BXWZ Wba©Viy

Z…Zxq Aa¨vq
bxwZ wba©viY
(Policy Making)
Kvievix cÖwZôvb A_ev Bnvi Kv‡Ri we‡kl †Kvb

w`K cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ eëüZ iƒc‡iLv‡K bxwZ ev
cwjwm ejv nq| Bnv Kviev‡ii eë¯’vcbv I
Kg©Pvix‡ì g‡a¨ m¤úK© cÖwZôvi Rb¨ fvicÖvß
†jvK‡ì AbymiYxq mvaviY c_wb‡`©k| Kviev‡ii
mwnZ mswkøó e¨w³‡ì Rb¨ Bnv GKwU
ÔóvÛvW©Õ ev gvb| Bnvi mxgv‡iLvi g‡a¨
_vwKqv GKwRwKDwUf, mycvifvBRvi wKsev
kÖwgK ch©v‡qi †jvKw`M‡K KvR Kwi‡Z nq|
†Kv¤úvbxi MÖvnK Ges cvIbv`viMYI †Kv¤úvbxi
bxwZ ev cwjwm jBqv gv_v Nvgvq; KviY cwjwm
Dnvi †Kv¤úvbx KZ…©K cwi‡ewkZ c‡Yï gvb,
†mevi cÖK…wZ I Dnvi mwnZ †jb‡`‡bi c×wZ
cÖf…wZ m¤ú‡K© AeMwZ jvf Kwi‡Z cv‡i|
g¨v‡bRvi †h me mgm¨vi †gvKvwejv K‡ib Dnvi

cÖ‡Z¨KwUi wbR¯^ we‡klZ¡ _v‡K, A_©vr
GKwU AciwU nB‡Z c„_K Ges cÖ‡Z¨KwU Bnvi
¯^ me †gav ev êwk‡óï cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z †gvKvwejv
Kwi‡Z nq| d‡j g¨v‡bRvi‡K Bnv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨KwUi
Rb¨ Avjv`v wm×všÍ MÖn‡bi cÖ‡Póv PvjvB‡Z nq|
wKšÍy †ekxi fvM †ÿ‡Î g¨v‡bRv‡ii m¤§y‡L
AvMZ NUbv ev mgm¨vMywj cÖvq GKB ai‡Yi,
A_©vr eZ©gv‡bi NUbv¸wj Avjv`vfv‡e wePvi
1
Kwiqv wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv hvB‡Z cv‡i; wKšÍy
ÔóvÛvW©Õ wm×všÍ cÖwZôv Kwiqv Dnv GKB
ai‡bi NUbvi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvM Kiv AwaK eyw×gv‡bi
KvR| cybtcybtNUgvb Ges GKB ai‡bi mgm¨vi Rb¨
ÔóvÛvW©Õ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi KvR m¤¢e KivB
cwjwmi D‡Ï‡k¨| †Kvb we‡kl mgm¨vi D™¢e nB‡j
wK Kiv DwPZ cwjwm Dnvi c_wb‡`©k K‡i|
Kv‡RB g¨v‡bRvi‡ì KvR‡K DwÏó c‡_ cwiPvwjZ
Kivi Rb¨ wK Kiv DwPZ Zvnv wb‡`©k KivB
cwjwmi D‡Ïk¨|
†Kv¤úvbxi jÿ¨ Ges `k©bZË¡ I cwjwmi KvR K‡i|

KviY Dnv Øviv g¨v‡bRviMY wbR wbR Kv‡Ri
mxgv‡iLv Rvwb‡Z cv‡ib| g¨v‡bR‡g‡›Ui
wbqgc×wZI iƒc‡iLv cÖYqb Kwiqv cwjwmi KvR
K‡i| wbqš¿Y-eë¯’v Ges wbqg-Kvbyb I
g¨v‡bRviw`M‡K Kv‡R c_wb‡`©k Kwiqv _v‡K|
†Kv¤úvbxi `k©bZË¡ Bnvi Kv‡Ri cÖk¯ÍZg
iƒc‡iLv; gv‡bRvi‡ì m¤§y‡L D™¢zZ mKj
mgm¨vB mvaviYfv‡e Bnvi AvIZvfz³| wbqg (rule)
nBj we‡kl NUbv m¤úKx©q iƒc‡iLv| D`vniY
¯îƒc ejv hvq, ÒGB ¯’v‡b aygcvb wb‡la|Ó bxwZi
Dci wfwË Kwiqv g¨v‡bRvi Zuvnvi Kvh©µg wVK
K‡ib| D`vniY⸺Z…Zxq †kÖYxi MÖvRy‡qU‡K
cÖ‡gvkb †Ìqv nB‡e bv|
cwjwm †Kv¤úvbxi D‡Ïk¨ ev jÿ¨ bq; eis Bnv

AR©‡bi Rb¨ M„nxZ Kvh©µ‡gi iƒc‡iLv|
2
cwjwm‡K cÖwZôv‡bi ewjô g¨v‡bR‡g‡›Ui weKíI
ejv hvq bv| cwjwm g¨v‡bRvi‡ì eënv‡ii Rb¨
nvwZqvi we‡kl|
cwjwim jÿ¨ t
1. cybtcyb NUgvb mgm¨vi †gvKvwejvi Rb¨

cÖ‡qvRbxq Kvh©µg¸wj hvnv‡Z
mvgÄm¨c~Y© nq Zvnvi my‡hvM cÖ`vb
cwjwmi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨|
2. †Kvb wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ AvKvk-
cvZvj bv nvZovBqv hvnv‡Z GKwRwKDwUf
Zuvnvi mg‡qi dj`vqK eënvi Kwi‡Z cv‡ib,
Zvnvi wbðqZv weavb cwjwm cÖwZôvi
wØZxq D‡Ïk¨|
3. cwjwmi MwÐi g‡a¨ _vwKqv KvR Kivi
¯^vaxbZv _vKvi ìæb Aaxb †jv‡Kiv Kv‡R
D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kwi‡Z Drmvn cvq|
4. cwjwm Øviv GKwRwKDwUf‡ì ÿgZv
m¤úªmvwiZ nq Ges Zuvnv‡ì Kv‡Ri ewjôZv
ev‡o| GKB mg‡q GKwRwKDwUf KwZcq
c„_K c„_K †fŠ‡MvwjK RvqMvq Zuvnvi
wb‡Ri Dcw¯’wZ Abyfe KivB‡Z cv‡ib,
A_©vr wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z mnKvix‡ì
cÖ‡kœi DËi hyMcr cwjwmi gva¨‡g †Ìqv nq|
5. mnKvix‡ì mwnZ Nb Nb e¨w³MZ mskÖe
QvovB Zuvnv‡ì cwiKíbv cÖYqb, Kv‡Ri
wb‡`©k cÖ`vb I wbqš¿Y-ÿgZv e„w× Kiv
hvq| e¯ÍyZt cwjwmi mvnv‡h¨ ÔemÕ I mnKvix
3
Dfq‡KB e¨w³MZ ÿgZv I ewjôZv e„w× Kiv m¤
¢e|
cwjwmi AvIZv t cwjwmi AvIZv‡K `yB w`K
nB‡Z †`Lv hvq⸺ (K) cÖwZôvwbK AvIZv
(organisational coverage), Ges (L) K…Z¨K AvIZv
(functional coverage)| cÖ_‡gv³ †kÖYxi AvIZv‡K
Avevi wbZ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq, h_v⸺
1. evwn¨K cwjwm⸺evwn‡ii wewfbœ

¯^v_©MÖæc I G‡RÝxi mwnZ cÖwZôv‡bi
m¤ú‡K©i iƒc‡iLv|
2. Avf¨šÍixY j¤^ (vertical) cwjwm⸺
cÖwZôv‡bi D”Pch©vq nB‡Z wbgœch©vq
ch©šÍ wewfbœ wefvM I †mKk‡bi Kv‡Ri
iƒc‡iLv|
3. Avf¨šÍixY mgvšÍivj (horizontal) cwjwm⸺
GKB ch©vqfz³ wewfbœ BDwb‡Ui mgš^q
mvab Kv‡Ri iƒc‡iLv|
Dc‡iv³ cÖ_g †kÖYxi cwjwm DwÏó Kvievix
cÖwZôv‡bi mwnZ miKvix, ¯’vbxq mgvR,
BDwbqb I Ab¨vb¨ Kvievix cÖwZôv‡bi m¤úK©
wb‡`©k K‡i| D`vniY, miKvix Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †Kvb
GKwRwKDwU‡fi PvKzix ÒnvIjvZÓ †Ìqv nB‡e
wK-bv, `vZe¨ I wkÿv cÖwZôvb¸wj‡Z cÖ`Ë
Avw_©K mvnv‡hï cwigvY wK nB‡e, eëmvqx
mwgwZ ev †P¤^vi Ae Kgv‡m©i Kv‡R wK
cwigvY Ask MÖnY Kiv nB‡e BZ¨vw`|
4
wØZxq †kÖYxi cwjwm wbgœ¯Í‡ii Awdmvi‡ì
Kv‡Ri wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡i| D`vniY⸺
†Kv¤úvbxi Kg©PvixMY KZ…©K M„nxZ wkÿv
Kvh©µg‡K wK cwigvY mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZv
Kiv nB‡e| Z…Zxq †kÖYxi cwjwm Øviv
AvšÍtwefvMxq m¤úK© cÖwZôv Kiv nq| D`vniY
⸺Ab¨vb¨ wefv‡Mi cwjwmi mwnZ
mvgÄm¨c~Y© wK-bv Zvnv wbiƒcY bv Kwiqv
†Kvb wefvM †Kvb b~Zb cwjwm MÖnY Kwi‡Z
cvwi‡e bv| Drcv`b wefvM KZ…©K cY¨
mijxKi‡Yi bxwZ Aby¯’Z nB‡j wefv‡Mi
Kg©Pvix‡ì c‡ÿ cY¨ jvB‡b êwPÎ¨Ki‡Yi bxwZi
Dci †Rvi †Ìqv wVK nB‡e bv|
K„Z¨K AvIZvwfwËK cwjwm Avevi `yB cÖKv‡ii

⸺(K) eë¯’vcbvi KvR welqK, Ges (L) KvR ev
Acv‡ikb welqK| cÖ_g †kÖYxi cwjwm cÖwZôvi
D‡Ï‡k¨ nBj⸺cwiKíbv, msMVb I wbqš¿Y Kv‡Ri
iƒc‡iLv cÖYqb Kiv| cwiKíbvi K_v aiv hvK| GB
wel‡q wbgœwjwLZ cÖkœ¸wji DËi Avek¨K t
1. cwiKíbvi mgqKvj wKiƒc nB‡e,

2. c~e©vfvm cÖ`v‡bi `vwqZ¡ †K enb Kwi‡e,
3. Kg©Pvixw`M‡K cwiKíbvq Ask MÖn‡Yi Rb¨
ejv nB‡e wK-bv,
4. cwiKíbv AvbyôvwbKfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv nB‡e
wK-bv|
5
we‡glxKiYhy³ KvR m¤úv`‡bi iƒc‡iLv wnmv‡e
wØZxq †kÖYxi cwjwm cÖwZôv Kiv nq| D`vniY
⸺weµq e¨vcv‡i †Kvb g~j¨ c×wZ AbymiY Kiv
nB‡e, weÁvc‡bi gva¨‡g wK nB‡e, Ges †Kvb
ai‡bi eªvÐ eënvi Kiv nB‡e BZ¨vw`|
cwjwm cÖwZôv t AbvbyôvwbKfv‡e cwjwmi

µgweKvk N‡U| cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Rv‡b we‡kl NUbvi
cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z wKiƒc wm×všÍ MÖnY Kwi‡Z nq,
GB Rb¨ Kvnv‡KI †Kvbiƒc wb‡`©k †Ìqvi
cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| GB¸wj‡K AbvbyôvwbK,
MZvbyMwZK ev AwjwLZ †iIqvR (convention)
ejv nq| wKšÍy GB †kÖYxi cwjwm Øviv
eë¯’vcbvi KvR myôz, nq bv; d‡j eZ©gv‡b e„nr
cÖwZôvb¸wj‡Z AvbyôvwbKfv‡e cwjwm
cÖwZôvi eë¯’v Kiv nq| GK K_vq, cÖ‡Z¨K
GKwRwKDwUf‡K Zuvnvi wbR wbR Kvh©-
GjvKvi Rb¨ Dchy³ cwjwm cÖwZôvi
`vwqZ¡ MÖnY Kwi‡Z nq| wKšÍy Zuvnvi
wefv‡Mi cwjwm cÖwZôvi mgq Zuvnv‡K wZbwU
wRwb‡mi cÖwZ jÿ¨ ivwL‡Z nq| GB¸wj nBj t
1. Zuvnvi cwjwm †hb Zuvnvi Ôe‡miÕ cwjwmi

mwnZ mvgÄm¨c~Y© nq;
2. Zuvnvi cwjwm †Kvb Ab¨vb¨ wefv‡Mi
cwjwmi mwnZ mvgÄm¨c~Y© nq; Ges
3. Zuvnvi cwjwm †hb Zuvnv‡K cÖ`Ë AvIZvaxb
_v‡K|
6
hwÌ cÖ‡Z¨K GKwRwKDwUf‡K cwjwm
cÖwZôv Kwi‡Z nq, GB e¨vcv‡i mvsMVwbK
KvVv‡gvi µgvMZ bx‡Pi GKwRwKDwUf‡ì
ÿgZv mxwgZ nBqv _v‡K| g~jZt D”Pch©v‡q
cwjwm wVK Kiv nq Ges wbgœch©v‡qi †jv‡Kiv
†`‡L Dnv Avkvbyiƒcfv‡e Kv‡R cÖ‡qvM Kiv
nB‡Z‡Q wK-bv| †h- mKj †Kv¤úvbxi wewfbœ
†fŠ‡MvwjK AÂ‡j BDwbU iwnqv‡Q Dnv‡ì c‡ÿ
cwjwm wba©vi‡Yi KvR AZ¨šÍ `yiƒn nq, KviY
we‡K›`ªxf‚Z BDwbU¸wj cÖvq mgq cwiPvjbvi
†ÿ‡Î ¯^vqZ¡kvm‡bi AwaKvi `vex K‡i| †Kvb
†Kvb †Kv¤úvbx mKi cÖKvi cwjwm wba©vi‡Yi
KvR cÖavb ev †K›`ªxq Kvh©vj‡qi Dci Ac©Y
K‡i| Bnvi d‡i mKj BDwb‡UB GKB ai‡bi cwjwm
Kvh©Ki Kiv m¤¢e nq| wKšÍy GB eë¯’vq ¯’vbxq
cÖ‡Póv I D‡`¨vM n«vm cvq| †Kvb †Kvb
†Kv¤úvbx cwjwm wba©vi‡Yi hveZxq KvR
BDwbU¸wji Dci Qvwoqv †`q Ges GBfv‡e
cÖwZwôZ cwjwmi gva¨‡g Dnv‡ì wbqš¿Y Kwiqv
_v‡K| Bnvi Øviv ¯’vbxq cÖwZfv I Ae¯’vi
my‡hvM MÖnY Kiv hvq Ges cÖavb Kvh©vj‡qi
Kv‡R Pvc n«vm cvq| GB cwjwm †gvZv‡eK
¯’vbxq BDwbU¸wj‡Z cÖwZfvm¤úbœ
†jvKw`M‡K GKwRwKDwUf wnmv‡e wbhy³
Kwi‡Z nq Ges GB eë¯’v Øviv cÖMwZkxj
GKwRwKDwUf wb‡qv‡Mi KvRI mnR nq|
A‡b‡K Avevi cwjwm wbiƒc‡bi KvR †K›`ªxf‚Z ev
7
we‡K›`ªxf~Z bv Kwiqv ga¨g cš’v Aej¤^b ; A_©vr
cÖavb Kvh©vjq KwZci †kÖYxi cwjwm wbiƒcY
K‡i⸺‡hgb g~j¨, A_© Ges †gŠwjK cv‡m©vbvj|
cÿvšÍ‡i ¯’vbxq BDwbU¸wj cÖavb Kvh©vjq KZ…
©K cÖwZwôZ iƒc‡iLvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z Ab¨vb¨
cwjwm wba©viY Kwiqv _v‡K| cwjwm
wba©vi‡Yi wZbwU jÿŸxq w`K nBj t
1. cwjwm wbiƒcY I cÖwZôvi w`K⸺Bnv‡K

AvBb cÖYq‡bi w`K ejv nq|
2. cwjwm Kvh©Ki Kivi w`K⸺Bnv‡K
ev¯Íevq‡bi w`K ejv nq|
3. cwjwmi ewjôZv I Kvh©KvwiZv wbiƒc‡Yi
w`K⸺Bnv‡K g~j¨vq‡Yi w`K ejv nq|
cwjwm cÖwZôvi c`‡ÿc t cwjwm cÖwZôvi cÖ_g
cÖ`‡ÿc nBj †Kvb †kÖYxi cwjwm ìKvi Zvnv
wbiƒcY Kiv| †Kvb e¨vcv‡i wm×všÍ MÖnY Kivi
mgq GKwRwKDwUf wb‡Ri gb‡K wRÁvmv
Kwi‡Z cv‡ib H NUbvi cybive„wËi †Kvb m¤
¢vebv Av‡Q wK-bv, _vwK‡j cwjwm wba©viY
cÖ‡qvRb| GB Dcv‡q cwjwm wbiƒcY AcPqeûj
Ges cwjwm AmvgÄm¨c~Y© nBqv _v‡K| cwjwm
cÖwZôvi cÖ‡qvRb wbiƒc‡Yi Avi GKwU Dcvq
nBj mgm¨v¼zj welq¸wj Rixc Kiv| cÖkœgvjv,
B›UviwfD, Kbdv‡iÝ cÖf…wZi gva¨‡g
GKwRwKDwUfMY wKiƒc mgm¨vi †gvKvwejv
Kwi‡Z‡Qb Zvnv Rvbv hvq| cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©Pvix
8
Ge MÖvnKM‡Yi g‡bvfve wel‡qI Rixc Kvh©
Pvjv‡bv hvB‡Z cv‡i| GB Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Dc‡`óv-
dvg©‡K `vwqZ¡ †Ìqv hvB‡Z cv‡i|
cwjwm cÖwZôvi cieZx© c`‡ÿc nBj

