Evidence Based Reading All

SAT Advanced
Evidence-based Reading
1 1
Question 1 is based on the following passage. My sister has found a photograph of our mother,
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
This excerpt is from a short story by a Japanese American a round-faced and serious twelve or thirteen, dressed
writer. The narrator reflects on her family’s past as she helps in a kimono and seated, on her knees, on the tatami
her mother prepare to move from her home. 50 mat. She is playing the koto, a difficult stringed
instrument thought to teach girls discipline. Of
There’s a photograph of my mother standing on
course, everything Japanese was a lesson in discipline
the pier in Honolulu in 1932, the year she left Hawaii
—flower arranging, embroidery, everything. One
to attend the University of California. She’s loaded to
summer my sister and I had to take ikebana, the art
Line the ears with leis. She’s wearing a fedora1 pulled
55 of flower arrangement, at our grandfather’s school.
5 smartly to the side. She is not smiling. Of my
The course was taught by Mrs. Oshima, a softspoken,
mother’s two years at the university, my grandmother
terrifying woman, and my supplies were provided by
recalled that she received good grades and never wore
my grandmother, whose tastes ran to the oversized. I
a kimono again. My second cousin, with whom my
remember little of that class and its principles. What I
mother stayed when she first arrived, said she was
60 remember most clearly is having to walk home
10 surprisingly sophisticated—she liked hats. My mother
carrying one of our creations, which, more often than
said that she was homesick. Her favorite class was
not, towered above our heads.
biology and she entertained thoughts of becoming a
How do we choose among what we experience,
scientist. Her father, however, wanted her to become
what we are taught, what we run into by chance, or
a teacher, and his wishes prevailed, even though he
65 what is forced upon us? What is the principle of
15 would not have forced them upon her. She was a
selection? My sisters and I are not bound by any of
dutiful daughter.
our mother’s obligations, nor do we follow the rituals
During her second year, she lived near campus
that seemed so important. My sister once asked, do
with a mathematics professor and his wife. In
you realize that when she’s gone that’s it ? She was
exchange for room and board she cleaned house,
70 talking about how to make sushi3, but it was a more
20 ironed, and helped prepare meals. One of the things
profound question nonetheless.
that survives from this period is a black composition
book entitled Recipes of California. As a child, I read
it like a book of mysteries for clues to a life both alien 1: A fedora is a soft felt hat popular in the United States in the
and familiar. Some entries she had copied by hand; 1930’s.
25 others she cut out of magazines and pasted on the
2: Chasuke is a rice and tea mixture.
page, sometimes with a picture or drawing. The
margins contained her cryptic comments: “Saturday 3: Sushi is cold rice shaped into small cakes and sometimes
bridge club,” “From Mary G. Do not give away.” topped or wrapped with garnishes.
That book holds part of the answer to why our
30 family rituals didn’t fit the norm either of our
relatives or of the larger community in which we grew
up. At home, we ate in fear of the glass of spilled milk,
the stray elbow on the table, the boarding house 1
reach. At my grandparents’, we slurped our chasuke2.
35 We wore tailored dresses and black shoes with white The thematic focus of the passage is on the
socks; however, what we longed for were the lacy A) conflicts between the narrator’s mother and
colorful dresses that other girls wore to church on grandmother
Sunday. For six years, I marched to Japanese language
school after my regular classes; however, we only B) challenge of balancing conflicting values and
40 spoke English at home. We talked too loudly and all practices
at once, which mortified my mother, but she was C) widespread assimilation of immigrants into the
always complaining about Japanese indirectness. I culture of the United States
know that she smarted under a system in which the
D) irrelevance of traditional customs to modern
older son is the center of the familial universe, but at
society
45 thirteen I had a fit of jealous rage over her fawning
attention to our only male cousin.
Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 1 CO NTI N U E

1 1
Question 2 is based on the following passage. When we finally met, in Africa and America, we
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
were sometimes disappointed. Shadowy imaginings
The following passage is adapted from a 1999 memoir. The 45 do not usually hold up in the light of real experience.
author, the son of a Black American woman and a Congolese We wondered if we hadn’t been mistaken, if the
man, has lived in both the United States and Africa: he was kinship we could feel more than describe was really
raised in Boston, Massachusetts, and Dares Salaam,
there, if the roots that had once bound us together
Tanzania. Here, he offers his views on the historical
had not already withered and died. But time and
relationship between Black Americans and Black Africans.
50 again we were reminded of what we shared. Africa
A Kikongo proverb states, “A tree cannot stand has left her mark on all of us. And when we have
without its roots.” It seems such obvious wisdom reached out to one another through literature,
now, a well-worn cliché in our era in which politics, music, and religion, whenever we’ve made
Line everything truly insightful has already been said. But contact, the world has been forced to take note.
5 all clichés derive their endurance from their truth,
and my ancestors who coined this adage were
sending a clear and powerful message to their
descendants: a people cannot flourish without their
life-giving foundations in the past. The ties between
10 those who came before and those who live now must
be maintained and nurtured if a people is to survive.
It’s a truth that my grandmother understood when 2
she made a point of directing me to “tell the others”
about her. And it’s a truth that has been well The primary purpose of this passage is to
15 recognized by successive generations of Black people A) show the impact Black Americans have had on
in America. Another Kikongo proverb reminds us African societies
that “one can only steal a sleeping baby: once awake,
B) discuss Africans’ efforts to embrace American
she will look for her parents.” This is a maxim that
conveys the seemingly instinctive pull of one’s culture
20 heritage, our inborn curiosity in our origins, the quest C) emphasize the significance of an ongoing
we all share for self-identification and self-knowledge. relationship
Black Americans have managed to sustain links D) examine the cultural ties between two nations
with the continent of their origin, against tremendous
odds. Through ingenuity and dogged determination,
25 in calculated symbolism and unwitting remembrance,
for over 300 years Black Americans have kept various
ties to Africa intact. The bond has frayed and
stretched, it has become twisted and contorted, but
through it all, it has not been broken. And for as long
30 as Black people in America have reached back to
Africa to offer and receive reassurance, reaffirmation,
fraternity, and strength, Africans have reached to
Black people in the Americas, “those who were
taken,” for the same reasons.
35 We have sought to understand each other ever
since we were separated so long ago. For centuries,
we have gazed at one another across the transatlantic
divide like a child seeing itself in the mirror for the
first time. And, unable for so long to reach behind the
40 glass and touch the strangely familiar face we saw
staring back, we filled in all that we did not know
with all that we could imagine.

Main Idea
1 1
Question 3 is based on the following passage 3
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
One of the many things that orcas do well is turn Which best summarizes the information in this
on a dime in tight quarters. Marine biologist Eva passage?
Saulitis reports that although orcas are typically
A) Agility and memory are two notable traits of
Line longer than the twenty-foot skiff she uses and many
5 tons heavier, “We find them in tiny coves where it’s orcas.
too narrow for us to anchor.’’ Also, like other B) Orcas are among the largest creatures in the
dolphins, orcas can use their own sonar to locate ocean.
underwater objects by making clicking sounds, but C) Marine biologists have had difficulty studying
those that hunt seals are mostly silent (to avoid orcas in Prince William Sound.
10 tipping off their prey). This means that the crafty
hunters of Prince William Sound, with nearly a D) Sonar is more critical than physical agility when
thousand miles of shoreline to prowl, apparently orcas are hunting seals.
memorize the contours of the whole convoluted
coast.

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The 1960’s witnessed two profound social Which of the following best describes the passage?
movements: the civil rights movement and the
A) It discusses an apparent inconsistency and
movement protesting the war in Vietnam.
suggests a reason for it.
Line Although they overlapped in time, they were
5 largely distinct. For a brief moment in 1967, B) It outlines a sequence of historical events.
however, it appeared that the two movements C) It evaluates an explanation and finally accepts
might unite under the leadership of Martin Luther that explanation.
King, Jr.
D) It contrasts two views of an issue.
King’s role in the antiwar movement appears to
10 require little explanation, since he was the foremost
advocate of nonviolence of his time. But King’s
stance on the Vietnam War cannot be explained in
terms of pacifism alone. After all, he was something
of a latecomer to the antiwar movement, even
15 though by 1965 he was convinced that the role of
the United States in the war was indefensible. Why
then the two years that passed before he translated
his private misgivings into public dissent? Perhaps
he believed that he could not criticize American
20 foreign policy without endangering the support for
civil rights that he had won from the federal
government.

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Echolocating bats emit sounds in patterns— Which of the following best describes the
characteristic of each species—that contain both organization of the passage?
frequency-modulated (FM) and constant-
A) A fact is stated, and examples suggesting that a
Line frequency (CF) signals. The broadband FM signals
distinction needs correction are considered.
5 and the narrowband CF signals travel out to a
target, reflect from it, and return to the hunting B) A fact is stated, a process is outlined, and
bat. In this process of transmission and reflection, specific details of the process are described.
the sounds are changed, and the changes in the C) A fact is stated, a theory is presented to explain
echoes enable the bat to perceive features of the that fact, and additional facts are introduced to
10 target. validate the theory.
The FM signals report information about target
characteristics that modify the timing and the fine D) A fact is stated, a process is described, and
frequency structure, or spectrum, of echoes—for examples of still another process are illustrated
example, the target's size, shape, texture, surface in detail.
15 structure, and direction in space. Because of their
narrow bandwidth, CF signals portray only the
target’s presence and, in the case of some bat
species, its motion relative to the bat’s. Responding
to changes in the CF echo’s frequency, bats of some
20 species correct in flight for the direction and
velocity of their moving prey.

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Geologists have long known that the Earth’s Which of the following best expresses the main idea
mantle is heterogeneous, but its spatial of the passage?
arrangement remains unresolved—is the mantle
A) There are conflicting hypotheses about the
Line essentially layered or irregularly heterogeneous?
heterogeneity of the Earth’s mantle because few
5 The best evidence for the layered mantle thesis is
mantle elements have been thoroughly studied.
the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found
on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from B) Further research is needed to resolve the debate
mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle, are among geologists over the composition of the
composed of material fundamentally different midocean ridge system.
10 from that of the midocean ridge system, whose C) There is clear-cut disagreement within the
source, most geologists contend, is the upper geological community over the structure of the
mantle. Earth’s mantle.
Some geologists, however, on the basis of
observations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue D) There has recently been a strong and exciting
15 that the mantle is not layered, but that challenge to geologists’ long-standing belief in
heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in the heterogeneity of the Earth’s mantle.
“incompatible elements” (elements tending
toward liquid rather than solid state) percolating
upward and transforming portions of the upper
20 mantle irregularly, according to the vagaries of the
fluids’ pathways. We believe, perhaps
unimaginatively, that this debate can be resolved
through further study, and that the underexplored
midocean ridge system is the key.

