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Excavation at Nagardhan, Nagpur District, 2015-2016

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Excavation at Nagardhan, Nagpur District, Maharashtra (2015-2016) 43

Excavation at Nagardhan, Nagpur District,

Maharashtra (2015-2016)
Virag Sontakke*, Shrikant Ganvir**
Shantanu Vaidya** and P.P. Joglekar**

Nagardhan (21° 21′ N; 79° 19′′ E), a large village in
Ramtek taluka of Nagpur district is located 6 km south of
Ramtek, the Taluka headquarter (Fig. 1). This place has
been associated with Nandivardhan, the capital of one
of branches of the Vakatata dynasty that ruled between
250-550 CE. Earlier Hiralal1 and later Mirashi2 identified
present-day Nagardhan village as historical Nandivardhan
due to structural remains of the Vakataka period, and
finding of inscription of Prabhavatigupta (daughter of
the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II Vikramaditya) in the
Keval Narsimha temple at Ramtek.

Fig. 1: Location of Nagardhan

*
Department of Archaeology, Nagpur Division, Nagpur 440001, Maharashtra.
**
A.I.H.C and Archaeology, Deccan College, Pune 411006.
44 History Today, No.17, 2016
Fig. 2: Localities at Nagardhan
Amerandra Nath of the Archaeological Survey of
India explored the area3. He found remains of the Early
Historic period and traces of a fortification wall at a few
places in Nagardhan. Maharashtra state department
archaeology during preservation work of the medieval
fort at Nagardhan during 1980s found archaeological
remains of the Vakataka period such as sculptures of
Brahmanical deities.
Lacey 4 surveyed the site and suggested that
archaeological remains are spread over a larger area than
previously thought. She and Bhaisare5 considered that
this site is a single culture site belonging to the Vakataka
period in spite of obvious presence of medieval structural
remains in present Nagardhan village.
Thus, the initial association of Nagardhan with
ancient Nandivardhan was confirmed. However,
intensive exploration and archaeological investigations
were not carried out at the site. On this background of
archaeological and historical information the Nagpur
division of the Department of Archaeology, Maharashtra
State, and Department of A.I.H.C. and Archaeology,
Deccan College, Pune jointly excavated the site of
Nagardhan in 2015-2016.
Objectives of the Excavation
From the evidence of inscriptions and copper plates it
is known that when Vakataka king Prithvisena (c. 350
CE) shifted capital from Padmapura to Nandivardhan
Nagardhan was already an existing town. Thus one of the
objectives of this excavation was to locate and find out
the extent of the pre-Vakataka cultural horizons. Since
no study of Vakataka structural remains was done earlier,
the other objective of this excavation was to understand
the nature and significance of Vakataka period public
architecture. Though ample historical information is
available about the Vakataka dynasty it was thought
important to look at social and cultural dimensions of the
Vakatakas from archaeological perspective.
Site and cuttings
Fresh field survey conducted by the present authors at the
site revealed that Nagardhan is a much larger site than
earlier reported. Archaeological remains were found on
the surface spread over an area of 1 km (east-west) and
1.5 km (north-south). A small local stream flows on the
western side from adjoining Dudhala area and merges in
a pond-like water body, a depression on the western edge
of the present day village. Interestingly running for about
200-300 m, the stream becomes invisible. However,
water table even after this portion is high indicating
that the stream once must have flowed further south.
This stream is just outside the extant portion of ancient
embankment, thus indicating that perhaps this stream was
actually flowing southwards and joining the Bhagi nalla
1.5 km further south of the village. At present there is the
Koteshwar temple of the15th-16th century CE on the bank
Excavation at Nagardhan, Nagpur District, Maharashtra (2015-2016)
of the stream. Like the western side, large water bodies are
seen on the northern and eastern side too. This suggests
that perhaps during the Early Historic times, the streams
around Nagardhan were diverted to make permanent
water sources (Fig. 2).
The entire present-day village is on top of the ancient
habitation. However, archaeological remains were
visible on the surface in several large areas that are not
been occupied at present too. The Nagardhan fort is
located on the southern side of present-day Nagardhan
village. This fort was constructed during the Gond Raja
period and later renovated and re-used by the Bhosales
of Nagpur during the late 18th century and 19th century.
The area surrounding the fort is under cultivation and has
archaeological remains.
After initial surface survey of the whole site it was
decided to demarcate various localities for planning
of the excavation. Locality 1 included the area in front
of the fort and the area within the fort (Pl. 1). The area
behind the fort and immediately to its south was marked
as Locality 2. The area to the south-east of the fort at a
