جميع سلايدات الاستاتيكا

8/29/2020
Taibah University
College of Engineering
Course title:
Statics
Code: GE 201
Total credit hours = 3
Pre-requisites: PHYS 103
1
Lecturer: Dr. Ahmed Kamal
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
Required Textbook:
J. L. Meriam & L. G.
Craige, Engineering
Mechanics (Statics,
STATICS
Vol. 1), 7th ed., John

Wiley & Sons, 2007
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Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Schedule of Assessment Tasks for Students During the
Semester
Assessment task (e.g. essay, test, group Week Due Proportion of
project, examination, speech, oral Total
presentation, etc.) Assessment
1 Assignments / home works/labs Bi-weekly basis 10%
STATICS
2 Quizzes & reports Bi-weekly basis 20%
4 Major ( Mid-Term) Exam 9th week 30 %
6 As scheduled by
Final Exam 40 %
Univ. calendar
GE 201:
Total 100%
Lecture Hours:
3
Sun (10.00 – 11:15) + Thru (10.00 – 11:15) Online
1- Mechanics
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
Mechanics is the physical science which deals

with the effects of forces on objects.
The principles of mechanics are central to research and

development in the fields of vibrations, stability and
STATICS
strength of structures and machines, robotics, rocket

and spacecraft design, automatic control, engine
performance, fluid flow, electrical machines and
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apparatus, and molecular, atomic, and subatomic

behavior.
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A thorough understanding of this subject is an
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essential prerequisite for work in these and many
other fields.
The subject of mechanics is logically divided into two

parts:
statics,
STATICS
which concerns the equilibrium of bodies under action of
forces. It deals with the equilibrium of bodies, that is,
those that are either at rest or move with a constant
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velocity.
dynamics, 5
which concerned with the accelerated motion of bodies..
2- Basic Concepts
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a) Space
Described by linear and
angular measurements relative
to a coordinate system.
2D OR 3D
STATICS
b) Time is a basic quantity in dynamics

c) Mass is the quantity of
matter in a body. (Static)
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Mass can also be thought of

as a measure of the inertia of
a body, which is its resistance 6
to a change of velocity
(Dynamic).
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d) Particle is a body of negligible dimensions.
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e) Rigid body. A body is considered rigid when the
change in distance between any two of its points is
negligible for the purpose at hand.
STATICS
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3- SCALARS AND VECTORS
Scalars: associated with “Magnitude” alone

- mass, density, volume, time, energy, speed…
STATICS
Vectors: associated with “Magnitude” and “Direction”

- force, displacement, velocity, acceleration, …
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Magnitude:
r Vector :
| V | or V
r
V or V
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θ : Direction
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Physical Quantity of Vector
Vectors representing physical quantities can be classified
• Fixed Vector
• Its action is associated with a unique point of application
• Described by magnitude, direction & point of application
STATICS
• Sliding Vector
• Has a unique line of action in space but not a unique point of
application.
• Described by magnitude, direction & line of action
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• Free Vector
• Its action is not confined or associated with a unique line in
space. 9
• Described by magnitude & direction
Vector’s Point of Application

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Vectors: “Magnitude”, “Direction” “Point of Application”

r External
F effect
r r The external
r F F consequence
Internal
Effect –
F ? of these two
stress
= forces will be
STATICS
the same if
….
- Rigid Body
Fixed Vector Sliding Vector Free Vector
Force on rigid- rotating motion,
Force on nonrigid
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body couple rotation

body vector
F
Rigid
Body
F
F 10
Rotational motion occurs at
point of action line of action every point in the object.
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PRINCIPLES OF MECHANICS
Some principles that governs the world of Mechanics:
1. The Parallelogram Law

2. The Principle of Transmissibility
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3. Newton’s First Law
4. Newton’s Second Law
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5. Newton’s Third Law
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6. Newton’s Law of Gravitation
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1- THE PARALLELOGRAM LAW

The two vectors V1 and V2 ,treated as free vectors, can be
replaced by their equivalent V, which is the diagonal of
the parallelogram formed by V1 and V2 as its two sides.
r r
r r
STATICS
V2 V V r
V2 V2
r r
r V1 V1
V1
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r r r
V = V1 + V2 (generally V ≠ V1 + V2 )
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Note: If there are not free vectors, you can sum them if and only
if they have the same point of the application.
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We see from the diagram that the order of addition of the
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vectors does not affect their sum, so that
V1+V2 = V2+V1.
The difference V1-V2 between the two vectors is easily
obtained by adding -V2 to V1
V1+V2 = V2+V1
STATICS
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V’ = V1-V2
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The vectors V1 and V2 are the components of V
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Rectangular Components
STATICS
Vectors Vx and Vy are the x- and y-components of V.

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The vector n is called a unit vector
V=Vn 14
Where V is a magnitude
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In many problems, particularly
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three-dimensional ones, it is
convenient to express the
rectangular components of V,
in terms of unit vectors i, j, and
k,
which are vectors in the x-, y-,
and z-directions, respectively,
STATICS
with unit magnitudes. Because
the vector V is the vector sum
of the components in the x-, y-,
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and z-directions, we can
express V as follows:
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which are defined by:

STATICS
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STATICS
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2- The Principle of Transmissibility

r r
F F
? If we concerns only about the external
= resultant effects on rigid body.
STATICS
The two force can be

considered equivalent if We can slide the force along its line
…… of action.
(force can be considered as sliding vector)
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“A force may be applied at any point on its given line of action

without altering the resultant effects external to the rigid body on 18
which it acts.”
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Summation of Force
r concurrent forces r r
F2 F1 + F2
r
F1
STATICS
non-concurrent
r
F2 if there are sliding vectors
r r r
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F2′ F1′ + F2′
r r
F1 F1′ 19
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STATICS
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csc θ =
STATICS
sec θ =
cot θ =
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(c) write S as a vector in terms of the unit vectors i and j and then
write a unit vector n along the vector sum S
STATICS
(d) determine the vector difference D = V1 - V2

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Solution: (a) We construct to scale the parallelogram for
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adding V1 and V2. Using the law of cosines, we have:
STATICS
(b) Using the law of sines for the
lower triangle, we have:
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(c) With knowledge of both S and , we can write the

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vector S as:
STATICS
(d) The vector difference D is

