FEDERAL UNIVERSITY BIRNIN KEBBI

FACULTY OF SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY
TECHNICAL REPORT
ON

STUDENT’S INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (S.I.W.E.S)

HELD AT
INDEPTH GEOPHYSICAL AND DRILLING SERVICES
GARI ALIMI, ROUNDABOUT, OPPOSITE A-TAPHA FILLING STATION, AIRPORT
ROAD ILORIN, KWARA STATE.

SUBMITTED BY

ABDULRAHMAN GAZAL YUSUF

1510205025
TO

DEPARTMEMT OF GEOLOGY, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY BIRNIN KEBBI, KEBBI STATE.

In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) Degree in
Geology.

MARCH 2019

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 DEDICATION
This report is dedicated to Almight Allah who gave me the physical and mental strength to carry
out this exercise and to my father Owolabi F. Alabi DCP who has been fueling my academic
financially, morally and other kind of supports. I pray that may you reap the fruit of your labour
over me.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to thank the Almight Allah for His indefinite mercy on me during and
after this work.
I must appreciate the effort of Owolabi F. Alabi DCP, Alahji sheu Al- imam and madam Hafsat
sheu may you reap your fruits.
I would like to express my profound gratitude to the management and staffs of Indepth
Geophysical and Drilling Services. I also wish to appreciate and acknowledge the support and
encouragement received from my industrial based supervisor Geologist Abdulakeem. I pray that
your children sir will be highly favoured where ever they find themselves.
I am greatly indebted to Mr. Sanusi, Director mining, kwara state ministry of solid minerals and
industry development.
I am indeed grateful to all my lecturers in the department of Geology, Federal University Birnin
Kebbi for thoroughly preparing academically for the challenges I came across during the
program.
I am grateful for my brothers and sisters, my entire family members, my friends, my study
colleagues and well-wishers among whom are Imam Muritador, Alfa Ahmed Al-imam, Abu
Semiat, Abdullateef, Abu Aisat, Abu Khadijat, Abu Anas, Bros London and my lovely Ruqoyat
Moradeke Oladipupo Apinke.I owe you my gratitude for your moral and financial support. May
Allah continue to guide and bless you in all your doings Ameen.

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 ABSTRACT
The student’s industrial work experience scheme programme is chiefly equipped towards the
introduction of the students to the society, industrial, domestic demand and needs of their course
of study. It prepare students to know what they will face in the labour market after graduation, it
also establish students to be self-reliance. In line with the aim and objectives of the program it
creates podium to bridge the gap the between the theoretical knowledge acquired in the school
and practical aspect and this gives students additional knowledge about his/ her course of study,
indeed the program serve as reservoir of knowledge in which students fetch practical experience.
My three month student’s industrial work experience scheme with Indepth geophysical and
drilling services was highly remarkable as it exposed me to the area of geophysical survey,
drilling supervision, data interpretational skills, report writing, presentational skills, mutual
relationship and interaction with staffs and clients. Project involving geophysical survey for
groundwater resource development, borehole drilling, water sample collection and formation
sample collection are portion of the projects executed.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
Dedication -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------i
Acknowledgement
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ii
Abstract -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iii
Table of content ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iv
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
Historical Development of Student’s Industrial Work Experience Schheme (S.I.W.E.S) ----------1
Aims and Objective of the Siwes ---------------------------------------------------------------------------1
The Scope of the Scheme ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
Contribution of the scheme ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
Problems affecting the scheme
------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
History background and detail description of the company
---------------------------------------------3
Organization structure ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
CHAPTER TWO
Geophysical survey -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
Geophysical employed at indepth geophysical and drilling services to determine groundwater
potential --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
Basic principles of electrical resistivity method ----------------------------------------------------------5
Schlumberger configuration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
Important of electrical resistivity method in groundwater exploration --------------------------------7
Instruments and their use in geophysical survey
----------------------------------------------------------7
Terrameter -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
Cable reels -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8

