Task 1 - Electromagnetic waves in open media

Individual work format

Student
Ronald Garzon Sánchez

Group 203058A_951
Identification number
1075221843

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e
Ingeniería Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2021 16-01
 Exercises development

Activity
Answers: (write with your own words)
1. In the context of electromagnetic waves, what is an open propagation
medium?
R/ It is defined as the medium or field through which a dynamic condition of
energy or disturbance called electromagnetic wave is transmitted, and it is
open when there is no obstacle that reflects the waves towards the emitting
part and the waves can reach their maximum frequencies, such propagation
depends on the elasticity of the medium, density and speed of propagation of
the wave.

2. Within the propagation mediums, what is the meaning of the “Loss Tangent”?
R/ It is a basic measurement parameter that allows us to identify the behavior
and type of a medium, according to the characteristics of the medium and the
frequency of the signal we can identify the relationship between the conduction
current and displacement current, it is calculated as follows:

𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) =
𝜔𝜖
𝜖 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝜖 = 𝜖 𝑟 𝜖0
1
𝜖0 = ∗ 10−9
36𝜋
𝜎 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
 3. How the propagation medium is classified according to the value of the

“Loss
Tangent”?
R/

𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) ≥ 10 → 𝐺𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) < 0,01 → 𝐺𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟

0,01 < 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) < 10 → 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐

𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 0 → 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛

𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) → ∞ → 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟

4. Define the propagation parameters for waves traveling through a medium

(they are
different from the wave parameters).

Application exercise:
The following 5-step exercise describes the method to characterize an
electromagnetic wave when propagating in an open environment, for which,
each student must choose 1 propagation media of the proposed in Table 1 and
announce it within the Task 1 forum to avoid repetition.
Table 1: Conductivity 𝛔 and electrical permittivity 𝛆𝐫 of some media.

Media 𝛔 𝛆𝐫 [ ]
[𝐒⁄𝐦]
1. Copper 5.80𝑥10 1
7

2. Sea water 4 8
0
3. Air 5.5𝑥10−1 1.0005
5

4. Vegetable soil 1.00𝑥10 1

−2
4
5. Dry soil 1.00𝑥10 3
−4

6. Sweet water 1.00𝑥10 8

−3
0
7. Vacuum 0 1
𝜀 = εrε𝑜 ; εo = 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2/N𝑚 2
1. Calculate the tangent of losses Tan (δ) and the angle of losses δ of the
medium chosen in Table 1, if through it travel an electromagnetic wave E
of frequency 𝑓 = (𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 10) 𝑀𝐻𝑧. Note that 𝐶𝐶𝐶 are the last 3 digits of
your identification number.
𝜎 𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿)
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εrε𝑜
= =
Example:

Identification number:79705911, then 𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 911

Then: 𝑓 = ( 911 + 10) 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 921𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 921𝑥

106 𝐻𝑧 Selected propagation medium: Copper

Conductivity: 𝛔 = 5,807 𝑆/𝑚

Electrical permittivity: 𝛆𝐫 = 𝟏

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
R/

𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 𝜎
𝜔𝜖
𝜖𝑟 = 1
1
𝜖0 = ∗ 10−9
36𝜋
1
𝜖 = 𝜖𝑟 𝜖0 → 𝜖 = 1 ∗ ∗ 10−9) ⟶ 𝜖 = 8,842𝑥10−112
(
36𝜋
𝜎 = 5,807
𝜔 = 2𝜋 ∗ (911 + 10𝑀𝐻𝑧) ⟶ 𝜔 = 5786813.668

2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator.

* R/
5,80𝑥107 𝑆/𝑚
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) =
2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 921𝑥106𝐻𝑧 ∗ 1 ∗ 8.842 ∗ 10−12𝐶2/𝑁𝑚2

3. Paste the calculator image into the report.

R/
4. Write the answer with your units.
5,80𝑥107
R/ 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) =
2∗𝜋∗921000000𝐻𝑧∗1∗8.842∗10−12 𝐶 2 /𝑁𝑚2

� 𝜎 5,80𝑥107 𝑆/𝑚
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿 � = =
)= � 2𝜋𝑓εr 2𝜋 ∗ 921𝑥106 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 1 ∗
� ε𝑜 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2
𝜀

𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 89.99999945425°
Note that 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 and 𝜀 = εrε𝑜

2. According to the result obtained in point 1, classify the behavior of the

chosen medium according to one of the 5 options in Table 2:

R/ According to the result obtained, the chosen media is copper and is

classified as a perfect conductor.
 Table 2: Classification of propagation media.
3. According to the classification obtained in point 2 and using Table 3
shown below, calculate the following propagation parameters of the wave
in the chosen medium:

a. Propagation constant  (gamma).