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x
D 24
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NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION (1st Law)
The study of rigid body mechanics is

formulated on the basis of Newton’s laws
of motion.
First Law:
STATICS
An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object
in motion tends to stay in motion with the same
speed and in the same direction, unless acted upon
by an unbalanced force.
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v v
∑ =0
F 25
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NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION (2nd Law)

Second Law:
The acceleration of a particle is proportional to the
vector sum of forces acting on it, and is in the
direction of this vector sum.
STATICS
r r
F m a
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r r
F = ma
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NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION 3rd LAW
Third Law:
The forces of action and reaction between interacting
bodies are equal in magnitude, opposite in direction,
and collinear (they lie on the same line).
Forces always occur in pairs – equal and
STATICS
opposite action-reaction force pairs.
r r r r
F −F F −F
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Point: Isolate the body 27
Confusing? Concept of FBD (Free Body Diagram)
Newton’s Law of Gravitation

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Gm1m2
F=
r2
- m1 & m2 are particle masses
- G is the universal constant of gravitation,
STATICS
6.673 x 10-11 m3/kg.s2

- r is the distance between the particles.
For Gravity on earth (at sea level) m
v r W=mg
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W = mg
where M
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- m is the mass of the body in question
- g = GM/r2 = 9.81 m/s2 (32.2 ft/s2)
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Units
STATICS
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SI Units
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The weight W of the body

STATICS
U.S. Customary Units

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30
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Small-Angle Approximations
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STATICS
Thus, for small angles we may write:
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NOTE: provided that the angles are expressed in
radians.
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STATICS
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9/6/2020
Taibah University
Course title:
Statics
Code: GE 201 Continue (2)
1
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
Force Systems
STATICS
TWO-DIMENSIONAL FORCE SYSTEMS

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1- Force
A force is a vector quantity, because its effect
depends on the direction as well as on the magnitude
of the action.
A force is defined an action of one body on another.
STATICS
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External and Internal Effects

Dr. Ahmed Kamal
We can separate the action of a force on a body into two

effects, external and internal.
Forces external to a body can be either
applied forces or reactive forces.
When dealing with the
STATICS
mechanics of a rigid body,

we ignore deformations
in the body and concern
ourselves with only the net
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external effects of external

forces.
4
We will treat almost all forces as sliding vectors for
the rigid body on which they act.
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Force Classification
Contact body
force force
STATICS
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Force Classification
Concentrated Distributed
force force
STATICS
Concurrent Forces
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Two or more forces are said to be

concurrent at a point if their lines 6
of action intersect at that point.
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Important Notes :
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STATICS
Perpendicular projections
onto the same axes
≠
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This type of vector components
combination should
be avoided. F1 + F2 ≠ Fa + Fb
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R should path
through point A
A Special Case of Vector A ddition

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Two forces F1 and F2 are

parallel.
To get R , first adding two
equal, opposite, and collinear
STATICS
forces F and –F.

Get R1 and R2
R= R1 + R2
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SECTION A
TWO-DIMENSIONAL FORCE SYSTEMS
1- Rectangular Components
STATICS
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Determining the Components of a Force

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y
STATICS
You have to choose the axes and angle you will use to
get the component.
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You have to be able to determine the correct

components of a force no matter how the axes are
10
oriented or how the angles are measured.
Drawn sketch helps to clarify the geometry and avoid error.
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Rectangular components are convenient for
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finding the sum or resultant R of two forces
which are concurrent.
STATICS
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SAMPLE PROBLEM 2/2

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Combine the two forces P

and T, which act on the
fixed structure at B, into a
single equivalent force R.
1- Graphical solution.
STATICS
Measurement of the length R and direction

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approximate results
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2- Geometric solution.
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The law of cosines gives
STATICS
From the law of sines,
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3- Algebraic solution.
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By using the x-y coordinate system on the given figure,

we may write
STATICS
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The resultant R may also be written in

vector notation as:
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2- Moment
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A force can rotate a body about an axis
The magnitude of the moment or tendency of
the force to rotate the body about the axis O-
O perpendicular to the plane of the
body is proportional both to the magnitude
of the force and to the moment arm d .
STATICS
M = Fd (N.m)
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NOTE: The moment is a
vector M perpendicular to
the plane of the body 15
The Cross Product

Dr. Ahmed Kamal
A vector approach for moment

calculations. The moment of F about
point A of may be represented by the
cross-product expression.
STATICS
where r is a position vector which runs from the moment

reference point A to any point on the line of action of F.
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The magnitude
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NOTE: M=rxF F x r = -M
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Varignon’s Theorem
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The moment of a force about any point is equal to the sum
of the moments of the components of the force about the
same point.
STATICS
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The magnitude 17
IMPORTANT RELATIONS
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1. Cross or vector product.

The cross product P x Q of the two
vectors P and Q is defined as a vector
with a magnitude:
STATICS
and a direction specified by the right-hand

rule as shown
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Distributive law 18
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From the definition of the cross product, using a right-
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handed coordinate system, we get
STATICS
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The cross product may also be expressed by the determinant
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2- Dot or scalar product
STATICS
From the definition of the dot product:

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P.Q = 0 When the two vectors P and Q are
perpendicular
STATICS
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Where l, m, n are the cosines of the angles between P and the x-, y-
, z-axes.
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Calculate the magnitude of the moment about

the base point O of the 600-N force in five
different ways.
STATICS
M = Fd
(II) Replace the force by its rectangular

components at A,
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(III) By the principle of transmissibility,
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Mo = F1 x d1
(IV ) Moving the force to point C
STATICS
Mo = F2 x d2
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(V ) By the vector expression
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3- Couple
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Couple is the moment produced by two equal, opposite,

and non-collinear forces.
This couple has a magnitude M

through any point O :
STATICS
OR
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NOTE: the moment of a couple has the same

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value for all moment centers.
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Vector Algebra Method
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With the cross-product, the combined
moment about point O of the forces:
STATICS
Because rA - rB = r, we can express M as:
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NOTE: the moment expression contains no reference to
the moment center O and, therefore, is the same for all
moment centers. 25
Thus, we may represent M by a free