distance of around 80 m was termed as Locality 3. The
area further east of Locality 3 and close to the present-day
canal was termed as Locality 4. An isolated mound on
the western side away from present village was named
as Locality 5. The embankment was named as Locality
6. Trenches were laid on all six localities (Table 1). All
trenches were 10×10 m in dimension, and further divided
in four quadrants each of 5×5 m.
Table 1: Trench lay-out at Nagardhan (2015-2016)
Locality Trenches
1 C, D1 and H (inside the fort)
2 I, I1 and J
3 L and M
4 N and XN
5 Trial trench 1
6 ZA1, ZA2, ZA3 and ZA4
Locality 1
In the cuttings named C, D1 and H (the last was in the fort)
a thick deposit of the medieval period was encountered.
The trenches C (Qd 1) and D1 (Qd 3) seemed to be vacant
lands during the medieval period since there was a thick
45
accumulation of ash and charcoal in the upper layers. This
area perhaps was a dumping ground or an area of garbage
pits. Evidence of the Early Medieval structural activity
was found in these two trenches (Pl. 2). The structures
in the trench C were mostly have reused bricks of earlier
period. The ceramics of this period were different from
the earlier Vakataka period. The structures below the Early
Medieval level were a dilapidated condition. Two more
structural levels though destroyed have yielded ceramics
and antiquities of the Vakataka period. The lower levels
also yielded black-and-red ware attesting the dating of
these levels to around 1st-2nd century CE.
In trench D1 after removal of a huge dump and ashy
deposit three structural phases were seen (Pl. 3). The
youngest structural phase could be assigned to around
6th-7th century CE. The floors of this phase were composed
of rammed brickbats, sandy lateritic gravel and potsherds
of tiny size. A brick wall of four courses was associated
with the middle structural phase. Several bowls and pots
were found in this area. It seemed to be a refuse area. In
the lowermost structural level thick deposit was found
that was devoid of brick structure. This evidence suggests
that before beginning of brick building activity, flimsy
structures existed there.
Trench H (Qd 1) was laid inside the fort to trace
the cultural sequence over there. This trench provided
evidence of several structural phases.
A large structure of eight brick courses was found
that could not be exposed completely due to overlapping
upper structures. This the earliest structural phase
(Satavahana-Kshatrapa period) inside the fort though
below this level earlier habitation deposit was found.
Ceramics of the 3rd-4th century BCE were also found just
below the brick structure. The earliest habitation deposit
showed presence of ceramics of the Early Iron Age affinity.
Above the Satavahana-Kshatrapa structural level a
large brick structure was found. Its eight extant courses
over a bed of pebbles. This structure perhaps had a large
room with an adjoining smaller room. A clay sealing
bearing the name of Vakataka queen Prabhavati Gupta
was found over this structure. Other clay sealing having
the Srivatsa symbol was found in the late Vakataka period
deposit in this trench.
The structural activity of post-Vakataka period (6th-
10 century CE) inside the fort could not be recorded
th
properly due to dilapidated structures mixed with thick
46 History Today, No.17, 2016
Fig. 3: Brick structures in Trench H
deposit of stones and brick rubble. The deposit also
contained a huge dump of ash and broken potsherds.
A thick deposit of the around 10th- 12th century CE was
found above. A brick well was found in the south-eastern
corner of the trench in this phase (Fig. 3; Pl. 4). The upper
8 courses are made of bricks in header pattern. The well
wall up to 1.5 m depth is made of bricks. The shape of the
well up this point is circular. The well section becomes
square due to a single stone course. The wall below this
stone course is somewhat disturbed. The wall construction
using bricks continues down for 2.5 m. The disturbance
and rubble deposit indicates that the original well was
renovated and re-used in the period around 10th- 12th
century CE.
Above the depth of 45-50 cm below datum point
stratified deposit of the medieval period was encountered.
A few structures of reused bricks and stones were present.
The bricks were half-cut portions of Vakataka period
bricks. Polychrome bangles which are characteristic of
the 13th-16th century CE in the Deccan and Central India
were found associated with this phase.
Structures of the Bhosale period (18th- 19th century
CE) are present on the surface. These structures are
preserved by the State Department of Archaeology of
Maharashtra. The trench was found to be filled with the
dumped material used during conservation along with
the Bhosale period deposit.
Locality 2
The trenches I, I1 and J in the Locality 2 (south of fort)
also yielded good structural evidence. The lowest deposit
belonged to the Early Iron Age level above which remains
of the Mauryan period were recorded. Both these phases
had simple mud floors. Above the Mauryan period deposit,
a structure resembling a pavement was encountered. This
