COURSE: MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEM

MICROPROCESSOR
CONCEPT, ARCHITECTURES & ITS TRENDS

Agus Bejo, D.Eng.

Digital System Laboratory
Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology,
Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada
 COMPUTER SYSTEM

Microprocessor??

Microcontroller??

System-on-Chip??

Simple peripheral
(RAM,ROM,UART) Microprocessor

Engine/Accelerator/
Advanced peripheral Microcontroller

System-on-Chip
 COMPUTER SYSTEM
Motherboard System-on-Chip
 COMPUTER SYSTEM

Mikrokontroler adalah sebuah sistem komputer (terdiri dari mikroprosesor,

ROM, RAM dan IO) dengan peripheral sederhana yang dikemas dalam satu IC
atau satu chip

4
 MICROPROCESSOR DEFINITION
Mikroprosesor adalah sebuah rangkaian digital yang berfungsi
untuk melakukan fungsi komputasi berbasis instruksi biner
secara sekuensial.

Dasar rangkaian digital

Komputasi

Instruksi biner

Sekuensial
 COMPUTER SYSTEM

Board
Microcontroller??
Microcontroller??
Microprocessor??

Arduino Uno
Microcontroller
Microprocessor AVR

Arduino Nano ATMega328
 ATMEL MICROCONTROLER
 Intel MCS-51 (8051)
- 8-bit microprocessor
- AT89Cxx

 AVR
- 8-bit microprocessor
- 32-bit microprocessor
- ATMegaxx
- Arduino Uno, Nano

 ARM-based
- 32-bit microprocessor
- SAMxx
- Arduino Due
 ARM MICROPROCESSOR
Keluarga ARM
 Classic
 Cortex

Keluarga Cortex
 Cortex-M
 Cortex-R
 Cortex-A
INTEL MICROPROCESSOR

I9 was introduced
in May 2017
 MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEM TRENDS
1. Sistem Berbasis Mikroprosesor
 MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEM TRENDS
2. Sistem Berbasis Mikrokontroler.

IC Mikrokontroler
 MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEM TRENDS
3. Sistem on Programmable Chip dengan Softcore Processor

RTL Design: VHDL, Verilog

IC FPGA

Softcore Processor

(Nios, MicroBlaze)
 MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEM TRENDS
4. System Level Design  System-on-Chip (SoC)
RTL Design: VHDL, Verilog

IC Mikrokontroler

Softcore Processor
EXAMPLE: SYSTEM ON PROGRAMMABLE CHIP

 Nios 32-bit Softcore Processor

 Altera FPGA
 EXAMPLE: SYSTEM ON PROGRAMMABLE CHIP
 Microblaze 32-bit Softcore Processor
 Xilinx FPGA
MICROPROCESSOR PRODUCTS
 PROCESSOR CLASSES
Prosesor apa yang terbaik??

Embedded System Desktop PC

Smartphone/Tablet PC Supercomputer
 PROCESSOR CLASSES
Kelas Mikroprosesor
 Server Processor
 Desktop Processor
 Network Processor
 Mobile Processor
 Embedded Processor
 PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE TRENDS
Microprocessor Total Revenue ($US Billion)
$US Billion

demands:
- higher performance
- faster develop. time
Year
* Source and Copyright: ITCandor, Nov 2012
The latest survey of International Data Corporation (IDC)
in 2015 mentioned that the “total revenue of embedded
microprocessor will exceed the total revenue of desktop
microprocessor by 2020”
 ASIP
Application Specific Instruction-set Processor

Specific
GPP
Instructions
 ASIC-GPP-ASIP-RASIP

ASIC *Application Specific IC

• High Performance
• Long Design Cycle
• Not Flexible/Programmable

GPP *General Purpose Processor ASIP

• Low Performance
• Short Design Cycle
• Flexible/Programmable
*Application Specific
Instruction-set Processor
Trend :
• Faster Design Cycle
• Optimize

R-ASIP
*Reconfigurable ASIP
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 PARADIGM CHANGE

“Programmers
following in the hardware designers”

“Hardware designers
following in the programmers”
 PROCESSOR DESIGN TRENDS

Conventional methods: Architecture Description

- HDLs, Language (ADL)
- Manually, - Faster
- Sequentially, - Easier
- Less automation, - Automation
- Error prone - More reliable
- Longer design time
 DERIVATIVE ASIP APPROACH
Concept
Equivalent Architecture

(1) removing useless resources.