Tone
1 1
Question 7 is based on t he following passage. apologetically yet with satisfaction. And I don't tell
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
In the following passage from a contemporary short story, him that I am not sure now if I love any place, and
the narrator has just arrived at her childhood home, which that it seems to me that it was myself that I loved here
her father, now retired, is planning to remodel. —some self that I have finished with, and none too
50 soon.
Now that I am living only a hundred miles away I
come home every couple of months or so. Before this,
for a long time, I lived thousands of miles away and
Line would go for years without seeing this house; I
5 thought of it then as a place I might never see again
and I was greatly moved by the memory of it. I would 7
walk through its rooms in my mind. All those rooms
are small, and as is usual in old farmhouses, they are As described in the passage, the narrator’s feelings
not designed to take advantage of the out-of-doors, toward the family home have changed from
but if possible to ignore it. People who had to work in
10
A) optimism to pessimism
the fields in the hot sun or plough through snowdrifts
to feed their stock may not have wanted to spend B) enthusiasm to dismay
their time indoors looking out at the landscape. C) nostalgia to indifference
The outside of the house, the red brick whose
D) pride to embarrassment
15 crumbling mortar was particularly penetrable by an
east wind, is going to be covered up with white metal
siding. My father is thinking of putting it on himself.
So it seems that this peculiar house—the kitchen part
of it built in the 1860's—can be dissolved, in a way,
20 and lost, inside an ordinary comfortable house of the
present lime, and I do not lament this loss as I would
once have done. I do say that the red brick had a
beautiful, soft color, and that I’ve heard of people
(city people) paying a great price for just such old
25 bricks, but I say this mostly because think my father
expects it. He expects me always to be a bit foolish
and sentimental. Then he can explain again about the
east wind and the cost of fuel and the difficulty of
repairs. I know that he speaks the truth, and I know
30 that the house being lost was not a fine or handsome
one in any way. A poor man’s house, always, with the
stairs going up between walls, and bedrooms opening
out of one another. A house where people have lived
close to the bone for over a hundred years. So if my
35 father and my stepmother, combining pensions
which make them richer than they've ever been in
their lives, wish to be comfortable, and (they use this
word without quotation marks, quite simply and
positively) modern—who am I to object? Who am I
40 to complain about the loss of some pretty bricks, a
crumbling wall?
But I am shy of letting my father see that the house
does not mean as much to me as it once did and that
it really does not matter to me now how he changes it.
45 “I know how you love this place," he says to me,

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The narrator’s tone in the passage is predominantly
I remember myself as a young man: stubbled,
slouched, eager above all to be perceived as different A) confident
—in the crowd but not of it, a young writer not about
B) solicitous
Line to waste his time on the lower part of the mountain.
5 But I am now that thing I so confidently scorned C) wistful
then, a book reviewer. When people ask me what I D) sympathetic
do, I usually say I’m an essayist or a critic. More
honorable terms both, and they mostly fit. They
almost conceal the fact that the greater part of what I
10 do is read and write about books.

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Echolocating bats emit sounds in patterns— The author presents the information concerning bat
characteristic of each species—that contain both sonar in a manner that could be best described as
frequency-modulated (FM) and constant-
A) argumentative
Line frequency (CF) signals. The broadband FM signals
5 and the narrowband CF signals travel out to a B) commendatory
target, reflect from it, and return to the hunting C) critical
bat. In this process of transmission and reflection,
D) objective
the sounds are changed, and the changes in the
echoes enable the bat to perceive features of the
10 target.
The FM signals report information about target
characteristics that modify the timing and the fine
frequency structure, or spectrum, of echoes—for
example, the target's size, shape, texture, surface
15 structure, and direction in space. Because of their
narrow bandwidth, CF signals portray only the
target’s presence and, in the case of some bat
species, its motion relative to the bat’s. Responding
to changes in the CF echo’s frequency, bats of some
20 species correct in flight for the direction and
velocity of their moving prey.

Primary Purpose
1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The recent change to all-volunteer armed forces The primary purpose of the passage is to
in the United States will eventually produce a A) present the new United States all-volunteer
gradual increase in the proportion of women in the armed forces as a model case of equal
Line armed forces and in the variety of women’s
employment policies in action
5 assignments, but probably not the dramatic gains
for women that might have been expected. This is B) present a reasoned prognosis of the status of
so even though the armed forces operate in an ethos women in the new United States all-volunteer
of institutional change oriented toward armedlorces
occupational equality and under the federal C) analyze reforms in the new United States all-
10 sanction of equal pay for equal work. The difficulty
volunteer armed forces necessitated by the
is that women are unlikely to be trained for any increasing number of women in the military
direct combat operations. A significant portion of
the larger society remains uncomfortable as yet with D) analyze the use of functional equivalence as a
extending equality in this direction. Therefore, for substitute for occupational equality in the new
15 women in the military, the search for equality will United States all-volunteer armed forces
still be based on functional equivalence, not identity
or even similarity of task. Opportunities seem
certain to arise. The growing emphasis on
deterrence is bound to offer increasing scope for
20 women to become involved in novel types of
noncombat military assignments.

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Zooplankton, tiny animals adapted to an The author is primarily concerned with
existence in the ocean, have evolved clever
A) explaining how appendicularians obtain food
mechanisms for obtaining their food, miniscule
Line phytoplankton (plant plankton). A very specialized B) examining the flotation methods of
5 feeding adaptation in zooplankton is that of the appendicularians
tadpolelike appendicularian who lives in a walnut- C) describing how appendicularians differ from
sized (or smaller) balloon of mucus equipped with other zooplankton
filters that capture and concentrate phytoplankton.
The balloon, a transparent structure that varies in D) comparing the various types of balloons formed
10 design according to the type of appendicularian
by appendicularians
inhabiting it, also protects the animal and helps to
keep it afloat. Water containing phytoplankton is
pumped by the appendicularian’s muscular tail into
the balloon’s incurrent filters, passes through the
15 feeding filter where the appendicularian sucks the
food into its mouth, and then goes through an exit
passage. Found in all the oceans of the world,
including the Arctic Ocean, appendicularians tend
to remain near the water’s surface where the
20 density of phytoplankton is greatest.

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Recently some scientists have concluded that The passage is primarily concerned with
meteorites on Earth and long believed to have a
A) presenting an argument to support a particular
Martian origin might actually have been blasted
hypothesis
Line free of Mars’s gravity by the impact on Mars of
5 other meteorites. This conclusion has led to B) suggesting an answer to a theoretical question
another question: whether meteorite impacts on C) questioning the assumptions of a research
Earth have similarly driven rocks from this planet project
to Mars.
According to astronomer S.A. Phinney, kicking D) criticizing experimental results
10 a rock hard enough to free it from Earth’s gravity
would require a meteorite capable of making a
crater more than 60 miles across. Moreover, even if
Earth rocks were freed by meteorite impact, Mars’s
orbit is much larger than Earth’s, so Phinney
15 estimates that the probability of these rocks hitting
Mars is about one-tenth as great as that of Mars’s
rocks hitting Earth. To demonstrate this estimate,
Phinney used a computer to calculate where 1,000
hypothetical particles would go if ejected from
20 Earth in random directions. He found that 17 of
the 1,000 particles would hit Mars.

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Theorists are divided concerning the origin of The primary purpose of the passage is to
the Moon. Some hypothesize that the Moon was
A) present two hypotheses concerning the origin of
formed in the same way as were the planets in the
the Moon
Line inner solar system (Mercury, Venus, Mars, and
5 Earth)—from planet-forming materials in the B) discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the
presolar nebula. But, unlike the cores of the inner collision hypothesis concerning the origin of the
planets, the Moon’s core contains little or no iron, Moon
while the typical planet-forming materials were C) argue that the Moon could not have been
quite rich in iron. Other theorists propose that the formed out of the typical planet-forming
10 Moon was ripped out of the Earth’s rocky mantle
materials of the presolar nebula
by the Earth’s collison with another large celestial
body after much of the Earth’s iron fell to its core. D) describe one reason why the Moon’s
One problem with the collision hypothesis is the geochemical makeup should resemble that of the
question of how a satellite formed in this way Earth
15 could have settled into the nearly circular orbit
that the Moon has today. Fortunately, the collision
hypothesis is testable. If it is true, the mantlerocks
of the Moon and the Earth should be the same
geochemically.

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
In a recent study, David Cressy examines two In the passage, the author is primarily concerned
central questions concerning English immigration with
to New England in the 1630’s: what kinds of
Line people immigrated and why? Using contemporary
A) summarizing the findings of an investigation
5 literary evidence, shipping lists, and customs B) analyzing a method of argument
records, Cressy finds that most adult immigrants C) evaluating a point of view
were skilled in farming or crafts, were literate, and
were organized in families. Each of these D) hypothesizing about a set of circumstances
characteristics sharply distinguishes the 21,000
10 people who left for New England in the 1630’s
from most of the approximately 377,000 English
people who had immigrated to America by 1700.
With respect to their reasons for immigrating,
Cressy does not deny the frequently noted fact
15 that some of the immigrants of the 1630’s, most
notably the organizers and clergy, advanced
religious explanations for departure, but he finds
that such explanations usually assumed primacy
only in retrospect. When he moves beyond the
20 principal actors, he finds that religious
explanations were less frequently offered and he
concludes that most people immigrated because
they were recruited by promises of material
improvement.

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
One of the questions of interest in the study of The primary purpose of the passage is to
the evolution of spiders is whether the weaving of
A) settle the question of whether orb webs evolved
orb webs evolved only once or several times.
once or more than once
Line About half the 35,000 known kinds of spiders
5 make webs; a third of the web weavers make orb B) describe scientific speculation concerning an
webs. Since most orb-weavers belong either to the issue related to the evolution of orb webs
Araneidae or the Uloboridae families, the origin C) analyze the differences between the
of the orb web can be determined only by characteristic features of spiders in the
ascertaining whether the families are related. Araneidae and Uloboridae families
10 Recent taxonomic analysis of individuals from
both families indicates that the families evolved D) question the methods used by earlier
from different ancestors, thereby contradicting investigators of the habits of spiders
Wiehle’s theory. This theory postulates that the
families must be related, based on the assumption
15 that complex behavior, such as web building,
could evolve only once. According to Kullman,
web structure is the only characteristic that
suggests a relationship between families. The
families differ in appearance, structure of body
20 hair, and arrangement of eyes. Only Uloborids
lack venom glands. Further identification and
study of characteristic features will undoubtedly
answer the question of the evolution of the orb
web.

