i e gh. Ei he he e i e e e ae a a e e
a d bec e a f he e ibili f hich a e e ceed , i i hil hicall
ele . 100 S ch a a f a i i h gh ece a gi e he eali ie hei e cei e i he
ld i hich he li e (a d hi e e d fa be d j Ge a ).The g Heidegge
ie L i h ha he i i e e ed i bei g c l i a ed. Ra he [M ] ill e ie
li i g i a ac al e l i a i a i , i g ha I feel be ece a
ih ca i g k he he a e c l e ill e e ge f i a accele a i f he
decli e. 101

The ld c ld e ell a ea a falli g a a i he ea l e ie h ce . R ge

Bald i , he f de f he A e ica ci il Libe ie U i a d a f ce f ge i e
li ic h gh he A e ica e ie h ce , a a g ad l a he i e f W ld Wa
I. I a ked hi ce i 1980 he a e 90 -- ha ha a had ea hi . A dee
ad e ca e e hi face: i a , he aid, he e d f fai h i ea . The la 100
ea ee e call i e i lel ea -ba ed a ache deali g i h he
ld i a i . The e c ide ed ab e k hi hea a d ade he ch ice he did.
The e i f i ha ca e ake hi hea al , a d ake he ei ch ice . I
ee al e a i e b i ki. 102

N e Da e, he e he f ded he j al Re ie of Poli ics. He a a f ie d f Ha ah A e d h de e

cha e hi i he Men in Dark Times.
98
Rei ha Meh i g, Carl Schmi . A fs ieg nd Fall (M che , Beck), 2009, 410. Meh i g c a e Sch i
i l e e i h Na i fa abl ha f Heidegge 359.
99
S a le Ca ell, Li le Did I Kno (S a f d, CA: S a f d U i e i P e , 2010), 50.
100
S a le Ca ell, M s We Mean Wha We Sa ? (Ne Y k, Sc ib e , 1969), 75.
101
Ka l L i h, M Life in German Before and Af er 1933 (U i e i f illi i P . U ba a,IL, 19940, 29.
102
I ha e ied ke ch h ha ch a a e igh be ba ed i Poli ics Wi ho Vision: Thinking
i ho a Banis er in he T en ie h Cen r (Chicag . U i e i f Chicag P e , 2012) he e I c ide
Ka , Nie che, Webe , F e d, Le i , Sch i , Heidegge , A e d e f h a e libe al a d l a
a ial de c a .

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