GKwRwKDwUf wK Pvb Dnv‡K fvlvq iƒc †Ìqv
Ge cwjwm cÖ‡qvMKvixi wbKU †cÖiYv Kiv|
cwjwm GKwRwKDwU‡fi cÖwZwbwa ¯îƒc|
Kv‡RB cwjwm mn‡R Ges cwi®‹vifv‡e †evaMg¨
nIqv PvB| Ab¨_vq eënviKvix wb‡Ri e¨vL¨v gZ
cwjwm‡K cÖ‡qvM Kwi‡Z wKsev e¨vL¨vi Rb¨
ÔemÕ‡K evisevi wei³ Kwi‡e|
cwjwm wba©vi‡Yi Z…Zxq c`‡ÿc nBj cwjwm

wKfv‡e Bmy¨ Kwi‡Z nB‡e Zvnv wbiƒcY Kiv|
A‡bK cwjwm †gŠwLKfv‡e Bmy¨ Kiv nq| GB
c×wZ †ek mnR Ges `ªæZ| wKšÍy Bnvi A‡bK¸wj
Amyweav iwnqv‡Q| fzj eySveywS, fzj e¨vL¨v,
mvgÄm¨nxb e¨vL¨v Ges AvswkKfv‡e fzwjqv
hvIqv AwjwLZ cwjwmi cÖavb Amyweav| cwjwm
KvM‡R wjwce× nIqv DwPZ| cwjwm wjwLZfv‡e
Bmy¨ Kivi †ÿ‡Î GKwRwKDwUf hZLvwb
mveavbZv Aej¤^b K‡ib, †gŠwLKfv‡e Bmy¨ Kivi
mgq ZZLvwb mveavbZv Aej¤^b K‡ib bv| wjwLZ
cwjwm mn‡R nvivq bv, Bnv AwaKZi
mvgÄm¨c~Y© nq Ges Bnv eënv‡i AwaK
cwigvY my‡hvM N‡U| wjwLZ cwjwm b~Zb
9
mycvifvBRvi‡ì cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨vcv‡i GKwU AZ¨šÍ
¸iæZ¡c~Y© `wjj|
cwjwm wba©vi‡Yi †kl c`‡ÿc nBj⸺cwjwmi

cÖ‡qv‡Mvc‡hvwMZv Ges djcÖm~Zv wbiƒcY
Kiv| GB D‡Ïk¨ A‡bK †Kv¤úvbx cwjwm wbixÿY
ev AwWUi eë¯’v Kwiqv _v‡K| †Kvb cwjwmi
cwieZ©b Avek¨K, †Kvb cwjwm ev` †Ìqv DwPZ
Ges †Kvb cwjwmi DrKl© mvab evÂbxq Zvnv
wba©viY KivB nBj AwW‡Ui KvR|
DËg cwjwmi êwkó¨ :
1. cwjwm‡K CwáZ jÿ¨ I D‡Ï‡kï mwnZ

m¤úK©hy³ nB‡Z nB‡e (objectivity)| A_©vr
†Kv¤úvbxi wba©vwiZ j‡ÿ¨ †cŠuuuQvi Rb¨
Kv‡Ri wb‡`©k cÖ`vb fvj cwjwmi jÿY|D`vniY
⸺GK †Kv¤úvbxi weµq⸺Kg©Pvix‡K ïay
MÖvnK‡ì wbKU cY¨ weµq Kwi‡Z nq; Avi
GK †Kv¤úvbxi Kg©Pvix‡K cY¨ weµq QvovI
MÖvnKw`M‡K KvwiMwi Dc‡`k w`‡Z nq|
cÖ_‡gv³ †Kv¤úvbxi gRyix-bxwZ ïaygvÎ
weµq-Kv‡Ri mwnZ m¤úK©hy³ nB‡e, wKšÍy
wØZxq †Kv¤úvbxi gRyix bxwZ cY¨ weµq
Ges MÖvnKw`M‡K KvwiMwi mvnvh¨ cÖ`vb
Dfq †kÖYxi Kv‡Ri mwnZ m¤úK©hy³ nB‡e|
2. GKwU fvj cwjwm †Kv¤úvbxi GK D‡Ïk¨‡K

Acivci D‡Ï‡kï mwnZ m¤úK©hy³ iv‡L
10
(relativity)| A_©vr, GKwU cwjwm hyMcr
GKvwaK D‡Ïk¨ mva‡b mnvqZv K‡i| D`vniY
⸺‡Kv¤úvbxi Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM-bxwZ
†KejgvÎ cY¨ Drcv`b I eÈ‡bi D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b
mnvqZv Kwi‡jB P‡j bv, Kg©Pvix‡ì e¨w³MZ
D‡Ïk¨⸺ †hgb c‡`vbœwZi cÖwZI jÿ¨
ivwL‡Z nq|
3. wewfbœ cwjwm‡K ci¯ú‡ii cwic~iK nB‡Z

nB‡e| D`vniY⸺GK cwjwm hLb
Kg©Pvixw`M‡K D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kwi‡Z Ges
DbœZ ai‡bi Kvh©c×wZ D™¢veb Kwi‡Z
Drmvn cÖ`vb K‡i, ZLb Aci †Kvb cwjwmi
Zvnvw`M‡K wPivPwiZ c×wZ ev ÔóvÐvW©
cÖvKwUmÕ Aÿ‡i Aÿ‡i AbymiY Kivi
wb‡`©k cÖ`vb Kiv DwPZ bq|
4. fvj cwjwm w¯’wZkxj I cwieZ©bkxj nBqv
_v‡K| cwjwm hLb-ZLb cwieZ©b Kiv DwPZ
bq, †Kej †gŠwjK Ae¯’v A_ev D‡Ïk¨
cwiewZ©Z nB‡jB cwjwm cwieZ©‡bi K_v
wPšÍv Kiv DwPZ|
5. fvj cwjwm mZZv I b¨vqcivqYZvi Dci wfwË
Kwiqv iwPZ nq|
6. cwjwm mswkøó Kg©Pvix‡ì †MvPixf‚Z
Kwi‡Z nB‡e Ges Zvnviv hvnv‡Z Dnv
cwi®‹vifv‡e eywS‡Z cv‡i Zvnvi wbðqZv
weavb Kwi‡Z nB‡e| Kg©Pvixiv hvnv‡Z Dnv
mv`‡i MÖnY K‡i Ges Kvh©Ki Kwi‡Z
AvMÖnkxj nq Zvnvi cÖwZ jÿ¨ ivwL‡Z nB‡e|
11
GBRb¨ cwjwm wK Kvi‡Y cÖwZôv Kiv
nBqv‡Q Ges wK D‡Ïk¨ Kvh©Ki Kiv DwPZ
Zvnv Kg©Pvixw`M‡K cwi®‹vifv‡e eySvBqv
w`‡Z nB‡e|
cwjwm wbqš¿Y t Ab¨vb¨ Kvh©µ‡gi gZ cwjwmI
wbqš¿Y Kwi‡Z nq| cÖ‡Z¨K GKwRwKDwU‡fi
cwjwm wKfv‡e Kv‡R cÖ‡qvM Kiv nB‡Z‡Q
Zvnv cixÿv Kivi Rb¨ Zuvnv‡K `vqx Kwi‡Z nB‡e|
Bnv Qvov, GKvDw›Us A_ev c×wZ we‡kølY
wefvM‡K wewfbœ wefvMxq cwjwmi wbi‡cÿ
AwWU cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ †Ìqv hvB‡Z cv‡i|
cwjwm wbqš¿‡Yi Avi GKwU w`K nBj Dnv‡Z fvj
êwkó¨ mshy³ Kiv hvnv‡Z cwjwm e¯ÍyMZ, ci¯úi
m¤úK©hy³, cwic~iK, w¯’wZkxj, bgbxq Ges
b¨vqbxwZi Dci cÖwZwôZ nq| cwjwm wbqš¿‡Yi
Rb¨ Dnvi ev¯Íevq‡bi Ae¨vnZ ch©‡eÿY Avek¨K|
ch©‡eÿ‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ nB‡e Kg©Pvixw`M‡K cwjwm
ÁvZ Kiv‡bv nB‡Z‡Q wK-bv, Zvnviv cwjwmi
A_© I cÖ‡qvRb ü`q½g Kwi‡Z‡Q wK-bv, Zvnviv
cwjwm mwVKfv‡e Kvh©Ki Kwi‡Z‡Q wK-bv,
Ges cwjwmi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Zvnv‡ì mycvwik ev
gZvgZ MÖnY Kiv nB‡Z‡Q wK-bv Zvnv cixÿv
Kwiqv †`Lv|
12
PZz_© Aa¨vq
†Kv¤úvbxi ÷ªv‡UwR I wm×všÍ
MÖnY
Ô÷ªv‡UwRÕ K_vwU mvgwiK weÁv‡b
we‡klfv‡e cÖPwjZ| mvgwiK evwnbx‡Z
Ô÷ªv‡UwRÕ ewj‡Z eySvq kÎæi civRq NUvBevi
wbwgË hy×‡ÿ‡Î ˆmbëvwnbxi Ae¯’vb| hy‡× wjß
iv‡óªi †bZvMY KZ…©K wm×všÍK…Z jÿ¨
nvwm‡ji Rb¨ kÎæi weiæ‡× hy×-mvgMÖx
wb‡qvwRZ KivB wgwjUvix ÷ªv‡UwR| Kvievix-
RM‡Z ÷ªv‡UwR kãwU‡K AviI e¨vcK A‡_©
eënvi Kiv nq|1
Kvievix cÖwZôv‡bi ÷ªv‡UwR ewj‡Z Bnvi D‡Ïk¨

ev jÿ¨ wba©viY Ges Dnv AR©‡bi Rb¨ cwiKíbv
cÖYqbI eySvq| A_©vr, Kvievix cÖwZôv‡bi
÷ªv‡UwR A_©bxwZwe`‡ì ÒAcÖPzi (scarce)
m¤ú` eÈbÓ (allocation) nB‡ZI e¨vcK|
÷¨vb‡dvW© wek^we`¨vj‡qi M‡elYv|
Bbw÷wUD‡Ui g‡Z ÷ªv‡UwR ewj‡Z GKwU
dvg© ev cÖwZôvb cwicvwk^©KZvi mwnZ
m½wZ iÿv Kwiv †h we‡kl c×wZ‡Z Dnvi cÖavb
m¤ú` I cÖ‡Póv Øviv D‡Ïk¨ nvwm‡ji Rb¨ hZœevb
nq⸺ZvnvB eySvq| GB cÖm‡½ Avj‡d«W
K¨vÐjvi mv‡n‡ei gZB me©v‡cÿv
cÖwYavb‡hvM¨| Zuvnvi g‡Z ÷ªv‡UwR nBj⸺
13
ÒGKwU cÖwZôv‡bi †gŠwjK `xN©‡gqv`x jÿ¨ I
D‡Ïk¨ wbiƒcY Ges H jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ Kvh©Ki Kivi
cš’v Aej¤^b Ges m¤ú` eivÏKiY|Ó2
D³ Av‡jvPbv nB‡Z ¯úóZt eySv hvB‡Z‡Q †h,

÷ªv‡UwRi `yBwU w`K iwnqv‡Q t cÖwZôv‡bi jÿ¨
cÖwZôv, Ges GB jÿ¨ nvwm‡ji Rb¨ cÖwZôvb wK
Kwi‡Z cv‡i, †Kv¤úvbxi cvwicvwk^©KZvq †Kvb
†kÖYxi wec` ev SzuwK iwnqv‡Q, †Kv¤úvbxi
†`vl-¸Y, kw³ I `~e©jZvi Drm, c‡Yï evRv‡ii
e¨vcKZv ev m¤¢ve¨ my‡hvM MÖnY Kivi
†hvM¨Zv cÖf…wZ we‡kølY Kwi‡Z nq| Zvnv bv
nB‡j A_©‰bwZK ÷ªv‡UwR (economic strategy)
wVK Kiv hvq bv| A_©‰bwZK ÷ªv‡UwR ewj‡Z
cÖwZôv‡bi †hvM¨Zv I ÿgZvi mwnZ evRv‡ii
myweavejxi mgš^q (matching) mvab Kiv eySvq|
Kvievix cÖwZôv‡bi ÷ªv‡UwR PvwiwU †gŠwjK

Dcv`vb iwnqv‡Q t
1. cvwicvwk^©K Ae¯’v I evRv‡ii Pvwn`vi

cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z †Kv¤úvbxi c‡ÿ wK Kiv hvq
(might do) Zvnv wbY©q Kiv ;
2. cÖwZôvb Bnvi ÿgZv I m¤ú‡ì cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z

wK Kwi‡Z cv‡i (can do) Zvnv w¯’i Kiv ;
3. cÖwZôv‡bi †cÖwm‡W›U I Zuvnvi

mnKwg©M‡Yi cQ›`⸺AcQ›`, Avkv-
14
AvKv•Lv, e¨w³MZ gZ I g~j¨‡ev‡ai
cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z cÖwZôvbwU ev¯Íec‡ÿ wK
Kwi‡Z Pvq (want to do) Zvnv wbiƒcY Kiv ;
Ges
4. †Kv¤úvbxi †NvwlZ mvgvwRK `vwq‡Z¡i

cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z Dnvi wK Kiv DwPZ (should do)
Zvnv wba©viY Kiv|
÷ªv‡UwRi KvR t (Functions of strategy) :

cÖwZôv‡bi ÷ªv‡UwR cwi®‹vifv‡e weeŸZ
Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv iwnqv‡Q| cÖwZôv‡bi
D‡Ïk¨ †Kej gybvdv AR©b, Bnv cÖKvk Kwi‡j
P‡j bv⸺wK cwigvY gybvdv AR©b Kwi‡Z
nB‡e, Avï gybvdv AR©bB wK jÿ¨, bv
`xN©‡gqv`x gybvdvi cÖwZ bRi †Ìqv nB‡e
Zvnv ¯úófv‡e ewY©Z nIqv evÂbxq|
÷ªv‡UwR cwi®‹vifv‡e ejv _vwK‡j
eë¯’vcKfv‡e Kv‡R we‡kl myweav nq,
Zuvnviv mn‡R `xN©‡gqv`x cwiKíbvi Kv‡R
n¯Í‡ÿc Kwi‡Z cv‡i, evRv‡ii Ae¯’v mn‡R
Abyaveb Kwi‡Z cv‡ib Ges cÖ‡qvRb gZ
evRv‡ii Ae¯’vq CwáZ cwieZ©bI Avbqb
Kwi‡Z cv‡ib| ÷ªv‡UwR ejv _vwK‡j
AwdmviMY cÖwZôv‡bi jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨
m‡Pó nB‡Z AbycÖvwYZ nBqv _v‡Kb|
15
fvj ÷ªv‡UwRi êwkó¨ t
1. fvj ÷ªv‡UwR mn‡R wPwýZ (identify) Kiv hvq

Ges Bnv K_vq I Kv‡R cwi®‹vifv‡e cÖwZfvZ
nBqv D‡V|
2. fvj ÷ªv‡UwR m¤¢ve¨ Avf¨šÍixY Ges ê‡`wkK

Pvwn`vi my‡hvM MÖnY Kwi‡Z m‡Pó nq|
3. fvj ÷ªv‡UwR cÖwZôv‡bi eZ©gvb I fwel¨‡Zi

†hvM¨Zv Ges m¤ú‡ì mwnZ Bnvi j‡ÿï
fvimvg¨ iÿv K‡i|
4. fvj ÷ªv‡UwR cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ wel‡qi

mwnZ mvgÄm¨ ivwLqv Bnvi Kvh©bxwZ
wba©viY K‡i| †hgb, †h cÖwZôvb Dnvi cY¨
weµ‡qi Rb¨ cvBKvix eëmvqx‡ì Dci
wbf©ikxj, Bnvi c‡ÿ eëmvqxw`M‡K D‡cÿv
Kwiqv †Kvb KvR Kiv wVK nB‡e bv|
Dbœqbg~jK Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖwZwôZ
BwÄwbqvwis dv‡g©i gybvdvRbK Kv‡Ri
digvBk cvB‡jB MÖnY Kiv wVK bq|
5. SzuwK MÖn‡Yi cwigvY cÖwZôv‡bi

Avw_©K m¤ú` I g¨v‡bRvi‡ì `„wófw½
gvwdK nIqv DwPZ| †h cÖwZôv‡bi g¨v‡bRvi
†Mv- †ePvix ai‡bi, gvbwmK kvwšÍi cÿcvZx
Ges mn‡RB wePwjZ nBqv c‡ob, Zuvnvi c‡ÿ
SzuwKeûj Kv‡R AvZ¥wb‡qvM Kiv hyw³hy³
16
bq| Avw_©K w`K nB‡Z Ae¯’v ewjô bq Ggb
cÖwZôv‡bi c‡ÿI SzuwKc~Y© Kv‡R AMÖmi
nIqv DwPZ bq|
6. cÖwZôv‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mgvmxb e¨w³‡ì

gvbwmK KvVv‡gv I AvKv•Lvi mwnZ
mvgÄm¨c~Y© bv nB‡j ÷ªv‡UwR fvj ejv hvq
bv| AvivgwcÖq I kÖgwegyL Awdmvi jBqv
cÖwZôv‡bi Ggb ÷ªv‡UwR MÖnY Kiv DwPZ
bq, hvnvi Rb¨ K‡Vvi cwikÖ‡gi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o|
7. fvj ÷ªv‡UwRi Avi GKwU êwkó¨ GB †h, Dnv

cÖwZôv‡bi wbhy³ gvbekw³‡K Bnvi jÿ¨
AR©‡bi Rb¨ DrmvwnZ K‡i Ges cÖwZôv‡bi
cÖwZ Zvnv‡ì ì` I AvbyMZ¨ m„wó K‡i| fvj
÷ªv‡UwRi d‡j Kg©Pvixiv wb‡R‡ì cÖ‡qvRb
wgUvB‡Z cv‡i Ges wb‡R‡ì †hvM¨Zvi
DrKl© mva‡bi Rb¨ DrmvwnZ †eva K‡i|
wm×všÍ MÖnY
(Decision Making)
wm×všÍ Kvnv‡K e‡j t wm×všÍ nBj cQ›`KiY ev

evQvBKiY, hvnvi gva¨‡g we‡kl Ae¯’vq wK Kiv
nB‡e ev nB‡e bv, Zvnv wVK Kiv nq| K‡qKwU
m¤¢ve¨ weKí nB‡Z GKwU evwQqv jIqvi bvgB
wm×všÍ| wm×v‡šÍi d‡jB wbqg (rules) bxwZ
17
(policy) Ges ûKzg ev wb‡`©‡ki Avwef©ve N‡U|
eëmvwqK mvd‡jï Rb¨ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi ÿgZv
GKwU kw³kvjx nvwZqvi| GB nvwZqv‡ii g‡a¨B
†Kv¤úvbxi †cÖwm‡W›U Kviev‡ii Kv‡R wb‡Ri
cÖwZcwË I ÿgZv cÖwZôv K‡ib|
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi K‡qKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© êwkó¨

iwnqv‡Q| GB¸wj wbgœiƒct
1. wm×všÍMÖnY cÖwµqv⸺A‡bK mgq

Avgiv wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †gl ch©vqU‡KB eo
Kwiqv †`wL| Bnv wVK bq| wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi
KvRwU GKwU cÖwµqv we‡kl| GB cÖwµqvq
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Av‡M wK nB‡ZwQj Ges
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi djvdj wK nB‡e Zvnv
cÖwZdwjZ nq| GB cÖwµqv †ek `xN©| Bnvi
g‡a¨ KLbI mveavbZv Aej¤^b Kwi‡Z nq, KLbI
AbymÜvb Kvh© cwiPvjbv Kwi‡Z nq Ges
A‡bK wKQz we‡kølY Kwiqv †`wL‡Z nq|
wm×všÍ MÖnY mgqmv‡cÿ e¨vcvi| AZxZ,

eZ©gvb I fwel¨‡Zi wm×všÍ GB cÖwµqvi
we‡kl A½| AZxZ nB‡Z mgm¨vi DrcwË
m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ Rvbv hvq Ges wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe Kiv hvq| eZ©gvb Kvj
nB‡Z wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi wewfbœ weKí cvIqv
hvq hvnvi Dci wfwË Kwiqv me©v‡cÿv
dj`vqK Kvh©µg evQvB Kiv nq| fwel¨ZKvj
18
wm×všÍ Kvh©Ki Kiv nq Ges Bnvi
Kvh©KvwiZvi g~j¨vqY Kiv nq|
A‡bK wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi cÖwµqv‡K

g¨v‡bR‡g›U w_Dixi cÖavb A½ ewjqv g‡b
K‡i| Bnv‡ì g‡Z g¨v‡bR‡g‡›Ui Aci bvg
wm×všÍ MÖnY| wcUvi WªvKv‡ii g‡Z
g¨v‡bRvi hvnvB K‡ib bv †Kb, wm×všÍ
MÖnY cÖwµqvi gva¨‡gB Zvnv cwiPvwjZ nq|
wm×všÍ MÖnY cÖwµqvi êwkó¨wU Aek¨