Vocab-in-context
1 1
Question 16 is based on the following passage. civilization reflected in billions of fragments that may
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
This passage was written in 1992 by a garbologist— an reveal little in and of themselves. Fitting some of the
archaeologist who studies garbage. pieces back together requires painstaking effort.
50 A third point about garbage is that it is not an
To an archaeologist, ancient garbage pits or assertion but a physical fact—and thus may
garbage mounds, which can usually be located within sometimes serve as a useful corrective. Human beings
a short distance from any ruin, are always among the have over the centuries left many accounts describing
Line happiest of finds, for they contain in concentrated their lives and civilizations. Many of these are little
5 form the artifacts and comestibles and remnants of 55 more than self-aggrandizing advertisements. The
behavior of the people who used them. remains of the tombs, temples, and palaces of the
Archaeologists have been picking through ancient elite are filled with personal histories as recorded by
garbage ever since archaeology became a profession admiring relatives and fawning retainers. More such
more than a century ago, and they will no doubt go information is carved into obelisks, gouged into clay
10 on doing so as long as garbage is produced. 60 tablets, painted or printed on papyrus and paper.
Several basic points about garbage need to be Historians are understandably drawn to written
emphasized. First, the creation of garbage is an evidence of this kind, but garbage has often served as
unequivocal sign of a human presence. From a kind of tattle-tale, setting the record straight.
Styrofoam cups along a roadway and trash bags on
15 the moon there is an uninterrupted chain of garbage
that reaches back more than two million years to the
first “waste flake” knocked off in the knapping of the
first stone tool. That the distant past often seems
misty and dim is precisely because our earliest
20 ancestors left so little garbage behind. An
appreciation of the accomplishments of the first
hominids became possible only after they began
making stone tools, the debris from the production of
which, along with the discarded tools themselves, are 16
25 now probed for their secrets with electron As used in line 28, “markers” most nearly means
microscopes and displayed in museums not as
garbage but as “artifacts.” These artifacts serve as A) milestones
markers—increasingly frequent and informative B) models
markers—of how our forebears coped with the C) indicators
30 evolving physical and social world.
That brings up a second matter. If our garbage, in D) characteristics
the eyes of the future, is destined to hold a key to the
past, then surely it already holds a key to the present.
This may be an obvious point, but it is one whose
35 implications were not pursued by scholars until
relatively recently. Each of us throws away dozens of
items every day. All of these items are relics of specific
human activities—relics no different in their inherent
nature from many of those that traditional
40 archaeologists work with (though they are, to be sure,
a bit fresher). Taken as a whole, the garbage of the
United States, from its million households and 1.5
million retail outlets and from all of its public
facilities, is a mirror of American society. The
45 problem with the mirror garbage offers is that, when
encountered in a landfill, it is a broken one: a

1 1
Questions 17-18 are based on the following deadly disease? Are not all visible charms sown thick
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage. with what are to them the signs and symbols of
In this passage, a nineteenth-century pilot of Mississippi hidden decay? Do they ever see beauty at all,
steamboats reflects on his experiences. 50 or don’t they simply view it professionally, and
When I mastered the language of this water, and comment upon the unwholesome condition all to
came to know every trifling feature that bordered the themselves? And don’t they sometimes wonder
great river as familiarly as I knew the letters of the whether they have gained most or lost most by
Line alphabet, I made a valuable acquisition. But I lost learning their trade?
5 something too. I lost something which could never be
restored to me while I lived. All the grace, the beauty,
the poetry, had gone out of the majestic river! I still
recall a wonderful sunset which I witnessed when
steamboating was new to me. Abroad expanse of the
10 river was turned to blood; in the middle distance the
red hue brightened into gold, through which a 17
solitary log came floating black and conspicuous; a As used in line 1, “the language” refers to
slanting mark lay sparkling upon the water, and high
above the forest wall a clean-stemmed dead tree A) the body of writing dealing with a particular
15 waved a single leafy bough that glowed in the natural environment
unobstructed splendor flowing from the Sun. There B) natural characteristics indicating the presence of
were graceful curves, reflected images, soft distances; specific conditions
and over the whole scene the dissolving lights drifted
steadily, enriching it every passing moment with new C) the rhythm of human travel along a waterway
20 marvels of coloring. D) words used to render actual experience into
I stood like one bewitched. I drank it in, in a mental images
speechless rapture. The world was new to me, and I
had never seen anything like this at home. But as I
have said, a day came when I began to cease from
25 noting the glories and the charms which the Moon
and the Sun and the twilight wrought upon the river’s
face; another day came when I ceased altogether to
note them. Then, if that sunset scene had been
repeated, I would have looked upon it without 18
30 rapture, and would have commented upon it, As used in line 46, “break” most nearly means
inwardly, after this fashion: “This sun means that we
will have wind tomorrow; that floating log means that A) a planned interruption
the river is rising, small thanks to it; that slanting B) a telling irregularity
mark on the water refers to a bluff reef which is going C) a favorable situation
35 to kill somebody’s steamboat one of these nights, if it
keeps on stretching out like that; that tall dead tree, D) an open rupture
with a single living branch, is not going to last long,
and then how is a body to get through this blind place
at night without the friendly old landmark?”
40 No, the romance and beauty were all gone from
the river. All the value its features had for me now
was the amount of usefulness they could furnish
toward compassing the safe piloting of a steamboat.
Since those days, I have pitied doctors from my heart.
45 What does the lovely flush in a beautiful cheek mean
to doctors but a “break” that ripples above some

1 1
Question 19 is based on the following passage. The 19
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
following selection is taken from the autobiography of a
As used in line 18, “sustain” most nearly means
Hispanic American writer.
A) defend
I also had favorite writers. But often those writers
I enjoyed most I was least able to value. When I read B) support
William Saroyan's The Human Comedy, I was C) endure
Line immediately pleased by the narrator's warmth and D) ratify
5 the charm of his story. But as quickly I became
suspicious. A book so enjoyable to read couldn't be
very "important." Another summer I determined to
read all the novels of Dickens. Reading his fat novels,
I loved the feeling I got—after the first hundred pages
10 —of being at home in a fictional world where I knew
the names of the characters and cared about what was
going to happen to them. And it bothered me that I
was forced away at the conclusion, when the fiction
closed tight, like a fortune-teller's fist—the futures of
15 all the major characters neatly resolved. I never knew
how to take such feelings seriously, however. Nor did
I suspect that these experiences could be part of a
novel's meaning. Still, there were pleasures to sustain
me after I'd finished my books. Carrying a volume
20 back to the library, I would be pleased by its weight.
I'd run my fingers along the edges of the pages and
marvel at the breadth of my achievement. Around my
room, growing stacks of paperback books reinforced
my assurance.

1 1
Question 20 is based on the following passage. The 20
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
following passage, first published in 1960, is adapted from
an essay in which the author, an anthropologist, discusses As used in line 34, “laboring under” most nearly
his recent visit to a lake. means
Not long ago I visited a New England lake that A) moving with great effort
has been preempted and civilized by human beings. B) striving to achieve
All day long in the vacation season high-speed
C) working for
Line motorboats, driven with the reckless abandon,
5 common to the young of our society, speed back and D) suffering from
forth. The shores echo to the roar of powerful motors
and the delighted screams of young people with
uncounted horsepower surging under their hands. If
I had had some desire to swim or to canoe in the
10 older ways of the great forest that once lay about this
region, either notion would have been folly. I would
have been gaily chopped to ribbons by young people
whose eyes were always immutably fixed on the far
horizons of space, or on the dials, which indicated
15 the speed of their passing. There was another world,
I was to discover, along the lake shallows and under
the boat dock, where the motors could not come.
As I sat there one sunny morning when the water
was peculiarly translucent, I saw a dark shape
20 moving swiftly over the bottom. It was the first sign
of life I had seen in this lake, whose shores seemed to
yield little but washed-in beer cans. By and by the
gliding shadow ceased to scurry from stone to stone
over the bottom. Unexpectedly, it headed almost
25 directly for me. A furry nose with gray whiskers
broke the surface. Below the whiskers, green water
foliage trailed out in an averted V as long as his body.
A muskrat still lived in the lake. He was bringing in
30 his breakfast. I sat very still in the strips of sunlight
under the pier. To my surprise, the muskrat came
almost to my feet with his little breakfast of greens.
He was young, and it rapidly became obvious to me
that he was laboring under an illusion of his own,
35 that he thought animals and people were still living
in the garden of Eden. He gave me a friendly glance
from time to time as he nibbled his greens. Once,
even, he went out into the lake again and returned to
my feet with more greens. He had not, it seemed,
40 heard very much about people. I shuddered. Only
the evening before I had heard my neighbor describe
with triumphant enthusiasm how he had killed a
muskrat in the garden because the creature had
dared to nibble his petunias.

1 1
Question 21 is based on the following passage. In 21
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
this passage, the narrator considers his family’s history and
migration from Mexico to Texas, which was once part of As used in line 15, “light” most nearly means
Mexico.
A) unencumbered
I never understood people’s fascination with B) nimbly
immortality. The idea of life without end gave me C) faintly
chills. Even as a kid, I wanted to be among my family
Line and my ancestors, walking through our short time D) gently
5 together. I wanted to bind Texas and Mexico
together like a raft strong enough to float out onto
the ocean of time, with our past trailing in the wake
behind us like a comet tail of memories.
But the past can be difficult to conjure again when
10 so little has been left behind. Some families in
Mexico have troves of their ancestors’ belongings,
from pottery of the ancients and paintings of Mexico
City in the eighteenth century to helmets and shields
of the Spaniards. By comparison my family, the
15 Santos, are traveling light through time. Virtually
nothing has been handed down, not because there
was nothing to give, but after leaving Mexico to
come to Texas—so many loved ones left behind,
cherished places and things abandoned—they ceased
20 to regard anything as a keepsake. Everything was
given away. Or they may have secretly clung so
closely to treasured objects that they never passed
them on. Then these objects were lost.

Function
1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
If the practical applications of calculus seem to be Which best describes the function of the sentence
working, what does it matter why they work? You that begins the passage?
will hear this sentiment expressed today by people
A) It challenges the likelihood of an occurrence.
Line who pride themselves on being pragmatists. In many
5 respects they are right. Engineers designing a new B) It represents a particular point of view.
bridge are entitled to use standard mathematical C) It supports the main idea of the passage.
methods even if they don’t know the detailed,
D) It offers a hypothetical solution.
esoteric reasoning that justifies those methods. But I
would feel uncomfortable driving across that bridge
10 if I thought nobody knew what justified the use of
these methods. It benefits all of us, I think, that
mathematicians try to find out what really makes
math tick.

