21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND

THE WORLD:
QUARTER 1- MODULE 2:

COMPARE AND CONTRAST VARIOUS 21ST CENTURY GENRES

FROM THE EARLIER GENRES/PERIODS

Prepared by:

Ms. Andrea M. Ibanez, LPT

SHS- Teacher

1
 LESSON 2: COMPARE AND CONTRAST VARIOUS 21ST GENRES FROM THE EARLIER
GENRES/PERIODS

Content Standard:

The learner will be able to understand and appreciate the elements and contexts of 21st century
Philippine literature from the regions.

Performance Standard:

The learner will be able to demonstrate understanding and appreciation of 21st Century Philippine
literature from the regions through:

1. a written close analysis and critical interpretation of a literary text in terms of form and theme,
with a description of its context derived from research; and
2. an adaptation of a text into other creative forms using multimedia

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

Compare and contrast the various 21st century literary genres and the ones from the earlier
genres/periods citing their elements, structures and traditions.

Important Notes:

 Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks.

 Accomplish the tasks given prior to the deadline. Detached activity sheets/ assessment
sheets/ assignment sheets upon submitting your module. These sheets are needed by
your teacher.
 If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to
consult your teacher or facilitator.

We hope that through this, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding
of the relevant lessons and competencies. Good luck!

2
LESSON 2: COMPARE AND CONTRAST VARIOUS 21ST CENTURY GENRES FROM EARLIER
GENRES/PERIOD

As you study this module, you will be able to identify the literary genres produced in the 21st
century and the ones from the earlier period.

Through literary genres and samples, this module will bring you to the current world of Philippine
writing in the 21st century and will also take you back to the period long before the Spaniards set foot on
the Philippine island. Studying this module will make you appreciate the origin and development of
Philippine literature through several generations.

As a student writer, your good knowledge of the literary genres and samples is beneficial as it
would help you in effectively establishing your connection with the readers. As a reader, it would allow
you to make sense of the materials that you are reading.

At the end of your module journey, you should be able to:

1.) identify the literary genres and samples produced in the 21st century and the ones from
the earlier periods;
2.) present a collection of literary genres and samples produced in the 21st century and the
ones from the earlier periods;
3.) appreciate the significance of the identified literary genres and samples by highlighting
its impact in literature.

In order to achieve the above-mentioned learning competencies, this module will bring you to a
fun-filled learning journey which includes challenging tasks like creating your well-designed literary genre
chart! So, brace yourself as you engage in the different activities in this module. Learn and have fun as
you explore 21st century and pre-colonial literary genres and samples!

In order to experience a smooth-sailing journey, always make sure that you have your pen and
notebook with you! Are you ready for another exciting learning adventure? Please open your module and
let me welcome you, Literary Genres: A journey to the 21st Century and the Earlier Periods!

3
 PRETEST: MULTIPLE CHOICE

What literary types do you know? Let us check your knowledge about literary genre.

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on the space provided before
the number.

________1. These are written works such as poems, plays, and novels that are considered to be very
good and have lasting importance. It could be printed materials that provide information about
something.

a. genres

b. literature

c. written arts

d. printed materials

________2. It is a story passed down from one generation to another through the word of mouth and it
became a part of the culture of the community.

a. epic
b. myth
c. legend
d. folktale

________3. It is a story that explains the origin of things, animals, beliefs, practices and of natural
phenomena.

a. epic

b. fable

c. myth

d. legend

________4. It is a genre of literature that uses rhythmic and aesthetic of language to evoke meaning.

a. poetry
b. drama
c. fiction
d. nonfiction

________5. It is performed before an audience in a theatre, radio, or television.

a. poetry
b. drama
c. fiction

4
 d. nonfiction

________6. It is a long narrative poem which tells and describes the life, achievements or events of a
hero.

a. epic
b. fable
c. myth
d. legend

________ 7. It is a poem uploaded in the internet using computer screen as

medium.
a. textula
b. tanaga
c. quotes
d. hyperpoetry

________8. It is telling a story with less than 1000 words to condense a story into fewest words possible.
It emphasizes plot than other elements of the story.
a. blog
b. chick lit
c. flash fiction
d. hyperpoetry

_______9. It is a story that tells about women, their lives, trials, tribulations, and success.
a. blog
b. chick lit
c. flash fiction
d. hyperpoetry