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Measuring tape ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
Electrodes ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
Hammer --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9

CHAPTER THREE
Borehole drilling for water exploration
-------------------------------------------------------------------10
The drilling methods ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10
The drilling tools
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10
Supervising water well drilling-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
11
Aims, roles and responsibilities ---------------------------------------------------------------------------11
Levels of supervision ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
The borehole structure --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
Drilling depth ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
Borehole diameter -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
Casing pipes -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
Gravel packing and grouting ------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
Flushing ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
Borehole pump testing -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15
Advantages of borehole ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16
Disadvantages of borehole --------------------------------------------------------------------------------16
CHAPTER FOUR
Conclusion ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
Recommendation --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17

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vi
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a human capital formation
programme through industrial attachment for which students are expected to have a practical
experience on the basis of theories and principles acquired in the teaching-learning process.
However, the prevalence of the inability of participants of SIWES to secure employment after
the programme casts doubt on the continuing relevance of SIWES to the contemporary industrial
development drive in Nigeria.
This technical report is a succinct documentation of my exposure and experience achieved and
picked up in the area of geophysical survey, water borehole drilling supervision and installation
during student’s industrial work experience scheme (s.i.w.e.s) witha Consultancy firm called
Indepth Geophysical And Drilling Services, Ilorin, kwara state. The program last for three month
which it commenced from September to December and aimed to exposed students of higher
institution to the practical aspect of what they were taught in the class in order to bridge the gaps
between theoretical aspects and practical aspects, In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
award of bachelor of science (B.Sc.) Degree in Geology.

1.1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENT’S INDUSTRIAL WORK

EXPERIENCE SCHHEME (S.I.W.E.S)
The student work experience scheme{SIWES} came into establishment of the industrial training
fund[ITF] under degree No 47 of 8th October, 1971, in a bid to boost indigenous capacity for the
nation’s industrial need, the fund in its policy statement No. 1 published in 1973 inserted a clause
dealing with the issue of practical skills which states that “the seek will seek to work out
cooperative machinery with industry, where student in institution of higher learning may acquire
training in industry or mid-career attached by contributing to the allowance payable to the
student”. The fund identified a great gap between theory and practice of engineering and
technology of higher learning and has come to an effort to eliminate this gap. The fund initiated
work experience scheme {SIWES} in 1973. SIWES therefore is a skill training program
designed to expose and prepared students of universities, polytechnics and college of education
to real life work situation including environmental, technical and business student in higher
institution of training in Nigeria.

1.1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF THE SIWES

 To provide students with industrial skills and needed experience while the course of
study.
 To create conditions and circumstances, which can be as close as possible to the actual
workflow.
 To give students the ability to try and apply the given knowledge
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  To teach students the techniques and equipment that may not be available within the
walls of an educational institution.
 To provide student with an opportunity to applied their theoretical knowledge in real
work situation thereby bridging the gap between theories and practical.
 To provide avenue for students for institutions in higher learning to acquire industrial
skills and experience in their course of study while in school.
 To expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and
machineries that may not be available in some educational institutions.
 To enhance and strengthened employers involvement in the education process and
preparing student for employment in the industries.
The objectives of SIWES programme are all about strengthening future employees. Such
program is successful attempt to help students to understand the underlying principles of
their future work. After passing the programs, the students can concentrate on the really
necessary factors of his or her work.