(2) adding new co-processors or instruction extensions.
 DERIVATIVE ASIP APPROACH
Co-processor/Instruction Generator Tool
A tool for assisting architecture designer creating instruction
extensions or co-processors.
 DERIVATIVE ASIP APPROACH
Co-processor/Instruction Generator Tool
Input Definition File:
(1) XML file
(2) GUI

(1) Instruction only

(2) Co-processor only
(3) Co-processor + Instruction
 DERIVATIVE ASIP APPROACH
Proof of Concept: DAA Processor

ARM9

DAA

DAA (Derivative ARM ASIP) is :

- Derived from ARM9 architecture
- Target Applications:
(1) Fingerprint Authentication,
(2) AES cryptography,
(3) Navigation.
 DERIVATIVE ASIP APPROACH
Compiler Comparison
Overall DAA performance is improved 22.5%

(a) Execution cycles of some functions for various compiler, (b) the total of cycles and code size

28
 DERIVATIVE ASIP APPROACH
Performance Comparison
• Performance Improvement by Filter Instructions

• Performance Improvement by AES Instructions and

Navigation Co-processor

36x 18x 41x

27x

29
 DERIVATIVE ASIP APPROACH
H/W Verification

- 100 MHz
- 24K LEs,
- 1503 registers,
- 35 I/O pins,
- 3,145,728 bits (384 KB) memory
(128 KB ROM, 256 KB RAM)

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 SMARTPHONE’S PROCESSORS
1. Application Processor
2. Baseband Processor
3. Radio Frequency (RF)

31
 TOP 5 APPLICATION SoC

* ARM processor > 80%

Sumber:
Strategy Analitycs
http://electronicspurchasingstrategies.com/2015/05/04/app-processor-markets-post-strong-growth/

32
SHARE MARKET SMARTPHONE SOC
 TOP 5 BASEBAND SoC

* Qualcomm 4G LTE Baseband = 95%

sumber:
http://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2014/07/11/why-qualcomm-remains-the-no-1-player-in-cellular-baseband

34
 MOBILE PLATFORM WAR

12% 64%

Mediatek: Qualcomm:
- Taiwan - USA
- Lower price - Higher price
- Less performance - Better performance

Market share of Baseband SoC in 2013:

(1) Qualcomm : 64%
(2) Mediatek : 12 %
(3) Intel : 8%
(4) Spreadtrum :
(5) Broadcom :
(6) Nvidia :

Source: http://www.phonearena.com/news/Qualcomm-is-still-the-mobile-processor-market-leader-Intel-pretty-close-to-MediaTek_id53
 LOCAL SMARTPHONES
 2013
Smartphone Lokal Terpopuler 2013
source: www.mobile88.com

1. Mito A800 Mediatek MTK6577 ARM Cortex A9

2. Mito A355 Qualcomm Snapdragon S4 ARM Cortex A5
3. Smartfren Andromax V Mediatek MTK 6589, ARM Cortex-A7
4. Smartfren Andromax I Qualcomm Snapdragon ARM S4 Cortex-A5
5. Cross A7S Mediatek MTK6577 ARM Cortex A9
6. IMO S89 Mediatek MTK 6589, ARM Cortex-A7
7. Polytron Wizard Quadra Mediatek MTK 6589, ARM Cortex-A7
8. Advan Vandroid S5E Mediatek MTK MT6572 ARM Cortex-A7
9. Axioo PicoPad 4 Mediatek MTK 6575, ARM Cortex-A9
10. Nexian Mi230 Xplorer Speadtrum 6820, ARM Cortex A5
 LOCAL SMARTPHONES

11 Smartphone Lokal terbaik 2018

source: https://www.yatekno.com/hp-android-buatan-indonesia/

1. Evercross Winner Y Star MediaTek MT6737

2. Polytron ZAP 6 Flaz Mediatek MT6737
3. Axioo Venge 2 Mediatek MTK6737
4. Evercross Genpro X Snapdragon 212
5. SPC L50 Volt Mediatek MT6735
6. Advan G1 Pro Mediatek MT6737
7. Smartfren Andromax Z Mediatek MT6589
8. Mito Fantasy Note A30 MediaTek MT6592
9. Himax Pure 3S MediaTek MT6735
10. Zyrex ZA 977 MediaTek MT6572
11. Evercoss Elevate Y3+ Snapdragon 810
 XIAOMI STORY
 2014

• GUINNESS WORLD RECORD BY SELLING

2.1 MILLION SMARTPHONES IN 24 HOURS
 HUAWEI STORY
 2015

Huawei Mate 8
 QUALCOMM STORY
 January, 2015
Smartphone pertama Snapdragon 810??