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vector, where the direction of M is

normal to the plane of the couple and
the sense of M is established by the
right-hand rule.
STATICS
We may represent the

direction of moment or
couple vector as :
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clockwise or
counterclockwise
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Equivalent Couples
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STATICS
In each of the four cases, the couples are equivalent and
are described by the same free vector which represents the
identical tendencies to rotate the bodies.
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M = Fd
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Force–Couple Systems
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
A force acting on a body

+ any fixed axis which does not
intersect the line of the force.
= The same force at the fixed
point + couple moment (M=Fd)
STATICS
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The combination of the force and couple in the right-hand 28

is referred to as a force–couple system.
We may reverse this process.
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SAMPLE PROBLEM
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The rigid structural member is
subjected to a couple consisting of
the two 100-N forces. Replace this
couple by an equivalent couple
consisting of the two forces P and -P,
each of which has a magnitude of
STATICS
400 N. Determine the proper angle .
Solution.
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The original couple
Dimensions in millimeters
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The equivalent couple
M = P d = 10 N.m.
P = 400 N
d= 0.040 cos ߠ (meter)
STATICS
P d = (400) (0.040) cos ߠ

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4- Resultants
T he resultant of a system of forces: is the simplest
force combination which can replace the original forces
without altering the external effect on the rigid body to
which the forces are applied.
STATICS
Equilibrium of a body: is the condition in which the
resultant of all forces acting on the body is zero.
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This condition
is studied in 31
statics.
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force polygon
STATICS
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Algebraic Method
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STATICS
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The principle of moments.
For the case of non-concurrent
force systems; the moment of the
resultant force about any point O
equals the sum of the moments of
the original forces of the system
STATICS
about the same point.

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NOT ES :
For a concurrent system of forces:
ΣMA = zero.
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The resultant R = ΣF, passes through point A.
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For a parallel force system, select a coordinate axis in
the direction of the forces.
If the resultant force R for a given force system is
zero, the resultant of the system need not be zero
because the resultant may be a couple.
EX: The three forces in Figure, for instance, have a zero
resultant force but have a resultant clockwise couple
STATICS
M= F3 d.
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SAMPLE PROBLEM
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Determine the resultant of

the four forces and one
couple which act on the
plate shown.
Solution.
STATICS
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STATICS
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The resultant R may also be
located
Another approach : Use the vector expression

STATICS
where r= x i +y j is a position vector running from point

O to any point on the line of action of R.
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The desired line of action,
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GE 201: STATICS Dr. Ahmed Kamal
9/6/2020
9/6/2020
Taibah University
Course title:
Statics
1
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
Force Systems
THREE-DIMENSIONAL FORCE
SYSTEMS
STATICS
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2
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1- Rectangular Components
The force F acting at point O

has the rectangular components
F , F , F , where:
x y z
STATICS
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3
If we take a unit vector nF which characterizes the

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direction of F :
We get that:
STATICS
NOTES:
In solving three-dimensional problems, one must
usually find the x, y, and z scalar components of a
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force.
In most cases, the direction of a force is described
(a) by two points on the line of action of the force or 4
(b) by two angles which orient the line of action.
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(a) Specification by two points on the line of
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action of the force.
STATICS
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(b) Specification by two angles which orient the

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line of action of the force.

First resolve F into horizontal and
vertical components.
STATICS
Then resolve the horizontal

component Fxy into x- and y-
components.
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Important note: we must use a right-handed set of axes
in our three-dimensional work.
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Dot or scalar product
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The dot product of any two vectors P
and Q is a scalar quantity.
This means that, the dot product is the projection
STATICS
of a vector on another vector.
So we can express:
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= F. i
= F. j
=F.k 7
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Generally, if n is a unit vector in a
specified direction, the projection
of F in the n-direction, has the
magnitude Fn
Fn = F.n
STATICS
As a vector quantity in the n-direction

Fn = (F . n)n = F . nn
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& 8
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STATICS
Angle between Two Vectors
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SAMPLE PROBLEM
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A force F with a magnitude of 100 N is

applied at the origin O of the axes x-y-
z as shown. The line of action of F
passes through a point A whose
coordinates are 3 m, 4 m, and 5 m.
Determine (a) the x, y, and z scalar
components of F, (b ) the projection Fxy
of F on the x-y plane, and (c) the
STATICS
projection FOB of F along the line OB.
Solution. Part (a).

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Part (b).
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STATICS
Part (c).
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The scalar projection of F on OB is

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STATICS
If we wish to express the projection as a vector, we write

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2- Moment in Three Dimensions
Moments in Three Dimensions
The moment of F about the point O.
As a vector:
STATICS
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The magnitude
13
NOTE: M=rxF F x r = -M
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Evaluating the Cross Product
The cross-product expression for MO may be written in
the determinant form:
STATICS
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Moment about an Arbitrary Axis
We can now obtain an expression for the moment Mλ of
F about any axis through O.
The component of MO in
the direction of λ =
M λ = Mo . n (scalar Value)
STATICS
To obtain the vector expression
for the moment Mλ of F about λ,
multiply the magnitude by the
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directional unit vector n to obtain
Mλ = Mλ n = Mo . nn
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The magnitude
STATICS
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From the definition of the cross product, using a right-
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handed coordinate system, we get
STATICS
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The cross product may also be expressed by the determinant
17
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Triple Scalar Product
The dot and cross may be interchanged as long as the

order of the vectors is maintained.
STATICS
The determinant expansion

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Triple vector product
Here the parentheses must be used.
The triple vector product is equivalent to:
STATICS
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Varignon’s Theorem in Three Dimensions
The moment of a force about any
point is equal to the sum of the
moments of the components of the
force about the same point.
STATICS
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The sum of the moments of a system of concurrent forces 20

about a given point equals the moment of their sum about
the same point.
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3- Couples in Three Dimensions
Two equal and opposite forces F
and -F acting on a body.
The vector r runs from any point B
on the line of action of -F to any
point A on the line of action of F.
STATICS
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The magnitude of M is 21
M= Fd
NOTE: The moment of a couple is a free vector,

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whereas the moment of a force about a point is a sliding

vector whose direction is along the axis through the point.
STATICS
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Couple vectors obey all of the rules which govern vector

22
quantities.
M = M1 + M2
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In three-dimensional force systems also , we
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can replace a force by its equivalent force–
couple system.
STATICS
The couple vector is simply the moment of the
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original force about the point to which the force
is being moved.
r is a vector which runs from B to any point on 23
the line of action of the original force passing
through A.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
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Determine the moment of force

F about point O
(a) by inspection and
(b) By the formal cross-product r
definition MO = r x F.
STATICS
Solution.
(a)
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(b)
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SAMPLE PROBLEM
The turnbuckle is tightened until the
tension in cable AB is 2.4 kN.
Determine the moment about point O
of the cable force acting on point A
T rOA
and the magnitude of this moment.
Solution.
STATICS
We begin by writing the
described force as a vector.
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25
The moment of this force about point O is

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STATICS
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4- Resultants in Three Dimensions
STATICS
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4- Resultants in Three Dimensions
STATICS
In general, any system of forces may

be replaced by its resultant force R and
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the resultant couple M.