________10. It is an essay in a regularly updated webpage or website written in a conversational style.

a. blog
b. chick lit
c. flash fiction
d. hyperpoetry

________11. It is a story that needs a detective to solve a puzzle or scenario

a. mystery
b. suspense
c. realistic fiction
d. historical fiction

5
________ 12. It is a fictional love story set during a time in our past like The Death March, Edsa
Revolution and World War II.

a. Mystery
b. suspense
c. realistic fiction
d. historical fiction

________ 13. It is a futuristic adventure in space with robots and cyborgs as characters.

a. science fiction
b. realistic fiction
c. historical fiction
d. futuristic fiction

________ 14. It refers to a three-line poem.

a. tercet
b. sestet
c. couplet
d. quatrain

________15. It refers to a literary device that uses a part to represent the whole or vice-versa.

a. simile
b. metaphor
c. synecdoche
d. onomatopoeia

6
MOTIVATION: I CAN SCRIBBLE

Study the picture below. Do you have similar scenario in your homes?

Share how you felt after looking at the picture above by doing any of the following tasks. You can write
your draft on a paper and write your final text on the space provided after each task. You may also use a
separate sheet if necessary.

A. Write a short poem that summarizes the idea of the picture. It must consist of 3 quatrains. Remember
to use figurative language and literary devices to convey the appropriate emotion to your readers.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

B. Write a short comical skit about the use of electronic gadget based on the drawing.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

7
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

C. Share a real life account or anecdote similar to the picture using less than 100 words. Be specific
about the actual setting; use real characters, and tell the factual incidents.
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

D. Write a legend about the origin of cell phone or laptop. It must be less than 100 words and must
teach a moral lesson.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

8
 LESSON 2: COMPARE AND CONTRAST VARIOUS 21ST CENTURY GENRES FROM EARLIER
GENRES/PERIOD

The desire for self-expression resulted to the production of literature. It is a writer’s expression
of his mind, heart, emotions, thoughts, and ideas.

Literature is written works like poetry, novels, journals of famous authors and usually published.
‘Genre’ literally means ‘type”, so literary genre means types of literary works.

On this part of the lesson, you will recall and differentiate the four major literary genres; poetry,
fiction, nonfiction and drama; however, literature changes to adapt to the trends of the contemporary
world; thus, new genres of literature are born. In this lesson, we will study and appreciate both the earlier
genres and the contemporary genres.

Literature reinvents itself as it changes its form to adapt to the changing times and changing
trends; especially for the young people like you. The need to express oneself gave birth to literature and
humanity never got contented on their attempt to express themselves resulting to new genres like
hyperpoetry, mobile textula, flash fiction, chick lit, and, blogs.

Each literature genre has distinct sub-genres, structure and elements. Study the table below:

Genres and Sub-genres of Literature: Elements and Structure

Genre Sub-genre Elements Structure

Poetry Lyric (sonnet, ode, Rhyme, meter, Written in lines and

elegy), dramatic figurative devices, stanzas
(soliloquy, monologue, symbolism 2 lines- couplet
dialogue), and 3 lines –tercet
narrative (epic) 4lines – quatrain
5 lines - cinquain
6 lines – sestet
7 lines - septet
8 lines - octave

Fiction (stories that fantasy, plot, characters, Written in paragraphs

did not happen in folklore, mystery, theme setting, point-
reality suspense of-view, literary
or thriller, historical devices
fiction,
science fiction,
romance

9
 Nonfiction (factual biography, plot, characters, Written in paragraphs
stories, with real references theme setting, point-
characters and (encyclopedia, of-view, literary
setting) dictionary, devices
thesaurus),
autobiography,
narrative (memoir,
testimonio), and
periodicals
(newspapers,
magazines, journal
that are written
regularly)

Drama tragedy, comedy Literary element The script serves as the

(script), text and it is performed
Technical element, before an audience
(scenery set),
makeup, costume,
lights,
And sound)
performance element
(acting, character
analysis, character
motivation…)

The given genres with their elements and structures are further discussed in detail below:

A. Poetry

Poetry is one of the earliest genres of literature. It was either recited or sang back to prehistoric times
to call for help from a deity, narrate a hero’s life and victories, tell about the love story of their rulers, or
describe someone who inspires them. In order to understand or even write a good poem, you must know
the elements of poetry:

1. Rhyme – it is the identical rhyme if the last words or sounds match each other.
alliteration: followed, flats, front

bother, back

assonance: big, slipper

picked, slimy

2. Meter – it is also called the rhythm in poetry. It is the pattern of beats (foot) (stressed and unstressed
syllables in a line). It is also called foot.