pavement had only a single course of bricks laid over a
rammed floor made by brick powder and lime and lateritic
granules. Based on ceramic evidence it is clear that this
pavement belonged to the Satavahana-Kshatrapa period.
A Vakataka period brick structure of eight extant
courses was exposed that got destroyed to some extent
due to upper structural activities. This was only a single
wall with a lime plastered floor. This structure seems to
be of public utility structure such as a courtyard. Several
beads (stone and glass) and glass bangles were recovered
from this structural phase.
The uppermost level dated to around 7th to 10th
century CE yielded evidence of another pavement. This
pavement has ‘Z’ shape (Pl. 5). The areas besides the
pavement were filled with murrum.
Locality 3
Structures of the Vakataka and Late Satavahana phase
Excavation at Nagardhan, Nagpur District, Maharashtra (2015-2016)
were found in trenches L and M in Locality 3 (Pl. 6). The
first and earliest phase had small but well-made brick
structures and only one long wall with perpendicular
smaller walls, and a drain were found. These structural
remains were domestic in nature since antiquities
like religious images, coins, bangles, beads and were
recovered here. In the second phase one very long wall of
13 m and of six brick courses was found. A well-rammed
floor made of crumbled bricks, lime and lateritic granules
was associated with this phase structure. Seven walls, nine
alignments, one pavement and two partition walls were
found in the upper phase.
Locality 4
From this locality two full pots (Pl. 7) and three full pans
along with several artefacts. These include a fragmented
votive shrine, votive tank, iron chisel, a stone tile depicting
a deer, and terracotta bangles. Also, antlers of the spotted
deer were found here. The pots were placed by deliberate
cutting of thick layer of murrum. A rectangular brick
structure was constructed around one of these pots
specifically for protection. Artefacts mentioned above
were found in a hole (1.5 m deep) below the pots. The
hole was cut in the murrum. The arrangement of the pots,
the manner of placing these pots and the material found
there suggests that these were connected with some ritual
of the Vakataka period.
Locality 5
Locality 5 is to the west of present-day village at a distance
of 500 m. Scatter of brickbats and a few dressed sandstone
blocks were observed on this raised mound. A trial trench
on this mound was dug but no structural or habitational
evidence was found.
Locality 6
This locality is embankment area. Four step trenches
were laid here. Excavation revealed interesting clues
to how the embankment was constructed (Pl. 8). The
lowermost deposit was of murrum followed by clay. This
clay contained remains of the Early Iron Age habitation.
This clay was probably brought and deposited here
perhaps during the Vakataka period. Outer side of the
embankment showed presence of brick (two courses)
alignment. Above this, murrum followed by clay and
again brick-bats were dumped.
47
Stratigraphy
The stratigraphy of trench IQD4, I1QD3 (section facing
south), Locality 2 is illustrated here (Fig. 4). A total 10
layers were marked.
Layer 1 (Early Medieval) was very thick composed
of ashy, loose material that contains heavy concentration
of pottery and brickbats. It is sloping towards west of
the trench. It was around 60 cm thick in the east and at
a centre of the trench more than one meter thick. The
thickness on the western part was 2 m. On the slope
habitation deposit of layers 2-4 was found to be disturbed.
Layer 2 (Early Medieval) was filled with brickbats and
rubble and cut by Layer 1 hence only 2.3 m of this layer
is extant. Brickbats, pottery and very few stones were
found in this layer.
Layer 3 (Early Medieval) was a horizontal layer
disturbed by above Layer 1 leaving only a few patches
where this layer was visible. Layer 3 has thickness of 20
cm. It comprises lateritic murum mixed with quartz pieces
and mica flakes. It is associated with the pavement of the
uppermost phase structural activity.
Layer 4 (Vakataka), grey with some reddish patches
in colour, was exposed in the western part of the section.
Its average thickness was 65 cm. This layer slopes gently
towards west. At the base, material similar to Layer 3 was
seen, however the layer contains semi-compact silty soil
mixed with pottery, charcoal and brick-bats. This layer is
associated structures of the Vakataka phase.
Layer 5 (Vakataka) was greyish in colour with an
average thickness of 53 cm. It contains pottery, charred
patches and silty soil. It is associated with the floor in
quadrant I1 belonging to the Late Satavahana phase.
Layer 6 (Vakataka), comprises of brick-bats, charcoal
and pottery. It was loose in nature and having thickness
of 27 cm. This layer had greyish appearance. Burning
activity was exposed in the northern part of the trench.
Layer 7 (Satavahana-Kshatrapa) was a thick layer (70
cm) of semi-compact silty soil. It appears reddish because
of crumbled bricks in it. However, in the northern and
eastern parts of the trench it is greyish in colour due to
local burning activity.
48 History Today, No.17, 2016