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Resultants for several special force systems.
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1- Concurrent Forces.
There are no moments about the point of concurrency.
One Equation:
STATICS
2- Wrench Resultant.
When the resultant couple vector M is parallel to the
resultant force R, the resultant is called a wrench.
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Positive wrench Negative wrench
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STATICS
Any general force system may be represented by a wrench

applied along a unique line of action.
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We see from Figure that the axis of the wrench resultant lies
in a plane through O normal to the plane defined by R and M.
The wrench is the simplest form in which the resultant of a
30
general force system may be expressed.
This form of the resultant, however, has limited application,
9/6/2020
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Determine the resultant of the
system of parallel forces which
act on the plate. Solve with a
vector approach.
STATICS
Solution.
Transfer of all forces to point O results in the force–
couple system
GE 201:
31
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
To find the placement of R:

STATICS
GE 201:
32
coordinates through which the line of action of R
must pass.
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Dr. Ahmed Kamal

SAMPLE PROBLEM
Replace the two forces and
the negative wrench by a
single force R applied at A
and the corresponding
couple M.
STATICS
Solution.
GE 201:
33
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
To get the moment, compute the moment due to each force

STATICS
GE 201:
34
components of the force
Use the x- and z-
700
36
35
GE 201: STATICS Dr. Ahmed Kamal GE 201: STATICS Dr. Ahmed Kamal
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Dr. Ahmed Kamal
The couple of the

given wrench
Note the direction of
Moment vector
STATICS
GE 201:
37
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
+
STATICS
GE 201:
38
39
9/6/2020
9/6/2020
Taibah University
Course title:
Statics
1
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
Equilibrium
Section A:
STATICS
Equilibrium in Two
GE 201:
Dimensions
2
1
9/6/2020
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

1- Introduction
When a body is in equilibrium, the resultant of
all
all forces acting on it is zero.
STATICS
2- System Isolation and the Free-Body Diagram
A mechanical system is defined as What are all
a body or group of bodies which forces acting
GE 201:
can be conceptually isolated from on the body?
all other bodies. A system may be a
single body or a combination of 3
connected bodies. The bodies may
be rigid or nonrigid.
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Once we decide which body or combination of bodies to
analyze, we then treat this body or combination as a
single body isolated from all surrounding bodies. This
isolation is accomplished by means of the free-body
diagram.
Forces always occur in pairs – equal and
opposite action-reaction force pairs.
STATICS
−F
r r
F −F
r r
F
GE 201:
Point: Isolate the body

4
Concept of FBD (Free Body Diagram)
2
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Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Only after such a diagram has been carefully drawn
should the equilibrium equations be written.
Modeling the Action of Forces
1. Flexible cable, belt, chain, or rope
STATICS
GE 201:
5
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

2. Smooth surfaces 3. Rough surfaces
4. Roller support
STATICS
GE 201:
3
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Dr. Ahmed Kamal

5. Freely sliding guide
6. Pin connection or hinged pin
STATICS
GE 201:
7
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

7. Built-in or fixed support
STATICS
8. Gravitational attraction
GE 201:
4
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Dr. Ahmed Kamal

9. Spring action
STATICS
For a linearly elastic spring the stiffness k is the force
required to deform the spring a unit distance.
GE 201:
These representations are not free-body
diagrams, but are merely elements used
9
to construct free-body diagrams.
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Construction of Free-Body Diagrams
Step 1. Decide which system to isolate.
Step 2. Next isolate the chosen system by drawing a
diagram which represents its complete external boundary.
Step 3. Identify all forces which act on the isolated

STATICS
system as applied by the removed contacting and

attracting bodies, and represent them in their proper
positions on the diagram of the isolated system.
GE 201:
Step 4. Show the choice of coordinate axes directly on

the diagram. Pertinent dimensions may also be
represented for convenience. 10
5
12
11
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6
EXAMPLE : TRUE OR FALSE
14
13
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7
3- Equilibrium Conditions
16
15
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8
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Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Two- and Three-Force Members
A two-force member to be
in equilibrium, the forces
must be equal, opposite,
and collinear.
STATICS
A three-force member equilibrium requires the lines
of action of the three forces to be concurrent .
GE 201:
17
1- SAMPLE PROBLEM
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
Draw the free-body diagram of

the uniform beam shown in
Figure. The beam has a mass
of 100 kg.
The support at A is fixed, the wall exerts three reactions

STATICS
on the beam , denoted as Ax, Ay, and MA

GE 201:
18
9
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2- SAMPLE PROBLEM
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Calculate the tension T in the cable
which supports the 1000-lb load with
the pulley arrangement shown. Each
pulley is free to rotate about its
bearing, and the weights of all parts are
small compared with the load. Find the
STATICS
magnitude of the total force on the
bearing of pulley C.
GE 201:
1- Draw the free-body diagram of each pulley
19
We begin with pulley A
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
On pulley B by inspection:
STATICS
On pulley C by inspection:
GE 201:
20
10
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Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Equilibrium of the pulley in the x- and y-directions
requires:
STATICS
GE 201:
21
3- SAMPLE PROBLEM
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
Determine the magnitude T of

the tension in the supporting
cable and the magnitude of the
force on the pin at A for the jib
crane shown. The beam AB is a
standard 0.5-m I-beam with a
mass of 95 kg per meter of
STATICS
length.
GE 201:
The weight of the beam =
22
11
Get
24
23
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12
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4- SAMPLE PROBLEM
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Draw the free-body diagram
of the unloaded platform that
is suspended off the edge of
the oil rig shown. The
platform has a mass of 200 kg.
STATICS
GE 201:
25
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

STATICS
GE 201:
26
13
Equilibrium in Three
Dimensions
Section B:
28
27
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14
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Dr. Ahmed Kamal

1- Equilibrium Conditions
STATICS
We first express each of the forces in terms of the
GE 201:
coordinate unit vectors i, j, and k.
For the first equation, ΣF = 0, the vector sum will be
zero only if the coefficients of i, j, and k in the 29
expression are, respectively, zero.
For the second equation, ΣM = 0,

Dr. Ahmed Kamal
When the coefficients of i, j, and k in the resulting

moment equation are set equal to zero, respectively,
we obtain the three scalar moment equations
STATICS
ΣMx = 0, ΣMy = 0, and ΣMz = 0.