A‡bK mgq Dnv _v‡K| mgq mgq g¨v‡bRvi‡K
mnmv wm×všÍ MÖnY Kwi‡Z †`Lv hvq⸺
we‡kl wm×v‡šÍi wcQ‡bi NUbvejx AÁvZ
_v‡K| †Kv¤úvbxi †cÖwm‡W›U XvKvi g¨vP
d¨v±ix eÜ Kwiqv w`qv cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g
KviLvbv ¯’vc‡bi wm×všÍ MÖnY Kwi‡j, Dnv
nB‡Z D™¢zZ cwiw¯’wZ Avq‡Ë¡ Avbvi ÿgZv
mÂq bv Kiv ch©šÍ D³ wm×všÍ cÖKv‡k¨
†NvlYv Kwi‡Z Pvwn‡eb bv| GB †kÖYxi
wm×v‡šÍi d‡j fxlY iK‡gi mvgvwRK I ivR
‰bwZK cÖwZwµqv †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| e¯ÍyZt
Avgv‡ì †`‡ki A‡bK †Kv¤úvbx cve©Z¨
PÆMÖv‡gi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ D”Pnv‡ii Ki gIKzd
(tax holiday) myweav †fvM Kivi Rb¨ Ab¨
¯’v‡bi KviLvbv eÜ Kivi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i
Ges Dnvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq miKvix Aby‡gv`bI
jvf K‡i| wKšÍy wm×všÍ Kvh©Ki Kivi Av‡MB
19
Dnv duvm nBqv hvq| A‡bK gnj nB‡Z
cÖwZev‡ì So D‡V; d‡j wm×všÍ evwZj
Kwi‡Z nq|
myôz wm×v‡šÍi Rb¨ e¨vcv‡i ci gvm cwiKíbv

cÖYqb, bxwZ wba©viY, Z_¨ msMÖn, Aa¨qb I
we‡kølY †Kv¤úvbxi D‡Ïk¨ cixÿvi Kv‡R e¨q
Kwi‡Z nq| Z¡wiZ (snap) wm×všÍ mvaviYZt
myôz nq bv| KviY †Kvb AvKw¯§K NUbvi
cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z GKwRwKDwUf Riæix wm×všÍ
MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡ivwPZ nB‡j, GB
cwiw¯’wZ‡Z gvbwmK cÖwµqvi wfZi w`qv
AMÖcðv‡Zi Ae¯’v myPviæiƒ‡c Dcjwä Kiv
hvq bv| m¤úK©nxb Ges wbqwgZ Kvh©
cÖevn nB‡Z c„_K wKsev gyû‡Z©i D‡ËRbvq
M„nxZ wm×všÍ wbfz©j I wbf©i‡hvM¨ nq bv|
wÿcÖZv I mgqÁvb Aek¨Kvg¨ nB‡jI Z¡wiZ
wm×v‡šÍi gva¨‡g êÁvwbK wPšÍvavivi cÖwZ
AeÁv Ges wbqwZ I Abygv‡bi Dci AwaK
wbf©ikxjZv cÖKvk cvq|
2. wm×všÍ cÖwZôvb I e¨w³i cÖwZkÖæwZ¯îƒc

⸺wm×všÍ wek„•Ljv wKsev eZ©gv‡bi
Kvh©cÖev‡ni mwnZ m¤úK©k~b¨ nB‡Z cv‡i
bv| wm×všÍ Øviv A‡bK †jv‡Ki KvR cÖfvweZ
nq| Kv‡RB wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi mgq mswkøó
e¨w³‡ì ÿgZv I kw³i cÖwZ bRi ivLv ìKvi|
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ wecyj cÖ‡Pôvi ìKvi|
20
ZvB wm×všÍ cÖvmw½K I h_vh_ cÖ‡qvRb|
GBme Kvi‡Y wm×všÍ Ggb ¯’vwqZ¡ jvf K‡i
†h, Dnv‡K cÖwZkÖæwZ ejv hvB‡Z cv‡i| Bnvi
Ab¨Zg KviY nBj, GKwRwKDwUf †h wm×všÍ
†bb ; wZwb Dnvi mvd‡jï Rb¨ cÖwZkÖæwZ
nb| Zuvnvi wm×všÍ wKfv‡e Kvh©Ki nB‡Z‡Q
Dnv Øviv †Kv¤úvbx‡Z Zvnvi GgbwK Zuvnvi
†ckvMZ hk wba©vwiZ nq| wm×všÍ g‡bcÖv‡Y
MÖnY Ges Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨
Kg©Pvixw`M‡K cÖ¯ÍywZ wb‡Z nq| BnvI
wm×všÍ ¯’vqx nIqvi GKwU KviY| wm×všÍ
cÖwZôv‡bi wbhy³ †jvK‡ì Avkv-AvKv•ÿvi
cÖZxK nBqv D‡V| BnvI wm×všÍ‡K
¯’vwqZ¡ jv‡f mnvqZv K‡i| GKwU D`vni‡Yi
mvnvh¨ †bIqv hvK| GKwU PUKj †Kv¤úvbx
GKwU b~Zb wefvM †Lvjvi wm×všÍ †bq|
wefvMwU nBj evRvi M‡elYv wefvM Ges GB
e¨vcv‡i wm×všÍ MÖnY Kwi‡jb weµq wefv‡Mi
fvBm †cÖwm‡W›U| b~Zb wefv‡Mi Rb¨ †jvK
wbhy³ Kiv nBj| Ges fvBm †cÖwm‡W›U b~Zb
wefv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ Ges Dnvi Kg©Pvix‡ì
`vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ eySvBqv w`qv cÖ‡qvRbxq
mvnvh¨ †Ìqvi cÖwZkÖæwZ w`‡jb|
cÖwZkÖæwZ †nZz GB wm×všÍ evwZj Kiv
KóKi| GB wm×všÍ evwZj Kwi‡Z nB‡j fvBm
†cÖwm‡W›U‡K ewj‡Z nB‡e †h, evRvi-
M‡elYv wefv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb bvB-Dnv Lywjqv
21
wZwb fzj Kwiqv‡Qb| GBiƒc fz‡ji ¯^xK…wZ
MÖn‡Y Zuvnvi wePvi-ÿgZvi AfveB cÖgvY
Kwi‡e| GB wefv‡Mi Rb¨ wbhy³ †jvKRb‡K
Ab¨vb¨ wefv‡M e`wj Kwi‡Z nB‡e A_ev
QvuUvB Kwi‡Z nB‡e| GB wefv‡Mi wKQz
cÖ‡qvRbxq KvR Ab¨Î KvnviI Dci PvcvBqv|
w`‡Z nB‡e| GBme NUbv mswkøó e¨w³‡ì Rb¨
cÖxwZcÖ` bq| Kv‡RB cÖ‡Z¨K wm×všÍ
ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZkÖæwZ nBevi c~‡e©
welqwU m¤ú‡K© fv‡jvfv‡e cixÿv Kwiqv †`Lv
evÂbxq| Bnv nB‡Z ¯úó eySv hvB‡Z‡Q †h,
wm×všÍ ev¯Íevq‡bi cÖwZkÖæwZ †Kv¤úvbxi
Awdmvi I cÖwZôvb `yB Zid nB‡ZB cÖ`Ë
nBqv _v‡K| cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖ`vb Ges mg_©b
GK bq| wm×všÍ Kvh©Ki Kivi mgq
GKwRwKDwUf Ges cÖwZôv‡bi mg_©K
cvIqv hvq, wKšÍy cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖ`vbKv‡j
mg_©b Dwiqv hvB‡Z (fade) cv‡i| mg_©b
mn‡R cvIqv bv †M‡jI, cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖ`v‡bi
ÿgZv cÖ‡qv‡Mi Øviv Dnv Av`vq Kiv hvq|
GKevi wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nB‡j wfbœgZ

†cvlYKvix GKwRwKDwUf e‡jb, ÒAvwg GB
wm×v‡šÍi mwnZ cyivcywi GKgZ nB bvB|
wKšÍy wm×všÍ hLb MÖnY Kiv nBqv‡Q ZLb
Avwg Dnv gvwbqv jBe Ges Dnv hvnv‡Z
Kvh©Ki nq †mw`‡K bRi wè|Ó †bZv wnmv‡e
22
GKwRwKDwU‡fi `vwqZ¡ nBj RbwcÖq bq
wKšÍy Dc‡hvMx Ggb wm×v‡šÍi cÖwZ
mg_©b `vb Ges Dnv Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ Aaxb
†jvKw`M‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv|
3. g~j¨vqY⸺ wm×všÍ MÖnYKv‡j g~j¨vqY

`y&B fv‡e N‡U| cÖ_gZt GKwRwKDwUf `yB
ev Z‡ZvwaK weK‡íi g~j¨vqY Kwiqv Dnv
nB‡Z GKwU Kvh©µg evQvB Kwiqv _v‡Kb|
wØZxqZ t Zuvnvi wm×v‡šÍi djvd‡ji g~j¨vqbI
Zuvnv‡ZB Kwi‡Z nq|
4. wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi wePvi-kw³i h_vh_ cÖ‡qvM

⸺wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi KvR GKwU gvbexq Ges
gvbwmK cÖwµqv| gvby~l‡K KvR ev eënvi
we‡kl jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq| wm×všÍ
MÖn‡Yi KvR wePvikw³i Dci wfwË Kwiqv
m¤úvw`Z nq| KviY c~e©wba©vwiZ jÿ¨ nvwmj
Kivi c‡ÿ mnvqK GBiƒc weKí¸wj evQvB Kivi
gva¨‡gB wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nq|1
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi iƒc‡iLv t GKwRwKDwUf‡ì

c‡ÿ wm×všÍ MÖnY mnR KvR bq| Bnv‡Z
gvbwmK Drcxob h‡_ó| GB gvbwmK Drcxo‡b
A‡b‡K Avjmvi (ulcer) ‡iv‡M AvµvšÍ nBqv c‡ob|
wKšÍy eyw×gvb I †KŠkjx GKwRwKDwUf
gvbwmK Drcxob QvovI wm×všÍ MÖnY Kwi‡Z
23
cv‡ib| GB e¨vcv‡i wbgœwjwLZ welq¸wj mvnvh¨
K‡i :
1. †Kvb mgm¨vwU eo Ges †KvbwU Zvnv

wbY©q Kiv; eo mgm¨vq mgq e¨q Kiv Ges
†QvU mgm¨vi cÖwZ Kg bRi †Ìqv|
2. iæwUb gvwdK mgm¨vi mgvav‡bi Rb¨ bxwZi

Dci wbf©i Kiv| GKB wm×v‡šÍi wel‡q evievi
Ah_v mgq e¨q Kiv DwPZ bq|
3. †QvU I iæwUb welq¸wji fvi mnKvix‡ì Dci

Ac©Y Kiv|
4. Aci †jvK‡ì wPšÍvkw³ eënvi Kiv| mnKvix‡ì

KvR cixÿv Kiv Ges Zvnv‡ì mwnZ Kv‡Ri
AMÖMwZ I mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© Avjvc Kiv; Aek¨
e¨w³MZfv‡e GKR‡bi c‡ÿ mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi bv
Rvbv `ye©jZv bq|
5. gvbwmK Av¯’v I wek^vm AR©b Kiv| kvšÍ I

wbiæwØMœ gb wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi c‡ÿ AbyK‚j|
D‡ØM wbqv wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv AbyywPZ|
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ ch©vß mgq wb‡Z nq|
D™¢‚Z mgm¨vwUi cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvM
mwbœ‡ewkZ Kwi‡Z nq, GKB mg‡q g‡b
GKvwaK mgm¨vi ¯’vb w`‡Z bvB|
24
6. m¼UKvjxb wm×všÍ cwinvi Kiv hyw³hy³|
Ae‡njvekZt Ggb Ae¯’vq †cŠuQv wVK bq
†hLv‡b ÿwY‡Ki Zvobvq wm×všÍ MÖnY
Kwi‡Z nq|
7. mKj cÖKvi NUbvejx ZjvBqv †`Lvi †Póv Kiv

e¦_v| KviY NUbejwi AšÍ bvB| wm×v‡šÍi djvdj
wK nB‡e †`Lv ìKvi; wKšÍy ZvB ewjqv
cÖ‡Z¨KwU ÿz`ª dj Rvbvi †Póv Kiv evÂbxq bq|
8. me mgq wm×všÍ mwVK nB‡e Ggb wbðqZv

bvB|
9. wm×všÍ wedj nB‡e GBiƒc f‡q m¯¿¿¯Í nIqv

DwPZ bq| wedj nIqvi fq gvbwmK hš¿Yvi
cÖavb KviY|
10.wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi ÿgZv Mwoqv †Zvjv DwPZ|

wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y AÿgZv D‡Ø‡Mi KviY|
11.wm×všÍ mgqgZ MÖnY Kiv DwPZ| AvR †h

wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv DwPZ, Zvnv AvMvgx
w`‡bi Rb¨ †dwjqv ivLv fvj bq| AvRB wm×všÍ
MÖnY Kwiqv gb‡K D‡ËRbv I fvebvi hš¿Yvi
nB‡Z gy³ ivLv DwPZ|
12.weKí mgvavb cÖ¯ÍyZ ivwL‡Z nq| Ae¯’vi

cwieZ©b NwU‡j wKsev c_g mgvav‡b KvR bv
nB‡j welqwU eënvi Kiv DwPZ|
25
13.GKevi wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nB‡j Dnv jBqv Avi
gv_v Nvgv‡bv DwPZ bq| AZxZ wm×všÍ jBqv
gvbwmK D‡ØM I hš¿YvB Avj&mvi †iv‡Mi
KviY|
wm×v‡šÍi †kÖYxwefvM t wm×všÍ¸wj‡K

wm×v‡šÍ †cŠuQv‡bvi c×wZ Abymv‡i K‡qK
fv‡M fvM Kiv hvqt cÖvwZôvwbK Ges e¨w³MZ
wm×všÍ, †gŠwjK Ges iæwUb wm×všÍ,
cÖwµqvwm× (programmed) Ges A-cÖwµqvwm×
(non-programmed) wm×všÍ|
cÖvwZôvwbK Ges e¨w³MZ wm×všÍ t

†Kv¤úvbxi Awdmvi wnmv‡e GKwRwKDwUf †h
me wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡ib, ZvnvB cÖvwZôvwbK
wm×všÍ| GB mKj wm×v‡šÍi gva¨‡g `vwqZ¡ Aaxb
Awdmvi‡ì Dci Ac©Y Kiv nq| GB mKj wm×všÍ
†Kv¤úvbxi KvR m¤úKx©q Ges GB¸wj Ab¨vb¨
Awdmvi‡ì wm×všÍ mg_©b I e¨vL¨v Kivi Rb¨
we‡kl ìKvix| e¨w³MZ wm×všÍ Awdmvi MÖnY
K‡ib e¨w³ wnmv‡e, †Kv¤úvbx ev cÖwZôv‡bi
m`m¨ wnmv‡e bq| Kg©Rxe‡b Ggb A‡bK wb‡Ri
ev e¨w³MZ KvR m¤ú‡K© Awdmvi w`M‡K
wm×všÍ MÖnY Kwi‡Z nq| GB mKj wm×všÍ
MÖn‡Yi `vwqZ¡ Ab¨ †jv‡Ki Dci Ac©Y Kiv hvq
bv Ges GB¸wj Øviv cÖwZôv‡bi eënvi ev
Kvh©aviv †Zgb cÖfvweZ nq bv| KwZcq e¨w³MZ
wm×všÍ Aek¨ cÖwZôv‡bi Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i|
26
†Kv¤úvbxi †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui c`Z¨vM e¨w³MZ
wm×všÍ; wKšÍy Zuvnvi ¯’jvwfwl³ nIqvi Rb¨ Ab¨
KvD‡K wb‡qvM GKwU cÖvwZôvwbK mgm¨v|
e¨w³MZ wm×všÍ cÖwZôv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ Awdmvi‡ì
Rb¨ weiw³ wKsev Avb‡›ì welqI nB‡Z cv‡i|
mnKvix‡ì Dci Kv‡Ri Pvc e„w× cvq Ggb Ae¯’vq
Awdmvi QzwU wb‡j Dnviv wei³ nq| GKRb
Awdmvi c`Z¨vM Kwiqv Pvwjqv †M‡j bx‡Pi
†jvK‡ì cÖ‡gvk‡bi c_ wb®‹ÈK nB‡Z cv‡i|
†gŠwjK ev iæwUb wm×všÍ t †gŠwjK wm×všÍ

mvaviYZ t wbgœwjwLZ welqmg~‡ni mwnZ
m¤úK©hy³ nq t
1. Av‡cwÿK ¯’vqx `xN©‡gqv`x cÖwZkÖæwZ;
2. eo As‡Ki cyuwR wewb‡qvM ev LiP Ges;
3. ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ab¨vb¨ welqmg~n, hvnvi GKwU

fzj Øviv †MvUv cÖwZôv‡bi DbœwZ e¨vnZ
nB‡Z cv‡i|
†gŠwjK wm×v‡šÍi D`vniY wnmv‡e KviLvbvi Rb¨

¯’vb wbe©vP‡bi K_v D‡jøL Kiv hvq| GKwU
b~Zb KviLvbvi ¯’vb wbe©vP‡bi Rb¨ A‡bK¸wj
RwUj mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK welq⸺†hgb
evRvi, RbmsL¨v, cwien‡Yi eë¯’v, KuvPvgvj
mieivn, we`y¨rkw³ mieivn cÖf…wZ m¤ú‡K©
AbymÜvb I we‡kølY Avek¨K| KviLvbvi Rb¨
27
wewb‡qvwRZ cyuwRi cwigvY †ekx Ges Dnv
¯’vqx ai‡Yi wewb‡qvM| ZvB KviLvbvi ¯’vb
wbe©vP‡b fzj nB‡j ÿwZi cwigvY weivU nB‡e|
Avi GKwU †gŠwjK wm×všÍ nBj, wK cY¨ Drcbœ

Kiv nB‡e, Zvnv wba©viY| GB wm×všÍ
`xN©‡gqv`x; KviY wbe©vwPZ cY¨wU evRviRvZ
Kiv hvB‡e wKbv Ges gybvdvRbKfv‡e Drcbœ Kiv
hvB‡e wKbv; Zvnv Rvbv mgqmv‡cÿ| †Rbv‡ij
†gvUim †Kv¤úvbx gUiMvox Drcv`‡bi m‡½
wd«wRwWqvi cÖ¯Íy‡Zi KvR †hvM Kwiqv Ggb
GKwU wk‡í cÖ‡ek K‡i hvnvi Rb¨ c„_K ai‡bi
gv‡K©wUs Ges g¨vbyd¨vKPvwis- `ÿZvi
cÖ‡qvRb wQj Lye †ekx| Kv‡RB Bnv wQj GKwU
†gŠwjK wm×všÍ|
Drcv`b-cÖwµqvi eëüZ cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨mvgMÖx

evRvi nB‡Z µq Kiv nB‡e, bv wb‡Ri KviLvbvq
cÖ¯ÍyZ Kiv nB‡e, ZvnvI GKwU †gŠwjK wm×všÍ|
Abyiƒcfv‡e †mev wefvM ivLv DwPZ, bv †mev
µq Kiv DwPZ, Zvnv wbiƒcY KivI GKwU †gŠwjK
wm×všÍ| bxwZ m¤úKx©Z wm×všÍI †gŠwjK|
wewk^we`¨vj‡qi wkÿKZvi Rb¨ cÖ_g †kÖYxi
AwaKvix (First Class) Qvov Kvnv‡KI wb‡qvM
Kiv nB‡e wKbv Ges ¯^xK…Z M‡elYvjä
AwfÁZv Qvov Kvnv‡KI ÔixWviÕ Kiv nB‡e
wKbv, GBiƒc wm×všÍ¸wj †gŠwjK ai‡bi|
28
iæwUb-wm×všÍ H¸wj, †h¸wji Rb¨ †ekx fvebv-
wPšÍvi cÖ‡qvRb bvB Ges †h¸wj cybtcyb NwUqv
_v‡K Ges Kviev‡ii DbœwZi Dci †h¸wji cÖfve
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ bq| GB RvZxq wm×v‡šÍi msL¨v
A‡bK Ges GB¸wji Rb¨ wbqg procedure) cÖwZôv
Kiv hvq| Kviev‡ii AwaKvsk A_©vr kZKiv 90
fv‡Mi AwaK wm×všÍ iæwUb ai‡bi| GKRb weµq-
Kg©Pvixi we‡kl w`‡bi †Kvb mgq †Kvb
MÖvn‡Ki mwnZ mvÿvr Kwi‡e, Zvnv iæwUb
wm×všÍ ; ågY-ZvwjKv wKsev MÖvnK‡ì
Aby‡iva Abyhvqx Ges wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nq|
Awdmvi KZ…©K mnKvix‡ì wbKU wi‡cvU©
Zje KivI GKwU iæwUb-wm×všÍ| GB mKj
wm×v‡šÍi Rb¨ AwZ mvgvb¨ AbymÜvb I
we‡køl‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o Ges GB mKj wm×všÍ
mn‡R cwieZ©b Kiv hvq|
†cÖvMÖvgW& ev cÖwµqvwm× Ges bb-