Layer 8 (Pre-Satavahana and Mauryan) was found and hooded rims, bowls with straight sides and incurved
to be a dividing line between above and lowermost sides with simple featureless rims (Fig. 5).
occupational phases. The top portion of this layer had
6-7 cm thick murrum mixed with quartz, and mica flakes.
Below this silty soil with burnt patches (average thickness
of 60 cm) was seen. This greyish deposit also contains
charred bones. Ceramic assemblage of this layer was
different in texture, types and firing than of the above
layers. It is also noticed that, due to pit activity part of the
ceramic assemblage has got mixed characters.

Layer 9 (Early Iron Age) was horizontal layer (35 cm)

that was compact in nature. It comprised sticky clay of
greyish colour. This layer provided the base of earliest
occupation here.

Fig. 5: Pottery of Period I

Period II

The Mauryan - Pre-Satavahana period was characterized

by red slipped ware with a crinkled surface, black-and-red
ware with a shining surface and a slightly thicker section
than the early Iron Age counterparts. The pots with a
splayed-out rim and having a bulb on the exterior, pots
with rim making an external reflex angle and a sharp
undercut were seen in this period. Based on the presence
of mica pottery can be divided in two broad categories:
micaceous red ware and mica wash Red ware. The red

Fig. 4: Section of Trench I1

Layer 10 composed of lateritic murrum was the

natural soil. This non-habitational layer was dug up to
25 cm depth.

Ceramic Assemblage

Period I

The Early Iron Age period is represented by micaceous red

ware, black-and-red ware and red ware with matt surface.
Shapes are mostly pots with funnel mouth, flaring mouth
Fig. 6: Pottery of Period II
Excavation at Nagardhan, Nagpur District, Maharashtra (2015-2016) 49

slipped ware also has mica in it in a few cases (Fig. 6). pots with a slight flaring rim and a constricted neck with
a shallow bottom are a typical feature. Sprinklers of Red
Period III Polished Ware which appear in the previous phase also
increase in this phase. Black-and-red ware slowly starts
The pottery of the earlier phase continued but the types decreasing from this phase (Fig. 8).
differ. The pots with beaded rims, rounded rims, pots with
rims having an internal groove and a bulbous rim can be
seen in red slipped ware. Black-and-red ware however
is coarse in fabric and the section is thick. The surface is
bright but it crinkles out easily. The mica presence can
now be broadly categorized as: mica wash red ware with
mica, mica wash red ware without mica, red slipped ware
with mica, red slipped ware without mica, unslipped red
ware with mica and unslipped red ware without mica.
There are other types like the V-shaped bowl, pots with
clubbed rims, out-turned rims and triangular in section,
out-turned rims having a square tip or a ridged tip (Fig. 7).

Fig. 8: Pottery of Period IV

Period V

The early medieval period ceramics is dominated by the

black slipped ware and the red slipped ware with a very
coarse fabric. This phase also yielded the stone ware and
Fig. 7: Pottery of Period III
some pieces of torpedo jar.