GE 201:
30
15
Free-Body Diagrams
32
31
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16
DIMENSIONS
CATEGORIES OF EQUILIBRIUM IN THREE
34
33
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17
35
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18
9/6/2020
Taibah University
Course title:
Statics
1
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
Structures
An engineering structure is any connected system
of members built to support or transfer forces and to
safely withstand the loads applied to it.
STATICS
GE 201:
To determine the forces internal to an engineering

structure, we must dismember the structure and analyze 2
separate free-body diagrams of individual members or
combinations of members.
9/6/2020
We analyze the internal forces acting in several types of
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

structures—namely, trusses, frames, and machines.
1- Plane Trusses
STATICS
stable
GE 201:
Un-stable
3
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Simple Trusses
The basic element of a plane truss is the triangle.
Three bars joined by pins at their ends constitute a
rigid frame.
Structures built from a basic triangle in the manner
described are known as simple trusses.
STATICS
GE 201:
4
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Dr. Ahmed Kamal

To find the forces in each member of a simple truss , we
have two methods:
1- Method of Joints 2- Method of Sections
1- Method of Joints
STATICS
GE 201:
5
The method therefore deals with the equilibrium of

Dr. Ahmed Kamal
concurrent forces, and only two independent equilibrium

equations are involved.
STATICS
GE 201:
6
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Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Internal and External Redundancy
m + 3 = 2j
Where:
m +3= tension or compression
forces and three reactions).
STATICS
j = number of joints
If m + 3 > 2j, there are more members than independent
GE 201:
equations, and the truss is statically indeterminate
internally with redundant members present.
7
If m + 3 < 2j, there is a deficiency of internal members,
and the truss is unstable and will collapse under load.
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Special Conditions
STATICS
GE 201:
8
9/6/2020
1- SAMPLE PROBLEM
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Compute the force in each
member of the loaded
cantilever truss by the
method of joints.
STATICS
GE 201:
9
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
1- Joint A
STATICS
GE 201:
10
3- Joint C
2- Joint B
12
11
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4- Joint E
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

STATICS
GE 201:
13
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

2- Method of Sections
The external reactions are
first computed.
Use equilibrium equations
for the sectioned part:
STATICS
GE 201:
14
9/6/2020
2- SAMPLE PROBLEM
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Calculate the force in member
DJ of the Howe roof truss
illustrated. Neglect any
horizontal components of force
at the supports.
STATICS
First compute the reaction at supports.
By the analysis of section 1, CJ is
obtained from:
GE 201:
15
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
From the free-body diagram of

STATICS
section 2,
GE 201:
16
17
9/6/2020
9/6/2020
Taibah University
Course title:
Statics
1
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
Frames and Machines

STATICS
GE 201:
2
9/6/2020
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Frames and Machines
A structure is called a frame or machine if at
least one of its individual members is a
multiforce member.
Frames are structures which are designed to
STATICS
support applied loads and are usually fixed in
position.
GE 201:
Machines are structures which contain moving
parts and are designed to transmit input forces or
couples to output forces or couples. 3
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Interconnected Rigid Bodies with Multiforce
Members
In equilibrium chapter: we dealt with of a single
rigid body
Here we focus on the equilibrium of interconnected
rigid bodies.
STATICS
Steps of Solutions:
1) Isolating the member with a free-body diagram
GE 201:
and applying the equations of equilibrium.

2) The principle of action and reaction must be
4
carefully observed on the separate free-body
diagrams.
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Dr. Ahmed Kamal

3) If a frame or machine as a whole is a rigid
(noncollapsible) unit when its external
supports are removed, then we begin the
analysis by computing the external reactions on
the entire unit.
STATICS
GE 201:
5
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

4) If a frame or machine as a whole is a nonrigid
(collapsible) unit when its external supports
are removed, then the analysis of the external
reactions cannot be completed until the
structure is dismembered.
STATICS
GE 201:
6
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5) The force and moment equations of equilibrium
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

are applied to the members as needed to
compute the desired unknowns.
Force Representation and Free-Body Diagrams

1)Representing the forces in terms of their
STATICS
rectangular components.
2) The force components
must be consistently
GE 201:
represented in opposite
directions on the
7
separate free-body
diagrams.
1- SAMPLE PROBLEM
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
The frame supports the 400-kg

load in the manner shown.
Neglect the weights of the
members compared with the
forces induced by the load and
compute the horizontal and
vertical components of all
STATICS
forces acting on each of the

members.
GE 201:
We observe first that the frame form a rigid

assembly (non-collapsible). So, we should 8
determine the external reactions first.
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Dr. Ahmed Kamal
Next we dismember the frame

STATICS
and draw a separate free-body

diagram of each member.
GE 201:
9
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
STATICS
GE 201:
10
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Member BF,
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

STATICS
Member CE,
GE 201:
11
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Member AD,
There is no unknown. The equations of
equilibrium may now be applied to
member AD as a check,
STATICS
GE 201:
12
9/6/2020
2- SAMPLE PROBLEM
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

In the particular position
shown, the excavator
applies a 20-kN force
parallel to the ground.
There are two hydraulic
cylinders AC to control the
STATICS
arm OAB and a single
cylinder DE to control arm
EBIF.
GE 201:
a) Determine the force in the hydraulic cylinders AC.
b) determine the force in hydraulic cylinder DE .
13
Neglect the weights of the members compared with the effects
of the 20- kN force.
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

STATICS
GE 201:
14
9/6/2020
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

(b) For cylinder DF, we “cut” the
assembly at a location which
makes the desired cylinder force
external to our free-body
diagram.
STATICS
GE 201:
15
3- SAMPLE PROBLEM
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
Determine the moment M which

must be applied at A to keep the
frame in static equilibrium in the
position shown. Also calculate the
magnitude of the pin reaction at A.
STATICS
The weight due to mass = 150* 9.81 = 1471.5 N

GE 201:
Part DC:
∑ ௖ 0⇒1.5௬ 0⇒௬ 0
Or
16
CD member is link/truss member; it has axial
force only ௫ ௫ and opposite sense
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Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Part BDE:
Acting vertical force at E =
150*2*9.81= 2943 N
∑ ஻ 0⇒
STATICS
௫ ∗ 1 ∗ 60 2943 ∗ 2.25
∗ 60 0⇒
௫ 3823.07
GE 201:
CD member has tension force equal to 3823.07 N
17
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Part AC:
∑ ஺ 0⇒
௫ ∗ 1 ∗ 60 0
M 3823.07 ∗ sin 60 3310.88 .