†cÖvMÖvgW& ev A-cÖwµqvwm× wm×všÍ t
wm×v‡šÍi GB †kÖYxwefvM cÖeZ©b K‡ib
cÖL¨vZ †jLK mvBgb mv‡ne| iæwUb
wm×všÍ¸wj‡K †cÖvMÖvgW& †kÖYx‡Z †djv
nBqv‡Q Ges †gŠwjK wm×všÍmg~n‡K bb&-
†cÖvMÖvgW& †kÖYxf‚³ Kiv nBqv‡Q|
wm×v‡šÍi cvwicvwk^©KZv t wm×všÍ wKfv‡e

†bIqv nB‡e Ges wm×v‡šÍi cÖK…wZ wKiƒc
nB‡e, Zvnv cÖvwZôvwbK Ges cvwicvwk^©K
29
Ae¯’vi Øviv we‡klfv‡e cÖfvweZ nq|
GKwRwKDwUf †bZ…‡Z¡i GKwU gnvb
`vwqZ¡ nBj ewjô wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi c‡ÿ AbyK‚j
cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i| GKwRwKDwUf wm×všÍ
MÖn‡Yi KvR GKwU e¨vcK Kg©| ci¯úi wm×všÍ
GKwU AciwUi Dci wbf©ikxj nIqvi ìæb Ges
GKwRwKDwUfMY ci¯úi‡K Ges DciIqvjv‡K
AbyKi‡Yi d‡j GB e¨vcK Ae¯’vi m„wó nq|
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y ZrciZvi Rb¨ ìKvi ÔemÕ KZ…

©K wm×všÍ MÖnY Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxq ÿgZv cÖ`vb
Ges Aaxb †jvK KZ…©K wm×všÍ MÖnY Kivi
`vwqZ¡ ¯^xKvi K‡i ÒAZwiwUÓ ev KZ…©K
GKwRwKDwUf‡ì wm×všÍ MÖnY ÿgZvi Dci
GKwU euvav| Zvnv Qvov GKwRwKDwUf‡ì
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi ÿgZvi cÖK…wZ I cwigvY
cwi®‹vifv‡e ejv bv _vwK‡j wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi
KvR AwbwðZ nq| GB Ae¯’vi mgv‡jvPbv Ges
P¨v‡j‡Äi †gvKvwejv bv Kwiqv GKwRwKDwUf
AwZ mveav‡b AMÖmi nq Ges wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi
wej¤^ NUvq| DciIqvjvi mwnZ Avjvc bv Kiv
wKsev mswkøó e¨w³‡ì cÖwZwµqv bv Rvbv
ch©šÍ A‡cÿv Kivi bxwZ GKwRwKDwUf MÖnY
K‡ib|
ewjô wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi c‡ÿ AbyK‚j cwi‡ek mKj

cÖwZôv‡b GKiKg bq| †Kvb †Kvb †Kv¤úvbx‡Z
GKwRwKDwUf‡ì g‡a¨ †mŠnv`©¨ I cvi¯úwiK
30
Av¯’vkxjZv Ges hvnviv wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨
`vqx, Zvnv‡ì wbR ÿgZvi Dci wek^vm wm×všÍ
MÖn‡bi KvR Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i| A‡bK †Kv¤úvbx‡Z
Avevi GKwRwKDwUf‡ì KZ…©Z¡ ev A_wiwU
cwi®‹vifv‡e ejv bv _vKvq Ges eë¯’vcbvi D”P¯Íi
nB‡Z Av‡ivwcZ K‡Vvi wbqš¿Y-eë¯’vi d‡j
wm×všÍ MÖn‡bi KvR we‡klfv‡e e¨vnZ nq| GB
mKj cÖwZôv‡b fxwZ, Awek^vm I m‡›`‡ni ga¨
w`qv wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nq|
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi cvwicvwk^©KZvi `yBwU Ask|

wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ Ges Ae¯’v I NUbvi
cÖvK…wZK (physical) I mvgvwRK cwi‡ek|
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi KvR nBj GB `yBwU As‡ki g‡a¨
weivRgvb m¤úK© wbqwš¿Z Kiv| K v‡RB
wm×všÍ MÖnYKvix‡K cwi‡e‡ki cwieZ©bkxj
welq¸wji mwnZ cÖwZôv‡bi D‡Ï‡kï mgš^q mvab
Kivi Dci †Rvi w`‡Z nq| cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸wj Aek¨
mn‡R eySv `y®‹i| Kv‡RB wm×všÍ MÖnYKvix
GKwRwKDwUf‡K cwi‡e‡ki Avf¨šÍixY I evwn¨K
NUbv I kw³mg~n‡K mveav‡b we‡kølY Kwi‡Z
nq| evwn¨K cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ iwnqv‡Q ¯’vbxq
mgvR, †`k, RvwZ I ewnwe‡kî mvgvwRK, ivR
‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK NUbvcÖevn; A_©vr
cÖwZ‡hvMx †Kv¤úvbx Ges wk‡íi Kvh©µg I
wm×všÍ, weÁvb I †UK‡bvjwRi D™¢e, e¨vw¼s
31
Ges Avw_©K †jb‡`‡bi eë¯’v miKvix wewa
wb‡la I wbqš¿Y|
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Kv‡R g‡bvweÁv‡bi cÖfve t

wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi cÖwµqv gvby‡li gb¯ÍvwË¡K
êwk‡óï mwnZ Mfxifv‡e m¤úK©hy³| BwZc~‡e©
Avgiv ewjqvwQ †h, wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Kv‡R
e¨w³MZ Ges cÖwZôvbMZ NUbvejx cÖfve we¯Ívi
K‡i| e¨w³MZ NUbvi g‡a¨ iwnqv‡Q
GKwRwKDwU‡fi c`, gh©v`v, A_©‰bwZK
wbivcËv Ges e¨w³‡Z¡i Dcv`vb; †hgb- †gRvR,
eyw×, Drmvn, `„wófw½ Ges fvev‡eM| e¨w³‡Z¡i
wfwË‡Z gb¯ÍvwË¡K we‡kølY Kwiqv Avi‡b÷‡fj
mv‡ne GKwRwKDwUf‡KB we‡kl †kÖYxfz³ Kiv
hvq bv; KviY cÖvq GKwRwKDwUfB wgkÖ
†kÖYxi|
1. cÖwZiÿY †kÖYx (defensive type) GB

†kÖYxi AwdmviMY cÖvwZôvwbK wel‡q
Dc‡`óv‡ì Dci AwZgvÎvq wbf©ikxj| Zuvnviv
A‡bï Kuv‡a `vwqZ¡ PvcvB‡Z cQ›` K‡ib Ges
D`vifv‡e ÿgZv Ac©Y Kwiqv _v‡Kb|
2. †kvlY ev AvMÖvmbg~jK †kÖYx

(exploitative or aggressive type) t GB †kÖYxi
AwdmviMYI evwn‡ii mvnv‡hï Dci wbf©i
K‡ib Ges GB mvnvh¨ jv‡fi Rb¨ ej cÖ‡qvM
K‡ib wKsev a~Z©Zvi AvkÖq †bb| Zuvnviv
32
cÖwZôv‡bi KvVv‡gv iPbv K‡ib wb‡R‡ì
¯^v_© PwiZv_© Kivi Rb¨ Ges GB D‡Ï‡k¨
K‡Vvi wbqš¿Y-eë¯’v I Abgbxq
cÖvwZôvwbK KvVv‡gv Mwoqv †Zv‡jb|
Zvnv‡ì êwkó¨ nBj, Zuvnviv †f‡Uv (veto)
Øviv kvmb Kivi cÿcvZx|
3. iÿYkxj †kÖYx (hoarding) t GB †kÖYxi

AwdmviMY evwn‡ii Kvnv‡KI wek^vm K‡ib
bv; Ac‡ii mvnvh¨ †bb bv Ges Aci‡K mvnvhÏ
K‡ib bv| Zuvnviv cÖvwZôvwbK KvVv‡gv
iPbv K‡ib wb‡R‡ì Ae¯’v ev cwRkb‡K
kw³kvjx Kivi Rb¨| GB †kÖYxi AwdmviM‡Yi
wm×v‡šÍi wfwË nBj Ac‡ii mwnZ Zuvnv‡ì
m¤ú‡K©i Ae¯’v| AvZ¥wbf©ikxj eënvi I
Kvh©-cÖK…wZ Zuvnv‡ì êwkó¨|
4. weµq-gbbkxj ev gv‡K©wUs †kÖYx

(marketing type) t GB †kÖYxi AwdmviMY
wb‡R‡ì‡K weµq‡hvM¨ c‡Yï mwnZ Zzjbv
Kwi‡Z Af¨¯Í| cÖwZôv‡b wKfv‡e wb‡R‡ì
`vg evov‡bv hvq, †m e¨vcv‡i Zuvnviv AZ¨šÍ
m‡PZb| Zuvnviv c‡`vbœwZi Rb¨ wb‡R‡ì‡K
cÖwZôv‡bi Dchy³ Kwiqv (fit) Mwoqv †Zv‡jb
Ges cÖwZôv‡b †h f‚wgKv Zvnv‡ì wbKU
Avkv K‡i; †mB f‚wgKvB Zuvnviv cvjb K‡ib|
Zuvnv‡ì êwkó¨ nBj, Zuvnviv KZ©vi B”Qv
Abyhvqx Kg© Kwiqv _v‡Kb|
33
5. dj`vqK †kÖYx (productive type) t GB
†kÖYxi AwdmviMY Zuvnv‡ì ÿgZv cwiwa
m¤ú‡K© m¤ú~Y© mRvM Ges wb‡R‡ì Dci
Awc©Z ÿgZv eënvi Kivi †hvM¨Zv Zuvnv‡ì
Av‡Q| Zuvnv‡ì êwkó¨ nBj, Zuvnviv wm×všÍ
Ggbfv‡e MÖnY K‡ib, hvnv‡Z †Kv¤úvbxi
D‡Ïk¨ mvdj¨RbKfv‡e m¤úv`‡bi m‡½ m‡½
Kg©Pvixiv Zvnv‡ì †hvM¨Zv ¯^ ¯^ mvg_©¨
Abyhvqx evovBevi my‡hvM cvq|
†gRvR t †gRv‡Ri w`K nB‡Z

GKwRwKDwUf‡ì g‡a¨ †ek cv_©K¨ cwijwÿZ
nq| †Kn †Kn mZ¡i wm×všÍ MÖnY Kwi‡Z bv
cvwi‡j DrcxwoZ Abyfe K‡ib; A‡bïv m¤¢ve¨
Kvh©µg m¤ú‡K© mxgvnxb Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv
Pvjvb| †Kn †Kn iÿYkxj, axi w¯’i Ges
gš’iMwZ‡Z wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y Af¨¯Í| Avevi
†Kn †Kn wÿcÖMwZ, Kg©PÂj Ges mn‡R
gbw¯’i Kwi‡Z cUz| ewjô wm×v‡šÍi c‡ÿ AZ¨šÍ
Kov wKsev AZ¨šÍ VvÐv †gRvR †KvbUvB fvj
bq|
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi cÖwµqvi mnKvix‡ì Ask

MÖnY t wm×všÍ MÖnY cÖwµqvq Ask
MÖn‡Yi †gŠwjK Av`k© nB‡j cÖwZôv‡bi
mKj Kg©Pvix‡K wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Kv‡R
mwµq Ask MÖn‡Yi AeKvk wbgœZg,
H¸wj‡K cÖfzZ¡e¨ÄK cÖK…wZi ejv hvq Ges
34
†h mKj cÖwZôv‡b Ask MÖn‡Yi cwigvY
†ekx, H¸wj‡K MYZvwš¿K cÖK…wZi ejv nq|
cÖfyZ¡e¨ÄK cÖwZôv‡bi wb‡`©k I wbqš¿Y
ÿgZv eë¯’vcbvi D”P¯Í‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i| GB ¯Í‡i
GKRb ev mvgvb¨ msL¨K GKwRwKDwUf
wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡ib| GB wm×všÍ wbgœ¯Í‡ii
GKwRwKDwUf‡ì wbKU cvVv‡bv nq Ges
webv evKë¨‡q AvbyMZ¨ mnKv‡i Kvh©Kix
Kwi‡Z ejv nq| MYZvwš¿K Dcv‡q cwiPvwjZ
cÖwZôv‡b wbgœc`¯’ Kg©Pvix‡ì wm×všÍ
MÖn‡Yi Kv‡R †ek wKQz cÖfve _v‡K|
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Kv‡R Kg©Pvix‡ì Ask

MÖn‡Yi cÖwµqv nB‡Z MÖæc wm×v‡šÍi
D™¢e nq| MÖæc-wm×všÍ ewj‡Z Avgiv H
cÖwµqv‡K eywS, hvnv‡Z MÖæc wnmv‡e
¯^xK…Z e¨w³mgwó wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Kv‡R
Ask †bq| M‡elYv Øviv †`Lv wMqv‡Q †h,
†bZv KZ…©K MÖæ‡ci Dci PvcvBqv †Ìqv
wm×všÍ A‡cÿv MÖæc KZ…©K wba©vwiZ
wm×všÍ A‡bK †ekx djcÖm~ nq|
MÖæc-m`m¨MY wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi my‡hvM

cvB‡j wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ AvµgYvZ¥K eënvi
Z¨vM Kivi †Póv K‡i, †bZvi Dci m`m¨‡ì
wbf©ikxjZv n«vm cvq, b~Zb KvR Avi¤¢ Kivi
Rb¨ MÖæc-m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ AwaK D‡`¨vM †`Lv
hvq Ges dj`vqK Kv‡R †ekx e¨q Kiv nq| Zvnv
35
Qvov, MÖæ‡ci m`m¨MY wb‡R‡ì g‡bi fve
cÖKvk Kivi AbyK‚j cwi‡e‡k mgm¨vi mgvavb
evwni Kivi †Póv Kwi‡Z cvwi‡j mgvavb
DbœZ ai‡bi nq|1
Kvievix RM‡Z MÖæc-wm×v‡šÍi cÖ‡qvM

e¨vcK nIqvi c‡ÿ AšÍivq A‡bK| †Kvb MÖæcB
mgMÖ cÖwZôv‡bi Kv‡Ri wel‡q wm×všÍ
MÖn‡Yi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY Kwi‡Z cv‡i bv|
MÖæ‡ci cÖfve, MÖæc‡K mivmwi cÖfvweZ
K‡i K‡i bv, Ggb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq
bv| wm×všÍ MÖnY cÖwµqv‡K wZb fv‡M
fvM Kiv hvq t
1. weKí Kvh©µg Avwe®‹vi Kiv, hvnvi ga¨
nB‡Z GKwU weKí evQvB Kiv hvq;
2. cÖ‡Z¨K weK‡íi msÁv wba©viY Kiv Ges
Dnv‡ì djvdj wbiƒcY Kiv; Ges
3. weKí¸wj nB‡Z GKwU weKí evQvB Kiv|
A‡bK †jLK I M‡el‡Ki g‡Z, Kg©Pvixiv cÖ_g

`yBwU‡Z Ask MÖnY Kwi‡Z cv‡i; wKšÍy Z…
ZxqwU‡Z Zvnvw`M‡K Ask MÖnY Kwi‡Z †Ìqv
hvq bv| Bnvi KviY, `vwqZ¡ GKwRwKDwUf‡ì
Dci Awc©Z Ges wZwb wb‡Ri wm×v‡šÍi Rb¨
DciIqvjvi wbKU `vqx| Kv‡RB Kvievix cÖwZôv‡b
eë¯’vcbvq Ask MÖnY ewj‡Z GKwRwKDwU‡fi
Aaxb-‡jvK‡ì wm×v‡šÍi Rb¨ `vwqZ¡ MÖnY
36
eySvq bv| Ask MÖnYKvix eë¯’vcbvi
(participative management) cÖe³vMYI jvBb-
Awdmvi‡ì KZ…©Z¡ I `vwqZ¡ nvjKv Kwi‡Z Pvb
bv, wKsev mKj wm×všÍ‡K †fv‡U w`‡Z Pvb bv|
cÖ_g `yB ch©v‡q Ask MÖn‡Yi my‡hvM †Ìqvi
cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ nBj Zvnv‡ì ¯^v_© Ges Kvh©ve¯’v
cÖfvweZ K‡i Ggb wel‡q wb‡R‡ì gZvgZ cÖKvk
Kwiqv Avb›` jvf Kiv Ges wb‡R‡ì †hvM¨Zv Ges
`ÿZvi DrKl© mva‡bi c_ mnR Kiv|
Ask MÖn‡Yi myweavejx t mnKgx©w`M‡K

wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Kv‡R Ask MÖn‡Yi my‡hvM
cÖ`v‡bi myweav A‡bK| AskMÖnY cÖwZôv‡bi
m`m¨‡ì c‡ÿ †Kej GKwU Avb›``vqK mvgvwRK
AwfÁZvB bq ; Bnvi gva¨‡g Zvnv‡ì g‡b Ggb
GKwU eve Rv‡M †h, Zvnviv cÖwZôv‡biB
wbR¯^ †jvK Ges cÖwZôv‡b Zvnv‡ì cÖ‡qvRb
AZ¨vwaK| GB Ae¯’vq cÖwZôv‡bi we‡kl Ask
wnmv‡e cÖwZôv‡bi mwnZ Zvnv‡ì
GKvZ¥Zv‡eva R‡b¥|
Ask MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©c×wZ‡Z

cwieZ©b mvab mnR nq| cwieZ©‡bi cÖwZ
gvby‡li GKwU ¯^fveRvZ weZ…òv _v‡K|
cÖwZôv‡b AwdmviMY cwieZ©‡bi wm×všÍ
MÖnY Kwi‡j Kg©Pvixiv †ÿwcqv D‡V ; wKšÍy
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi cÖwµqvq Zvnvw`M‡K Ask
MÖn‡Yi my‡hvM w`‡j GB we‡Ølfve jvNe nq|
37
weL¨vZ Ònv‡_vibÓ (Hawthorne) M‡elYvKv‡j
Bnvi cÖgvY cvIqv wMqvwQj| Ask MÖn‡Y
my‡hvM †Ìqvi ìæb Kg©Pvixiv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
cwieZ©bI mvb‡›` gvwbqv jBqvwQj|
Ask MÖn‡Y my‡hvM`v‡bi gva¨‡g Aaxb