1.1.2 THE SCOPE OF THE SCHEME

The scope of the program may varies from one department to another and from one institution to
another. But students in department of geology, Federal University Birnin Kebbi (FUBK)
observe this program in 200 level second semester for the period of three (3) months and in 300
level second semester for the period of three (3) months also. This is observed by all institution
of higher learning offering geology, science courses and related disciplines.
The scheme therefore is a pre-requisite to graduating student from institution of higher learning
most especially earth resources related courses like mining, engineering geology, petroleum
geology, applied geology, etc. its scope revolve around practical experience on site.
1.1.3 CONTRIBUTION OF THE SCHEME
The scheme is contributing immensely to the vigorous and rigorous impact in the economy and
technological development of the country especially in the aspect of human resources
development. Some contributions of the scheme are as follows;
 It creates more relationship between institutions and industries.
 It has contributed to the improved quality of skilled man-power in Nigeria.
 It prepares the students so that they can fit into employments in the industries.
 It offers the students an opportunity to associate themselves with workers at various
levels in the industries.
 It assures the institution that the qualities of student produced by them are to standard
after going through the SIWES program as it forms part of the assessment of the award of
certificate and degree.

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1.1.4 PROBLEMS AFFECTING THE SCHEME
Overtimes, there are many problems facing SIWES developments in the country. Some problems
are as follows;
 Employers hardly have time to impact knowledge to the student.
 Supervision sometimes are not carried out as scheduled due to inadequate funding which
make student unserious and relax to work.
 There is inadequate funding system which reduces the student capability at work since
they are not well motivated.
 Some students did not conduct himself or herself with decorum, which lead the company
to reject them.
1.2 HISTORY BACKGROUND AND DETAIL DESCRIPTION OF THE COMPANY
Indepth geophysical and drilling company is one of the leading borehole drilling contractors in
Nigeria, established in 2012, the company uses modern state- of-art water and air rotary drilling
Rigs and Elgi compressors using Down The Hole (DTH) drilling method. This clearly puts us
ahead of the competition in the drilling industry. Our Drilling Rigs has a capacity of over 320
meters.
Indepth Geophysical and Drilling Company has been performing drilling works in the Nigerian
region for approximately 7years. With this experience in mind, the company have extensive
knowledge in the field of borehole drilling and understand requirements of specific customers as
well as projects. The company has been involved in number of projects involving evaluation,
baseline studies, feasibility studies, environmental impacts assessment, project design and
proposal development, community need assessment etc.
The company has a total of twenty employees, who form part of drilling crew in their respective
units. For pump and recovery tests, the company has six pumps for use on site, including the
necessary equipment to lower and lift submersible pumps.
The indepth, have capacity and expertise needed to satisfy all your drilling requirements. The
company has established an exceptional reputation as a provider of quality service with
international recognition. All our works meet local and international standards.
Indepth geophysical and drilling services is an indigenous consultancy firm has registration
numberBN3266510 with the corporate Affairs Commission, Abuja. The company is managed by
Mr. Abdulakeem Babatunde Adewuyi (B.tech applied geology). The firm head office is atgari
alimi, roundabout, opposite a-tapha filling station, airport road ilorin, kwara state.
E-mail: indepthgeographicals@gmail.com
Telephone: 08064953594, 08055675954

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1.2.1 ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE

Fig.1 Organization structure

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 CHAPTER TWO
2.0 GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY
Geophysical surveying provides a relatively, rapid and cost-effective means of deriving aerially
distributed information of the subsurface geology. Many geophysical methods finds application
in locating and defining subsurface water (groundwater resources). They provide rapid
information on the geological structure and the prevailing lithology of a region. Commonly used
methods for groundwater investigations are the;
I. Electrical resistivity method
II. Seismic refraction
III. Electromagnetic (EM)
IV. Very low frequency (VLF) EM method
2.1 GEOPHYSICAL EMPLOYED AT INDEPTH GEOPHYSICAL AND DRILLING
SERVICES TO DETERMINE GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL
At indepth geophysical and drilling services, electrical resistivity is employed and adopted in the
delineation of horizontal and vertical discontinuities in the electrical properties of the ground.
Electrical resistivity method is useful to investigate the nature of subsurface formations by
studying the variations in their resistance to flow of electrical current and hence determine the
occurrence of groundwater. The objectives of this method in the field of groundwater exploration
are to locate groundwater bearing formations, estimation of depth to the water table, thickness
and lateral extent of aquifers, depth to bed rock, delineation of weathered zone, structures and
stratigraphic conditions.
Two main types of procedures are employed in Electrical resistivity survey
 Vertical Electrical Sounding
 Horizontal Profiling
Vertical Electrical sounding technique is employed in indepth geophysical and drilling services
to determine groundwater potential. In this technique, vertical variations in the ground apparent
resistivity are measured with respect to a fixed centre of array. The survey is carried out by
gradually expanding or increasing the electrode spacing about a fixed centre of the array.
Information like the resistivity value, thickness, depth and structural deformation of the study
area are revealed and based on these geoelectric parameters recommendations are made.
2.2.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY METHOD