STATICS
∑ ௫ 0 ⇒ ௫ ௫ = 3823.07 N
GE 201:
∑ ௬ 0 ⇒ Ay = 0
18
9/6/2020
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

STATICS
GE 201:
19
4- SAMPLE PROBLEM
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
The ramp is used as

passengers board a small
commuter airplane. The total
mass of the ramp and six
passengers is 750 kg with
mass center at G. Determine
the force in the hydraulic
STATICS
cylinder AB and the

magnitude of the pin reaction
at C.
GE 201:
The weight due to mass = 750*

9.81 = 7357.5 N ….acting at G
20
Angle ∠ CAB
θ = tan-1 (740/605) = 50.732ο
9/6/2020
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

(Bx, By) are the components of the force in the hydraulic cylinder
AB, FAB
௫ ஺஻ ∗ cos 50.732 0.6329஺஻ , ௬ ஺஻
∗ sin 50.732 0.7742஺஻ ,
The equilibrium of the upper part "ramp"

∑ ௖ 0 ⇒7357.5 ∗ 2.3 0.74௫ 3.51௬ 0
STATICS
⇒16922.25 0.74 ∗ 0.6329஺஻ 3.51 ∗ 0.7742஺஻ 0
⇒3.1858 ஺஻ 16922.25⇒஺஻ 5311.8
The force in the hydraulic cylinder AB = 5311.8 N "Comp"
GE 201:
∑ ௫ 0⇒௫ ௫ 0 ௫ 0.6329 ∗ 5311.8
3362
21
∑ ௬ 0⇒௬ ௬ 7357.5 0⇒
௬ 7357.5 0.7742 ∗ 5311.8 3245
5- SAMPLE PROBLEM
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
Determine the reaction at the

roller F for the frame loaded
as shown.
STATICS
Part ABC:
∑ ஺ 0⇒ 0.5௬ 250 ∗ 0.8 0
⇒௬ 400
GE 201:
22
9/6/2020
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

BD member is link/truss member; it has axial
force only, FBD its components (௫
஺஻ cos 60, ௬ ஺஻ sin 60 )
FBD has vertical component By at B and Dy at D

(equal in magnitude but opposite sense)
STATICS
Part EFD:
GE 201:
∑ ா 0⇒400 ∗ 0.4 0.2௬ 0
⇒௬ 800
23
5- SAMPLE PROBLEM
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
Determine the force

supported by the roller at E.
STATICS
GE 201:
24
9/6/2020
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Part ABC:
∑ ஺ 0⇒0.6௫ 200 ∗ 0.3 0
⇒௫ 400
BD member is link/truss member; it has axial
STATICS
force only, FCD its components (௫ ௫ )
(equal in magnitude but opposite sense)
GE 201:
Part FED:
∑ ி 0⇒400 ∗ 0.9 0.6௫ 0⇒௫
25
600
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

STATICS
GE 201:
26
9/6/2020
Taibah University
Course title:
Statics
1
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
Distributed Forces
STATICS
Actually, “concentrated” forces do not exist in

GE 201:
the exact sense, since every external force

applied mechanically to a body is distributed
2
over a finite contact area, however small.
9/6/2020
When forces are applied over a region whose dimensions
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

are not negligible compared with other pertinent
dimensions, then we must account for the actual manner
in which the force is distributed.
There are three categories:
STATICS
GE 201:
(1) Line Distribution: When a force is distributed along a
line.
3
Expressed as force per unit length of line, newtons per
meter (N/m) or pounds per foot (lb/ft).
(2) Area Distribution: When a force is

Dr. Ahmed Kamal
distributed over an area.

The basic unit for pressure or stress in SI
is the newton per square meter (N/m2).
(3) Volume Distribution: A force which is distributed

STATICS
over the volume of a body is called a body force.

N/m3 in SI units.
GE 201:
4
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Dr. Ahmed Kamal

CENTER OF MASS AND CENTROIDS
Center of Mass
OR center of gravity (CG)
is the point through which
the resultant of the
STATICS
weight of the particles of
the body acts.
center of
GE 201:
gravity
Determining the Center of Gravity

Dr. Ahmed Kamal
We apply the principle of moments.

“The moment of the resultant
gravitational force W about any axis
equals the sum of the moments”
The coordinates of the center of gravity G
STATICS
Center of mass is a unique point in the body which is a

GE 201:
function solely of the distribution of mass & is independent

of gravitational effects since g no longer appears..
6
9/6/2020
Centroids of Lines, Areas, and Volumes
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

The term centroid is used when the calculation concerns
a geometrical shape only. When speaking of an actual
physical body, we use the term center of mass.
STATICS
1) Calculation of centroids for lines
GE 201:
7
2) calculation of centroids for Areas

Dr. Ahmed Kamal
STATICS
3) calculation of centroids for Volumes

GE 201:
8
9/6/2020
Center of Mass of Composite Bodies and Figures
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

The moment principle gives
to obtain the Center of Mass coordinates
STATICS
In case of geometrical shape ,
GE 201:
using Moment of Area to get the
centroid.
9
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
Locate the centroid of

the shaded area.
STATICS
GE 201:
10
of the shaded area.
Locate the centroid
Examples
12
11
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Beams—External Effects
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Beams are structural members which offer resistance to
bending due to applied loads which are usually applied
normal to the axes of the bars.
Types of Beams
STATICS
GE 201:
13
Distributed Loads
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
STATICS
GE 201:
14
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Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Determine the equivalent
concentrated load(s) and
external reactions for the
simply supported beam
which is subjected to the
distributed load shown.
STATICS
GE 201:
15
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