10
There are four basic rhythms in poetry:

2.1 Iamb -unstressed / stressed (buh BUH) buh BUH/ buh BUH
Today, / we live /

2.2 Trochee- stressed / unstressed (BUH buh)

BUH buh BUH buh BUH buh
Captain/ it’s gone/ hold it
2.3 Anapest- unstressed / unstressed / stressed. (buh buh BUH) buh buh BUH buh
buh BUH
If I cry/ If I leave/

2.4 Dactyl- stressed / unstressed / unstressed (BUH buh buh)

BUH buh buh / BUH buh buh / BUH buh buh
Carnage is / horrible / heritage

3. Imagery and Symbolism

The beauty of poetry is on the carefully chosen words that rhyme and the lines and stanzas
with uniform rhythm. Poetry must also employ figurative language to creatively express emotions,
feeling and ideas.

Here are the commonly used literary devices in poetry:

Metaphor Simile Onomatopoeia

Direct comparison of two Two unlike things compared to Words that imitate a sound
unlike things. each other using “like” or “as”.
Ex. The gushing of wind and
Ex. He is a strong lion. Ex. He is strong like a lion. gnashing of teeth

Alliteration Assonance Repetition

The repetition of the same
initial sound of the words.
Ex. Be brave, be boundless
Beauty is a bouquet of blue
baby’s breath
The resemblance of a sound in
words or syllable. A word, a phrase, or a
sentence repeated to
emphasize its importance in
Ex. Who knows how hollows the entire text.
snore.
Ex. Not yet Rizal, Not
yet….

11
 Synedoche Personification Hyperbole
A part is made to represent Giving human attributes to an It exaggerates the meaning of
the whole or vice-versa object or animal a sentence.

Ex. Hundred heads of cattle Ex. The wind spoke of hope and Ex. I am so thirsty that I could
bought at a good price. redemption. drink an ocean.

Symbols
It is the use of symbols to convey ideas. A symbol represents various ideas or things at one time.
Like darkness or color black may symbolize death, uncertainty, failure, or an end. A white rose
may mean purity, freshness, new beginning, or death.

Example: The cold wind blew my heartaches away

(the cold wind can mean inspiring words, new ideas, new hope)

The warm sunshine filled my emptiness with joy.

(the warm sunshine can mean a person whom the author loves, or an event that made him be
filled with joy)

To appreciate and write a good poem, it is also essential to know its structure. Poems are written
in lines that comprise a stanza. Thus, each type of poem differs from each other because of its structure.

To identify a poem’s structure is to count the lines of every stanza:

Couplet - 2 lines
Tercet - 3 lines
Quatrain - 4 lines
Cinquain - 5 lines
Sestet - 6 lines
Septet - 7 lines
Octave - 8 lines

On the next page is a sample of a free-verse poem which the author used symbols and imagery to convey
his thoughts and feeling.

12
Moonset at Central Park Station of St. PaulSubterranean River National Park

John Iremil E. Teodoro

This morning, after the faint scent

of sea grasses

awakened me,

I followed

the setting moon

in the reefs flats

in front of my

bamboo cottage.

I nearly stepped on

a parrotfish

that was caught

by the low tide.

It was as big

as my slipper.

I picked

its slimy body

and returned it

to the sea.

In its excitement

it forgot to

thank me

It didn’t even bother

to look back—

it swam quickly

away from me

It dived

towards the direction

of the horizon

where the moon

13
 was hiding.

Perhaps in my next visit

that parrotfish

will surprise me

with a greeting.

It shall brag to me

about its scales

painted by

the setting moon.