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
One of the many things that orcas do well is turn The author refers to the length and weight of the
on a dime in tight quarters. Marine biologist Eva boat used by Saulitis to
Saulitis reports that although orcas are typically
A) suggest that Saulitis uses unconventional
Line longer than the twenty-foot skiff she uses and many
5 tons heavier, “We find them in tiny coves where it’s research techniques
too narrow for us to anchor.’’ Also, like other B) point out that marine scientists need better
dolphins, orcas can use their own sonar to locate research equipment
underwater objects by making clicking sounds, but C) explain why orcas need to be able to turn on a
those that hunt seals are mostly silent (to avoid dime
10 tipping off their prey). This means that the crafty
hunters of Prince William Sound, with nearly a D) emphasize by comparison an orca’s skill at
thousand miles of shoreline to prowl, apparently maneuvering
memorize the contours of the whole convoluted
coast.

1 1
Questions 24-27 are based on the following symbiosis, is also a metaphor for a possible future
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage. evolution of human society in a world of networks.
This passage is adapted from a 1999 book by an eminent Evolution in the past has always been driven by a
American physicist, who offers a particular perspective on shifting balance between competition and symbiosis.
the positive and negative impacts of scientific advances. 50 So it must be in the future. It is our task as humans to
The defeat of human chess champion Gary keep the balance in equilibrium. The balance today is
Kasparov by the software program Deep Blue in May out of control and tilting sharply.
1997 did not come as a surprise to people who were The networks are driving us into a world of
Line familiar with the pace of computer development. cutthroat competition that many of us find
5 Computers and software evolve 10,000 times more 55 destructive. The networks impose cultural and
rapidly than humans. Sooner or later, a chess-playing economic constraints that we feel powerless to resist.
software package was bound to beat a human The networks mostly serve the rich and are
champion. Still, we must grieve with Kasparov for his inaccessible to the poor and uneducated, thereby
failure. A human grand master is an artist, creating increasing the barriers and inequalities between rich
10 patterns of movement on a chessboard as a painter 60 and poor. To the injury they add insult, threatening
creates patterns of color on a canvas. The defeat of an to reduce humans to the status of cells in a
artist by a machine is a genuine tragedy. It was rightly multicellular organism that is indifferent to our needs
seen by the public as a historic event, a symbol of the and desires. But we have the power as individuals to
increasing dominance of machines over human make our needs and desires heard. As creators of the
15 judgment in every corner of our lives. 65 machines and protocols by which the networks live,
What are the implications of Deep Blue’s victory we have the power to understand them and to
for human society as a whole? Chess is a highly influence their functioning. We have the
artificial pursuit, of no more direct relevance to the responsibility for making the networks serve the
majority of humans than astrophysics or speleology*. interests of social justice and human freedom. Like
20 But there is a strong and valid analogy between the 70 the game of chess, the game of human social
impact of Deep Blue on chess players and the impact evolution will in the future be played by humans and
of computer networks on ordinary people. For machines working together. The landscape of
human society as a whole, an individual machine or cyberspace offers us as much scope for artistic
an individual program like Deep Blue poses no threat. creation as the landscape of a chessboard.
25 The threat to the dignity of humans and to the
autonomy of our institutions comes from the
proliferation of little machines in our homes and * The scientific study of caves
offices, joined together by inscrutable networks made
of telephone cable and optical fiber. The little
30 machines are turning our five-year-old grandchildren
into computer addicts and turning our business
managers into computer interfaces. The Internet and
thus the World Wide Web are permeating our society
and changing the way we live. The average citizen of
35 the world, who lacks specialized training and
knowledge, can neither escape nor control the
rampant growth of the networks. Today’s networks
are embryonic forms, destined to grow into mature
structures whose shape and power we cannot yet
40 imagine. The defeat of Kasparov is a metaphor for the
human condition that will result if we let ourselves be
blindsided by the growth of networks.
On the other hand, the more benign future of
chess that I envisage, with human artistry and
45 computer power evolving together in a creative

1
24 26
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The primary function of the first paragraph (lines The primary purpose of the second paragraph
1-15) is to (lines 16-42) is to
A) describe the challenges of developing chess A) argue that the Internet and World Wide Web
software will benefit human life
B) depict Kasparov’s defeat as having a larger B) stress the impact that new computer
significance technologies have on human life
C) bemoan Kasparov’s defeat given his stature in the C) warn that chess-playing software poses a threat
field to society
D) protest the use of computer chess programs as D) indicate that computers present a danger to
unfair young children
25
27
The question in lines 16-17 primarily serves to
The sentence in lines 63-64 ("But we ... heard")
A) address a potentially confusing point primarily serves to
B) acknowledge a lack of understanding
A) offer a general summation of points made
C) broaden the scope of the discussion earlier in the passage
D) introduce a counterargument B) provide a transition from a sobering critique to
a more optimistic view
C) advance a theory based on some previously
cited facts
D) cite a piece of evidence that contradicts a
prevailing viewpoint

1 1
Questions 28-29 are based on the following civilization reflected in billions of fragments that may
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage. reveal little in and of themselves. Fitting some of the
This passage was written in 1992 by a garbologist— an pieces back together requires painstaking effort.
archaeologist who studies garbage. 50 A third point about garbage is that it is not an
which, along with the discarded tools themselves, are
25 now probed for their secrets with electron
garbage but as “artifacts.” These artifacts serve as
markers—increasingly frequent and informative
markers—of how our forebears coped with the
That brings up a second matter. If our garbage, in

1
28 29
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The primary purpose of the first paragraph (lines The use of quotation marks in line 27 primarily
1-10) is to emphasizes
A) establish the context for a discussion A) a change in status
B) delineate the author's position in a debate B) an improper use of language
C) explain the motivations of a particular C) the importance of a practice
archaeologist
D) the scope of a misunderstanding
D) classify various types of evidence

1 1
Questions 30-32 are based on the following appearance, but to his mother, who first flushed
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage. crimson, then looked as if she might burst into tears,
This excerpt from a novel focuses on Miles Roby, a young then ran into her bedroom, slammed the door and
man living in a small town in Maine. 50 did. Later, red-eyed, she explained to Miles that what
The house he grew up in on Long Street had been was on the inside of a house (love, she seemed to
on the market for more than a year, and Miles was have in mind) was more important than what was on
parked across the street, trying to imagine what sort the outside (paint, preferably in one hue), but after
Line of person would purchase it in its present condition. Miles went to bed he heard his parents arguing, and
5 The side porch, dangerous with rot even when he was
55 after that night Max never painted the house again.
a boy, had been removed but not replaced; visible Now its motley color scheme had weathered into
evidence of where it had been wrenched away uniform gray.
remained in four ugly, unpainted scars. Anybody who
left the house by the back door, the only one Miles
10 hail ever used, would now be greeted by a six-foot
drop into a patch of poisonous-looking weeds and
rusted hubcaps The rest of the structure was gray
with age and neglect, its front porch sloping crazily in 30
several different directions, as if the house had been
15 built on a fissure. Even the FOR SALE sign on the In the opening paragraph, the description the house
terrace tilted. primarily emphasizes the
Several different families had rented the house A) damage done to it by Miles's family
over the past several years, none of them, apparently,
interested in preventing or even forestalling its B) sadness Miles feels about its appearance
20 decline. Of course, to be fair, Miles had to admit that C) inadequacy of the many attempts to repair it
the decline had begun under the Robys' own D) extent of its deterioration over the years
stewardship. On what had once been a tidy, well-kept
street, theirs and the Minty place next door were the
first houses to prefigure the deterioration of the
25 whole neighborhood. Miles's father, Max, though a
sometime house painter, had been disinclined to
paint any house he himself happened to be living in.
Summers he was busy working on the coast, and by
October he would pronounce himself "all painted
30 out," though he sometimes could be induced to work
for a week or so if the landlord - with whom they had
a reduced-rent arrangement contingent upon Max's
keeping the house painted and in good repair -
complained or threatened eviction. Resentful of such
35 a strict literal interpretation of their agreement, Max
retaliated by painting the house half a dozen different,
largely incompatible colors from the numerous
leftover, half-empty cans he'd appropriated from his
various summer jobs. The Roby cellar w as always full
40 of stacked gallon cans, their lids slightly askew, the
damp, rotting shelves full of open mason jars of
turpentine, the fumes from which permeated the
upstairs throughout the winter. Miles was in fourth
grade when one of his friends asked what it was like
45 to live in the joke house, a remark he passed along not
to his father, who was responsible for its harlequin

1
31 32
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The narrator’s characterization of the The last sentence of the passage primarily serves to
"interpretation" in line 35 primarily serves to
A) indicate the passage of time
A) criticize the landlord's treatment of the Roby
B) sentimentalize the past
family
C) characterize a way of life
B) mock Max's inability to understand the terms of
a rental agreement D) draw a conclusion about an event
C) poke fun at Max's unwillingness to maintain the
house
D) suggest that the home maintenance
arrangement was unfair to both parties

1 1
Questions 33-34 are based on the following deadly disease? Are not all visible charms sown thick
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage. with what are to them the signs and symbols of
In this passage, a nineteenth-century pilot of Mississippi hidden decay? Do they ever see beauty at all,
steamboats reflects on his experiences. 50 or don’t they simply view it professionally, and
When I mastered the language of this water, and comment upon the unwholesome condition all to
came to know every trifling feature that bordered the themselves? And don’t they sometimes wonder
great river as familiarly as I knew the letters of the whether they have gained most or lost most by
Line alphabet, I made a valuable acquisition. But I lost learning their trade?
5 something too. I lost something which could never be
restored to me while I lived. All the grace, the beauty,
the poetry, had gone out of the majestic river! I still
recall a wonderful sunset which I witnessed when
steamboating was new to me. Abroad expanse of the
10 river was turned to blood; in the middle distance the
red hue brightened into gold, through which a 33
solitary log came floating black and conspicuous; a Lines 44-54 (“Since ... trade?”) serve what purpose in
slanting mark lay sparkling upon the water, and high
the development of the author’s argument?
above the forest wall a clean-stemmed dead tree
15 waved a single leafy bough that glowed in the A) They suggest the author’s unique situation.
unobstructed splendor flowing from the Sun. There B) They qualify a point made earlier in the passage.
were graceful curves, reflected images, soft distances;
and over the whole scene the dissolving lights drifted C) They acknowledge an alternative point of view.
steadily, enriching it every passing moment with new D) They provide an example of a particular
20 marvels of coloring. mindset.
I stood like one bewitched. I drank it in, in a
speechless rapture. The world was new to me, and I
had never seen anything like this at home. But as I
have said, a day came when I began to cease from
25 noting the glories and the charms which the Moon
and the Sun and the twilight wrought upon the river’s
face; another day came when I ceased altogether to
note them. Then, if that sunset scene had been 34
repeated, I would have looked upon it without What does the question asked in the last sentence of
30 rapture, and would have commented upon it, the passage do ?
inwardly, after this fashion: “This sun means that we
will have wind tomorrow; that floating log means that A) It reminds the reader that sorrow is sometimes
the river is rising, small thanks to it; that slanting inevitable.
mark on the water refers to a bluff reef which is going B) It laments the irreversible damage done to some
35 to kill somebody’s steamboat one of these nights, if it pristine landscapes.
keeps on stretching out like that; that tall dead tree,
with a single living branch, is not going to last long, C) It suggests that there can be unintended
and then how is a body to get through this blind place consequences to an increase in knowledge.
at night without the friendly old landmark?” D) It hints that certain benefits are shared by all
40 No, the romance and beauty were all gone from who learn a trade.
the river. All the value its features had for me now
was the amount of usefulness they could furnish
toward compassing the safe piloting of a steamboat.
Since those days, I have pitied doctors from my heart.
45 What does the lovely flush in a beautiful cheek mean
to doctors but a “break” that ripples above some