†jvKw`M‡K wb‡`©k cÖ`v‡bi KvR mnR nq|
Bnv‡Z K‡Vvi ch©‡eÿY, wbqš¿Y Ges kvw¯Íg~jK
eë¯’vi cÖ‡qvRb n«vm cvq| Bnv‡Z Kg©Pvixiv
`vwqZ¡Ávbm¤úbœ nq; KviY Zvnv‡ì KvR
cÖfvweZ K‡i Ggb NUbvejx m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbvq
Ges wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y Zvnv‡ì f‚wgKv _v‡K|
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Kv‡R Ask MÖn‡Yi ìæb Kv‡Ri

ewjôZvI `ÿZv ewa©Z nq ; cY¨ Drcv`‡bi nvi ev‡o
Ges c‡Yï ¸YI DbœZgv‡bi nq| Kg©Pvix‡ì
wbhyw³, eiLv¯Í I c`Z¨v‡Mi nvi n«vm cvq ; Kv‡R
Abycw¯’wZ Ges Kv‡Ri mgq NyivNywi ev AvÇv
†ÌqvI Kwgqv hvq| Bnv‡Z BDwbqb g¨v‡bR‡g›U
m¤ú‡K©i DbœwZ mvwaZ nq ; kÖwgK‡ì
eë¯’vcbvi weiæ‡× hy×‡`nx g‡bvfveI cÖkwgZ nq|
Ask MÖnY cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g g¨v‡bR‡g‡›Ui

wm×všÍI DËg nq ; †Kbbv GKwRwKDwUf‡ì
bR‡i c‡o bv, Ggb me welq Kg©Pvix‡ì `„wó
AvKl©Y Ki‡Z cv‡i| Kg©Pvix‡ì AwfÁZvjä Ávb
wm×v‡šÍi gvb evovq| Ask MÖnY cÖwµqv
38
cÖwZôv‡bi EaŸ©gyLx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi c_ myMg
K‡i|
Ask MÖn‡Yi Amyweavejx t MÖæc-wm×všÍ

mn‡R M„nxZ nB‡jI A‡b‡Ki g‡Z Bnv GKRb
KZ…©K M„nxZ wm×všÍ nB‡Z Kg ewjô| Bnv‡ì
g‡Z Ask MÖn‡Yi Øviv wm×v‡šÍi ¸Y DbœZ nq bv
; eis Lvivc nq| gyi mv‡ne MÖæc-wm×všÍ‡K
†Uª‡bi mwnZ Zzjbv Kwiqv‡Qb ; cÖ‡Z¨K hvÎx
hvnvi wkKj Uvwb‡Z cv‡i| gyi mv‡ne e‡jb,
msev`c‡Îi g~j¨ e„w×i wm×všÍ MÖnY Kivi mgq
†Kn msev`cÎ weµqKvix mwnZ Avjvc K‡i bv|
†Rbv‡ij B‡jKwUªK †Kv¤úvbxi R‰bK fvBm-

†cÖwm‡W‡›Ui g‡Z, MÖæc-wm×všÍ Ges MÖæc-
`vwqZ¡ g¨v‡bRvi‡ì `vwqZ¡‡K `ye©j K‡i Ges
Zuvnv‡ì KvR‡K nvjKv K‡i| Ask MÖn‡Yi Øviv
mgq bó nq, g¨v‡bRviMY `vwqZ¡ GovBevi Rb¨
Drmvn cvb Ges wm×všÍnxbZv (indecision)-
RwbZ †iv‡M †fv‡Mb|
Zvnv Qvov, A‡b‡K Ask MÖnY Kwi‡Z Pvb bv|

A‡b‡K KwgwUi m`m¨c‡ì cwZ wegyL g‡bvfve
†cvlY K‡ib| AwaKšÍy evi evi Av‡jvPbvq Ask
†bIqv, evievi mycvwik cÖ`vb Kiv Ges Dnv
mnKgx© ev DciIqvjv KZ…©K cwiZ¨³ nIqv
wbiærmvnRbK KvR| cÖL¨vZ g‡bvweÁvbx
g¨vKgvix mv‡n‡ei g‡Z, Kg©Pvixiv Af¨¯Í nB‡j
39
w¯’i, `vqx Ges cÖfzZ¡m~PK †bZ…Z¡ Øviv
AmyLx nq bv| Zuvnvi g‡Z, cÖvq Kg©Pvix Ask
MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Drmvnx bv nB‡j, `vwqZ¡ MÖnY
Kivi Rb¨ cÖ¯ÍyZ bv _vwK‡j Ges D™¢~Z mgm¨vi
†gvKvwejv Kivi gZ AwfÁZv I Ávb Zvnv‡ì bv
_vwK‡j Ask MÖn‡Yi cÖ‡Póv bv KivB Zvnv‡ì
c‡ÿ fvj|
we‡klÁ‡ì Dci wbf©ikxjZv t A‡bK¸wj wm×všÍ

êÁvwbK, BwÄwbqvi, A_©bxwZwe`, AvBbÁ I
Ab¨vb¨ we‡klÁ‡ì Áv‡bi Dci wfwË Kwiqv MÖnY
Kwi‡Z nq| GB¸wj †UKwbK¨vj wm×všÍ| GB¸wji
`vwqZ¡ we‡klÁ‡ì Kuv‡a PvcvBevi cÖeYZv
mvaviYZt cÖkvmK‡ì g‡a¨ †`Lv hvq| D”P¯Í‡ii
g¨v‡bRviMY A‡bK wm×všÍ Aby‡gv`b K‡ib,
†h¸wj Zuvnv‡ì Aaxb we‡klÁMY AbymÜvb I
we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g M„nxZ Z_¨ Øviv mg_©b
Kwiqv mycvwikmn g¨v‡bRv‡ii wbKU †ck K‡ib|
g¨v‡bRviMY‡K we‡klÁ‡ì Dc‡`‡ki Dci
we‡klfv‡e wbf©i Kwi‡Z nq| Bnvi ìæb
g¨v‡bRviMY we‡klÁ‡ì mycvwik fv‡jvfv‡e
ch©v‡jvPbv Kwiqv H¸wj Af¨v‡mi e‡m MÖnY
Kivi Là‡i cwo‡Z cv‡ib| Bnvi d‡j †UKwbK¨vj
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi KvR g¨v‡bRv‡ii KvR nB‡Z
c„_K nBqv c‡o| Bnvi dj gvivZ¥K nIqv ¯^vfvweK|
KviY †UKwbK¨vj we‡klÁ‡ì m¤§y‡L †h‡nZz
†Kv¤úvbxi mvwe©K cÖwZ”Qwe _v‡K bv|
40
Zuvnv‡ì wm×všÍ †Kv¤úvbxi mvwe©K DbœwZi
AbyK‚j bv I nB‡Z cv‡i| AZGe g¨v‡bRvi‡K
we‡klÁ‡ì mycvwik ZjvBqv †`wL‡Z nq Ges
AcÖZ¨vwkZ cwiw¯’wZ m¤ú‡K© mRvM
_vwK‡Z nq| GBiƒc Kwi‡j we‡klÁMY mveavb
nB‡e Ges mycvwikgvjv cÖ`vb Kivi c~‡e© Dnv‡ì
Kvh©KvwiZv mKj w`K nB‡Z cixÿv Kwiqv
†`wL‡e|
m¼Uc~Y© c_ we‡kølY (Critical path analysis) t

wbg©vYKvR nDK Avi RwUj cY¨ Drcv`b KvR
nDK, Dnvi m¤úv`bKg© Ggb RwUj Dcvsk ev
Dcv`vb Øviv MwVZ, hvnvi KwZcq A_ev me
KqwUi AMÖMwZ GKB mgq NwU‡Z cv‡i| GB
mKj Dcvs‡ki GKwU wK `yBwU m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq mgq mgMÖ cÖ‡R± ev cÖK‡íi
mgvwßi mgq wba©viY K‡i| GB mKj Dcvsk nBj
m¼Uc~Y© Dcvsk| GB¸wj m¤úv`‡bi Kv‡R wej¤^
NwU‡j, mgMÖ cÖ‡R‡±i m¤úv`‡bi KvR
wejwe¤^Z nq| Kv‡RB GB mKj m¼Uc~Y©
Dcvs‡ki Dci g‡bv‡hvM w`qv mg¯Í cÖ‡R‡±i
mgvwßKvj Z¡ivwš^Z Kiv hvq| Bnv‡ì mvnv‡h¨
mgq euvPvBevi Rb¨ wK cwigvY e¨q nq, ZvnvI
Rvbv hvq| Wz-cÈ †Kv¤úvbxi GK wbg©vY
cÖ‡R‡±i BwÄwbqviMY g‡b Kwi‡jb, Rb-kw³ Ges
ÒIfvi UvBgÓ Dnvi mgvwßi ZvwiL wba©viY
Kwi‡e| m¼Uc~Y© c_ we‡køl‡Yi Øviv †`Lv †Mj,
41
Bnv wVK bq ; ê`y¨wZK wWRvB‡bi mgq Ges
KwZcq BKzBc‡g‡›Ui †Wwjfvix wQj Avmj
m¼Uc~Y© NUbv| GB¸wji cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvM
†Ìqvq wZb mßvn mgq euvwPqv hvq Ges wZb
mßvn Av‡MB Dnv‡Z Drcv`b ïiæ Kiv m¤¢e nq|
m¼Uc~Y© c_ †UKwbK ev †KŠk‡ji Øviv

cwiKíbv‡K Kv‡Ri mgq ZvwjKv nB‡Z c„_K Kiv
nq| cÖ_gZt cÖ‡R‡±i µwgK c`‡ÿçwji cwiKíbv
Kiv nq, Zvnvi ci KvR¸wj wKfv‡e m¤úv`b Kiv
nB‡e, Zvnvi cwiKíbv iPbv Kiv nq Ges Kv‡Ri
Abyµg (sequence) wVK Kiv nq| cwiKíbvi Ask
wnmv‡e Zx‡ii mvnv‡h¨ wPÎ (arrow diagram)
AvuKv nq| cwiKíbv Kivi mgq cÖkœ nj ; wVK
Av‡M †Kvb KvR Kwi‡Z nB‡e Ges wVK c‡i
†Kvb KvR Kwi‡Z nB‡e? †Kvb †Kvb KvR GKB
mg‡q Kiv hvB‡Z cv‡i ? wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ eySv hvq,
†Kvb KvR cÖ_‡g ïiæ Kwi‡Z nB‡e Ges †Kvb
†Kvb KvR hyMcr Kiv hvq Ges †Kvb Kv‡Ri ci
†Kvb KvR Kiv DwPZ| Bnvi ìæb †Kvb KvR
fzwjqv hvIqvi m¤¢vebvI wZ‡ivwnZ nq|
cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi ci †Kvb KvR m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ wK

cwigvY mgq jvwM‡e, Zvnv wnmve Kiv nq| Bnvi
ci cÖ‡Z¨K c_ AbymiY Kwiqv mgMÖ mgq
wbY©q Kiv nq| `xN©Zg mgqwewkó c_ nBj
m¼Uc~Y© c_| Bnvi Øviv cÖ‡R‡±i mgvwßi
ZvwiL wba©vwiZ nq| mgvwßi ZvwiL cQ›`gZ bv
42
nB‡j m¼Uc~Y© c‡_i mgq n«vm Kwi‡Z nB‡e;
cÖ‡qvRbgZ ÒIfvi UvB‡giÓ eë¯’v Kwi‡Z nB‡e,
hwÌ Bnvi Øviv LiP evwo‡Z cv‡i A_ev AwZwi³
†jvK jvMvBqv Kv‡Ri MwZ Z¡ivwš^Z Kiv hvB‡Z
cv‡i|
m¼Uc~Y© Z‡_ï mgq-ZvwjKv wP‡Î †`Lv‡bv

nBj| cÖ‡Z¨KwU KvR GKwU Zxi Øviv †`Lvb
nBqv‡Q ; Zx‡ii ˆ`N©¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bq ; wKšÍy
Bnv‡ì MwZi w`K Øviv Kv‡Ri Abyµg eySvb
nBqv‡Q| eÜbxi wfZ‡ii AsK¸wj KvR m¤úv`‡bi
Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq w`‡bi msL¨vÁvcK| K, L, Q c_wU
m¼Uc~Y© c_| Bnvi Rb¨ 3+5+4 ev 12 w`b jv‡M|
GLb †`wL‡Z nq 12 w`b‡K KgvBqv 11 wKsev 10
w`‡b Avbv hvq wKbv Ges Dnvi d‡j wK cwigvY
AwZwi³ LiP enb Kwi‡Z nB‡e| K, L, Q c_ 10 w`‡b
Avwb‡j Dnv L, Q Ges K, P c‡_i mg‡qi mgvb
nB‡e| GB Ae¯’vq L, O Ges K, P n«vm Kiv hvq
wKbv, †LuvR Kwi‡Z nB‡e|
cvU© (PERT) t cvU© K_vwUi A_© nB‡j

Kvh©µg g~j¨vqb ch©v‡jvPbv †KŠkj (Programme
Evaluation Review Technique)| Bnv Av‡M
mvgwiK wefv‡M eëüZ nBZ| eZ©gv‡b Kvievix
RM‡ZI Bnvi eënvi `„ó nB‡Z‡Q| Bnv GK cÖKvi
c×wZ we‡kølY (system analysis) hvnv RwUj
cÖK‡íi cÖavb cÖavb KvR¸wj m¤úv`‡bi mgq
ZvwjKv cÖwZôv K‡i| cÖ‡Z¨KwU KvR hLb ïiæ
43
Kiv nB‡e Ges KLb mgvß Kiv nB‡e, D³ ZvwjKvq
Bnvi D‡jøL¨ _v‡K| ÔcvU©-Gi wZbwU Ae`vb
we‡kl D‡jøL‡hvM¨ t-
1. Bnv cÖ‡Z¨K Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ eivÏ„Z mgq

wb‡`©k K‡i| Bnvi Øviv cwiKíbvi Kv‡R
wbðqZv weav‡bi †Póv Kiv nq| cÖ‡Z¨K
Kv‡Ri Rb¨ mg‡qi wZbwU wnmve cÖ¯ÍyZ
Kiv nq t (K) m¤¢ve¨ mgq, (L) Avkvev`x mgq
Ges (M) wbivkvev`x mgq| GB wZbwU
mgq‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i †dwjqv me©v‡cÿv m¤
¢ve¨ mvwe©K mgq wVK Kiv nq|
2. Bnvi mvnv‡h¨ m¼Uc~Y© (critical) welq¸wj

aiv c‡o| ÔcvU©Õ Kv‡Ri AMÖMwZi cixÿv-
we›`y (check point) cÖwZôv K‡i Ges †Kvb
mg‡q cÖ‡Z¨K cixÿv-we›`y‡Z KvR
†cŠuQv‡bv DwPZ, Zvnvi wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡i|
Kv‡Ri ch©vqµ‡g we‡køl‡Yi Øviv †Kvb
†Kvb KvR m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ AwaK mgq jvwM‡e
ÔcvU©Õ Zvnv wb‡`©k K‡i Ges Hm‡ei Dci
A‡cÿvK…Z †ekx bRi wèvi my‡hvM cÖ`vb
K‡i| cÖKí hvnv‡Z `ªæZ m¤úv`‡bi c‡_
AMÖmi nB‡Z cv‡i, †mB D‡Ï‡k¨ mgqmv‡cÿ
KvR¸wj µ¨vm †cÖvMÖv‡gi (rash programme)
wfwË‡Z Z¡ivwš^Z Kiv hvq|
44
3. KvR mgvwßi wi‡cvU© cvIqvi m‡½ m‡½
Dnv‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i †dwjqv Dnvi
AMÖMwZ‡K cwiKwíZ AMÖMwZi mwnZ
Zzjbv Kiv hvq| Bnv‡Z wcQvBqv cov KvR¸wj
mn‡R aiv c‡o Ges mvwe©K Kvh©µ‡gi ÿwZ
nIqvi c~‡e©B GB¸wj‡K `ªæZZvi mwnZ
m¤úbœ Kivi eë¯’v Aej¤^b Kiv hvq|
Acv‡ikb wimvP© ev M‡elYv

(Operation Research)
eZ©gvb we‡k^ Kvievix cÖwZôv‡bi AvqZb I

RwUjZv wecyj cwigv‡Y e„w× cvBqv‡Q| wkí-
KviLvbvi m¤úªvmvi‡Yi m‡½ m‡½ eë¯’vcbvi
KvR‡K Drcv`b, evRviRvZKiY, cyuwRms¯’vb,
Kg©Pvix-eë¯’vcbv, cÖ‡KŠkj, M‡elYv, Dbœqb
cÖf…wZ fv‡M wef³ Kiv nBqv‡Q| GB mKj Kv‡Ri
fvicÖvß g¨v‡bRviMY wb‡R‡ì jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨
Abyhvqx eë¯’vcbvi mgm¨v Abyaveb Kwiqv
_v‡Kb| GB Kvi‡Y cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ As‡ki
Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ msnwZ cÖwZôvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq
mwVK bxwZ wba©vi‡Y Zvnv‡ì Amyweav nq|
GB Amyweav `~i Kivi gva¨‡g cÖkvmwbK
wm×všÍ MÖn‡bi KvR‡K AwaKZi e¯ÍyMZ Ges
45
iæwUbgvwdK Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv
nB‡Z‡Q| wewfbœ ai‡bi Ávb wel‡q we‡klÁ‡ì
mvnvh¨ †bIqv nB‡Z‡Q| GB mKj we‡klÁ
cÖwZôv‡bi mgm¨v¸wj cy•Lvbycy•Liƒ‡c cixÿv
Kwiqv †`‡Lb| GB †kÖYxi we‡klÁMY‡K
ÒAcv‡ikbÓ M‡elYv-Kg©x ejv nq Ges Zvnv‡ì
KvR‡K ejv nq ÒAcv‡ikb wimvP©|Ó Acv‡ikb
wimvP© GKwU êÁvwbK c×wZ, hvnvi mvnv‡h¨
GKwRwKDwUf wefvMmg~n wbR wbR GjvKvi
KvR welqK wm×v‡šÍi Rb¨ cwigvbZ¥K
(quantitative) wfwË cvBqv _v‡K| Bnv nBj
mgm¨vi mgvavb LyuwRqv evwni Kivi Kv‡R
êÁvwbK c×wZ, †KŠkj Ges nvwZqvi cÖ‡qvM|
Bnvi mvnv‡h¨ wbw`©ó Kvh©µgmg~‡ni LiP,
ewjôZv I g~j¨ m¤ú‡K© c~e©vfvm iPbv Kiv hvq
Ges Zzjbvg~iK wePvi Kiv hvq|
Acv‡ikb wimvP© AvaywbK wkí-KviLvbvi

eë¯’vcbv †ÿ‡Î GKwU bZzb fveaviv (concept)|
wØZxq gnvhy‡×i mg‡qB Bsj¨v‡Û Bnvi DrcwË
nq| hy‡×i mgq weÁvbxMY mvgwiK Kv‡Ri
DrKl© mva‡bi Rb¨ GB eë¯’v Aej¤^b K‡ib|
Acv‡ikb welqK cÖ_g KvR ivWv‡ii (radar) eënvi

wel‡q Kiv nq| hy‡×i ci êÁvwbKMY Acv‡ikb
wimv‡P©i †UKwbKwU wkí-KviLvbvi eë¯’vcbv
welqK mgm¨vi mgvavb evwni Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvM
Kwi‡Z ïiæ K‡ib| KwZcq †Kv¤úvbx Bnvi
46
cixÿvg~jK eënvi Øviv Avkvbyiƒc dj jvf K‡i| †mB
nB‡Z wkí-KviLvbvq Bnvi eënvi ¯’vqxfv‡e
M„nxZ nBqv‡Q| Acv‡ikb wimvP© ev M‡elYvi
KwZcq êwkó¨ iwnqv‡Q, †hgb⸺
1. Bnv c×wZgyLx (system oriented)| cÖvq †ÿ‡Î