STATICS
GE 201:
16
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Dr. Ahmed Kamal

STATICS
GE 201:
17
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Area Moments of Inertia
The moments of inertia is one of
mathematical property of the area. Also
called “second moment of Inertia”.
STATICS
The moments of inertia of the element dA about the x- and y-axes:

dIx = y2 dA dIy = x2 dA
The moments of inertia of A about the same axes are therefore.
GE 201:
Rectangular moments of inertia

18
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Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Polar moment of inertia
STATICS
Transfer of Axes
GE 201:
19
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
Determine the moments of inertia of the

rectangular area about the centroidal x0-
and y0-axes, the centroidal polar axis z0
through C, and the x-axis.
The moments of inertia about x0

STATICS
GE 201:
The moments of inertia about y0

20
The moment of inertia about the x-axis is:
22
21
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Dr. Ahmed Kamal
Composite Areas
STATICS
GE 201:
23
Where ࡵത࢞ & ࡵത࢟ ࢇ࢘ࢋ ࢚ࢎࢋ ࢓࢕࢓ࢋ࢔࢚ ࢕ࢌ ࢏࢔ࢋ࢚࢘࢏ࢇ ࢕ࢌ ࢋࢇࢉࢎ
ࢇ࢘ࢋࢇ ࢇ࢈࢕࢛࢚ ࢏࢚࢙ ࢉࢋ࢔࢚࢘࢕࢏ࢊ
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
STATICS
GE 201:
24
9/6/2020
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

1
2
3
ଵ ଵ
௫ଵ ଵଶ (4a) (a3) + (4a.a)(1.5a)2ଷ a4+9 a4 = 9.33a4
STATICS
ଵ ଵ
௫ଶ (a) (2a3) = a4
ଵଶ ଺
ଵ ଵ
௫ଷ ଵଶ (4a) (a3) + (4a.a)(1.5a)2 = ଷ a4+9 a4 = 9.33a4
GE 201:
௫ = ௫ଵ + ௫ଶ + ௫ଷ = 18.833 a4
25
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

STATICS
GE 201:
26
9/6/2020
Taibah University
Course title:
Statics
1
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
Beam Internal Forces

When a structure is
subjected to external
loads, “internal forces”
within the structure are
STATICS
produced.
In general, this loading for
a coplanar structure will
GE 201:
consist of a normal force

N, shear force V, bending
2
moment M, and some
times torsion T.
9/6/2020
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Sign Convention. Positive Directions
Positive normal force

tends to elongate the
segment,
Positive shear tends to
STATICS
rotate the segment
clockwise,
Positive bending
GE 201:
moment tends to bend
the segment concave
upward, so as to “hold 3
water,”.
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Procedure for Analysis
1. Before the member is “cut” or sectioned, it may be
necessary to determine the member’s support
reactions.
2. Take a section at the point you want to calculate the
internal forces .
STATICS
3. Draw the free body diagram of the section part.

4. At the section indicate the unknown resultants N, V,
GE 201:
and M acting in their positive directions

5. Equations of Equilibrium, get N, V, M.
4
6. If a quantity having a negative magnitude, the
assumed directional sense of the quantity is opposite.
9/6/2020
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

SAMPLE PROBLEM
Determine the internal shear and
moment acting at a section passing
through point C in the beam
shown in Fig.
STATICS
1- Support Reactions.
2- Free-Body Diagram.
GE 201:
5
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

3- Equations of Equilibrium.
STATICS
GE 201:
Important Note:
keeping the distributed loading on the 6
beam until after the beam is sectioned.

9/6/2020
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Shear and Moment Functions
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Determine the shear and
moment in the beam shown
in Figure as a function of x.
STATICS
1- Support Reactions.
GE 201:
2- Shear and Moment
Functions.
7
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
STATICS
GE 201:
8
9/6/2020
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

STATICS
NOTE:
GE 201:
9
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Beam
Procedure for Analysis
1. Determine the support reactions and resolve
the forces acting on the beam into
components which are perpendicular and
STATICS
parallel to the beam’s axis.

2. Draw a horizontal datum (base line)
3. Draw three force diagrams using suitable
GE 201:
scales:
a)Normal force diagram (N.F.D.)
b)Shear force diagram (S.F.D.) 10
c) Bending moment diagram (B.M.D.)

9/6/2020
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Sign Convention
1. For N.F.D. and S.F.D. : positive values are drawn
above the datum and negative values below the
datum.
2. For B.M.D. :
STATICS
In case of M is drawn on the compression side
of the section: positive values are drawn above
the datum while the negative values are drawn
below the datum. (+ve for compression)
GE 201:
+ve +ve +ve 11
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

STATICS
GE 201:
12
S.F.D.
B.M.D.
14
13
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Dr. Ahmed Kamal

STATICS
GE 201:
15
100kN
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
100kN 50 kN.m 4
3
1 1 1 2m
100kN 80kN
50 kN.m
60kN
60kN 58kN
122kN
STATICS
N.F.D.
60kN 60kN
122kN
S.F.D. + 22kN
+
GE 201:
58kN 58kN
144kN.m
122kN.m 116kN.m
B.M.D. 94kN.m 16
+ +
17
9/6/2020
9/6/2020
Taibah University
Course title:
Statics
1
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
Friction
a. Smooth surfaces b. Rough surfaces
STATICS
Tangential forces generated between

contacting surfaces are called friction forces
GE 201:
and occur to some degree in the interaction

between all real surfaces.
2
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Dr. Ahmed Kamal

1. Types of Friction
(a) Dry Friction: occurs when the unlubricated surfaces
of two solids are in contact under a condition of
sliding.
The direction of this friction force always opposes the
motion or impending motion.
STATICS
(b) Fluid Friction: occurs when adjacent layers in a fluid
(liquid or gas) are moving at different velocities
(viscosity).
GE 201:
(c) Internal Friction: Internal friction occurs in all solid
materials which are subjected to cyclical loading.
3
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

2. Mechanism of Dry Friction
free-body diagram
STATICS
GE 201:
4
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Dr. Ahmed Kamal