Period IV Period VI

The Vakataka phase can be differentiated by the The medieval ceramics is dominated more by the black
increased presence of mica wash red ware with mica as ware, drab in variety. Red ware comprised of mica but is
well as without mica. The appearance of carinated handis, very coarse and dull.
50 History Today, No.17, 2016
Stone Objects
Stone objects include religious images, tiles, beads,
household objects such pestles, mullers, saddle querns,
rotary querns, grinding stones, etc. Other objects include
sling balls. Stone images of different deities have been
found in archaeological exploration and the excavations
at Nagardhan. These images are of Vishnu, Narasimha,
Ganapati, Lajja Gauri (Pl. 9) and a bust of a Jain deity.
Fragments of stone tiles were found in the Nagaradhan
excavations. Fox example, a stone tile (Pl. 10) recovered
from Locality 4 shows a deer with a belt-like collar,
perhaps indicating a pet deer kept for royal amusement.
Beads of semi-precious stones such as carnelian,
agate and quartz were found in the excavation in almost
all the localities. These beads are of common historical
shapes such as circular, tubular, spherical, bicone and
globular shapes.
Coins and sealing
The excavations carried out at the site of Nagardhan
yielded 30 coins of different periods. A Kardamaka
coin, Vakataka coins, the Indo-Sassanian (Gadheya)
coins, Bahamani coins and coins of the Indian Princely
State were found. Thus the coins indicate a continuous
occupation from the 3rdcentury CE till the modern period.
Most of the coins were extremely corroded. Hence, it is
difficult to decipher the legends. However, some of them
after cleaning could be deciphered.
An important antiquity is a clay sealing of the
Vakataka empress Prabhavatigupta. She was the chief
queen of the Vakataka king Rudrasena II. The sealing
found in the excavations confirms her authority as the
head of the state after death of Rudrasena II. It bears the
name ‘Prabhavatigupta’ in Brahmi. It also has depiction
of a ‘Shankha’ above her name
Terracotta objects
A good number of terracotta objects were recovered.
These objects include religious images, human figurines,
animal figurines (Pls. 11,12), sealings, ear ornaments,
bangles, pendants, amulets, beads, pottery discs/ hop
scotches, wheels, skin rubbers, spindle whorls, votive
tanks and gamesman. A small terracotta votive shrine is
one of the most significant findings from the Nagardhan
excavation.
There are two religious terracotta objects- figurine
of Ganapati (Pl. 13) and a partially preserved one of
the Naigmeshi. Ganapati worship was common during
the Vakataka period in Vidarbha region. Stone images
of Ganapati are earlier reported from Bhadravati and
Nagardhan 6. The small figurine of Ganapati found
from Locality 3 is well-preserved. The icon is devoid of
ornaments. It was perhaps meant for private worship.
A terracotta image of Naigameshi head was found
from Locality 4. The face is of ram shown with two
raised ears and eyes. The image is well-made. Images
of Naigameshi are rare at the Early Historic sites of
Maharashtra. An image of Naigamesh was previously
reported from Mandhal 7, the site associated with the
Vakataka culture.
Figurines of animals, birds, reptiles and fishes are
commonly noticed at historical sites. These could be
serving the purpose of toys as well as related to rituals.
These figurines were used as a toy or for also religious
rituals. At Nagardhan terracotta figurines of bull, horse,
elephant and fish were found. These figurines were made
by both hand-made and moulding technique. Similar
to animal figurines, a few human figurines were also
recovered.
Chronology
Based on sequence of ceramics, stones and terracotta
objects, coin, sealing, nature of deposit in various trenches
and structures following tentative composite chronology
has been proposed.
Period I: Early Iron Age
Period II: Mauryan and Pre-Satavahana
Period III: Satavahana-Kshatrapa
Period IV: Vakataka
Period V: Early Medieval
Period VI: Medieval
Biological Remains
During the excavation at Nagardhan remains of grains and
seeds were recovered by wet flotation technique. These
remains are being examined at BISP, Lucknow and the
result is awaited. Almost all trenches revealed presence
of animal remains. These were collected in a standard
method of faunal collection set at the Archaeozoology
Laboratory, Deccan College.
Excavation at Nagardhan, Nagpur District, Maharashtra (2015-2016)
A random sample of faunal material (n =269) was
examined to (1) to know the species that have been
present in archaeological material, and (2) to ascertain the
potential of using standard archaeozoological methods
for advanced understanding of human-animal interactions
at Nagardhan.
The study revealed presence of seven domestic species
(cattle, goat, sheep, pig, cat, horse and fowl), nine wild
mammals (wild buffalo, nilgai, spotted deer, blackbuck,