OVERHEAT
ISSUE

Sony Xperia Z4:

Rencana launcing Januari 2015

Realisasi launcing April 20, 2015
 QUALCOMM STORY
 January, 2015
Smartphone pertama Snapdragon 810??

2.5 GHz
 2.0 GHz
HTC One M9:

Launcing April 10, 2015
 QUALCOMM STORY

OVERHEAT
ISSUE
 QUALCOMM STORY
 2015
Overheat Issue
Snapdragon 810
 QUALCOMM STORY
 2015
HTC One M9 :
Smartphone pertama yang
menggunakan Qualcomm
Snapdragon 810

Galaxy S6:
Smartphone pertama yang
menggunakan Exynos 7

HTC One M9 :
• Prosesor octe core 64 bit
• Qualcomm Snapdragon 810
• ARM Cortex A53
• Technology 20 nm

Galaxy S6 :
• Prosesor octa core 64 bit
• Exynos 7420 (Bukan Qualcomm)
• ARM Cortex A53
• Technology 14 nm
 QUALCOMM STORY
 2015
 QUALCOMM STORY
 March 2015
 QUALCOMM STORY
 January, 2016
Smartphone pertama Snapdragon 820??
https://www.qualcomm.com/news/snapdragon/2016/01/05/first-snapdragon-
820-powered-smartphone-announced-ces

Le Max Pro
 QUALCOMM STORY
 2016
smartphones powered by Snapdragon 820
 QUALCOMM STORY
 November 17, 2016
Smartphone pertama Snapdragon 835??

Samsung Galaxy S8/S8 Plus, Samsung Galaxy Note 8

 QUALCOMM STORY
 2017, Smartphones powered by Snapdragon 835
 QUALCOMM STORY
December 2017: First Windows 10 PC using ARM
(Qualcomm Snapdragon 835)

Source: https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-835-mobile-pc-platform
 QUALCOMM STORY
 December 7, 2017
Smartphone pertama Snapdragon 845??

Samsung Galaxy S9/S9 plus Sony Xperia XZ2 Xiaomi Mi 8

& XZ2 Compact
Oppo Find X Vivo NEX S Asus ROG Smartphone HTC U12+
Sharp Aquos R2 LG G7 ThinQ Asus Zenfone 5Z
 QUALCOMM STORY
 June 4, 2018
Smartphone pertama Snapdragon 850??

Belum
AdaSpecial Design
for Windows 10
 Mobile Computer Platform
 QUALCOMM STORY

Lenovo has slated the Yoga C630 WOS (Windows on Snapdragon)

release for November 2018
 QUALCOMM STORY

Snapdragon 850
 QUALCOMM STORY
 December 5, 2018
Smartphone pertama Snapdragon 855??

Belum
Ada
 QUALCOMM STORY

7 upcoming flagship phones we expect

to feature the Snapdragon 855
Estimated release date:
 Samsung Galaxy S10  Samsung S10  Feb 20, 2019
 OnePlus 7  OnePlus 7  May 2019
 Google Pixel 4
 LG G8
 Moto Z4
 Something HTC?
 Sony Xperia XZ4
 QUALCOMM STORY
Samsung
Lenovo Z5 Pro GT Xiaomi Mi 9 Galaxy S10 series

LG G8 ThinQ OnePlus 7 Pro ASUS ZenFone 6

 QUALCOMM STORY
 Estimated release date on December 2019
Snapdragon 865??