GKRb GbwRwKDwU‡fi KvR cÖwZôv‡bi
Ab¨vb¨ As‡ki KvR‡K we‡klfv‡e cÖfvweZ
K‡i; wKšÍy GKwRwKDwUf Zuvnvi mgm¨vi
Ab¨vb¨ w`K D‡cÿv Kwiqv _v‡Kb| Acv‡ikb
wimvP© ev M‡elYvi msnZ g‡bvfve
(integreted approaches) AbymiY Kwiqv
mgm¨vi cÖ‡Z¨KwU welq Mfxifv‡e ZjvBqv
†`Lv nq Ges mvwe©K m‡e©vrK…ó Kvh©
m¤úv`‡bi wbðqZv weavb Kiv nq|
2. AvšÍtÁvb welqK †Mvôx (inter disciplinary

team) | RwUj welq¸wj wewfbœ `„wófw½ jBqv
we‡ePbv DwPZ Ges Acv‡ikb wimv‡P©
GBiƒc eë¯’v Aej¤^b Kiv nq|
3. Acv‡ikb wimvP© GKwU MvwYwZK c×wZ|

Acv‡ikb wimvP© Kgx©MY
AsKkv‡¯¿ eyrcwËm¤úbœ| cÖwZôv‡bi
Kg©PvixMY †gwkb m¤úwK©Z we‡køl‡Yi
Kv‡R A¼kv‡¯¿i g‡Wj eënvi Kwiqv _v‡K|
47
¯úóZ t Acv‡ikb wimvP© Kg©Pvix, hš¿cvwZ,
A_© I gvj-msµvšÍ RwUj mgm¨v¸wj A¼kv‡¯¿i
c×wZ †gvZv‡eK we‡kølY Kwiqv _v‡K|
we‡køl‡Yi c×wZ wbgœiƒc t cÖ_‡g
we‡klÁMY mgm¨v¸wji mgvavb evwni Kivi
c‡ÿ Dc‡hvMx m¤¢ve¨ weKímg~n wPwýZ
K‡ib| Bnvi ci Zuvnviv wewfbœ Kg©Pvix I
wewfbœ wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ we`¨gvb m¤úK© Ges
†gŠwjK mgm¨vi wewfbœ w`K m¤ú‡K© g‡Wj
cÖ¯ÍyZ K‡ib| Z…ZxqZ t ch©vq we‡klÁMY
g¨v‡bR‡g‡›Ui Av‡jvPbv I wm×všÍ Abyhvqx
e¯ÍyZMZfv‡e KvVv‡gv cÖYqb K‡ib Ges
ev¯Íevqb-ch©vqfz³ Kvh©µg m¤ú‡K©
mvaviY Dcjwä I mg‡SvZvi fve m„wói †Póv
K‡ib| †kl ch©v‡q we‡klÁMY jvBb-
g¨v‡bRvi‡ì wbKU cÖwZôvwbK m¤úK© I
Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi gvb Dbœqb KwiZ‡ cv‡i,
GBiƒc Kvh©µ‡gi mycvwik †ck K‡ib|
†Kvb mgm¨v‡K Dchy³ Dcv‡q AbymiYc~e©K

we‡kølY Kwi‡j Ges Dnvi Rb¨ g‡Wj cÖ¯ÍyZ
Kwi‡j Avgiv Dnv‡K Acv‡ikb wimvP© ewj‡Z
cvwi| GB RvZxq we‡kølY Øviv
GKwRwKDwUf‡ì g~j¨vqY Avek¨K, GBiƒc
Riæix welq¸wj wPwýZ Kiv nq| GB¸wj
GKwRwKDwUf‡ì wePvi ÿgZv Ges
wm×v‡šÍi mg_©b I iƒc‡iLvi KvRI K‡i| †h me
48
GKwRwKDwUf mswkøó welq¸wji mwnZ
mg¨K cwiwPZ bb wKsev Dnv‡ì ga¨Kvi
cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wba©viY Kwi‡Z cv‡ib bv,
Zuvnv‡ì c‡ÿ Acv‡ikb wimvP© we‡klÁ‡ì
mycvwik AZ¨šÍ DcKvix| wbwðšÍ g‡b mgm¨vi
cÖwZ bRi w`‡Z cv‡i bv GBiƒc e¨¯Í
GKwRwKDwUf‡ì c‡ÿI Acv‡ikb wimv‡P©i
we‡kølY we‡kl mnvqK|
Acv‡ikb wimvP© we‡klÁ‡ì weÁvbm¤§Z

cÖwkÿY ev †Uªwbs Kíbv kw³i cÖmviZv Ges
we‡kølYx `„wófw½i Òw_Dwi-MZÓ Dcjwä
Mwoqv †Zvjvi Kv‡R we‡kl Dc‡hvMx Ges
GKwRwKDwUfMY Dnvi ìæb RwUj welq¸wj
A‡cÿvK…Z mn‡R ü`q½g Kwi‡Z cv‡ib| Bnv‡Z
GKwRwKDwUf‡ì Dci ewZ©Z mgq I cÖ‡Póvi
†evSv jvNe nq ; wKšÍy Zuvnv‡ì wm×všÍ
MÖn‡Yi f‚wgKvi ewjôZv e„w× cvq| Acv‡ikb
wimvP© Øviv g¨v‡bRvi‡ì e¯ÍyZMZ wPšÍvkw³
D¾xweZ nq ; KviY Bnv‡Z cÖk¯Í D‡Ï‡kï Dci
†Rvi nIqv nq Ges g‡W‡ji A¼kv¯¿xq cÖK…wZ
†nZz e¨w³MZ w‡eØlfv‡e (bias) `~i nq|
GKwRwKDwUf‡ì Amyweavmg~‡ni g‡a¨
wbgœwjwLZ¸wj we‡kl cÖwYavb‡hvM¨ t
(K) Bb‡fbUix,
(L) m¤ú` I Kvh© eÈb,
(M) jvBb †Ìqv (queing),
49
(N) ch©vqµ‡g wVK Kiv (sequence),
(O) Kv‡Ri c_ wb‡`©k Kiv,
(P) hš¿cvwZ cvëv‡bv ev e`jv‡bv,
(Q) cÖwZ‡hvwMZv,
(R) b~Zb fveavivi AbymÜvb|
GB mKj mgm¨vi mgvavb LyuwRqv evwni Kivi

Rb¨ mymsnZ †UKwbK D™¢veb Kiv nBqv‡Q|
Acv‡ikb wimvP© GB mg¯Í †UKwbK eënvi
Kwiqv _v‡K| D`vniY¯îƒc- A¼kv¯¿ wfwËK
g‡Wj Ges Òwmgy‡jkb †UKwbKÓ eënvi we‡kl
D‡jøL‡hvM¨| m¼Uc~Y© c_ we‡kølY †UKwbK
Ges Kvh©m¤úv`b g~j¨vqb †UKwbK (PERT)
Acv‡ikb wimv‡P©i Ab¨Zg A½| wbgœwjwLZ
wel‡q Acv‡ikb wimvP© gybvdvRbKfv‡e eëüZ
nB‡Z‡Q t
1. Drcv`b t wb‡gœv³ †ÿ‡Î Acv‡ikb wimvP©
†UKwbK eënvi Kiv hvq t
(K) KviLvbvi ¯’vb wba©viY,
(L) KviLvbvi Drcv`b-ÿgZv wbiƒcY,
(M) hvwš¿KxKi‡Yi cÖK…wZ I cwigvY
wbiƒcY,
(N) hš¿cvwZi msL¨v I †kÖYx wba©viY,
(O) Drcv`‡bi cwigvY wbiƒcY,
(P) Drcv`‡bi Abyµg wbiƒcY,
(Q) Drcv`‡bi mgq-ZvwjKv cÖ¯ÍyZKiY,
50
(R) hš¿cvwZ e`jv‡bv Ges AePq wbiƒcY Ges
(S) gv‡ji ¯’vbvšÍiY-eë¯’vi DrKl© mvab|
2. gvj µq t wbgœwjwLZ †ÿ‡Î Acv‡ikb wimvP©
cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq t
(K) wK cwigvY gvj µq Kwi‡Z nB‡e Zvnv
wba©viY;
(L) KLb gvj µq Kwi‡Z nB‡e Zvnv wba©viY;
(M) Kvnvi wbKU nB‡Z µq Kwi‡Z nB‡e Zvnv
wbw`©óKiY;
(N) ¸`v‡gi msiÿY-ÿgZv wbiƒcY;
(O) gv‡ji †UKmB ev ¯’vwqZ¡ wba©viY;
(P) gvj mieiv‡ni Drm ¯’vb wbiƒcY;
(Q) cwienY-LiP wbiƒcY ; Ges
(R) †gwk‡bi LyPiv Ask µq Kiv DwPZ bv
cÖ¯ÍyZ Kiv DwPZ Zvnv wbiƒcY|
3. gv‡K©wUs t Acv‡ikb wimvP© cY¨
evRviRvZKiY m¤úwK©Z bxwZ wba©vi‡Yi
e¨vcv‡i we‡kl cÖ‡qvRbxq| wbgœwjwLZ
wel‡q Bnv cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq t
(K) cY¨ eÈb cÖYvjxi †kÖbxmsL¨v, ¯’vb
wbiƒcY;
(L) cY¨-bxwZ wba©viY;
(M) cY¨ g~‡jï bxwZ wba©viY;
(N) weµq, weµq-Dbœqb Ges weÁvcb Lv‡Z
weµq-ev‡R‡Ui eivÏK…Z A_© eÈb;
51
(O) MÖvnK‡ì cY¨-cÖxwZ I cQ›` we‡kølY ;
Ges
(P) LyPiv weµq- †K‡›`ªi ¯’vb, AvqZb I
wWRvBb wba©viY|
4. A_©ms¯’vb I wnmve msiÿY t wbgœwjwLZ
wel‡q Bnvi cÖ‡qvM ¸iæZ¡c~Y© t
(K) GKvDw›Us I AwWwUs c×wZi wWRvBb
cÖYqb,
(L) av‡i †jb‡`‡bi SzuwK wbiƒcY Ges
(M) `xN©‡gqv`x I cyuwRi cwigvY wbiƒcb|
5. mvwe©K cwiKíbv t †Kv¤úvbxi mvgwMÖK

cwiKíbv cÖYq‡b Acv‡ikb wimv‡P©i f‚wgKv
AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Drcv`‡bi KvRme©vwaK
dj`vqKfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ `xN©‡gqvw`
cwiKíbv cÖYqb, mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv
wba©viY Ges Af¨šÍixY msev` cwi‡ek‡bi
eë¯’v wbw`©óKi‡Yi c‡ÿ Bnv we‡kl mnvqK|
Acv‡ikb wimvP© Øviv GKwRwKDwUf‡ì

`vwqZ¡ AcmvwiZ nq bv ; Bnv Zuvnvw`M‡K
`vwqZ¡ cvj‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i gvÎ| Acv‡ikb
wimvP© we‡klÁMY mycvwik †ck K‡ib
Zuvnv‡ì we‡kølYcÖm~Z Áv‡bi
cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z Z`vbyhvqx g¨v‡bR‡g›U I jvBb
Awdmvi‡ì Kv‡Ri we‡kl iƒc‡iLv cÖYxZ nq|
GB mKj iƒc‡iLvi Øviv †K †Kvb KvR Kwi‡e,
52
KLb Kwi‡e Ges wKfv‡e Kwi‡e ZvRv eySv
gvq| Acv‡ikb wimv‡P©i we‡klÁM‡Yi
f‚wgKv Dc‡`óvi f‚wgKv| Zuvnviv wb‡Riv
wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡ib bv| Zuvnv‡ì KvR
jvBb-GKwRwKDwUf‡ì wm×všÍ‡K
cÖfvweZ Kiv| cÖwZôv‡bi D‡Ïk¨ wPwýZ Ges
evQvB Kiv g~jZt GKwRwKDwU‡fi `vwqZ¡|
Bnv A‡bKUv †R¨vwZwe©‡ì †Uwj‡¯‹vc Ges
Rxewe`¨v-wekvi‡ì gvB‡µv‡¯‹v‡ci gZ|
m¤¢ve¨Zv wbiƒcY wi‡cvU©

(Feasibility Report)
m¤¢ve¨Zv wbiƒcY wi‡cvU© cÖYqb ev m¤¢ve¨Zv

Aa¨qb eZ©gvb Kvievix RM‡Z eëüZ GKwU
¸iæZ¡c~Y© nvwZqvi| b~bZ cÖwZôvb cÖwZôvi
Rb¨ Bnv we‡kl ìKvix| cY¨ jvBb m¤úªmviY
wKsev b~Zb cY¨-jvBb †hvM Kivi Rb¨ cÖwZwôZ
Kvievwi‡ì c‡ÿ GBiƒc wi‡cvU© we‡kl Dc‡hvMx|
b~Zb cÖ‡R± ev cÖK‡íi mÜvb ev cÖ¯Íve wewfbœ
53
gnj, h_v⸺Ab¨vb¨ eëmvqx, e¨v¼, miKvix
Kg©Pvix, ivR‰bwZK †bZv, BwÄwbqvi,
êÁvwbK, †emiKvix msMVb cÖf…wZ nB‡Z
cvIqv hvq| A‡bK mgq cÖ¯Ív‡ei m‡½ m¤¢ve¨Zv
wi‡cvU©I cvIqv hvB‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK †`‡k
cÖ¯Ív‡ei m‡½ m¤¢ve¨Zv wi‡cvU©I cvIqv hvB‡Z
cv‡i| A‡bK †`‡k GB mg¯Í wi‡cvU© cÖYqb Kivi
Rb¨ miKvix ev Avav-miKvix Ggb wK †emiKvix
cÖwZôvbI iwnqv‡Q| evsjv‡`k ÿz`ª-wkí
K‡c©v‡ik‡bi bvg `„óvšÍ¯îƒc D‡jøL Kiv hvB‡Z
cv‡i| GB K‡c©v‡ikb †`‡ki ga¨weË m¤úª`vq‡K
ÿz`ª-wkí KviLvbv ¯’vcb Kwi‡Z DrmvwnZ Kivi
Rb¨ A‡bK¸wj ÿz`ª-wk‡íi m¤¢ve¨Zv wi‡cvU©
cÖYqb Kwiqv‡Q|
m¤¢ve¨Zv wi‡cvU© cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ Z_¨ msMÖn

Avek¨K| cwimsL¨vb Awdm, eëmv Z_ †K›`ª,
(†hgb⸺ †P¤^vi Ae Kgvm© Ges wkí‡gjv)
wek^we`¨vjq I Ab¨vb¨ cvVvMvi, Dbœqb‡evW©,
cwiKíbv KZ…©cÿ, AvšÍR©vwZK cÖwZôvb,
†ckvMZ mwgwZ Ges cÖKvkbx (Journal),
M‡elYv ms¯’v, `~Zvevm, g¨v‡bR‡g›U Dbœqb
†K›`ª, g¨v‡bR‡g›U Dc‡`óv cÖwZôvb Ges evRvi
M‡elYv cÖwZôvb cÖf…wZ nB‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq
Z_¨ msMÖn Kwi‡Z nq| A‡bK mgq Z_¨-cy¯Í‡Ki
(facts book) mvnvhÏ jIiv hvq| Dbœqb †evW©,
Dbœqb e¨v¼, cwiKíbv Awdm Ges cwimsL¨vb
54
Awdm GB mKj Z_¨ cy¯ÍK mieivn K‡i| GB mg¯Í
cy¯Í‡K kÖwg‡Ki gRywi, Kg©Pvixi †eZb,
mgvRKj¨vY Ki (charges) kÖwgK‡ì Drcvw`Kv
kw³, we`y¨r (power), cwienb, cvwbLiP (water
rates), evoxfvov, exgv LiP, e¨v‡¼i PvR©,
RbmsL¨v-cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`, †mev-wkí, miKvi
ev ¯’vbxq KZ…©cÿ KZ…©K cÖ`Ë my‡hvM-
myweav miKvix bxwZ, †Kv¤úvbx-AvBb, M‡elYv
ms¯’v cÖf…wZ wel‡q Z_¨ I msev` cwi‡ewkZ
nBqv _v‡K| Zvnv Qvov eZ©gvb Drcv`‡bi cwigvY
µq-ÿgZvi AvÂwjK eÈb, †fv‡Mi nvi I êwPÎ¨
(consumption pattern), wkíwe‡k‡li weµq I †÷‡Ki
cwigvY, ÷K KvUwZi nvi, ê‡`wkK gy`ªv wbqš¿Y
Avg`vbx-ißvbx wbqš¿Y, kÖwgK AvBb cÖf…wZ
wel‡q msev` cwi‡ekb K‡i Ggb Z_¨-eBI DbœZ
†`k¸wj‡Z cvIqv hvq|
m¤¢ve¨Zv wi‡cvU© cÖYq‡bi KvR ïiæ Kivi

Av‡M wK RvZxq Z_¨ ìKvi Zvnv wVK Kwi‡Z
nq| GB D‡Ïk¨ GKwU †PK-wj÷ cÖYqb eyw×gv‡bi
KvR| GB wj÷‡K QqwU As‡k fvM Kiv hvB‡Z
cv‡i ; h_v t
(K) KuvPvgvj I Ab¨vb¨ mieivn (supplies);
(L) evRvi msµvšÍ Z_¨ (market factors);
(M)A_©‰bwZK Ges KvwiMix welqmg~n;
55
(N) Kgx© ms¯’vb;
(O) cyuwR msµvšÍ Z_¨ (financial factors);

Ges
(P) mvgvwRK Z_¨ (social factors);
(Q) KuvPvgvj I Ab¨vb¨ mieivn t G m¤ú‡K©

wbgœwjwLZ cÖkœ¸wji mwVK RIqve
Avek¨K nB‡Z cv‡i|
1. mg¯Í KuvPvgvj Ges Ab¨vb¨ mieivn

¯’vbxqfv‡e cvIqv hvq wKbv,
2. ¯’vbxq KuvPvgvj I Ab¨vb¨ mieiv‡ni evRvi

cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK wK-bv;
3. ¯’vbxq KuvPvgvj I Ab¨vb¨ mieiv‡ni `vg

hyw³m½Z wK-bv,
4. ¯’vbxq gvj I Ab¨vb¨ mieiv‡ni †Wwjfvix

(delivery); m‡šÍvlRbKfv‡e I ZrciZvi
mwnZ m¤úvw`Z nq wK-bv,
5. †Kvb KuvPvgvj I Ab¨vb¨ mieivn we‡`k

nB‡Z Avg`vbx Kw‡Z nB‡e wK-bv,
6. we‡`‡ki evRv‡i GB¸wji `vg

cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK wK-bv,
56
7. GB¸wj Avg`vbxi Dci †Kvbiƒc wbqš¿Y Av‡Q
wKbv,
8. mgqgZ Ges cwigvYgZ Avg`vbx jvB‡mÝ

cvIqv hvB‡e wK-bv, Ges
9. we‡`k nB‡Z Avg`vbxi KvRwU ZrciZvi

mwnZ m¤úbœ Kiv hvB‡e wK-bv|
(L) evRvi msµvšÍ Z_¨ t evRvi m¤^‡Ü

wbgœwjwLZ wel‡q Z_¨ Avek¨K;
1. GB c‡Yï Rb¨ eZ©gv‡b †Kvb Pvwn`v

Av‡Q wKbv, GB c‡Yï cÖavb †fv³v
Kvnviv, GB c‡Yï b~Zb m¤¢ve¨ †fv³v
Kvnviv nB‡Z cv‡i;
2. eZ©gv‡b GB c‡Yï Pvwn`v wKfv‡e

wgUv‡bv nB‡Z‡Q; ¯’vbxq Drcv`b Øviv
m¤¢e nB‡j GB Drcv`‡bi evrmwiK
cwigvY Ges g~j¨ KZ; eZ©gvb Pvwn`vi
wK cwigvY Ask ¯’vbxq Drcv`b Øviv
wgUv‡bv nB‡Z‡Q; Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi cY¨
we‡`k nB‡Z Avg`vbxi cÖ‡qvRb nB‡j H
Avg`vbxi cwigvY KZ ;
3. AvMvgx cuvP erm‡i c‡Yï eënvi wK

nv‡i e„w× cvB‡e; GB e„w×i nvi wKfv‡e
wba©vwiZ nBj ;
57
4. eZg©v‡b †`‡k GB cY¨wU cÖ¯ÍyZ nB‡j
cÖ¯ÍyZKvix cÖwZôv‡bi Drcv`b-ÿgZv
KZ Ges GB ÿgZvi Øviv fwel¨‡Zi ¯’vbxq
Pvwn`v c~iY Kiv hvB‡e wKbv Ges Dnvi
cY¨-g~j¨ n«vm Kiv nB‡e wKbv, wKsev
Ab¨ †Kvb weåvU †`Lv w`‡e wKbv;
5. b~Zb c‡Yï weµqg~j¨ Ges ¸‡Yi gvb