3. Static Friction
is called the coefficient of static friction.
The friction force is determined by the equations of
STATICS
equilibrium.
4. Kinetic Friction
GE 201:
After slippage occurs, a condition of kinetic friction
accompanies the ensuing motion.
< 5
is called the coefficient of kinetic friction.
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

5. Friction Angles
In case of static friction.
In case of Kinetic friction.

STATICS
6. Types of Friction Problems

1- No motion: a body is in equilibrium.
Static friction
GE 201:
2- It is unknown if the body in motion or not:

We first assume static equilibrium and then solve for 6
the friction force F necessary for equilibrium.
9/6/2020
Three outcomes are possible:
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

The body is in static equilibrium as assumed.
STATICS
The assumption of static equilibrium is valid.
GE 201:
This condition is impossible.
The assumption of equilibrium is therefore invalid, and
motion occurs.
7
Kinetic friction case
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
Determine the maximum angle θ which the adjustable

incline may have with the horizontal before the block of
mass m begins to slip. The coefficient of static friction
between the block and the inclined surface is µs.
STATICS
GE 201:
Since the maximum angle occurs when:
8
9/6/2020
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Determine the range of values which the mass m0 may
have so that the 100-kg block shown in the figure will
neither start moving up the plane nor slip down the
plane. The coefficient of static friction for the contact
surfaces is 0.30.
1) The maximum value of m0 will be given by the
STATICS
requirement for motion impending UP the plane.
GE 201:
9
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
2) The minimum value of m0 is determined when

motion is impending DOWN the plane.
STATICS
GE 201:
10
Thus, m0 may have any value from 6.01 to 62.4 kg,
and the block will remain at rest.
9/6/2020
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Determine the magnitude and direction of
the friction force acting on the 100-kg
block shown if, first, P= 500 N and, second,
P=100 N.
The coefficient of static friction is 0.20, and the coefficient of
kinetic friction is 0.17. The forces are applied with the block
initially at rest.
STATICS
It is not clear that if the block will remain in equilibrium
or whether it will begin to slip following the application
GE 201:
of P.
Assumption
We will take the friction force to 11
be up the plane.
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
Case I: P=500 N
STATICS
By substitution
CHECK
GE 201:
The maximum static friction force = Fmax
12
The assumption of equilibrium was
Fmax > F correct
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Dr. Ahmed Kamal

For Case I: P=500 N
Case II: P=100 N

By substitution
STATICS
CHECK
The maximum static friction force = Fmax
GE 201:
Fmax < F Equilibrium cannot exist.
13
We obtain the correct value of the friction force by using

Dr. Ahmed Kamal
the kinetic coefficient of friction accompanying the

motion down the plane. Hence, the answer is:
STATICS
GE 201:
14
9/6/2020
1- SAMPLE PROBLEM
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

The 700-N force is applied to the
100-kg block, which is stationary
before the force is applied.
Determine the magnitude and
direction of the friction force F W
exerted by the horizontal surface
on the block. P cos30
STATICS
F
N + P sin30
GE 201:
15
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
The bock will slide/move, the friction force exerted by

the horizontal surface (kinetic friction force)
STATICS
GE 201:
16
9/6/2020
2- SAMPLE PROBLEM
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

The coefficient of static and kinetic friction
between the 100-kg block and the inclined
plane are 0.30 and 0.20, respectively.
Determine:
(a) The friction force F acting on the block
when P is applied with a magnitude of 200
N to the bock at rest.
(b) The force P required to initiate the motion W cos15
STATICS
up the incline from rest, and
(c) The friction force F acting on the block if P
= 600 N.
N + P sin20
F
GE 201:
(a)
17
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
(b)
STATICS
GE 201:
18
9/6/2020
(c)
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

STATICS
GE 201:
19
4- SAMPLE PROBLEM
Dr. Ahmed Kamal
Calculate the force P required to initiate motion

of the 24-kg block up the 10o incline. The y
coefficient of the static friction for each pair
surfaces is 0.30. x
W1
STATICS
N1 sin10
Upper block: block 1 F1 cos10
The equilibrium in the vertical direction y- axis N1 cos10
F1 sin10
GE 201:
20
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Lower block: block 2
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

The equilibrium in the y’-direction
F1
N2
F2
STATICS
The equilibrium in the x’-direction
GE 201:
21
Dr. Ahmed Kamal

STATICS
GE 201:
22

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8/29/2020

Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Vol. 1), 7th ed., John

Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Mechanics is the physical science which deals

The principles of mechanics are central to research and

strength of structures and machines, robotics, rocket

apparatus, and molecular, atomic, and subatomic

A thorough understanding of this subject is an

Dr. Ahmed Kamal

The subject of mechanics is logically divided into two

which concerned with the accelerated motion of bodies..

b) Time is a basic quantity in dynamics

Mass can also be thought of

d) Particle is a body of negligible dimensions.

Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Dr. Ahmed Kamal

3- SCALARS AND VECTORS

Scalars: associated with “Magnitude” alone

Vectors: associated with “Magnitude” and “Direction”

Dr. Ahmed Kamal

• Described by magnitude, direction & point of application

Vector’s Point of Application

Vectors: “Magnitude”, “Direction” “Point of Application”

body couple rotation

Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Some principles that governs the world of Mechanics:

1. The Parallelogram Law

Dr. Ahmed Kamal

1- THE PARALLELOGRAM LAW

We see from the diagram that the order of addition of the

Dr. Ahmed Kamal

The vectors V1 and V2 are the components of V

Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Vectors Vx and Vy are the x- and y-components of V.

The vector n is called a unit vector

In many problems, particularly

Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Dr. Ahmed Kamal

which are defined by:

Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Dr. Ahmed Kamal

2- The Principle of Transmissibility

The two force can be

“A force may be applied at any point on its given line of action

Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Dr. Ahmed Kamal

(d) determine the vector difference D = V1 - V2

Solution: (a) We construct to scale the parallelogram for

Dr. Ahmed Kamal

(c) With knowledge of both S and , we can write the

(d) The vector difference D is

Dr. Ahmed Kamal

The study of rigid body mechanics is

Dr. Ahmed Kamal

NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION (2nd Law)

Dr. Ahmed Kamal

Confusing? Concept of FBD (Free Body Diagram)

Newton’s Law of Gravitation

6.673 x 10-11 m3/kg.s2

Dr. Ahmed Kamal