R/

𝛾 = √𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇0

𝛾 = √𝑗 5786813667.912399292𝜔 ∗ 58000000𝜎 ∗ 1,2566𝑥10−6𝜇0

𝛾 = 459106.6336267003208 + 459106.6336267003208𝑖
b. Attenuation constant  (Alpha).

R/

∝= √𝜋 𝑓 𝜎 𝜇𝑜 → ∝= √𝜋 ∗ 921𝑥106𝐻𝑧 ∗ 5.80𝑥107𝜎 ∗ 1.2566𝑥10−6𝜇𝑜

∝ = 459106.633626670003208 𝑁𝑝/𝑚

c. Phase constant  (Beta).

R/

𝛽 = √𝜋 𝑓 𝜎 𝜇𝑜 → 𝛽 = √𝜋 ∗ 921𝑥106𝐻𝑧 ∗ 5.80𝑥107𝜎 ∗ 1.2566𝑥10−6𝜇𝑜

𝛽 = 459106.633626670003208 𝑅𝑎𝑑/𝑚
 𝑗 𝜔𝜇𝑜 𝑖5786813667.912399292𝜔 ∗ 1.256𝑥10−6 𝜇𝑜
𝜂=√ → 𝜂 = √
𝜎 5.8𝑥107𝜎

𝜂 = 0.0079156316143 + 0.0079156316143𝑖 𝑜ℎ𝑚

 Table 3: Propagation parameters in open media.

Not Lost Dielectrics Good

Paramet
dissipati low with conducto
er
ve dielectr losses rs
ic
𝜸 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 √𝒋𝝎𝝁(𝝈 + √𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇
𝒋𝝎𝜺) 𝑜
𝜶 0 𝜎𝜂 ⁄2 𝑹𝒆() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇
𝑜

𝜷 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝑰𝒎() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇

𝑜
𝜼 √𝜇⁄𝜀 √𝜇⁄𝜀 √𝒋𝝎𝝁⁄(𝝈 + √𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜
𝒋𝝎𝜺) ⁄𝜎
𝜇 = 𝜇𝑟 𝜇𝑜 ; 𝜇𝑟 = 1 (𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎) ; 𝜇𝑜 = 1.2566x10−6 T m/A
.
4. According to the results obtained in point 3 and using the following
equations, calculate the propagation characteristics of the wave in the
chosen medium:
a. Propagation speed 𝒗𝒑.
R/

𝜔 5786813667.912399292𝜔
𝑣𝑝 = → 𝑣𝑝 =
𝛽 459106.6336267003208 𝑅𝑎𝑑/𝑚

𝑣𝑝 = 12604.5089398940435 𝑚/𝑠
b. Wavelength
𝝀. R/

2 2𝜋
𝜆= 𝜋 →𝜆=
459106.6336267003208
𝛽 𝑅𝑎𝑑/𝑚

𝜆 = 0.0000136856775 𝑚
 c. The penetration depth of the 𝜹𝒑 wave in the
medium. R/
1 1
𝛿𝑝 = → 𝛿𝑝 =
𝛼 |459106.6336267003208𝑁𝑝/𝑚 |

𝛿𝑝 = 0.0000021781432 𝑚

Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator, paste the image of

the operation on the report, then write the final result including the units.

𝑉𝑝 =
 𝜆=
…

Figure 3: operation 3 on a virtual scientific calculator.

Interpretation
Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain in your own words the meaning
and the result obtained for: 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿), 𝑉𝑝 , 𝜆 and 𝛿𝑝.

The loss tangent allows me to identify ...

𝑉𝑝 is the speed with which the...

Application example

Example:

Video link

URL:

References

Reference 1:

Examples of reference formats:

Physical book.
Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the book. (pp. xx-xx). City, Country:
Editorial.

Chapter of a physical book.

Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the chapter or the entry. Title of the
book (pp. xx-xx). City, Country: Editorial.

EBook.
Surname, A. (Year). Title of the book. (pp. xx-xx). Country: Editorial. Retrieved
from http: // ...

Chapter of an electronic book.

Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the chapter or the entry. Title of the
book (pp. xx-xx). City, Country: Editorial. Retrieved from http: // ...

Internet video.
Surname, N. (Year). Title of the video Video server [Video]. Retrieved from http:
// ...