IC Technology:
TSMC  Samsung’s EUV (extreme ultra-violet) : 20-30% performance

Processor:
Cortex-A76  Cortex-A77 : 20% performance

Memory:
LPDDR4x  LPDDR5 : 50% access speed
 ARMADA STORY

Processor ARMADA
• Perusahaan Semikonduktor (fabless)
terbesar ke-5 di dunia tahun 2011.
• Sutardja Dai Hall di UC Berkeley (20
million USD)
“Saya tidak mengerti apa-apa
Sehat Sutardja, selain bidang saya...”
Pendiri dan CEO Marvell
ARMADA STORY
 ARMADA STORY
 Top 5
Fabless Companies
 ARMADA STORY

Samsung Galaxy Win Pro (Feb 2014)

SoC : Marvell ARMADA Mobile PXA1088
CPU : ARMv7 ARMADA PXA1088
 MICROPROCESSOR CONCEPT
Arsitektur Mikroprosesor Dasar
Arithmetic
Logic Registers
Unit

Control Unit

 ALU: Melakukan tugas komputasi numeris, aritmatika, operasi

logika dan manipulasi data.
 Register: digunakan untuk menyimpan data sementara.
 Control Unit: digunakan untuk mengendalikan operasi ALU,
perpindahan data, terdiri dari program counter dan status
register
 MICROPROCESSOR CONCEPT

0
CPU
(1) Fetch : 0xE0813000 1
2
Program Counter (PC)
Instruction Register (IR) .

ROM
(2) Decode Load/Store
Register R3 0
ADD R3,R1,R0
1
R1 R0 2
Control Unit .
(CU) RAM
ALU (4) Writeback

(3) Execute

Status Register (FLAG) Accumulator (ACC)

 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
Contoh:
Arsitektur
REGISTER
Prosesor Intel

ALU CONTROL UNIT

 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE

Berdasarkan Instruction-set:
CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)
RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)

CISC (Von Neuman)

Complex instruction set computer

More complex instructions (closer to high-level language support)

RISC (Harvard)

Reduced instruction set computer

Simple operations

Simple addressing modes

Longer compiled program bust faster to execute

Uses pipelining
 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
 Berdasarkan lebar data:
 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, 64-bit
 VLIW (Very Long Instruction Word)

 Berdasarkan jumlah processor:

 Single core,
 Dual core,
 Quad core,
 Multi core
 Berdasarkan fitur:
 GPP (General Purpose Processor)
 ASIP (Application Specific Instruction-set Processor)
 DSP (Digital Signal Processor)
 GPU (Graphical Processor Unit)
 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
 Berdasarkan mikroarsitektur:
 Instruction Accurate (No Pipeline)
 Cycle Accurate (Pipeline)
 Super Scalar (Multi Pipeline)
 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
Pipeline Concept
 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
Pipeline Concept
 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
Pipeline Concept
 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
Pipeline Concept
 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
Pipeline Concept
 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
Pipeline Example: MIPS Architecture
 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
Single Pipeline
 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
Superscalar: multi-pipeline
 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
Super Scalar
 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
8-bit Microcontrollers
 Microchip

RISC architecture (reduced instruction set computer)

Has sold over 2 billion as of 2002

Cost effective and rich in peripherals
 Motorola

CISC architecture

Has hundreds of instructions

Examples: 68HC05, 68HC08, 68HC11
 Intel

CISC architecture

Has hundreds of instructions

Examples: 8051, 8052

Many difference manufacturers: Philips, Dallas/MAXIM Semiconductor, etc.
 Atmel

RISC architecture (reduced instruction set computer)

Cost effective and rich in peripherals

AVR

Source: Fundamental of Mircroprocessor and Microcontroller by Dr. Farid Farahmand

 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
ATMega8535
 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE

Fitur ATMega8535
a. 130 macam instruksi, yang hampir semuanya dieksekusi dalam 1 cycle.
b. 32 x 8-bit register serba guna.
c. Kecepatan mencapai 16 MIPS dengan clock 16 MHz.
d. 8 KByte Flash Memori, yang memiliki fasilitas In-System Programming.
e. 512 Byte internal EEPROM.
f. 512 Byte SRAM.
g. Programming Lock, fasilitas untuk mengamankan kode progam.
h. 2 buah timer/counter 8-bit dan 1 buah timer/counter 16-bit.
i. 4 channel output PWM.
j. 8 channel ADC 10-bit.
k. Serial USART.
l. Master/Slave SPI serial interface.
m. Serial TWI atau I2C.
n. On-Chip Analog Comparator.
 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
Organisasi Memori ATMega8535

Memory Program Memory Data Memory EEPROM

8 KB 608 Byte 512 Byte
0x0000h – 0x0FFFH 0x0000h – 0x025FH 0x0000h – 0x0200H