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Even now and again, cosmologists decide that the The author uses "declutter" (line 3), "embellish"
universe needs "redecorating." Sometimes they (line 5), and "fixing" (line 14) to
declutter, as when Copernicus shuffled the Sun and
A) emphasize the complexity of an issue
Line the Earth to make the planets move in
5 straightforward orbits. Sometimes they embellish, as B) vary the terms of a critique
when Einstein decided there's more to space than C) expand upon an earlier figure of speech
good old-fashioned nothingness and introduced the
D) explain the details of a technical theory
concept of a deformable space-time. They're at it
again, but this time it's different. Like the decorator
10 who strips away wallpaper to reveal a crumbling
wall, cosmologists are realizing that their discovery
that something is speeding up the expansion of the
universe points to serious problems with their
models. When they're done fixing things, chances
are we'll hardly recognize the place.

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Simone de Beauvoir’s work greatly influenced The author quotes from The Nation most probably
Betty Friedan's—indeed, made it possible. Why, in order to
then, was it Friedan who became the prophet of
Line women’s emancipation in the United States?
A) point out a possible exception to her argument
5 Political conditions, as well as a certain anti- B) illustrate her central point
intellectual bias, prepared Americans and the C) clarify the meaning of a term
American media to better receive Friedan’s
D) cite an expert opinion
deradicalized and highly pragmatic The Feminine
Mystique, published in 1963, than Beauvoir’s
10 theoretical reading of women’s situation in The
Second Sex. In 1953 when The Second Sex first
appeared in translation in the United States, the
country had entered the silent, fearful fortress of the
anticommunist McCarthy years (1950-1954), and
15 Beauvoir was suspected of Marxist sympathies. Even
The Nation, a generally liberal magazine, warned its
readers against “certain political leanings” of the
author. Open acknowledgement of the existence of
women’s oppression was too radical for the United
20 States in the fifties, and Beauvoir’s conclusion, that
change in women’s economic condition, though
insufficient by itself, “remains the basic factor” in
improving women’s situation, was particularly
unacceptable.

Inference
1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Many crossword puzzle devotees regard the The “enthusiast” (line 8) suggests which of the
wildly popular number game Sudoku with the following about Sudoku puzzles?
disdain a jazz purist might have for a sellout pop
A) They mystify most crossword puzzle fans.
Line star. For crossword constructors, Sudoku represents
5 a robotic outsourcing of the puzzle trade. Sudoku B) They require less skill to complete than do
requires no individual artistry, no exquisite crossword puzzles.
handcrafting; the puzzles are simply cranked out by C) They decrease the audience for crossword
computers. One crossword enthusiast suspects the puzzles.
upstart competition has piqued many crossword
10 fans. “People are only going to spend so much time a D) They take less time to complete than do
day on a puzzle, and it’s either going to be a number crossword puzzles.
puzzle or a crossword, right?” he says. “A lot of
crossword enthusiasts don’t want to hear that, but
it’s the truth.”

1 1
Questions 38-39 are based on the following 38
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage The passage indicates that which factor contributes
Miconia calvescens, a tree with leaves the size of a most significantly to the spread of Miconia within a
small child, evolved in heavily canopied forests in forest?
South America. When any tree falls and creates a
A) Air temperature
Line light gap in these dense forest canopies, Miconia
5 calvescens races to fill the gap. Pacific Island forests, B) Soil conditions
by contrast, have airy, discontinuous canopies. C) Breaches in the canopy covering
When Miconia arrives in a Pacific Island forest, it
D) Large amounts of rainfall
has no canopy-forest competitors and fills all the
light gaps, creating canopies as continuous as
10 awnings, under which few animals or other plants
can live. “It’s like a biological desert under there—
completely silent,” one botanist laments.
39
The passage suggests which of the following
about Miconia ?
A) It can destroy a natural habitat.
B) It adapts equally well to forests and deserts.
C) It thrives primarily on tropical islands.
D) It provides protection for some plant species.

1 1
Questions 40-41 are based on the following apologetically yet with satisfaction. And I don't tell
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage. him that I am not sure now if I love any place, and
In the following passage from a contemporary short that it seems to me that it was myself that I loved here
story, the narrator has just arrived at her childhood home, —some self that I have finished with, and none too
which her father, now retired, is planning to remodel. 50 soon.
Now that I am living only a hundred miles away I
come home every couple of months or so. Before this,
for a long time, I lived thousands of miles away and
Line would go for years without seeing this house; I
5 thought of it then as a place I might never see again
and I was greatly moved by the memory of it. I would 40
walk through its rooms in my mind. All those rooms In lines 7-10 (“All ... it”), the narrator implies that
are small, and as is usual in old farmhouses, they are newer farmhouses
not designed to take advantage of the out-of-doors,
10 but if possible to ignore it. People who had to work in A) offer views of the surrounding countryside
the fields in the hot sun or plough through snowdrifts B) serve a variety of functions
to feed their stock may not have wanted to spend C) use architectural tricks to appear grander than
their time indoors looking out at the landscape. they are
The outside of the house, the red brick whose
15 crumbling mortar was particularly penetrable by an D) are enhanced by attractive landscaping
east wind, is going to be covered up with white metal
siding. My father is thinking of putting it on himself.
So it seems that this peculiar house—the kitchen part
of it built in the 1860's—can be dissolved, in a way,
20 and lost, inside an ordinary comfortable house of the
present lime, and I do not lament this loss as I would
once have done. I do say that the red brick had a
41
beautiful, soft color, and that I’ve heard of people
(city people) paying a great price for just such old Lines 22-29 ("I do ... repairs") suggest that the
25 bricks, but I say this mostly because think my father conversation between the narrator and her father is
expects it. He expects me always to be a bit foolish A) overshadowed by an unspoken, lingering
and sentimental. Then he can explain again about the
resentment
east wind and the cost of fuel and the difficulty of
repairs. I know that he speaks the truth, and I know B) intended by each of them to be humorous
30 that the house being lost was not a fine or handsome C) part of a ritual in which they have often
one in any way. A poor man’s house, always, with the participated
stairs going up between walls, and bedrooms opening
D) baffling to those who may overhear it
out of one another. A house where people have lived
close to the bone for over a hundred years. So if my
35 father and my stepmother, combining pensions
which make them richer than they've ever been in
their lives, wish to be comfortable, and (they use this
word without quotation marks, quite simply and
positively) modern—who am I to object? Who am I
40 to complain about the loss of some pretty bricks, a
crumbling wall?
But I am shy of letting my father see that the house
does not mean as much to me as it once did and that
it really does not matter to me now how he changes it.
45 “I know how you love this place," he says to me,

1 1
Question 42 is based on the following passage. symbiosis, is also a metaphor for a possible future
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
This passage is adapted from a 1999 book by an eminent evolution of human society in a world of networks.
American physicist, who offers a particular perspective on Evolution in the past has always been driven by a
the positive and negative impacts of scientific advances. shifting balance between competition and symbiosis.
50 So it must be in the future. It is our task as humans to
The defeat of human chess champion Gary
keep the balance in equilibrium. The balance today is
Kasparov by the software program Deep Blue in May
out of control and tilting sharply.
1997 did not come as a surprise to people who were
The networks are driving us into a world of
Line familiar with the pace of computer development.
cutthroat competition that many of us find
rapidly than humans. Sooner or later, a chess-playing
economic constraints that we feel powerless to resist.
software package was bound to beat a human
The networks mostly serve the rich and are
champion. Still, we must grieve with Kasparov for his
inaccessible to the poor and uneducated, thereby
failure. A human grand master is an artist, creating
increasing the barriers and inequalities between rich
creates patterns of color on a canvas. The defeat of an
to reduce humans to the status of cells in a
artist by a machine is a genuine tragedy. It was rightly
multicellular organism that is indifferent to our needs
seen by the public as a historic event, a symbol of the
and desires. But we have the power as individuals to
increasing dominance of machines over human
make our needs and desires heard. As creators of the
What are the implications of Deep Blue’s victory
we have the power to understand them and to
for human society as a whole? Chess is a highly
influence their functioning. We have the
artificial pursuit, of no more direct relevance to the
responsibility for making the networks serve the
majority of humans than astrophysics or speleology*.
interests of social justice and human freedom. Like
impact of Deep Blue on chess players and the impact
evolution will in the future be played by humans and
of computer networks on ordinary people. For
machines working together. The landscape of
human society as a whole, an individual machine or
cyberspace offers us as much scope for artistic
an individual program like Deep Blue poses no threat.
creation as the landscape of a chessboard.

1
42
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The statement about the “landscape of cyberspace”
and the “landscape of a chessboard” (lines 72-74)
implies that
A) users of networks, like chess players, have a
variety of options from which they can freely
choose
B) finding information by using networks involves
following elaborate rules, much like those of
chess
C) both users of networks and chess players tend
to be receptive to the aesthetic qualities of
nature
D) cyberspace, like the game of chess, is difficult to
master

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Even now and again, cosmologists decide that the The last sentence of the passage ("When ... place")
universe needs "redecorating." Sometimes they implies that the
declutter, as when Copernicus shuffled the Sun and
A) current cosmological methods can be
Line the Earth to make the planets move in
5 straightforward orbits. Sometimes they embellish, as bewilderingly complex
when Einstein decided there's more to space than B) new breed of cosmologist will do unnecessary
good old-fashioned nothingness and introduced the damage to previous theoretical models
concept of a deformable space-time. They're at it C) contemporary astronomical theories will be
again, but this time it's different. Like the decorator thoroughly tested by the scientific community
10 who strips away wallpaper to reveal a crumbling
wall, cosmologists are realizing that their discovery D) current cosmological research will transform our
that something is speeding up the expansion of the understanding of tire universe
universe points to serious problems with their
models. When they're done fixing things, chances
are we'll hardly recognize the place.