The given poem is free-verse and unmetered. It has no rhythm but it uses alliteration, assonance,
repetition, and symbolism.

alliteration : followed, flats, front

bother, back
dived, direction
horizon, hiding
perhaps, parrotfish
assonance: big, slipper
picked, slimy
body, forgot, to
symbols: moon - dreams to be fulfilled, fulfilled dreams,
inspiration
horizon - a place to find or to keep your dreams, a
place which promises good fortune or good life
parrotfish - a gay/ LGBTQ member because of its color

- an ungrateful person
- someone passive
- someone who has a very colorful life
- an experienced person
- a person who picks up someone else’s trash
words/ lines used repeatedly: - sea, moon, parrotfish

B. Fiction:

Fiction is a story of make believe. It is a story made by the author’s creative imagination. It has
various sub-genres like mystery, fantasy, suspense, historical fiction science fiction, realistic fiction and
folklore (myths, fables, legends).

14
 To understand fiction and to write a good fictional story, you must be able to identify and
understand its elements that comprise the texts’ contents and message the story wanted to impart to its
readers.

Now, you will read a legend that tells how a great lake was formed. It was retold by one of the
writer’s former senior high school student who lived in a village near Lake Sebu.

Located in South Cotabato, Lake Sebu is considered as the “Summer Capital of Southern
Mindanao” because of the cool weather and uphill location of the town. It is the home of the T’boli, a
tribe famously called as “Dreamweavers” because of their colorful bead works and hand-woven cloth
called T’nalak.

The Legend of Lake Sebu

(A T’boli Folktale)

Once there was a beautiful yet mysterious

princess, who came to the land of the T’bolis. She
was loved by the locals. However, she met a mythical
frog whom she angered. To avenge himself, the frog
opened a big lotus flower that gushed water and
flooded the entire land.

The princess’ brother saw this from the

heavens. He threw leaves and pythons that became
land mass so that his sister can pass through.

From that day on, the village was covered with water. The eleven islets became the home of
the locals.

Fiction uses the basic elements of a story, namely; the plot, setting, characters, and conflict, to convey
its ideas.

Fiction follows the Freytag’s Pyramid to create an interesting and detailed narrative. Below is
an illustration of the story pyramid which consists also the parts of a plot.

climax

rising action
falling action

exposition denouement

15
The following are the elements of short story according to Freytag:

1. Exposition tells about the background of the story. The information can be about the setting,
characters’ back stories, or historical contexts.

2. Rising action is the part of the story after the characters and setting are introduced and events in the
story begin to reveal probable conflicts that the protagonist must resolve. It also involves events that
lead to the climax of the story.

3. Climax is the highest point of tension in the story. It is usually the most interesting part.

4. Falling action is the part of a story after the climax and before the very end.

5. The denouement is the final outcome of the story and it is where other secrets are revealed, if there
is any.

The setting includes the time or period and place where the event happened. The characters are
the persons/ animals/ or any inanimate object that functions as the protagonist, antagonist and other
minor entities that perform the actions, speak dialogue and moving the story along a plot line.

Conflict creates tension in the story and it involves the struggle of between two opposing forces/
characters, usually the protagonist and the antagonist.

Conflict can be internal and external. Internal conflict is a psychological conflict which arises
when the character experiences two opposite emotions (like love and hate, patriotism and devotion) or
aspirations (like career and marriage, fame and peace of mind) which usually involves good and evil.

External conflict is the struggle of a protagonist against outside forces that hamper his/ her
progress and hinders him/her to achieve his/ her goal.

C. Non- fiction: Memoir

Nonfiction is a literary genre that tells about stories that actually happen in real life. The sub genres of
literary nonfiction are biography, memoir, autobiography, journals, diaries, periodicals and references.
These works of literary nonfiction have character, setting, plot, conflict, figurative language, and theme
just like literary fiction, fiction and thriller or suspense. To interpret fiction, we must analyze and interpret
using the elements of fiction.

The story below was a personal account of the author about his ordinary encounter with a
Champorado vendor which made him realized how lucky he was.

Another Universe

Kurt Joshua O. Comendador

He was about my age and about my size. He first approached us while we were eating at a cottage
at a spring resort.
“Champorado mo, Ma’am. Sir”, he said. “Init pa.”
Champorado. Chocolate porridge. Still hot.
I declined.

16
 I watched him as he went on his way, selling champorado in a small pot to other resort- goers.
He might have more customers if only he has better container than peddle an iron pot.