Avg`vbxK…Z c‡Yï mwnZ
cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Kwi‡Z cvwi‡e wKbv,
miKv‡ii msiÿY-bxwZ GB c‡Yï cÖwZ
cÖ‡hvR¨ nB‡e wKbv;
6. GB cY¨wUi ißvwb –evRv‡ii Ae¯’v wK

iKg ; ê‡`wkK evvRv‡i cY¨wU g~j¨, ¸‡Yi
gvb Ges mieiv‡ni wbf©ikxjZvi wfwË‡Z
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi †gvKvwejv Kwi‡Z
cvwi‡e wKbv;
7. ê‡`wkK evRvi Dbœq‡bi m¤¢vebv wK

iKg ; †Kvb †Kvb †`‡k cY¨wU weµq Kiv
hvB‡e Ges erm‡i wK cwigvY I KZ
UvKv g~‡jï cY¨ we‡`‡ki evRv‡i ißvbx
Kiv hvB‡eÕ
8. ißvbx evRvi Mwoqv †Zvjvi Rb¨ wK wK

eë¯’v I wbqg-c×wZ AbymiY Kwi‡Z
58
nB‡e Ges Dnvi Rb¨ wK cwigvY A_© e¨q
nB‡e;
9. miKv‡ii ißvbx bxwZ wK, Ges GBRb¨

we‡`‡k ißvbx Kivi Rb¨ miKv‡ii Zid
nB‡Z †Kvb RvZxq Ges wK cwigvY
mvnvh¨ I my‡hvM myweav cvIqv hvB‡e;
10. cY¨wUi Drcv`b-LiP wKiƒc Ges GB LiP

wKfv‡e wnmve Kiv nBqv‡Q; cY¨
weµ‡qi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq weµq wefvM,
weÁvcb I weµq ea©‡bi cÖ‡PóvRwbZ
LiP wnmv‡e aiv nBqv‡Q wKbv;
11. ¯’vbxq c‡Yï cÖwZ mvaviYfv‡e ¯’vbxq

†fv³v‡ì Kzms¯‹vi ev we‡Øl Av‡Q
wKbv; _vwK‡j b~Zb c‡Yï cwZ Bnv
cÖ‡hvR¨ nB‡e wKbv; nB‡j H we‡Øl `~i
Kivi †Kvb cÖ‡Póv ev eë¯’v Aej¤^b Kiv
hvB‡e wKbv Ges Dnvi Rb¨ wK cwigvY
LiP cwo‡e;
12. cY¨wUi eÈbcÖYvjx wKiƒc nB‡e ; Dnv

wK cvBKvix Kvievix‡ì gva¨‡g eÈb Kiv
nB‡e, bv LyPiv we‡µZv‡ì mvnvh¨ wb‡Z
nB‡e; bv wK mivmwi †fv³v‡ì wbKU
weµq Kiv nB‡e |
59
(M) A_©‰bwZK I KvwiMix welqmg~n t G
wel‡q wbgœwjwLZ cÖkœ¸wji DËi m¤
¢ve¨Zv wi‡cvU© cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ ìKvix t
1. hš¿cvwZ Ges Ab¨vb¨ mieivn Avg`vbx

Kivi Rb¨ wK cwigvY ê‡`wkK gy`ªv e¨q
nB‡e Ges Bnvi Rb¨ †Kvb †`‡ki gy`ªvi
cÖ‡qvRb cwo‡e ; †Kvb KuvPvgvj
Avg`vbx Kwi‡Z nB‡e wK-bv ;
2. iqvjwU Ges KvwiMwi †mevi Rb¨ wK

cwigvY A_© e¨q nB‡e ;
3. ¯’vqx cyuwR wnmv‡e jwMœK…Z A‡_©

AviI †Kvb FY MÖnY Kwi‡Z nB‡e
wKbv Ges Kwi‡Z nB‡j wK cwigvY my`
w`‡Z nB‡e ;
4. cY¨wU we‡`‡k ißvbx Kwiqv wK cwigvY

ê‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©b Kiv hvB‡e Ges
Dnv wK `yj©f gy`ªv (hard currency) nB‡e
bv myjf gy`ªv (soft currency) nB‡e ;
5. b~Zb KvieviwU ¯’vbxq KuvPvgv‡ji

eënvi Ges ¯’vbxq †jvK‡ì Kg©ms¯’vb
wel‡q †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Rxe‡b wK
cwigvY my‡hvM –myweav cÖ`vb Kwi‡e
;
60
6. cwienY, we`y¨r, cvwb Ges gqjv
wb¯‹vk‡bi eZ©gvb eë¯’v ¯^wbf©i Ges
ch©vß wKbv; bv nB‡j eZ©gvb
AcÖZzjZv I ÎæwU-wePz¨wZ
m‡šÍvlRbKfv‡e `~ixf‚Z Kiv hvB‡e wKbv
Ges Dnvi Rb¨ wK cwigvY LiP cwo‡e ;
7. eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ kÖwgK AvBb, miKvix

wewawb‡la I Ki-eë¯’v b~Zb Kvievix
cÖwZôvb ¯’vc‡bi c‡ÿ AbyK‚j wKbv;
AbyK‚j bv nB‡j Amyweav¸wj `~i Kiv
hvB‡e wKbv; †M‡j wKfv‡e `~i Kiv
hvB‡e Ges KLb `~i Kiv hvB‡e ;
8. †gwkb I BKzBc‡g›U wbe©vP‡b

†hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ Ges bvgKiv BwÄwbqvi
I †UKwbwkqvb‡ì mwnZ civgk© Kiv
nBqv‡Q wKbv ; we‡kl cY¨wUi Drcv`b-
cÖwµqv Ges ¯’vbxq Ae¯’vi c‡ÿ †gwkb I
BKzBc‡g›U¸wj Dchy³ wKbv, †mB wel‡q
civgk© †bIqv nBqv‡Q wKbv ; wewfbœ
mieivnKvix‡ì g~j¨ Ges †µwW‡Ui kZ©
mZK©fv‡e Zzjbv Kiv nBqv‡Q wKbv|
(N) Kgx©-ms¯’vb t G m¤ú‡K©I we‡ePbv

Kivi gZ KwZcq welq iwnqv‡Q ; †hgb t
61
1. wkí-KviLvbvwUi msjMœ GjvKvq cÖPzi
kÖwgK cvIqv hvq wKbv Ges Zvnv‡ì
cÖ‡qvRbxq `ÿZv (skill) Av‡Q wKbv, bv
_vwK‡j Zvnv‡ì †Uªwbs ev cÖwkÿ‡Yi
eë¯’v Kiv hvB‡e wKbv ;
2. ¯’vbxq mgv‡R ch©vß msL¨K †Uªwbs ev

cÖwkÿYcÖvß †hvM¨ g¨v‡bRviI
mycvifvBRvi cvIqv hvB‡e wKbv; bv
†M‡j GB mKj †jv‡Ki wb‡qvM I
cÖwkÿ‡Yi Rb¨ wKiƒc eë¯’v Aej¤^b
Kwi‡Z nB‡e ;
3. ¯’vbxq cwi‡e‡k KvwiMwi Dc‡`k cvIqv

hvB‡e wKbv, bv †M‡j GB Dc‡`k †Kv_v
nB‡Z msM„nxZ nB‡e Ges Dnvi Rb¨
wKiƒc A_© e¨q nB‡e|
(O) cyuwR msµvšÍ Z_¨ t G e¨vcv‡i

wbgœwjwLZ wel‡qi cÖwZ bRi w`‡Z nq t
1. cÖ‡R± ev cÖKíwUi A_©ms¯’v‡bi Rb¨

wbw`©ó cwiKíbv cÖYqb Kiv nBqv‡Q
wKbv; ¯’vbxqfv‡e h‡_ó cyuwR cvIqv
hvB‡e wKbv, bv †M‡j GB cyuwR
msMÖ‡ni eë¯’v wK nB‡e ;
2. cÖK‡íi LiP wnmve Kivi mgq

wbg©vYKv‡R (construction time) wej¤^-
62
RwbZ LiP wKsev †gwkb I BKzBc‡g‡›Ui
†Wwjfvix I emv‡bvi (installation) LiP aiv
nBqv‡Q wKbv;
3. PjwZ cyuwRi cwigvY wK nB‡e ; ¯’vbxq

e¨v‡¼i mwnZ GB wel‡q wKiƒc eë¯’v
Kiv nBqv‡Q ;
4. K¨vkcÖevn Ges PjwZ cyuwRi cÖ‡qvRb

wnmve Kivi mg‡q ch©vß cwigv‡Y
KuvPvgv‡ji, Ab¨vb¨ mieiv‡ni Ges LyPiv
As‡ki Kviev‡ii †gŠmygx cwieZ©b
(seasonal fluctuations), cÖvc¨ wnmve
Av`vq-RwbZ (accounts receivable) wej¤^
Ges Abv`vqK…Z FY (bad debt) aiv
nBqv‡Q wKbv ;
5. †`‡k gy`ªvùxwZ Ges g~jë„w×i cwigvY

wK iKg ; ewa©Z g~j¨ Ges gRywii cÖfve
cÖK‡íi LiP PjwZ cyuwRi cwigv‡Yi Dci
wKiƒc nB‡e, Zvnv we‡ePbv Kiv nBqv‡Q
wKbv|
(P) mvgvwRK Z_¨ t mvgvwRK welq¸wji

g‡a¨ wbgœwjwLZ¸wj we‡ePbv Kivi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv iwnqv‡Q t
1. cÖ‡R‡±i cvk^©eZx© GjvKvq †Kvb

nvmcvZvj ev Wv³viLvbv Av‡Q wKbv;
63
2. cÖ‡R‡±-GjvKvq ch©vß msL¨K wkÿv-
cÖwZôvb Av‡Q wKbv;
3. H GjvKvq ch©vß msL¨K fvov †bIqvi gZ

Nievox Av‡Q wKbv ; †Kv¤úvbxi c‡ÿ
Kg©Pvwi‡ì evm¯’vb wbg©vY Kwi‡Z
nB‡e wKbv ; cvbxq Rj, gqjv wb®‹vkb
cÖf…wZi eë¯’v wKiƒc m‡šÍvlRbK ;
4. mgMÖ cÖ‡R± ev cÖK‡íi Dcwi-LiP wK

cwigvY nB‡e ; wPwKrmv, wkÿv,
cÖwkÿY, cvbxq Rj, gqjv wb®‹vkb,
we`y¨r, †Uwj‡dvb, cwienY exgv, cÖZ¨ÿ I
c‡ivÿ Ki, mvgvwRK wbivcËv Ges
wbR¯^ †cbkb dvÐ, nvDwRs K‡jvbx
cÖf…wZ eve` †Kv¤úvbx‡K wK cwigvY
A_© e¨q Kwi‡Z nB‡e|
KvwiMwi I A_©‰bwZK m¤¢veëZv t m¤

¢ve¨Zv wi‡cvU© cÖYq‡bi mgq KvwiMvwi I
A_©‰bwZK m¤¢ve¨Zvi cÖwZ jÿ¨ ivwL‡Z nq|
KwZcq wkí e„n`vqZ‡bi bv nB‡j A_©‰bwZK
w`K nB‡Z gybvdvRbK nq bv| B¯úvZ KviLvbv
Bnvi GKwU D`vniY| wKQz msL¨K wkí, †hgb⸺
wm‡g›U wkí, gvSvix AvKv‡ii nB‡jI A_©
‰bwZK w`K nB‡Z myweavRbK nq ; Avevi Ggb
wkí Av‡Q †h¸wj ÿz`ªvqZ‡bI Kiv hvB‡Z cv‡i| ˆZj-
†kvab GB RvZxq wk‡íi GKwU D`vniY| A_©
64
‰bwZK m¤¢ve¨Zvi mwnZ KvwiMwi
cÖwµqv¸wjI AbymÜvb Kwi‡Z nq| A_©‰bwZK
m¤¢ve¨Zv we‡køl‡Yi Rb wba©vwiZ Drcv`‡bi
welq¸wj †UKwbwkqvb‡ì Øviv Aby‡gv`‡bi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv iwnqv‡Q|
AbybœZ †`k¸wj‡Z miKvi gvSvwi I ÿz`ªvqZb

wk‡íi cÖwZ we‡kl AvMÖnkxj| KviY Bnv‡ì Rb¨
cyuwR jv‡M Kg, A_P K‡g©i ms¯’vb nq †ekx|
Kv‡RB †h me †UKwbK jwMœK…Z cyuwR I
PvKzixi ewjôZv e„w× K‡i †m¸wji cÖwZ
AMÖvwaKvi †Ìqv nq| A‡bK †`k Avevi
Avg`vbxK…Z c‡Yï weKí (substitute)
cÖ¯ÍyZKvix wk‡íi cÖwZ †ekx ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i|
ê‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©b K‡i wKsev ê‡`wkK gy`ªv
euvPvq Ggb wk‡íi `vexI AbyK‚jfv‡e wPšÍv Kiv
nq|
A‡bK mgq m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c b~Zb cY¨ Drcv`b Kwi‡Z

Pvwn‡j, wKsev cÖwZwôZ cÖwZôv‡bi Drcv`‡bi
cwigv‡Yi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© m¤úªmviY Kivi mgq A_©
‰bwZK m¤¢ve¨Zv Ges KvwiMwi m¤¢ve¨Zv
cixÿv Kivi Rb¨ Dc‡`óv (consultant), wb‡qv‡Mi
cÖ‡qvRb nq| GB mKj Dc‡`óvi Kv‡Ri AvIZvi
g‡a¨ GB KvR¸wj _vwK‡Z cv‡i t wWRvBb iPbv,
gvb wb‡`©kbv (specification), ‡UÐv‡ii Rb¨
weÁvcb cÖYqb, †UÐvi we‡kølY Ges †UÐvi
MÖn‡Yi mycvwik cÖ`vb, mieivnKvix Ges
65
K›Uªv±iw`M‡K UvKv cÖ`vb Ges BKzBc‡g›U
cwien‡Yi eë¯’viY, BKzBc‡g‡›Ui cwi`k©b Ges
†Wwjfvix Z¡ivwš^ZKiY (expediting), ‡gwkb
wbg©vY I emv‡bvi (construction and installation)
KvR ch©‡eÿY, Kg©Pvwiw`M‡K cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb
Ges mgiwe‡k‡l cÖv_wgK ch©vq Drcv`‡bi
ZË¡veavb BZ¨vw`|
A_©‰bwZK g~j¨vq‡bi D‡Ïk¨ nBj cÖ‡R± ev

cÖKíwU Dnv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ cyuwRi Dci
m‡šÍvlRbK nv‡i gybvdv AR©b Kwi‡Z cvwi‡e
wKbv Zv wbY©q Kiv|
SzuwK t m¤¢ve¨Zv wi‡cvU© cÖYq‡bi mgq ivR

‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK (monetary),
evwYwR¨K, KvwiMwi, kvixwiK Ges Ab¨vb¨
SzuwK we‡ePbv Kwiqv †`wL‡Z nq| Bnv‡ì
KZK¸wji Rb¨ Aek¨ exgv eë¯’vi AvkÖq †bIqv
hvq| SuywKi cwigvY Aek¨ cY¨we‡k‡li Dci wbf©i
K‡i| ivR‰bwZK SzuwK wnmve Kivi mgq
miKvix bxwZ Ges Dnvi Kv‡Ri †iKW©,
w¯’wZkxjZv, e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbvq cÖwZwôZ
cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZ Dnvi g‡bvfve cÖf…wZ
we‡ePbv Kwi‡Z nq| Zvnv Qvov, miKv‡ii
Avg`vbx-bxwZ, ißvbx-bxwZ, ê‡`wkK gy`ªv
wbqš¿Y bxwZ I gy`ªvùxwZI we‡klfv‡e we‡ePbvi
welq| A‡bK †`‡k Avevi mgq mg f‚wgK¤ú, So,
66
eb¨v nBqv _v‡K| m¤¢ve¨Zv wi‡cvU© cÖYq‡b
GB welq¸wjI we‡kølY Avek¨K|
m¤¢ve¨Zv wi‡cvU© cÖYq‡bi Av‡M evRvi

m¤^‡Ü we‡kl M‡elYv Avek¨K| cY¨ Drcv`‡bi
cwigvY wKiƒc nIqv DwPZ, c‡Yï wWRvBb
wKiƒc nB‡j fvj nq, Zvnv Rvbv Avek¨K| c‡Yï
g~‡jï w¯’wZkxjZv wKiƒc, KuvPvgv‡ji g~‡jï
w¯’wZkxjZv wKiƒc, Zvnv Rvbv Avek¨K| A‡bK
mgq g~j¨ w¯’wZkxj Kivi Rb¨ miKv‡ii cÿ nB‡Z
we‡kl cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv nq|
AbybœZ †`‡k msiÿY LiP mvaviYZ t †ekx nq|

KviY GB mKj †`‡k msiÿY-cÖwZôvb
(maintenance enterprise) Mwoqv D‡V bvB| msiÿY
wel‡q cÖwkÿ‡Yi myweavI Lye AcÖZzj| AÁZv I
Ae‡njvi ìæb A‡bK mgq †gwkb bó nq| GB mKj
†`‡k LyPiv As‡ki mieivnI ìæb A‡bK mgq †gwkb
bó nq| GB mKj †`‡k LyPiv As‡ki mieivnI ch©vß
bq| GB mKj Kvi‡Y `yj©f Ges g~jëvb g~jab
RvZxq m¤ú‡ì (capital assets) ewjô RxebKvj
n«vm cvq| B`vbxs A‡bK †`‡k wkí-GjvKv
(industrial estates) †givgZ I msiÿ‡Yi eë¯’v
Kwi‡Z‡Q|
m¤¢ve¨Zv wi‡cv‡U©i Rb¨ Avi GKwU