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The passage suggests which of the following
In the age of science, belief in phenomena like about the “speculations” (line 12)
astrology, telepathy, and the healing power of crystals
is raging out of control. Author Wendy Kaminer A) They are difficult even for trained researchers to
Line thinks she knows why: “The more limited your understand.
5 understanding of science,” she tells us, “the more that
scientists resemble masters of the occult, and the B) They have an unintended effect on some
more that paranormal phenomena seem likely to laypersons.
reflect undiscovered scientific truths ... A persistent C) They arouse cynicism toward science on the part
irony of scientific progress is its encouragement of of the public.
10 pseudoscientific claims.” So science actually begets
pseudoscience. Scientists regale the public with D) They encourage nonscientists to take an active
speculations about parallel universes, quantum interest in scientific research.
teleportation, and 10-dimensional superstrings. But
what some nonscientists take from this is that the
15 universe is so strange that anything can happen.

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
It can be inferred that the “part of the
I remember myself as a young man: stubbled, mountain" (line 4) that the narrator originally
slouched, eager above all to be perceived as different
—in the crowd but not of it, a young writer not about intended to spend his time on was that of
Line to waste his time on the lower part of the mountain. A) dogged pursuit of celebrity
5 But I am now that thing I so confidently scorned
then, a book reviewer. When people ask me what I B) encyclopedic accumulation of knowledge
do, 1 usually say I’m an essayist or a critic. More C) rarefied literary endeavor
honorable terms both, and they mostly fit. They
almost conceal the fact that the greater part of what I D) abstract philosophical discourse
10 do is read and write about books.

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The recent change to all-volunteer armed forces The passage implies that which of the following is a
in the United States will eventually produce a factor conducive to a more equitable representation
gradual increase in the proportion of women in the of women in the United States armed forces than has
Line armed forces and in the variety of women’s existed in the past?
for women that might have been expected. This is A) The all-volunteer character of the present
so even though the armed forces operate in an ethos armed forces
of institutional change oriented toward B) The past service records of women who had
occupational equality and under the federal assignments functionally equivalent to men’s
10 sanction of equal pay for equal work. The difficulty assignments
is that women are unlikely to be trained for any C) The level of awareness on the part of the larger
direct combat operations. A significant portion of
society of military issues
the larger society remains uncomfortable as yet with
extending equality in this direction. Therefore, for D) A decline in the proportion of deterrence-
15 women in the military, the search for equality will oriented noncombat assignments

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage It can be inferred from the passage that the density
The dark regions in the starry night sky are not of interstellar material is
pockets in the universe that are devoid of stars as
A) higher where distances between the stars are
had long been thought. Rather, they are dark
Line because of interstellar dust that hides the stars
shorter
5 behind it. Although its visual effect is so B) equal to that of interstellar dust
pronounced, dust is only a minor constituent of the C) independent of the incidence of gaseous
material, extremely low in density, that lies between components
the stars. Dust accounts for about one percent of
the total mass of interstellar matter. The rest is D) not homogeneous throughout interstellar space
10 hydrogen and helium gas, with small amounts of
other elements. The interstellar material, rather like
terrestrial clouds, comes in all shapes and sizes. The
average density of interstellar material in the
vicinity of our Sun is 1,000 to 10,000 times less than
15 the best terrestrial laboratory vacuum. It is only
because of the enormous interstellar distances that
so little material per unit of volume becomes so 48
significant. Optical astronomy is most directly
It can be inferred from the passage that it is because
affected, for although interstellar gas is perfectly
space is so vast that
20 transparent, the dust is not.
A) little of the interstellar material in it seems
substantial
B) normal units of volume seem futile for
measurements of density
C) stars can be far enough from Earth to be
obscured even by very sparsely distributed
matter
D) optical astronomy would be of little use even if
no interstellar dust existed

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage It can be inferred from the passage that which of the
Zooplankton, tiny animals adapted to an following is true of appendicularians?
existence in the ocean, have evolved clever
A) They have more than one method of obtaining
Line phytoplankton (plant plankton). A very specialized food.
5 feeding adaptation in zooplankton is that of the B) They can tolerate frigid water.
tadpolelike appendicularian who lives in a walnut- C) They can disguise themselves by secreting
sized (or smaller) balloon of mucus equipped with mucus.
The balloon, a transparent structure that varies in D) They are more sensitive to light than are other
10 design according to the type of appendicularian zooplankton.
passage. Found in all the oceans of the world, 50
The passage suggests that appendicularians tend to
remain in surface waters because they
A) prefer the warmer water near the surface
B) are unable to secrete mucus at the lower levels of
the ocean
C) live in balloons that cannot withstand the water
pressure deeper in the ocean
D) eat food that grows more profusely near the
surface

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage The author supports the claim that “King’s stance on
The 1960’s witnessed two profound social the Vietnam War cannot be explained in terms of
movements: the civil rights movement and the pacifism alone” (lines 11-13) by implying which of
movement protesting the war in Vietnam. the following?
5 largely distinct. For a brief moment in 1967, A) King, despite pacifist sympathies, was not
however, it appeared that the two movements convinced that the policy of the federal
might unite under the leadership of Martin Luther government in Vietnam was wrong.
King, Jr. B) King’s belief in nonviolence was formulated in
King’s role in the antiwar movement appears to terms of domestic policy rather than in terms of
10 require little explanation, since he was the foremost international issues.
advocate of nonviolence of his time. But King’s
C) Had King’s actions been based on pacifism
stance on the Vietnam War cannot be explained in
alone, he would have joined the antiwar
of a latecomer to the antiwar movement, even movement earlier than he actually did.
15 though by 1965 he was convinced that the role of D) Opponents of United States foreign policy
the United States in the war was indefensible. Why within the federal government convinced King
then the two years that passed before he translated of their need for support.
government.
52
Which of the following can be inferred from the
passage about the movement opposing the war in
Vietnam?
A) It preceded the civil rights movement.
B) It was supported by many who otherwise
opposed public dissent.
C) It drew support from most civil rights leaders.
D) It was well underway by 1967.

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Recently some scientists have concluded that The passage suggests that which of the following is
meteorites on Earth and long believed to have a true concerning the probability that a rock, if ejected
Martian origin might actually have been blasted from Mars, will hit the Earth?
5 other meteorites. This conclusion has led to
A) The probability is increased when particles are
another question: whether meteorite impacts on ejected from Mars in random directions.
Earth have similarly driven rocks from this planet B) The probability is decreased when Mars’s orbit
to Mars. brings the planet dose to Earth.
According to astronomer S.A. Phinney, kicking C) The probability is greater than the probability
10 a rock hard enough to free it from Earth’s gravity
that a rock from Earth will hit Mars.
would require a meteorite capable of making a
crater more than 60 miles across. Moreover, even if D) The probability is less than the probability that a
Earth rocks were freed by meteorite impact, Mars’s rock from Earth will escape Earth’s gravity.
rocks hitting Earth. To demonstrate this estimate,
Phinney used a computer to calculate where 1,000
hypothetical particles would go if ejected from

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Theorists are divided concerning the origin of The author implies that a nearly circular orbit is
the Moon. Some hypothesize that the Moon was unlikely for a satellite that
formed in the same way as were the planets in the
Line inner solar system (Mercury, Venus, Mars, and
A) circles one of the inner planets
5 Earth)—from planet-forming materials in the B) is different from its planet geochemically
presolar nebula. But, unlike the cores of the inner C) was formed by a collision between two celestial
planets, the Moon’s core contains little or no iron, bodies
while the typical planet-forming materials were
quite rich in iron. Other theorists propose that the D) was formed out of the planet-forming materials
10 Moon was ripped out of the Earth’s rocky mantle in the presolar nebula
by the Earth’s collison with another large celestial
body after much of the Earth’s iron fell to its core.
One problem with the collision hypothesis is the
question of how a satellite formed in this way
geochemically.

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
In a recent study, David Cressy examines two The passage suggests that the majority of those
central questions concerning English immigration English people who had immigrated to America by
to New England in the 1630’s: what kinds of the late seventeenth century were
5 literary evidence, shipping lists, and customs
A) clergy
records, Cressy finds that most adult immigrants B) organized in families
were skilled in farming or crafts, were literate, and C) skilled in crafts
were organized in families. Each of these
characteristics sharply distinguishes the 21,000 D) illiterate
from most of the approximately 377,000 English
15 that some of the immigrants of the 1630’s, most
notably the organizers and clergy, advanced
that such explanations usually assumed primacy
only in retrospect. When he moves beyond the
improvement.

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Simone de Beauvoir’s work greatly influenced It can be inferred from the passage that which of the
Betty Friedan's—indeed, made it possible. Why, following is NOT a factor in the explanation of why
then, was it Friedan who became the prophet of The Feminine Mystique was received more positively
Line women’s emancipation in the United States? in the United States than was The Second Sex?
5 Political conditions, as well as a certain anti-
intellectual bias, prepared Americans and the A) Friedan’s book was less intellectual and abstract
American media to better receive Friedan’s than Beauvoir’s.
deradicalized and highly pragmatic The Feminine B) Readers did not recognize the powerful
Mystique, published in 1963, than Beauvoir’s influence of Beauvoir’s book on Friedan's ideas.
C) Friedan’s approach to the issue of women’s
Second Sex. In 1953 when The Second Sex first emancipation was less radical than Beauvoir’s.
appeared in translation in the United States, the
country had entered the silent, fearful fortress of the D) American readers were more willing to consider
anticommunist McCarthy years (1950-1954), and the problem of the oppression of women in the
15 Beauvoir was suspected of Marxist sympathies. Even sixties than they had been in the fifties.
20 States in the fifties, and Beauvoir’s conclusion, that
change in women’s economic condition, though
insufficient by itself, “remains the basic factor” in
unacceptable.

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
One of the questions of interest in the study of It can be inferred from the passage that all
the evolution of spiders is whether the weaving of orbweaving spiders belong to types of spiders the.
A) are included either in the Uloboridae or
5 make webs; a third of the web weavers make orb
Araneidae families
webs. Since most orb-weavers belong either to the B) share few characteristic features with other
Araneidae or the Uloboridae families, the origin spider types
of the orb web can be determined only by C) comprise less than a third of all known types of
ascertaining whether the families are related. spiders
both families indicates that the families evolved D) are more recently evolved than other types of
from different ancestors, thereby contradicting spiders
families must be related, based on the assumption
could evolve only once. According to Kullman,
web structure is the only characteristic that
suggests a relationship between families. The
answer the question of the evolution of the orb
web.

Comprehension
1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
If the practical applications of calculus seem to be The author of the passage probably believes which of
working, what does it matter why they work? You the following about “mathematicians” (line 12)?
will hear this sentiment expressed today by people
A) They should study calculus rather than more
Line who pride themselves on being pragmatists. In many
esoteric fields.
5 respects they are right. Engineers designing a new
bridge are entitled to use standard mathematical B) They should continue to explore underlying
methods even if they don’t know the detailed, principles and theories.
esoteric reasoning that justifies those methods. But I C) Their work is generally less challenging than that
would feel uncomfortable driving across that bridge of engineers and designers.
10 if I thought nobody knew what justified the use of
these methods. It benefits all of us, I think, that D) Society would benefit if they focused exclusively
mathematicians try to find out what really makes on practical applications.
math tick.

