Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Welding Issues For Seismic Design Requirements: Metal Building Systems
Welding Issues For Seismic Design Requirements: Metal Building Systems
Background
Welding requirements for buildings designed to resist seismically-induced energy have undergone a variety of changes in the
past dozen years. With the publication of several specifications in 2005, some stability has now emerged. This bulletin is
intended to outline and clarify the welding issues for seismic design that are specific to metal building systems.
2
Protected Zones in zone except that bolt holes in additional qualification testing is
Metal Buildings the beam web are permitted as carried out, as noted in Section W5.2,
noted in Section 2.6 of AISC AISC 341.
The concept of “Protected Zone” 358. Welder Qualification - AWS D1.8
is used in AISC 341, AISC 358 and Note that a butt splice of a web requires that welders pass a supple-
AWS D1.8. A weld that is within the plate that falls within the protected mental qualification test if they will be
protected zone is not required to meet zone must be free of discontinuities making welds that meet all of the
the demand critical requirements. The created by fabrication or erection following requirements: a) demand
intent is to eliminate unintended operations, such as tack welds, critical, b) join the bottom beam
stresses and fracture initiators in erection aids, air-arc gouging and flange to the column flange and c)
selected regions subject to significant thermal cutting. However they are are made through a weld access hole.
inelastic deformations. not specifically addressed in the Such conditions are rarely if ever
There are no protected zones codes, so they would only be classified encountered on metal building sys-
specified for OMF’s. However for as demand critical if specified by the tems, and accordingly, the supple-
IMF’s, the extent of the protected Engineer in the Contract Documents. mental welder qualification tests will
zone is given in AISC 358 for pre- Discontinuities shall be repaired as typically not be required for metal
qualified connections and in AISC 341 required by the Engineer of Record. building applications, even if the
Section 10.2d. As part of the SLRS, these welds are requirements of AWS D1.8 are
required to be made with filler metals specifically invoked in the contract
In typical IMF’s that might be used with a minimum CVN toughness of documents.
in metal buildings when an OMF is 20 ft-lb at 0°F as determined by AWS
not permitted, the protected zone is A5 classification or manufacturer
defined in AISC 358 Section 6.4(8) as certification. Other IMF
follows:
In the protected zone, tack welds
Requirements
(1) For an unstiffened extended attaching backing and weld tabs
end-plate, the protected zone AISC 358, Section 6.4, has a
shall be placed where they will be requirement that at the haunch of
extends from the face of the incorporated into a final weld, as
column to the lesser of (a) the welded built-up sections, within at
noted in Section 3.5 of AISC 358.
depth of the beam, or (b) 3 least the depth of the beam or 3 times
times the width of the flange the width of the flange, whichever is
from the face of the column.
Other Pertinent less, the web to flange weld shall be
(2) For a stiffened extended
Welding Requirements either a CJP groove weld or a pair of
end-plate, the protected zone fillet welds each having a size 34⁄ times
Welding Procedure Specifications
extends from the face of the the beam web thickness but not less
(WPS’s) – WPS’s have to show the
column to a location from the filler metal manufacturer and trade than 14⁄ inch. This would typically
end of the stiffener plus the name for all welds. For demand require a change from the typical
lesser of (a) the depth of the critical welds only, the WPS must practice of single sided fillet welds.
beam, or (b) 3 times the width show a combination of variables
of the flange from the face of that results in a heat input within the
the column. envelope to which the filler metal was Quality Assurance Plan
The protected zone requirements tested and certified.
are stated in AISC 341 Section 7.4 as Filler Metal Atmospheric Exposure - Quality assurance inspection
follows: While not a commonly used welding performed by an independent
(1) Discontinuities created by process, if FCAW is used, the filler inspection agency, is not a require-
fabrication or erection metals must not be exposed to the ment of AWS D1.1. Inspection is
operations shall be repaired. atmosphere longer than 72 hours or required by AWS D1.1, but is
Examples include tack welds, the exposure limits for which they are addressed generically in a form that
erection aids and cuts. tested. includes both the fabricator’s or
erector’s inspection and the outside
(2) Shear studs and pins or screws The maximum diffusible hydrogen inspection that is provided by, but at
are not permitted (arc spot is limited in welding electrodes. They the prerogative of, the owner. AWS
welds for attaching deck are shall meet the requirements for D1.1 does include visual quality
permitted) H16 (16 mL maximum diffusible criteria, nondestructive testing (NDT)
(3) Welded, bolted, screwed or hydrogen per 100 grams of deposited methodology and NDT quality
shot-in attachments for weld metal) as noted in Section W5.2, criteria, but does not specify the
perimeter edge angles, exterior AISC 341. Note that this does not location or types of welds that require
facades, partitions, duct work, apply to GMAW solid electrodes. NDT. This task is left to the engineer.