wild pig, fox, jungle cat, porcupine and hare), a bird (black
partridge), a reptile (Indian mud turtle), a freshwater fish,
and four molluscan species. Bone modifications (both
anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic) were observed in
a few cases. These include marks of charring, cut marks,
butchering marks (Pl. 14) and gnawing marks. Charring
of various degrees was observed in case of 13 fragments,
but none of the fragments were charred enough to get
vitrified. Some of the charred fragments include femur
bones (spotted deer, porcupine and sheep/goat), humerus
(sheep/goat), carpo-metacarpus and clavicle of domestic
fowl (Gallus domesticus), carapace fragments (Lissemys
punctata) and a radius of blackbuck.
Two cases of carnivore bone modifications were
noticed. A mandible of young sheep/goat (NGD020)
recovered from trench CQ3 had a mark of chewing. The
other case of an astragalus of cattle (NGD054) recovered
from trench LQ4 had a puncture mark typical of dogs
modifying the fresh bones. One case of making an object
was noticed. A shell of Lamellidens sp. was perforated,
perhaps to use as a pendant (Pl. 15).
Discussion
Though ample work has been done about history of the
References
1 Hiralal, R.B., Descriptive List of Inscriptions in the Central
Provinces and Berar, The Government Press, Nagpur, 1916.
2 Mirashi, V.V., Vakaµaka Nripatpariani Tyancha Kal (in Marathi),
Nagpur University, Nagpur, 1957.
3 Indian Archaeology - A Review, 1981-82.
4 Lacey, Harriet, Nandivardhan and Nagardhan: Preliminary Analysis
of the Surface Evidence from Nagardhan and Hamalapuri in the
Eastern Vakaµaka Territory near Ramµek, South Asian Studies 30(2),
Maharashtra, 2014, pp.116-132.
51
Vakatakas and the Guptas that ruled over a vast area, the
excavations conducted at Nagardhan provided important
window to look at material culture of the Gupta-Vakataka
period.
The excavation gave clear evidence of domestic,
public and administrative constructions such as the
embankment of the Vakataka period. The excavation
also showed adequate material evidence confirming
identification of present-day Nagardhan with historical
Nandivardhan, the capital of the Vakatakas. It is evident
from structural remains of the earlier period that a town
existed before this place was designated as capital of
Nandivardhana branch of the Vakataka dynasty.
Apart from Gupta-Vakataka period at Nagardhan
evidence of settled life going back to the Early Iron
Age (dated to pre 6th century BCE) is interesting. Similar
evidence at other urban sites in Vidarbha such as Pauni,
Adam, Paunar and Kaundinyapur has been reported.8
The excavation of the first season at Nagardhan indicated
that at this site it would be possible to examine various
aspects of urban settlement pattern such as town planning
and construction processes of domestic as well as public
architecture at a seat of power.
The medieval phase was found only in the trench in
the fort area (Trench H) whereas the deposit of the early
Iron Age was mainly encountered in the filling below
the embankment. This suggests that though during the
Vakataka Period occupation was spread over entire
village, but during other periods only certain areas were
occupied. Thus early Iron Age habitation was confined
on the western side and the medieval habitation was
confined to the present-day fort area.
5 Bhaisare, Kanchana, The Vakatakas: Cultural Study in
Archaeological Perspective, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Deccan
College, Pune, 2012.
6 Bakker, Hans, The Vakatakas: An Essay in Hindu Iconography,
Egbert Forsten, Groningen, 1997.
7 Ibid.
8 Vaidya, Shantanu, Emergence of the Complex Society and
Urbanisation during the Early Iron Age and the Early Historic
Period in Nagpur and Wardha districts of Vidarbha. Unpublished
PhD thesis, Deccan College, Pune, 2014.
12 History Today, No.17, 2016

Sontakke et al., Pl. 1: Locality 1 in front of the Nagardhan Sontakke et al., Pl. 2: Medieval brick structures in trench C
Fort (Locality 1)

Sontakke et al., Pl. 3: Medieval brick structures in trench Sontakke et al., Pl. 4: Brick well in trench H (Locality 1)
D1 (Locality 1)

Sontakke et al., Pl. 5: Brick structures in Trench No I1 and I

(Locality 2)
Plates 13

Sontakke et al., Pl. 6: Brick structures in Trench L and M Sontakke et al., Pl. 7: Pots in Trench XN (Locality 4)
(Locality 3)

Sontakke et al., Pl. 8: Section of embankment (Locality 6)

 14 History Today, No.17, 2016

Sontakke et al., Pl. 9: Lajjagauri: stone Sontakke et al., Pl. 10: Stone
image tile depicting a deer

Sontakke et al., Pl. 11: Terracotta

toy bull

Sontakke et al., Pl. 12: Terracotta toy Sontakke et al., Pl. 13: Terracotta
horse Ganesh image

Sontakke et al., Pl. 15: Shell pendant,

Sontakke et al., Pl. 14: Butchering
Early Medieval
mark, Early Medieval

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