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Basically, the electrical resistivity method involves the passage of electricity current (using D.C
or low frequency A.C current) into the subsurface, through two electrodes (the current
electrodes). The potential difference is measured between another pair of electrode (the potential
electrodes), which may or may not be within the current electrodes depending on the electrode
array in use. Actual resistivity of subsurface layer is determined from ground apparent resistivity,
which is computed from the measurement of current and potential difference between the
electrodes pair placed on the surface. In which the apparent resistivity can be calculated as
Pa = KR Where:
ρa = Apparent resistivity in (Ωm)
K = Geometric factor.
R = Resistance in (Ω)
2.1.3 SCHLUMBERGER CONFIGURATION
In this array, all the four electrodes are placed along a common line as with the Wenner array but
they are not spaced equally where the distance between the inner two, which are used to measure
voltage is kept less than one fifth the distance between the current electrodes. this survey
measure vertical variation of Earth resistivity as a function of depth, and symmetrical array
method is adopted.
Fig.2schlum
b erger

configuration
electric constant t
Where: ρa-apparent resistivity
AB=Current electrode
V/I= resistance
MN=potential difference electrodes
a= Electrode spacing
X=Point of investigation (Mid point)

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Fig.3 symmetrical schlumberger array method
2.1.4 IMPORTANT OF ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY METHOD IN GROUNDWATER
EXPLORATION
Important of this method to groundwater exploration are as follows;
 are to locate groundwater bearing formations, estimation of depth to the water table,
thickness and lateral extent of aquifers, depth to bed rock, delineation of weathered zone,
structures and stratigraphic conditions.
 Determination of saline zones and fresh/saline water interface in the coastal areas.
 Mapping of groundwater flow direction.
 Direct location of subsurface water through mapping of the water table. Indirect location
of potential aquifer such as weathered zone, porous and permeable sandstones, alluvium
deposits and sand gravel within clay deposit, Etc. mapping of geological structures that
are favourable to groundwater accumulation, such as fractures, basement depressions,
buried channels, sand lenses and network of joints.
2.1.5 INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR USE IN GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY
TERRAMETER: This is an instrument used in carrying out electrical resistivity survey of an
area of interest, basically both in the sedimentary and basement complex. It is used to read the
resistivity of the rock or any viable material in the subsurface when a current direct or low
voltage frequent current is sent into the earth. The CAMPUS OMEGA Terrameter was used
during the period of my training.

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Fig.2.1 campus omega resistivity meter
CABLE REELS: These are used for connecting the electrodes to the terrameter. Usually four
cables are used, two for current and the other two for potential difference. The current cables are
usually black or blue colour while the potential cables are red in colour. The cables are reeled
around a wheel of steel; the cables are fitted with crocodile clips for easy and firm connection.

Fig.2.2 cable reels.

TAPE RULE/MEASURING TAPES: A round narrow band of woven fabric, which is used for
linear measurement, each type rule is about 50cm long.

Fig.2.3 measuring tape

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ELECTRODES: These are rods which are about 45cm to 55cm long made of metal. They are
four in number, two for current and the other two potential. They have a very sharp pointed end
for easy penetration into the earth with the other end flat and blunt. The electrodes are placed
strategically during geophysical survey, which also depend on electrode configuration used.