piping or other construction are The maximum interpass temper-
not permitted in the protected ature shall not exceed 550 °F unless Continued on Page 4
3
AWS D1.1 does not contain specific design professional. AISC 341, metals meeting 20 ft-lbs at 0°F.
quality criteria applicable for seismic Appendix Q gives appropriate For most metal building man-
loading, low cycle fatigue or plastic guidance in this area. ufacturers, commonly used
hinging regions, addressing only The fabricator and erector must welding products will meet
static (elastic) and high-cycle fatigue complete a statement of respons- these requirements.
applications. Any special quality ibility acknowledging their awareness (3) For IMF applications, fabrica-
requirements for seismic applications of the quality assurance plan, their tion restrictions apply to the
are left to the engineer. plans and procedures for providing portion of the member identi-
AISC 341 contains provisions quality control to achieve the fied as the protected zone.
for and requirements of a quality contract requirements, and identi- (4) For IMF applications, the welds
assurance plan in Section 18 and fication of those individuals at the end of built up sections
Appendix Q. The plan must meet any responsible for performing such between the web and flange will
building code requirement such as functions. The 2006 IBC Section need to be CJP groove welds, or
those in the 2006 IBC, in addition to 1704.2.2 allows in-shop quality double sided fillet welds meet-
any requirements of the engineer. assurance activities to be waived ing certain size requirements.
The emphasis is placed upon visual if welding is performed on the Additionally, the weld between
inspection. Nondestructive Testing premises of an approved fabricator. the end of the beam and end-
(NDT), however, is required for CJP plate needs to be a CJP groove
and PJP groove welds along with other weld with a reinforcing fillet.
items as detailed in Appendix Q. The Summary
form of NDT is specified within
Appendix Q, based on the tested Disclaimer
For metal buildings, the following
item.
are the changes in practice that may
The 2006 IBC requires special be required in order to comply with The welding requirements that
inspection for steel construction, with AISC 341: are discussed in this bulletin apply to
a few exceptions as noted in Section typical metal building structures. The
(1) The complete-joint-penetration
1705.3. Special inspection is per- reader should confirm that their
welds of the end-plate at the
formed by independent, qualified application is within the scope of
haunch connection must meet
individuals or agencies approved to these assumptions.
the requirements for demand
perform such inspections by the
critical welds. Filler metals
building official. Special inspection
used for these welds must
includes an inspection of the fabri- Acknowledgements
meet AWS classification
cator’s operations and quality control
requirements of 20 ft-lbs at
procedures, unless the fabricator is
-20°F, or be tested by the The information and code inter-
otherwise approved by the building
manufacturer as meeting the pretations in this bulletin are those
official. Structural steel welding
same requirement. Additionally, of the author on behalf of the Metal
operations must receive continuous
the filler metals are required to Building Manufacturers Association.
special inspection, except for single-
meet 40 ft-lbs at 70°F when However, several individuals provid-
pass fillet welds 51⁄ 6” or less, for
testing in accordance with ed review comments that provided
which periodic special inspection is
Appendix X, unless the par- invaluable guidance. We therefore
permitted (IBC Section 1707.2).
ticular electrode is exempt gratefully acknowledge the assist-
Section 1705 of IBC 2006 requires from this requirement ance of Duane Miller of Lincoln
a quality assurance plan for seismic- (GMAW with solid electrodes Electric, Tom Schlafly of AISC,
force-resisting systems in Seismic are exempt from AISC 341 Robert Shaw of Steel Structures
Design Categories C, D, E or F. The Appendix X testing). Technology, and Ronald Hamburger
quality assurance plan must be
(2) Welds that are part of the of Simpson Gumpertz and Heger.
prepared by a registered design
SLRS must be made with filler
professional and specify the special
inspection requirements and testing
requirements, including the type of
testing and frequency of testing. For Further Information:
Structural observation by the engineer
or his or her designated representative Metal Building Manufacturers Association, Inc.
is also a requirement. The exact extent 1300 Sumner Avenue • Cleveland, Ohio 44115-2851
of additional special inspection,
testing and structural observation for
216-241-7333 • 216-241-0105 (fax)
seismic applications is not defined Email: mbma@mbma.com • Website: www.mbma.com
within the IBC, but is rather left to
the determination of the registered
4