I took a plunge into

the cold. Everything was
familiar. Too familiar even:
The laughter of the persons
around me, the giant
splash as a kid cannonballs
into the water, the off-key
singing from a karaoke
booth, the jovial mood,
and the calming effect as I
float in the spring water. I
always believe that cold waters cleanse the body and the mind from any stress. It’s like floating in your
own universe, as I like to describe it.

Then there he was again, walking on top of the wall that separates the water into smaller pools.

“Champorado, Champorado. Init pa,” he shouted, hoping someone would buy his hot champorado.

“I want to eat some more. Do you like to have some champorado?”

I asked my girlfriend.

“No, would you like to buy?”

“We still have siopao in the bag.”

From the water, I watched him as he peddled his pot. I noticed that it was not only small, it was
also blackened by soot; he must’ve used it over open fire frequently. We kept swimming until twilight.
The people began to thin down; but he kept on peddling his champorado.

I let my girlfriend change her clothes first while I sat on a circular bench nearby. I noticed a guy,
looking so miserable, sitting next to me. On his side, on the bench, was the small, sooty pot. He must be
the champorado vendor. I figured. On his other hand was a slipper. I saw that the front strap broke.

He remorsefully shook his head. I held back tears.

I watched as he tried reattaching the broken strap. Unconsciously, I followed him with my eyes
as he softly placed his slipper on the ground. He tried wearing it, but it immediately broke again. Then I
noticed something- he was wearing two different footwear. On his left foot is a slide slipper, the one
athletes commonly wear, while on the other foot, the one that broke, is a traditional flip-flops.

I wanted to help him - maybe give him some money to buy a new pair of slippers. But money, I
have none too plenty, I might need it on the way home. Give him my old pair of shoes? I can’t drive my
motorcycle bare-footed. I might get caught by the traffic enforcers. I saw plenty of slippers repaired by
sticking a wire through the rubber to hold it down. The least I can do is to help him fix his slipper, but the
resort is too dark to find any wire that might be laying on the ground.

I wanted to say something, but no words came out of my mouth.

After a while, he went inside the changing room, carrying his pot on one hand, and his slipper on
the other. He also had a backpack, I concluded that he might have carried his utensils there.

17
 I was left alone. Trapped in another universe.

He was about my age and about my size. We could’ve been similar in many ways; he might also
be the eldest, he might also have four siblings. He might also want to plunge into the cold, spring water.
I liked to ask him questions: Where he lives, was the champorado sold out, what happened to his slippers
and what he would do next.

But the biggest question was for myself: would I do the same if circumstances dictate me so?

My girlfriend finished changing. It was already my turn. He still didn’t come out.

I tried to take my mind off of him while I change into dry clothes. It bothered me why it took so
long inside the changing room. Was he able to fix his slipper? I had no way of knowing. When I got out,
out of the dusk, at a distance, I saw the vendor. He had backpack to be exact., there was a little light to
see him clearly. He was sort of walking with a drag. I just hoped he gets home safe and sound. It was
already dark when we were ready to leave. The frogs already began their chorus. To me, it sounded like
a woeful dirge.

I wanted to jump into the cold again- to wash my guilt away.

Study the table below to check on the elements of Non-fiction used in the memoir, “Another Universe”:

Elements Aspects and Analysis

Plot (Synopsis) 1. A young man was trying to help a champorado vendor, yet, he
could not do anything because he only had enough money for
him to go home.

Setting Time 2. late afternoon at a spring resort

Place

Theme 3. an attempt to help

Characters and
Characterization
Main Character/s: 4. the author
Other Characters: 5. author’s girlfriend
6. Champorado vendor

Point-of-view Used 7. first person

Atmosphere/ Mood 8. sad

Narrative Time 9 It happened before the essay was written

Conflict of the Story 10. man against himself

18
 Symbols Used 11. sooty pot – it was used to symbolize the life and future of the
vendor. It may be dark and sooty but inside is a satisfying meal
for a hungry soul. He is poor but his dreams of a better life could
lead him far.
12. water- represents the need to cleanse himself from guilt of
not helping the vendor.
13. universe- it symbolizes the author’s conscience. He tries to
think of ways to help the vendor.
- it may also be the different worlds where the
vendor and the author dwells. The author is a student supported
by his parents while the vendor, as old as the author, peddled
champorado to support himself and family.

