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Optimum Detection of Binary PAM in Noise: PAM: Pulse Amplitude Modulation

This document discusses binary pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) in noise. It describes how PAM represents bits using rectangular pulses of different amplitudes and how a matched filter receiver works. It then analyzes the bit error rate (BER) performance of the system. The receiver uses an integrate-and-dump detector and a threshold-based decision rule. Expressions are derived for the BER in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio and energy per bit. Finally, it notes that non-rectangular pulse shapes like raised-cosine are more practical as they limit bandwidth while avoiding intersymbol interference.

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Georges Chouchani
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878 views9 pages

Optimum Detection of Binary PAM in Noise: PAM: Pulse Amplitude Modulation

This document discusses binary pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) in noise. It describes how PAM represents bits using rectangular pulses of different amplitudes and how a matched filter receiver works. It then analyzes the bit error rate (BER) performance of the system. The receiver uses an integrate-and-dump detector and a threshold-based decision rule. Expressions are derived for the BER in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio and energy per bit. Finally, it notes that non-rectangular pulse shapes like raised-cosine are more practical as they limit bandwidth while avoiding intersymbol interference.

Uploaded by

Georges Chouchani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

3.

Optimum Detection of Binary PAM in Noise

PAM: Pulse Amplitude Modulation

Representation:
h(t)
1

0 T t
where bk represents the kth bit: bk= 0 or 1
h(t) is a rectangular pulse of length T centered at t=T/2.
Advantage of rectangular pulses:
No interference between pulses in the adjacent intervals. 1
Binary PAM in Noise
The matched filter for each pulse h(t-kT) in the interval (k-1)T< t < kT is:

gk(T-t)=h(t-kT)

Consider the received signal: r(t)=s(t)+w(t)

=> The output of the matched filter receiver at the end of the kth symbol
interval is:
+∞

Integrate and-dump detector.


This device simply integrates the received signal over the symbol interval, samples the
output, and then starts for the next interval.

2
BER PERFORMANCE

The receiver role:


must make a decision between two hypotheses:

A simple and efficient decision rule for deciding between the two
hypotheses is to choose H0 that is to choose 0 if y is less than some
threshold γ and choose 1 if not.

Ex: If 1 is transmitted, the Prob. of error is: : 3


BER PERFORMANCE

r(t) = s(t) + w(t) = +w(t)

As symbols are separated in time, consider the detection of the first symbol
(k=0).
T
Matched filter output: Y = ∫ r ( t )dt = S + N
0

T
 AT if H1 ( b 0 = 1)
=> Output signal: S = ∫ Ab0dt = Ab0T ; S=
0  0 if H 0 ( b 0 = 0)
T
Output noise: N = ∫ w ( t )dt
0

N is Gaussian; mean E[N]=0;


TT TT T
N N N
var: E[ N ] = ∫ ∫ E[ w ( t ) w ( τ)]dtdτ = ∫ ∫ 0 δ( t − τ)dtdτ = ∫ 0 dτ = 0 T
2

00 00
2 0
2 2

=> Y: N(AT, N0T/2) if H1 and Y: N(0, N0T/2) if H0 4


BER PERFORMANCE

p(y/H1)

The probability of a Type I error ( 1 is transmitted) is the probability that


the output Y falls in the shaded area of the Figure.

Pe1=

5
BER PERFORMANCE

p(y/H0)

Similarly , The probability of a Type II error, is the probability that the


output Y falls in the shaded area of the above Figure.

Pe0 =
6
BER

Over all BER?

Typically: (the transmitted bits are equiprobable)

=>

The two types of error are equal if γ=µ/2 (optimal choice).


In this case :
7
BER
(1)
In terms of Eb/N0?
It was shown that σ2=N0T/2 => σ = N 0T / 2 (2) and µ=AT (3)

As for the signal:

The average energy per bit Eb at the receiver input can be computed from the
first bit as:

=> (4)

8
NONRECTANGULAR PULSE SHAPES

Rectangular pulses have spectral limitations


(Sinc function in the frequency domain)

⇒ Practical pulse shapes :


- Raised-cosine pulses
- Root-raised-cosine pulses
Advantages: - limited in bandwidth while offering zero intersymbol interference (ISI)

- BER performance is the same as with rectangular pulse shaping

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