Fig.2.4: electrodes
HAMMERS: An handheld tool consisting of a solid, heavy metal which is used in driving
electrodes into ground. The handle is usually light and it is made of wood. The metal head weigh
about 2kg.

Fig.2.5: hammer

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 CHAPTER THREE
3.0 BOREHOLE DRILLING FOR WATER EXPLORATION
Borehole is an effective way of tapping into the water bearing aquifer below the ground and
pumping the water to the surface for various uses. Boreholes for extracting water consist
essentially of vertically drilled shaft, a strong lining(casing) to prevent collapse of the walls,
which includes a means of allowing clean water to enter the borehole space (screen). Though
before borehole drilling can be done, a geophysical survey has to be carry out first in order to
located a high yield point for ground water exploration. There are many types of geophysical
survey but the suitable one for water exploration is electrical resistivity method where
schlumberger array is preferable and full schlumberger is adopted.
3.1 THE DRILLING METHODS
There are two major methods of drilling boreholes.
• Mud rotary drilling method: In mud rotary drilling, fluid is pumped down the hollow drill
pipe called kelly, and forced out of jets in the drill bit, that fluid then carries the cuttings
or cut materials through hole and up to the surface and mud is reused through a pit, and
this drilling method is done on unconsolidated rocks.
• Air rotary drilling method: is a method used to drill deep boreholes in rock formations
(consolidated rock). Borehole advancement is achieved by rapid rotation of a drill bit
which is mounted at end of the drill pipe. The drill bit cut the formation into pieces called
cuttings. This method utilizes air as a circulating medium to cool the drill bit, bring drill
cuttings to the surface and maintain borehole integrity.
3.1.1 THE DRILLING TOOLS
• Motorize drilling rig
• Drilling bit >clay cutter, diamond bit, hammer
• Drilling rods
• Water pump
• Compressor
• Water tank
• Spanner kit, hammer, pipe wrench
• Basket
• Extenber chemical or sugar chemical

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3.1.2 SUPERVISING WATER WELL DRILLING
Good supervision of water well drill is essential for the provision of long-lasting water wells.
This will details the responsibilities of the drilling supervisor at the different stages of borehole
construction. It explains the actions to be carried out at each stage that will ensure that the driller
deliver the borehole as specified in the contract. The supervisor is expected to display great
professionalism in carrying out his or her duties. A good knowledge of geology, hydrogeology
and borehole construction is essential. Although the supervisor represents the client, he or she is
expected to act with honesty, impartiality and fairness in any dispute over the contract.
Indepth geophysical and drilling services has professionally supervised the drilling of several
boreholes and ensured they are delivered in compliance with the Nigerian Industrial Standard
NCP 027:2010. Code of practice for water well construction, as it is crucial that boreholes are
delivered in a cost effective manner to function through an estimated lifespan of 20 to 50 years,
of which is unachievable without good supervision.
3.2 AIMS, ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
The aim of supervising borehole drilling is to ensure that boreholes are produced as designed and
all the data collected during the drilling are accurately recorded and reported to the relevant
agencies. Good supervision is essential for a high quality borehole, even if a competent drilling
contractor(Driller) is employed. Without good supervision, the quality of work may be
compromised. An experienced driller can easily hoodwink an inexperienced supervisor.
Supervisors thus need to be trained and given the chance to acquire the knowledge that will
enable them carry out their duties.
3.2.1 LEVELS OF SUPERVISION
There are three levels of drilling supervision
1 Full time supervision: a supervisor stays with the drilling team throughout the drilling
process, from the inspection to demobilization.
2 Part-time milestone supervision: a supervisor only witness crucial stages( milestones)
of the drilling. The stages that must be carried out in the presence of the supervisor need
to be specified in the contract document and the consequences of not abiding by them
stated. However, the supervisor is expected to be promptly on site and should not cause
undue delays. The milestones are:
 Mobilization
 Check siting/site selection
 Termination of drilling
 Lining of the borehole
 Borehole development
 Pumping test
 Demobilization