Important Lines/ Dialogue 14. I wanted to jump into the cold again- to wash my guilt
away.

Other Literary Device Cited 15. Repetition - sooty pot was repeatedly mentioned to give
emphasis to the vendor’s plight as someone from a very poor
family.

D. Drama

A script may only come to existence once it is performed before an audience. Its basic elements
include the literary element (script), technical element (scenery set, make-up, costume, lights, and sound)
performance element (acting, character analysis, character motivation…)

A script is a written text of a play. It is consisting of the dialogues or words that will be spoken
by the actors and the stage directions which give instructions about the position and movement of the
actors and other aspects of the set.

The technical element of a play is complicated. It includes scenery set, make-up, costume, lights,
and sound.

A scenery set can be chair, a house or a forest and other properties used to identify the location
and period of the dramatic production. Make-up is used in drama to aid the actors in taking the
appropriate appearance of the character they play. Costumes are clothes, garments or attires worn by
actors on stage to aid dramatic actions and interpretations. There various types of lights used on stage.
It provides not only visibility of the actors but also creates and enhance the mood and atmosphere. Sound
can be produced by actors or by props, musical instruments, and recorded music and effects that can
help engage the audience and bring them into another time.

Performance element includes acting, character analysis and character motivation. Acting is the
enactment of an actor or actress who portrays a character, character analysis is evaluating the
character’s traits, his/ her role in the story, and the conflicts they experience, character motivation is the
element that drives the character to achieve his goal.

That is how complicated a drama is! It is more complicated than other genres of literature
because aside from the script, other elements must suit and work together to the theme of the show and

19
make the audience feel the plight of the protagonist, antagonist and other characters in the story
effectively.

Below is an excerpt from the script of a one-act play which is included in the literary element.

The Adopted Healthy Baby

by Layeta P. Bucoy (2015)

(Beat. Howell goes out. Mila continues boxing things. Her cell phone rings. Its ringing tone is an ordinary
one taken from her bag. She answers the call.)

Mila: Hello? Yes, Dad… No, were still boxing ma’am Mendoza’s things… Yes, but Val texted he’s still
caught in the traffic. An hour more, maybe … No, Benjie is not with me. He’s still in the lab … He can’t
force organometallics to catalyse even if it’s for his thesis … No, don’t wait for us. You have to take your
medicine by seven. Eat your dinner now … Don’t start with your fish bone story. You haven’t had a fish
bone pulled from your throat since Benjie was born … No, Val won’t join us for dinner. It’s a three-hour
drive He has to start back home after he gets his mother’s stuff … I don’t know about Howell… Now, stop
with your excuses, Dad we’ll have meat once your arteries are de-clogged … Of course I won’t bend.

I don’t care if you hate fish. It’s what’s good for you now. And I already told Manang to spy on you. So
don’t you dare go out to have meat. (Laughs a little) She’ll drag you back to the house with all the might
of her sumo wrestler weight … Dad, dad, listen. You know I have to keep you alive ‘til we visit Mabel and
Marnie at Texas next year. We’ll take Benjie with us then show them where they were all convinced …
(Laughs a little) Now don’t be coy, Dad. Come on. Have fish for dinner, take your medicines, I’ll be home
in an hour. Bye, Dad.
(Mila terminates the call, returns her cell phone to her bag. She tries to carry the filing cabinet. She gives
up after two attempts. Them, she starts pushing it. Howell enters.)

Howell: Just three students.

Mila: Three is fine.

Howell: All girls.
Mila: (Pushes the filing cabinet). We don’t need to carry this after all.

Howell: The girls said they’re going to a party.

Mila: It’s a party, Howell. They can be a little late.
Howell: They were also required.
Mila: Even attending parties are required now?
Howell: Dean Ramos required them.
Mila: He must be desperate.
Howell: Do you know how much does it cost to keep someone who’s in a coma alive, Ma’am?
Mila: I know about your mother, Howell.

20
Howell: But do you know how much I pay for just to keep her alive?
Mila: You’re not the only one who has –
Howell: Where will I get the money when I lose job?

The New Genres of Literature

The various genres of literature and its sub-genres changes through time. The invention of electricity,
use of electronics and other modern technology affected how people view life and express themselves
differently from their contemporaries 10 years, 20 years, or a hundred years ago.