1 1
Questions 59-61 are based on the following symbiosis, is also a metaphor for a possible future
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage. evolution of human society in a world of networks.
This passage is adapted from a 1999 book by an eminent Evolution in the past has always been driven by a
American physicist, who offers a particular perspective on shifting balance between competition and symbiosis.
the positive and negative impacts of scientific advances. 50 So it must be in the future. It is our task as humans to
The defeat of human chess champion Gary keep the balance in equilibrium. The balance today is
Kasparov by the software program Deep Blue in May out of control and tilting sharply.
1997 did not come as a surprise to people who were The networks are driving us into a world of
Line familiar with the pace of computer development. cutthroat competition that many of us find
rapidly than humans. Sooner or later, a chess-playing economic constraints that we feel powerless to resist.
software package was bound to beat a human The networks mostly serve the rich and are
champion. Still, we must grieve with Kasparov for his inaccessible to the poor and uneducated, thereby
failure. A human grand master is an artist, creating increasing the barriers and inequalities between rich
creates patterns of color on a canvas. The defeat of an to reduce humans to the status of cells in a
artist by a machine is a genuine tragedy. It was rightly multicellular organism that is indifferent to our needs
seen by the public as a historic event, a symbol of the and desires. But we have the power as individuals to
increasing dominance of machines over human make our needs and desires heard. As creators of the
What are the implications of Deep Blue’s victory we have the power to understand them and to
for human society as a whole? Chess is a highly influence their functioning. We have the
artificial pursuit, of no more direct relevance to the responsibility for making the networks serve the
majority of humans than astrophysics or speleology*. interests of social justice and human freedom. Like
impact of Deep Blue on chess players and the impact evolution will in the future be played by humans and
of computer networks on ordinary people. For machines working together. The landscape of
human society as a whole, an individual machine or cyberspace offers us as much scope for artistic
an individual program like Deep Blue poses no threat. creation as the landscape of a chessboard.

1
59 61
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
In context, “astrophysics” and “speleology” (line Lines 60-63 primarily emphasize which aspect of the
19) are cited as examples of “cells”?
A) disciplines that have little bearing on most A) Their biological usefulness
people’s daily lives B) Their lack of autonomy
B) fields that make significant use of computer C) Their lack of flexibility
technologies
D) Their capacity for regeneration
C) pursuits that require many of the same skills as
chess
D) careers that are as difficult to succeed in as chess
60
Lines 41-42 (“if we ... networks”) are best understood
to mean
A) if computer programs continue to be developed
rapidly
B) if we blindly keep designing chess programs and
computer games
C) if we do not take full advantage of the capacities
computer networks possess
D) if we do not anticipate the ways computer
networks can transform society

1 1
Questions 62-63 are based on the following civilization reflected in billions of fragments that may
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage. reveal little in and of themselves. Fitting some of the
This passage was written in 1992 by a garbologist— an pieces back together requires painstaking effort.
archaeologist who studies garbage. 50 A third point about garbage is that it is not an
which, along with the discarded tools themselves, are
25 now probed for their secrets with electron
garbage but as “artifacts.” These artifacts serve as
markers—increasingly frequent and informative
markers—of how our forebears coped with the
That brings up a second matter. If our garbage, in

1
62 63
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Which statement best describes the relationship Which of the following most resembles the behavior
between the second paragraph (lines 11-30) and the of the “retainers” and “relatives” as described in line
third paragraph (lines 31-49) ? 58 ?
A) The third paragraph refutes a theory proposed A) An architect designing a beautiful mansion for a
in the second paragraph. wealthy client
B) The third paragraph explores an implication of B) A journalist infiltrating a secret society to gather
the conclusion drawn in the second paragraph. information for a book
C) The third paragraph reinterprets evidence C) An artist painting a flattering portrait of his
presented in the second paragraph. benefactor
D) The third paragraph challenges an underlying D) A scientist falsifying data in an important
assumption of the second paragraph. research study

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
We are witnessing a key moment in the history of In context, the phrase “Homo urbanus” (line 4) is
our species. For the first time, more people are living best described as a
in cities than outside them. Now and into the future,
A) specialized reference to a social oddity
Line we will be Homo urbanus—the city dweller. This
5 transition is profound. For one thing, it is likely to be B) coined term reflecting a recent development
irreversible. For another, it is a manifestation of a C) factual description in support of a radical view
relentless trend. It has taken a few millennia for the
D) new classification intended to replace others
number of people living in cities to reach 3 billion. It
will take only about 50 years to double that number. used by scientists

In the age of science, belief in phenomena like Which of the following situations is most similar to
astrology, telepathy, and the healing power of crystals the “persistent irony” (lines 8-9) ?
is raging out of control. Author Wendy Kaminer
Line thinks she knows why: “The more limited your A) A hospital’s efforts to develop procedures for
5 understanding of science,” she tells us, “the more that coping with a natural disaster prove pointless
scientists resemble masters of the occult, and the because a disaster doesn’t occur.
more that paranormal phenomena seem likely to B) A legislature’s efforts to pass new ethics rules are
reflect undiscovered scientific truths ... A persistent thwarted by corrupt legislators.
irony of scientific progress is its encouragement of
10 pseudoscientific claims.” So science actually begets C) A team’s efforts to win a championship cause
pseudoscience. Scientists regale the public with some team members to engage in unsporting
speculations about parallel universes, quantum conduct.
teleportation, and D) A school’s efforts to educate children in good
10-dimensional superstrings. But what some manners lead to an increase in antisocial
15 nonscientists take from this is that the universe is so
strange that anything can happen. behavior.

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage According to the passage, despite the United States
The recent change to all-volunteer armed forces armed forces’ commitment to occupational equality
in the United States will eventually produce a for women in the military, certain other factors
gradual increase in the proportion of women in the preclude women’s
Line armed forces and in the variety of women’s
A) having access to positions of responsibility at
for women that might have been expected. This is most levels
so even though the armed forces operate in an ethos B) drawing assignments from a wider range of
of institutional change oriented toward assignments than before
occupational equality and under the federal C) benefiting from opportunities arising from new
10 sanction of equal pay for equal work. The difficulty
noncombat functions
is that women are unlikely to be trained for any
direct combat operations. A significant portion of D) being assigned all of the military tasks that are
the larger society remains uncomfortable as yet with assigned to men
extending equality in this direction. Therefore, for
15 women in the military, the search for equality will
67
The “dramatic gains for women” (lines 5-6) and the
attitude, as described in lines 12-13, of a “significant
portion of the larger society” are logically related to
each other inasmuch as the author puts forward the
latter as
A) a public response to achievement of the former
B) the major reason for absence of the former
C) a precondition for any prospect of achieving the
former
D) a catalyst for a further extension of the former

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The dark regions in the starry night sky are not According to the passage, which of the following
pockets in the universe that are devoid of stars as is a direct perceptual consequence of interstellar
had long been thought. Rather, they are dark dust?
Line because of interstellar dust that hides the stars
5 behind it. Although its visual effect is so A) Some stars are rendered invisible to observers
pronounced, dust is only a minor constituent of the on Earth.
material, extremely low in density, that lies between B) Many visible stars are made to seem brighter
the stars. Dust accounts for about one percent of than they really are.
the total mass of interstellar matter. The rest is C) The night sky appears dusty at all times to
10 hydrogen and helium gas, with small amounts of
observers on Earth.
other elements. The interstellar material, rather like
terrestrial clouds, comes in all shapes and sizes. The D) The dust is conspicuously visible against a
average density of interstellar material in the background of bright stars.
vicinity of our Sun is 1,000 to 10,000 times less than
15 the best terrestrial laboratory vacuum. It is only
because of the enormous interstellar distances that
so little material per unit of volume becomes so
significant. Optical astronomy is most directly
affected, for although interstellar gas is perfectly
20 transparent, the dust is not.

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Zooplankton, tiny animals adapted to an According to the passage, all of the following are
existence in the ocean, have evolved clever descriptive of appendicularians EXCEPT
Line phytoplankton (plant plankton). A very specialized
A) tailed
5 feeding adaptation in zooplankton is that of the B) vegetarian
tadpolelike appendicularian who lives in a walnut- C) single-celled
sized (or smaller) balloon of mucus equipped with
D) small-sized
The balloon, a transparent structure that varies in
10 design according to the type of appendicularian
passage. Found in all the oceans of the world,

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The 1960’s witnessed two profound social According to the passage, the delay referred to in
movements: the civil rights movement and the lines 13-16 is perhaps attributable to which of the
movement protesting the war in Vietnam. following?
5 largely distinct. For a brief moment in 1967,
A) King’s attempts to consolidate support for his
however, it appeared that the two movements leadership within the civil rights movement
might unite under the leadership of Martin Luther B) King’s desire to keep the leadership of the civil
King, Jr. rights movement distinct from that of the
King’s role in the antiwar movement appears to antiwar movement
10 require little explanation, since he was the foremost
C) King’s desire to draw support for the civil rights
advocate of nonviolence of his time. But King’s movement from the leadership of the antiwar
stance on the Vietnam War cannot be explained in movement
of a latecomer to the antiwar movement, even D) King’s reluctance to jeopardize federal support
15 though by 1965 he was convinced that the role of for the civil rights movement
the United States in the war was indefensible. Why
then the two years that passed before he translated
government.

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage According to the passage, which of the following
Recently some scientists have concluded that events may have initiated the process that led to the
meteorites on Earth and long believed to have a presence on Earth of meteorites from Mars?
Martian origin might actually have been blasted
A) A meteorite struck the Earth with tremendous
5 other meteorites. This conclusion has led to
velocity.
another question: whether meteorite impacts on B) A meteorite collided with Mars.
Earth have similarly driven rocks from this planet C) Approximately 1,000 rocks were ejected from
to Mars. Mars.
According to astronomer S.A. Phinney, kicking
10 a rock hard enough to free it from Earth’s gravity D) Rocks from a meteorite impact broke free of
would require a meteorite capable of making a Earth’s gravity.
crater more than 60 miles across. Moreover, even if
Earth rocks were freed by meteorite impact, Mars’s
rocks hitting Earth. To demonstrate this estimate, 72
Phinney used a computer to calculate where 1,000 Which of the following, if true, would cast most
hypothetical particles would go if ejected from doubt on Phinney’s estimate of the probability of
Earth rocks hitting Mars?
A) Rather than going in random directions, about
25 percent of all particles ejected from Earth go
in the same direction into space.
B) No rocks of Earth origin have been detected on
Mars.
C) The velocity of rocks escaping from Earth’s
gravity is lower than the velocity of meteorites
hitting the Earth.
D) No craters more than 60 miles across have been
found on Mars.