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 3.End of contract supervision: is not actually supervision but a site inspection when the
supervisor goes through the records and inspects the functionality of the borehole on
completion

3.3 THE BOREHOLE STUCTURE

The borehole structure can be described under the following major components
DRILLING DEPTH
The depth of boreholes may vary from area to area and depends on both geological and
hydrogeological conditions.
BOREHOLE DIAMETER
Borehole will be drilled with 8 inches bit and concrete grouting placed in the annular space
between the casing and open borehole wall

Fig.3: diameter of a borehole

CASING PIPES
The borehole should be fully cased down to bottom of in order to avoid collapsing of borehole. If
pipe are to be joined together, a recommended cement solvent is used, therefore the driller is
advised to wait for recommended time for the joint to set firmly before lowering into the
borehole. A strong lining(casing) to prevent collapse of the walls, which includes a means of
allowing clean water to enter the borehole space (screen).

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Fig.3.1: Driller creating screen in a case

Fig.3.1.1 driller install casing

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GRAVEL PACKING AND GROUTING
The annular space between the casing and borehole wall is filled with filter packing material in
the screen interval and back filling material. Gravel packing material will be stored in a way so
as to avoid Contamination or rain washing fine material. Purpose of gravel packing
• To fill the annular space between the casing and the borehole wall.
• To stabilise the formation.
• To prevent fines from the surrounding formation falling into the borehole

Fig. 3.1.2 driller gravel packing the borehole

FLUSHING
On the completion of gravel packing, flushing is done to remove the mud fluid and other
particles out of the borehole, a compressor machine is used to compress air at high pressure
down the hole and continuously blows out the mud fluid and other particles from the borehole.

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Fig.3.2: Flushing done on a borehole.
BOREHOLE PUMP TESTING
Pumping tests are carried out soon after the drilling operations have been completed, the process
of pump testing involves continuous pumping of water from the borehole over a certain period of
time. Pumping test on a borehole is carried out to determine specific yield, dynamic water level.

Fig.3.2.1: pump testing at Lao, Ilorin, Kwara state

3.3.1 ADVANTAGES OF BOREHOLE

• It is easy to use by all.
• It is a hygienic way of drawing water as it is sealed.
• It has less maintenance activities e.g. dewatering the pit is not necessary.
• Water pressure inside can be maintained, reducing the danger of caving in.
• Takes less time to construct than excavation by hand.
• It is not labour intensive.
• Not easily polluted.
• Deeper ground water can be accessed.

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3.3.2 DISADVANTAGES OF BOREHOLE
• It is comparatively expensive to construct and rehabilitate.
• Spares are expensive and not easily available in rural areas.
• Scarcity of tools and skilled manpower at local level.
• Provides low storage volume.
• It is difficult to deepen an existing borehole lined with PVC casings as perturbation of the
bit could result in smashed casings.

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 CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 CONCLUSION
My industrial training with Indepth Geophysical and Drilling services has exposed me to the
practical application of geophysical methods, the electrical resistivity method in particular for
groundwater investigation. I also gained experience in the aspect of borehole drilling,
supervision, submersible installation, overhead tank installation and connection of control box
for submersible pumping machine.
In addition, I gained how to make a smooth relationship and mutual understanding with other
staffs.
4.1 RECOMMENDATION
It is recommended that federal government should make appropriate funds available for the
program
It is recommended that the university management to review the duration of the program
It should be legislated that only licensed contractors and professionals are to drill boreholes in
the country. This will help in the collation of litho-logs and proper documentation of the
available geological and geophysical data for detailed and comprehensive academic work on our
aquifers.
It is also recommended that groundwater monitoring should be conducted regularly to assess the
aquifer.

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