Technology made our lives easier than the last decade. It made people work fast. Beating deadlines and
presenting marketing and management strategies creatively. These changes have also brought new
literary genres that gave us new avenues of expressing ourselves; like cell phones and computer screens.
These new genres include mobile textula, hyperpoetry, flash fiction, chick lit and blogs.

To understand these new genres, their definitions are given below to give you clue on how similar
or different they are from the major genres of literature.

1. Hyperpoetry- It is poetry uploaded in the internet. Its medium is the computer screen.

Pain is earthly and temporal

Sacrifice is surely irrational
Hope is hazily conventional
Existence is hastily corporeal

2. Mobile Textula - It is a short poetry in a form of tanaga, that is sent through SMS on mobile
phone. It consists of 4 lines with 7 syllables using (/) to end a line and (//) to end the stanza.

From: MaryelKate

Mamamaya’y balisa /

Gobyerno’y aligaga /

Salut na karamdaman /

Hinde nalulunasan //

3. Flash Fiction – It is telling a story in a few words, usually about 100-1000 words or less. A flash
fiction can be as short as Earnest Hemingway’s 6-word memoir, “For sale: baby’s shoes; never
worn.”

21
 The example below was written by former student to express a person’s many facets as an
individual:

They have known him as a weakling and a loser. He never said a word or done
a thing to defend himself or speak what was on his mind.

“Stupid, unworthy, a menace…. has no future.”

Those were his father’s words. He just shrugs his shoulders and did what he thought was
the best to prove them wrong.

Ten years have passed and here I am waiting for my son’s return from Manila. There he is…
accomplished, full-fledged doctor, and a hero of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

I am a book with hidden chapters...

Raniel Cuñado
Grade 12 HUMSS A
FNHS 2019-2020

4. Chick Lit - It is a heroine-centered fiction narrative; usually focus on the trials of the protagonist.
Below is an excerpt of a chick lit taken from Wattpad. One needs to download the Wattpad App
and the story to experience reading chick lit.

An Extraordinary Love Story (An Excerpt)

by Mariel Kate Q. Liwag

It was a wonderful day because it is our 4th wedding anniversary. We took a day off to celebrate
it. I woke up at 2:30 in the morning to cook and to prepare a little surprise. He usually surprises me but
this time I wanted him start and enjoy the day differently.
When I was done cooking, I cleaned our living room. I set a table for two with wine at the center
and partially covered the floor with petals.
When I set it all up I texted him.
“Hon, let us go downstairs. Don't forget to wear white, I love it when you wear white. I said with
a smile.
“Okay, I'll be there in a minute.” He texted back.
I put down the mobile phone and waited for him. I turned on the CD player with our favorite song,
“I’ll Be” by Edwin McCain.
I was wearing a white jumper suit and as the song started to play, a handsome man in white shirt
and pants walked down the stairs.
“Happy 4th anniversary, Hon.” I said as I came close to him and hugged him tight.
“Hon, you surprised me. Thank you and I love you.” He said smiling at me.

22
 5. Blog - a regularly updated web page or website that is written in conversational style.

Here is a sample blog uploaded on March 15, 2020 on the author’s Facebook page.

From Words to Action

In a sudden horror, the world is facing a ‘doomsday-like' scenario as an aftermath of the

controversial virus, the CoVID-19. The wave of this pandemic is continually raging and it never fails to
haunt lives of many people. However, amidst this, people are screaming online–filling bogus claims
derived from online trolls, spreading unfavorable conspiracies, and fabricated news that led people to
grave fear. The said premise is a clear evidence of how the situation is worsened. Instead of doing such,
why not be part of the solution? Why not uphold responsibility in every action? Why not spread
goodwill rather than fear? Why not try to meditate for a second, at least for just a span of seconds, and
contemplate? Why not try to uphold God’s promises? Lastly, why not strengthen your faith and find
refuge in prayer? Sometimes, it is not the stigma itself that inevitably thrusts us towards danger, it is how
we set our minds to think it would happen and so it did.
Let’s refrain from overthinking, God is not sleeping. He is working, so should you. In these trying
times, we need cooperation and not abomination because in the end, our unified action amidst this
pandemic outweighs the overall cost.