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage According to the passage, Mars and the Earth are
Theorists are divided concerning the origin of similar in which of the following ways?
the Moon. Some hypothesize that the Moon was
formed in the same way as were the planets in the I. Their satellites were formed by collisions with
Line inner solar system (Mercury, Venus, Mars, and other celestial bodies.
5 Earth)—from planet-forming materials in the
presolar nebula. But, unlike the cores of the inner II. Their cores contain iron.
planets, the Moon’s core contains little or no iron,
while the typical planet-forming materials were III. They were formed from the presolar nebula.
quite rich in iron. Other theorists propose that the
10 Moon was ripped out of the Earth’s rocky mantle A) I and II only
by the Earth’s collison with another large celestial B) I and III only
body after much of the Earth’s iron fell to its core.
One problem with the collision hypothesis is the C) II and III only
question of how a satellite formed in this way D) I, II, and III
geochemically.
74
Which of the following, if true, would be most likely
to make it difficult to verify the collision hypothesis
in the manner suggested by the author?
A) The Moon’s core and mantlerock are almost
inactive geologically.
B) The mantlerock of the Earth has changed in
composition since the formation of the , Moon,
while the mantlerock of the Moon has remained
chemically inert
C) Much of the Earth’s iron fell to the Earth’s core
long before the formation of the Moon, after
which the Earth’s mantlerock. remained
unchanged.
D) Certain of the Earth's elements, such as
platinum, gold, and iridium, followed iron to
the Earth’s core.

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage According to the passage, Cressy would agree with
In a recent study, David Cressy examines two which of the following statements about the
central questions concerning English immigration organizers among the English immigrants to New
to New England in the 1630’s: what kinds of England in the 1630’s?
5 literary evidence, shipping lists, and customs I. Most of them were clergy.
records, Cressy finds that most adult immigrants II. Some of them offered a religious
were skilled in farming or crafts, were literate, and explanation for their immigration.
were organized in families. Each of these III. They did not offer any reasons for their
characteristics sharply distinguishes the 21,000 immigration until some time after they had
immigrated.
from most of the approximately 377,000 English IV. They were more likely than the average
immigrant to be motivated by material
considerations.
15 that some of the immigrants of the 1630’s, most A) I only
notably the organizers and clergy, advanced B) II only
that such explanations usually assumed primacy C) II and III only
only in retrospect. When he moves beyond the D) I, III, and IV only
improvement.
76
According to the passage, Cressy has made which of
the following claims about what motivated English
immigrants to go to New England in the 1630’s?
A) They were motivated by economic
considerations alone.
B) They were motivated by religious and economic
considerations equally.
C) They were motivated more often by economic
than by religious considerations.
D) They were motivated more often by religious
than by economic considerations.

1 1
Questions 77-78 based on the following passage 77
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Simone de Beauvoir’s work greatly influenced According to the passage, one difference between
Betty Friedan's—indeed, made it possible. Why, The Feminine Mystique and The Second Sex is that
then, was it Friedan who became the prophet of Friedan’s book
Line women’s emancipation in the United States?
5 Political conditions, as well as a certain anti-
A) provides a primarily theoretical analysis of
intellectual bias, prepared Americans and the women’s lives
American media to better receive Friedan’s B) does not reflect the political beliefs of its
deradicalized and highly pragmatic The Feminine author
Mystique, published in 1963, than Beauvoir’s C) suggests that women’s economic condition
has no impact on their status
Second Sex. In 1953 when The Second Sex first
appeared in translation in the United States, the D) concentrates on the practical aspects of the
country had entered the silent, fearful fortress of the question of women’s emancipation
anticommunist McCarthy years (1950-1954), and
15 Beauvoir was suspected of Marxist sympathies. Even
20 States in the fifties, and Beauvoir’s conclusion, that 78
change in women’s economic condition, though According to the passage, Beauvoir’s book asserted
insufficient by itself, “remains the basic factor” in that the status of women
unacceptable. A) is the outcome of political oppression
B) is inherently tied to their economic condition
C) is a theoretical, rather than a pragmatic, issue
D) is a critical area of discussion in Marxist
economic theory

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage According to the passage, members of the Araneidae
One of the questions of interest in the study of family can be distinguished from members of the
the evolution of spiders is whether the weaving of Uloboridae family by all of the following EXCEPT
A) the presence of venom glands
5 make webs; a third of the web weavers make orb B) the type of web they spin
webs. Since most orb-weavers belong either to the C) the structure of their body hair
Araneidae or the Uloboridae families, the origin
of the orb web can be determined only by D) the arrangement of their eyes
ascertaining whether the families are related.
both families indicates that the families evolved
from different ancestors, thereby contradicting
families must be related, based on the assumption 80
could evolve only once. According to Kullman, Which of the following statements, if true, most
web structure is the only characteristic that weakens Wiehle’s theory that complex behavior
suggests a relationship between families. The could evolve only once?
A) Horses, introduced to the New World by the
Spaniards, thrived under diverse climatic
conditions.
answer the question of the evolution of the orb B) Plants of the Palmaceae family, descendants of a
web. common ancestor, evolved unique seed forms
even though the plants occupy similar habitats
throughout the world.
C) All mammals are descended from a small,
rodentlike animal whose physical characteristics
in some form are found in all its descendants.
D) Plants in the Cactaceae and Euphorbiaceae
families, although they often look alike and have
developed similar mechanisms to meet the
rigors of the desert, evolved independently.

Paired Passages
1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage.
How would the author of Passage 1 most likely react
Passage 1 to the statement in lines 20-24, Passage 2 (“Given ...
Morning people, cheerfully referred to as early later”) ?
birds, set the attitudinal tone of the entire culture.
They've decided that morning is the best time of the A) By feeling embarrassed, because the statement
Line day, and that night owls (people who are not proves that she misinterpreted the facts
5 naturally bright eyed and bushy tailed at the very B) By feeling vindicated, because the statement
crack of dawn) are in some way lazy and unfocused. gives a scientific rationale for her point of view
In my view, morning is not the best time of day. It’s C) With optimism, because the statement offers a
a fine time of day, of course, but it isn’t inherently practical approach for changing her situation
better than any other time. Getting up early does
10 not necessarily mean you’re more productive or a D) With uncertainty, because the statement
better member of society. I tried living on my contradicts the findings that she cites
husband’s schedule, and all I did was sleep through
my most productive hours.
Passage 2
A physiological factor that may underlie our
15 early bird and night owl behaviors is the circadian 83
rhythm of body temperature. Both early birds and
night owls experience a body temperature high and Compared with the tone of Passage 2, the tone of
low every 24 hours. However, early birds achieve Passage 1 is more
their peak temperature earlier in the day than night A) defensive
20 owls do. Given that we are active and alert when our
B) incredulous
body temperature is highest, one can understand
why early birds are more alert and active early in the C) jealous
day, while night owls do not become entirely alert D) apologetic
and active until later.
84
81
Which statement best describes the relationship
The parenthetical statement in lines 4-6 primarily
between the two passages?
serves to
A) Passage 2 questions the accuracy of the facts
A) offer an observation presented in Passage 1.
B) suggest an alternative B) Passage 2 highlights the consequences of the
C) underscore a preference phenomenon discussed in Passage 1.
D) define a term C) Passage 2 supplies a possible explanation for
the behaviors discussed in Passage 1.
D) Passage 2 voices agreement with the sentiment
expressed in Passage 1.

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage.
What the author of Passage 1 “had just done”
Passage 1 (line 11) is noteworthy mainly for which reason?
We were sitting in one of the world’s largest
A) The author becomes tired reading an electronic
libraries, and many of these people had no books.
book while sitting comfortably in the library
They had come to the library only to plug in their
computers to access a high-speed Internet reading room.
Line
5 connection. I was plugged in too and, weary from B) The author is in a library but chooses to buy a
reading the library’s copy of an electronic book, I book electronically rather than read it there.
decided to buy my own hard copy of the book. I C) The author has in the past criticized people for
quickly logged on, ordered it on the spot—while in using the library simply as a place to plug in
the library— and it was delivered to my home. The their computers.
10 thought crossed my mind: what on earth am I doing
here? Given what I had just done, given what I now D) The author is unaware that the book just
realized I could do, what is the purpose of a library? ordered is probably on the library’s shelves.
Passage 2
Libraries are awesome. They can, as we enter
them, create a physical reaction, a feeling of peace,
15 respect, humility, and honor that throws the mind
wide open. But why? Perhaps it is because in a 87
library, by moving our fingers a few inches along the One of the main things the author of Passage 2
shelf, we can find the very opposite of the point of
values about libraries is the
view we have just read, or find that reasonable voice
20 that honors many points of view by weighing the A) opportunity to be exposed to many different
merits of them all. Computer networks and ways of thinking
databases provide superior access to information, B) speed and efficiency with which information
but they cannot provide the play of lights, shadows,
can be accessed
smells, stillness, and textures that alert our bodies to
25 the enormous mystery of human experience and C) fact that libraries are available to the public free
knowledge. of charge
D) chance to interact with others who share one’s
areas of interest
85
Which best expresses the primary relationship
between Passage 1 and Passage 2 ?
88
A) Passage 1 presents a hypothesis that Passage 2
supports with concrete evidence. Which describes an aspect of libraries addressed by
Passage 2 that is ignored by Passage 1 ?
B) Passage 1 criticizes a development that Passage 2
sees as potentially promising. A) The potential for sociability offered by libraries
C) Passage 2 offers a perspective that responds to a B) The technological resources found in libraries
question posed in Passage 1. C) The nostalgic appeal of familiar libraries
D) Passage 2 develops an argument that clarifies D) The sensory dimension of the library experience
points made in Passage 1.

Evidence Based Reading All

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Evidence Based Reading All

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SAT Advanced

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 1 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 2 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 4 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 5 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 6 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 7 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 9 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 10 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 11 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 13 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 14 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 15 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 16 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 17 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 18 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 20 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 21 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 22 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 23 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 24 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 26 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 27 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 28 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 29 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 30 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 31 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 32 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 33 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 34 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 35 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 36 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 38 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 39 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 40 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 41 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 42 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 43 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 44 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 45 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 46 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 47 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 48 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 49 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 50 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 51 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 52 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 53 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 54 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 56 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 57 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 58 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 59 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 60 CO NTI N U E

Question 65 is based on the following passage 65

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 61 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 62 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 63 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 64 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 65 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 66 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 67 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 68 CO NTI N U E

Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 69 CO NTI N U E