Raniel Cuñado
Grade 12 HUMSS A
FNHS 2019-2020

23
NAME:_____________________________ DATE:_____________________
GRADE AND SEC:_____________________ SCORE:_______ PT#: Q1_PT2

LET’S PRACTICE! (To be submitted to your teacher)

ACTIVITY #1: I CAN WRITE

Try your writing skills by choosing one (1) task from the given tasks below. Write on a separate answer
sheet and submit it to your teacher with this module (as needed).

1. Write an original poem and upload it in the internet using Facebook. It must consist of 3
quatrains, must have rhythm or rhyme, and remember to use literary devices to provide vivid description
and intense feeling

2. Send your teacher a mobile textula through SMS. Write a poem using the tanaga format about
your feeling, ideas, opinions, love, or frustration about the current pandemic and community quarantine.
Remember to use / to end your lines and // to end your stanza.

3. Write a flash fiction using 150 words with 1 setting and 2-3 characters about your parents’ and
your experience on they dealt with the scarcity of income during the CoVid-19 Pandemic.

RUBRICS:

Features 10 9 8 7

Expert Accomplished Capable Beginner

Quality of Piece was written in Piece was written in Piece had little style Piece had no style or
Writing an extraordinary an interesting style or voice voice
style and voice and voice
Gives some new Gives no new
Very informative Somewhat information but information and very
and well-organized informative and poorly organized poorly organized
organized
Grammar, Virtually no spelling, Few spelling and A number of So many spelling,
Usage & punctuation or punctuation errors, spelling, punctuation and
Mechanics grammatical errors minor grammatical punctuation or grammatical errors that it
errors grammatical errors interferes with the
meaning

24
NAME:_____________________________ DATE:_____________________
GRADE AND SEC:_____________________ SCORE:_____ WW#: Q1_WW2

ASSESSMENT: (To be submitted to your teacher.)

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on the space provided before
the number.

________1. What are the four main genres in literature?

a. Poetry, fiction, plays, comedies

b. Poetry, drama, fiction, nonfiction
c. Science fiction, epic poetry, horror, drama
d. Science fiction, epic poetry, horror, drama

________2. What is the characteristic of all nonfiction genre of the community?

a. plot
b. facts
c. setting
d. characters

________3. How does literary nonfiction differ from fiction?

a. fiction has real-life story components

b. fiction does not have all story elements
c. the story elements are based on real-life, not imaginary
d. literary nonfiction has characters and plot, but no setting

________4. If you're experiencing a piece of fiction that's being performed on stage, joining monologues
and dialogues by characters with stage directions, then what kind of fiction are you experiencing?

a. drama
b. poetry
c. fiction
d. nonfiction

________5. Which literary form is written in ordinary, non-metrical language and communicates facts
or opinions about reality?

a. poetry
b. drama
c. fiction
d. nonfiction

25
________6. To what genre do the following lines belong?

“Listen my children and you shall hear,

Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere”

a. drama
b. fiction
c. poetry
d. nonfiction

________ 7. An anonymous, timeless, placeless story that was originally told rather than written.

a. poetry
b. folk Tale
c. fantasy
d. historical fiction

________8. It is telling a story with less than 1000 words to condense a story into fewest words possible.
It emphasizes plot than other elements of the story.

a. blog
b. chick lit
c. flash fiction
d. hyperpoetry

_______9. It is a story that tells about women, their lives, trials, tribulations, and success.

a. blog
b. chick lit
c. flash fiction
d. hyperpoetry

________10. It is an essay in a regularly updated webpage or website written in a conversational style.

a. blog
b. chick lit
c. flash fiction
d. hyperpoetry

________11. It is a story that needs a detective to solve a puzzle or scenario

a. mystery
b. suspense
c. realistic fiction
d. historical fiction

26
________ 12. It is a fictional love story set during a time in our past like The Death March, Edsa
Revolution and World War II.

a. mystery
b. suspense
c. realistic fiction
d. historical fiction

________ 13. It is a futuristic adventure in space with robots and cyborgs as characters.

a. science fiction
b. realistic fiction
c. historical fiction
d. futuristic fiction

________ 14. It refers to a four-line poem.

a. tercet
b. sestet
c. couplet
d. quatrain

________15. It refers to a literary device that imitates sound for emphasis.

a. simile
b. metaphor
c. synecdoche
d. onomatopoeia

27