¸iæZ¡c~Y© we‡eP¨ welq nB‡Z‡Q eÈb-eë¯’v|
†hB †`‡k eÈb-eë¯’v ewjô bq Ges ch©vßI bq †mB
67
†`‡k c‡Yï weµq g~j¨ evovBqv gybvdvi A¼ e„w×
Kivi †Póv Kiv nq| cY¨ KvUwZi nvi (stock
turnover) m¤úªmvwiZ KwiqvI †h gybvdv evov‡bv
hvq,Zvnv A‡bK mgq wPšÍv Kwiqv †`Lv nq bv|
jvB‡b ùvovBevi ZË¡ ev I‡qwUs jvBb w_Iix t

hš¿cvwZi †givgZ, Kv‡dUvwiqv cÖf…wZ †ÿ‡Î
MÖvnKw`M‡K mvwie× nBqv ùvovB‡Z nq A_ev
Zvnv‡ì µwgK b¤î Avmvi Rb¨ A‡cÿv Kwi‡Z nq|
Wv³viLvbvq, †cv÷ Awd‡m, †ij †÷k‡b, †ik‡bi
†`vKv‡b jvBb w`qv ùvov‡bv GKwU mvaviY
e¨vcvi| GKwU e„n`vqZb g¨vbyd¨vKPvwis
†Kv¤úvbx‡ZI †`Lv hvq, MÖvnKMY digvBk
c~i‡Yi Rb¨ A‡cÿv Kw‡Z‡Q ; A_©vr digvBk¸wj
GKwUi ci GKwU Kvh©Ki nB‡Z‡Q ; †gwkb I
BKzBc‡g›U A‡bK mgq †givg‡Zi A‡cÿvq Ajm
Ae¯’vq cwoqv _v‡K| †gwkb Lvivc nB‡j wg¯¿x‡K
msev` w`‡Z nq Ges Dnv wi‡cvqvi †ev‡W©
ch©vqµ‡g µwgK b¤î w`qv †jLv nq| wg¯¿x H
b¤î Abyhvqx †givg‡Zi KvR Kwiqv _v‡K| †m
GKwU †gwk‡bi †givg‡Zi KvR †kl Kwiqv Avi
GKwU ïiæ K‡i| ¯úóZ t cÖvq mgq wKQz msL¨K
†gwkb †givg‡Zi A‡cÿvq _v‡K| µxZ KuvPvgvj I
Ab¨vb¨ mvR-miÄvg evwnZ UªvK¸wj‡KI gv‡ji
†Wwjfvix MÖn‡Yi GjvKvq (receiving yard) gvj
Lvjv‡mi Rb¨ A‡cÿv Kwi‡Z nq| Abyiƒcfv‡e
MÖvnK‡ì wbKU cvVvB‡Z nB‡e Ggb cY¨
68
†evSvB Kivi RbÏ UªvK¸wj‡Z wkwcs Bqv‡W©
A‡cÿv Kwi‡Z nq| A‡bK mgq mgm¨v msµvšÍ bw_
(file) g¨v‡bRv‡ii g‡bv‡hvM jv‡fi Rb¨ A‡cÿgvb
_v‡K| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki miKvix, Avav-miKvix, Ges
†emiKvix Awdmmg~‡ni GKwU mvaviY Ae¯’v
GB †h, wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ eo mv‡n‡ei mgx‡c
bw_ ev dvBj †ck Kiv nq ; wKšÍy H¸wj cixÿv
Kwiqv †`Lvi Rb¨ wZwb mgq Kwiqv DwV‡Z
cv‡ib bv| Bnv‡Z Kv‡R wej¤^ N‡U Ges
cÖwZôv‡bi ÿwZI nq| wb›`y‡Kiv Bnv‡K jvj-
wdZvi †`ŠivZ¥ ewjqv _v‡K| e¯ÍyZ t g¨v‡bRv‡ii
GB mg‡qi m¼xY©Zv Ges wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y
wej¤^ ev¯Íe wKsev ¯úó nB‡Z cv‡i| †Kvb †Kvb
g¨v‡bRvi mnKvixw`M‡K Kv‡Ri `vwqZ¡ bv w`qv
wb‡RB mKj wm×všÍ MÖnY Kwi‡Z Pvb ; Avevi
†Kvb †Kvb g¨v‡bRv‡ii åæZZvi mwnZ wm×všÍ
MÖn‡Yi †hvM¨Zv _v‡K bv| A‡bK g¨v‡bRvi
Avevi dvjZz KvR jBqv e¨¯Í _v‡Kb wKsev
cÖvwZôvwbK ivRbxwZ‡Z mgq KvUvb|
I‡qwUs jvBb w_Iix Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ jvB‡b Aew¯’Z

A‡cÿvgvb MÖvnK ev Kv‡Ri Mo msL¨v A_ev
†mev cÖvwßi Mo I‡qwUs mgq we‡ePbv Kwi‡Z
nq| GB Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g AvMZ MÖvnK ev
Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Dchy³ mg‡q Dchy³ †mev ev bRi
cÖ`v‡bi wbðqZv weav‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ †mev
cÖ`vbKvix Kg©Pvix I hš¿cvwZi msL¨v ev ÿgZv
69
wK cwigvY nIq DwPZ, Zvnv wba©viY Kiv hvq|
BnvB I‡qwUs jvBb w_Iixi D‡Ïk¨| I‡qwUs jvBb
w_Iix‡K ÒwKDÓ w`qv ùvov‡bvi w_IixI ejv nq|
GB w_Iix Kv‡R cÖ‡qvM Kivi Rb¨ cwimsL¨vb
kv‡¯¿i m¤¢ve¨Zv Òw_IixÓ (probability theory)
Ges A¼kv‡¯¿i we‡klY ev wmgy‡jkb (simulation)
Avek¨K nq| †Uwj‡dvb G·‡PÄ, wegvb e›ì
wbg©vY Ges WvK wbg©vY cÖf…wZ †ÿ‡Î GB
w_Iix e¨vcKfv‡e eëüZ nB‡Z‡Q|
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi mgq we‡eP¨ welq t wm×všÍ

MÖn‡Yi mgq wbgœwjwLZ welq¸wj g‡b ivwL‡j
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi KvR mnR nq t
1. `„k¨gvb Ges A`„k¨gvb welq, Av‡eM Ges

hyw³i cÖwZ jÿ¨ ivwL‡Z nB‡e| gb‡K
cwieZ©bkxj ivwL‡Z nq| wm×v‡šÍi
welqwU‡K Lye mnRfv‡e bv †`wLqv
hyw³c~Y© we‡kølY cÖ‡qvRb|
2. cÖ‡Z¨KwU wm×všÍ hvnv‡Z †Kv¤úvbxi

D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i Zvnvi cÖwZ jÿ¨
ivwL‡Z nB‡e| wm×v‡šÍi ev¯ÍeZv Ges
cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨Zv AZ¨šÍ Riæix| †Kv¤úvbxi
D‡Ïk¨ ev jÿ¨ m¤ú‡K© mg¨K Ávb wm×všÍ
MÖn‡Yi KvR‡K mnR K‡i|
70
3. †Kvb wm×všÍ Øviv mKj e¨w³‡K Lykx Kiv
hvB‡e bv, Zvnv g‡b ivwL‡Z nB‡e| wm×všÍ
MÖn‡bi ci AmšÍyó †jvKw`‡Mi
mn‡hvwMZv AR©b Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ wm×všÍ
MÖn‡Yi cðv‡Z we`¨gvb hyw³¸wj DËgiƒ‡c
e¨vL¨v Kiv Avek¨K|
4. †h †Kvb wel‡qB GKvwaK m‡šÍvlRbK

wm×všÍ nB‡Z cv‡i, Zvnv g‡b ivwL‡Z
nB‡e| Kv‡RB †Kvb †Kvb wel‡qi Dci wK
cwigvY ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kwiqv m¤¢ve¨ weKí
wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv hvq Zvnvi Zzjbvg~jK
wePvi Kiv|
5. wm×všÍ MÖnY GKwU gvbwmK cÖwµqv|

Bnv‡K †hb kvixwiK Kvh©µ‡g cwieZ©b
Kiv bv nq| wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi A_© eûjvs‡k
gvbwmK cÖwZeÜKZv AwZµg Kiv|
6. wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Kv‡R hvnv‡Z ch©vß mgi

†Ìqv nq, Zvnv g‡b ivwL‡Z nq| wm×všÍ
MÖn‡Yi Kv‡R †hgb A_ev wej¤^ Kiv
DwPZ bq, †Zgwb AvKw¯§Kfv‡e wm×všÍ
MÖnY KivI wVK bq|
7. wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Kv‡R ey¨rcwË jv‡fi Rb¨

Af¨vm Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv g‡b ivLv ìKvi|
Ac‡ii wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi cÖwµqv ev cÖYvjx
71
Ae‡jvKb Kwiqv Bnv AR©b Kiv hvq bv ;
Bnvi Rb¨ Ask MÖnY Avek¨K|
8. cÖ‡Z¨K wm×všÍ AbymiY (follow-up) Kivi

K_v g‡b ivLv ìKvi|
Bnv‡Z wm×všÍ Kvh©Kix Kiv nB‡Z‡Q

wKbv Ges wm×v‡šÍi dj wK nB‡Z‡Q Zvnv
Rvbv hvq| Lvivc wm×všÍ m‡½ m‡½
ms‡kvab Kiv DwPZ|
9. cÖ‡Z¨K wm×všÍ Øviv G‡Ki ci GK KwZcq

cÖwZwµqvi m„wó nq| Kv‡RB g¨v‡bRvi‡K
Zuvnvi wm×všÍ mg_©b, ms‡kvab Ges
cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a evwZjKi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ¯ÍyZ
_vwK‡Z nq|
wm×v‡šÍi PvU© t g¨v‡bRviw`M‡K †hB mg¯Í

wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖnY Kwi‡Z nq, Zvnvi GKwU
mswÿß PvU© wb‡gœ †Ìqv nBj t
(K) Drcv`‡bi cwigvY;
(L) KviLvbvi Drcv`bÿgZv;
(M) KviLvbvi Ae¯’vb;
(N) KviLvbvi Avf¨šÍixY web¨vm (lay out),
(O) Drcv`b-c×wZ,
(P) cY¨- †kÖYx (production line),
(Q) cY¨-‰ewPÎ¨KiY (product diversification),
72
(R) cY¨- wfbœKiY (product differentiation),
(S) cY¨-ms‡hvRb Ges we‡qvRb,
(T) c‡Yï cwic~iK †mev,
(U) Aweivg Drcv`b ebvg mweivg Drcv`b,
2. weµq welqK wm×všÍ
(K) evRvi Pvwn`v wba©viY;
(L) weµq- †K‡›`ªi Ae¯’vb;
(M) c‡Yï c¨v‡KwRs;
(N) c‡Yï eªvÐ wbe©vPb;
(O) eÈbcÖYvjx wbiƒcY;
(P) g~j¨ wba©viY;
(Q) wWmKvD›U ev evUv wba©viY;
(R) weÁvc‡bi cÖK…wZ I cwigvY wba©viY;
(S) weµq e„w×i Kvh©µg wba©viY;
(T) evRvi msµvšÍ M‡elYvi cwigvY I cÖK…
wZ;
(U) wWjvi †µwWU wba©viY;
(V) wWjvi Dbœqb (dealer development) I
mvnvh¨ Kvh©µg;
(W) weµq- Kg©Pvix‡ì cvwikÖwgK|
3. µq m¤úwK©Z wm×všÍ
(K) µq-bxwZ;
(L) Bb‡fbUix-bxwZ;
73
(M) cY¨ cixÿvi bxwZ;
(N) †fÐvi wbe©vPb I Dbœqb-bxwZ;
(O) gvj µq cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i (reciprocity)
bxwZ;
(P) †K›`ªxf‚Z µq ebvg we‡K›`ªxf‚Z µq|
4. cyuwR msµvšÍ wm×všÍ
(K) cyuwRi KvVv‡gv;
(L) †µwW‡Ui kZ©;
(M) PjwZ cyuwRi cwigvY;
(N) b~Zb Znwej msMÖn;
(O) jf¨vsk cÖ`vb;
(P) gybvdvi wfwË‡Z cÖKí wbe©vPb;
(Q) cybtA_©wewb‡qvM cwiKíbv (refinancing
plan);
(R) Kvh©µ‡gi LiP;
(S) cyuwR msMÖ‡ni c×wZ;
(T) Ab¨ cÖwZôv‡bi mwnZ mw¤§jb (merger);
(U) we‡jvcmvab (liquidation)|
5. Kg©Pvix welqK wm×všÍ
(K) kÖwgK wb‡qv‡Mi Drm;
(L) wbe©vPb †UKwbK;
(M) cÖwkÿ‡Yi cÖK…wZ I cwigvY;
(N) Kv‡Ri we‡kølY I g~j¨vqb;
74
(O) BDwbq‡bi mwnZ Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv;
(P) k„•Ljv iÿY;
(Q) Awf‡hvM kÖeY I myivnvKiY;
(R) †cbkb cwiKíbv;
(S) wbivcËv wbwðZKiY;
(T) evwn‡ii ¯^v_©‡Mvôxi mwnZ †Kv¤úvbxi
¯^v_© wbiƒcY|
6. †Kv¤úvbxi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ welqK wm×všÍ
(K) †kqvi‡nvìvi;
(L) Kg©Pvix;
(M) MÖvnK;
(N) †fÐvi;
(O) ¯’vbxq mgvR; Ges
(P) †`‡ki mgvR|
75
Aóg Aa¨vq
cÖavb wbe©vnK
(Chief Executive)
†Kv¤úvbxi gvwjKvbv I wbqš¿Yfvi ci¯úi nB‡Z

c„_K nIqvi d‡j cÖavb wbe©vn‡Ki c`wU
†Kv¤úvbxi cÖK…Z ÿgZv‡K‡›`ª cwiYZ nBqv‡Q|
Zuvnv‡K †K›`ª KwiqvB †Kv¤úvbxi hveZxq
Kvh©vejx AvewZ©Z nq| AvBb msµvšÍ wel‡q
cÖavb wbe©vnK h‡_ó ÿgZv cÖ‡qvM Kwiqv
_v‡Kb| †evW© KZ…©K Av‡ivwcZ wewa-
wb‡l‡ai AvIZvq cÖavb wbe©vnK me©wel‡q
ÿgZvi AwaKvix| cyi®‹vi-wZi®‹v‡ii gva¨‡g cÖavb
wbe©vnK Zuvnvi ÿgZv e„w× Kwi‡Z cv‡ib|
AvÁven Kg©Pvixw`M‡K †eZb e„w×, †evbvm,
÷K Ackb (Stock option) I bvbv cÖKv‡ii
m¤§vbm~PK myweav (eo Awdmvi, webv Li‡P
Mvox, †µwWU-KvW©) †Ìqv hvB‡Z cv‡i| †h
mKj Kg©Pvix Zuvnvi gZvg‡Zi cÖwZ m¤§wZ †`q
bv, Zvnvw`M‡K GB mg¯Í my‡hvM-myweav
nB‡Z ewÂZ Kiv hvB‡Z cv‡i wKsev GB mKj
Kg©Pvix‡K Ggb ¯’v‡b Ges Ggb c‡` e`wj Kiv
hvB‡Z cv‡i, †hLv‡b †Kvb ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
`vwqZ¡ _v‡K bv| gvwK©b †jLK Avi‡b÷ †W‡ji
fvlvq⸺we‡`ªvnx Aa¯Íb Kg©Pvix w`M‡K
cÖavb wbe©vnK g¨v‡bRvwiqvj mvB‡ewiqvq
(OSD) Kiv GK iKg mvB‡ewiqvq cÖKvk|
76
cÖavb wbe©vnK †Kv¤úvbxi wfZ‡i I evwn‡i †h
gvb I gh©v`v cvBqv _v‡Kb, Dnv Aa¯Íb
Kg©Pvix‡ì c‡ÿ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| hZ mn‡R cÖavb
wbe©vn‡Ki mvwnZ mvÿvr Kiv hvq, Zvunvi
mwnZ Avjvc Kivi mgq †hiƒc eënvi cvIqv hvq,
Dnv Kg©Pvix‡ì g‡bvej Dbœq‡b h‡_ó cÖfve
we¯Ívi K‡i|
cÖavb wbe©vn‡Ki KvR : cÖavb wbe©vnK

Rv‡bb †h, †Kv¤úvbxi Af¨šÍ‡i Zuvnvi Kv‡R
Lei`vwi Kivi †Kn bvB⸺Zuvnvi gZ I c_B †kl
K_v| wZwb h‡_ó msL¨K Kg©Pvixi wbKU nB‡Z
civgk© cvBqv _v‡Kb; wKšÍy Kviev‡ii MwZ
Zuvnvi wbR wm×všÍ AbyhvqxB cwiPvwjZ nq|
GB Rb¨ Kg©Pvix I Dc‡`óv cwi‡ewóZ nBqvI
wbR©b Kgx©| wZwb wb‡Ri m‡›`n I D‡ØM
KvnviI wbKU cÖKvk Kwi‡Z cv‡ib bv; KviY
Dnvi d‡j Aa¯Íb Kg©PvwiMY Zuvnvi †bZ…‡Z¡i
cÖwZ Av¯’v nvivB‡Z cv‡i| evwn‡ii WvB‡i±iMY
wbR wbR Kv‡R GZ e¨¯Í _v‡Kb †h, Zuvnviv
Zuvnv‡K we‡kl mvnvh¨ Kwi‡Z cv‡ib bv wKsev
Zuvnvi mgm¨vi mwnZ h‡_ó cwiwPZI bb| Aek¨
cÖavb wbe©vnK wb‡RI Kviev‡ii mKj wel‡qi
mwnZ h_v_©fv‡e cwiwPZ bb; KviY wZwb
GKvav‡i Drcv`b, weµq A_©, M‡elYv, kÖwgK-
g¨v‡bR‡g›U m¤úK©, KuvPvgvj msMÖn, †jvK
wb‡qvM cÖf…wZ wel‡q we‡klÁ nB‡Z cv‡ib bv|
77
cÖavb wbe©vnK †Kv¤úvbxi wfZ‡i I evwn‡i
†Kv¤úvbxi cÖZxK¯îƒc| †Kv¤úvbxi cÖavb
cÖwZwbwa wnmv‡e wZwb Zuvnvi wbR
e¨w³mËv nB‡Z A‡bK eo| cÖavb wbe©vnK
†Kv¤úvbxiB cÖwZwe¤^| RbmvaviY I
†Kv¤úvbx‡Z wbhy³ Kg©Pvix‡ì gZvgZ
†Kv¤úvbxi †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui AvPvi-eënvi Ges
PvjPjb Øviv cÖfvweZ nq|
A‡bK †Kv¤úvbx‡Z †cÖwm‡W›U ev cÖavb

wbe©vn‡Ki Rb¨ AvbyôvwbK Kg©m~Px
wba©vwiZ ( ) _v‡K; wKšÍy ev¯Íe †ÿ‡Î wZwb
hvnv Kwi‡ZPvb, ZvnvB Kwiqv _v‡Kb| †Kvb
†Kvb cÖavb wbe©vnK wb‡R‡K evwn‡i wewfbœ
¯^v_©MÖæ‡ci m¤§y‡L e³…Zv‡ZB e¨q nq|
A‡b‡K Avevi Bnv cQ›` K‡ib bv| Zuvnv‡ì g‡Z,
BnvB Zuvnv‡ì g~j KiYxq KvR e¨vnZ nq| Ggb
†cÖwm‡W›U Av‡Qb whwb g‡b K‡ib, Zuvnvi
KvR nBj cÖavbZ: AvBwWqv D™¢veb Kiv| Aek¨
A‡bK †cÖwm‡W›U Avevi b~¨Zb AvBwWqv D™
¢ve‡bi KvR Dc‡`óv‡ì nv‡Z Qvwoqv †`b| †Kn
†Kv¤úvbxi weµq, †Kn ev †Kv¤úvbxi Drcv`b,
Avevi †Kn ev A_©-ms¯’vb jBqv gv_v Nvgvb
†ekx; A_©vr whwb †h KvR fvj ey‡Sb wZwb Dnvi
Dci bRi †`b †ekx| cÖavb wbe©vn‡Ki KvR‡K
wbgœiƒcfv‡e mswÿß AvKv‡i eY©©bv Kiv hvq:
78
1. cÖavb wbe©vn‡Ki KvR Ab¨vb¨ g¨v‡bRvi‡ì
KvR nB‡Z c„_K ai‡bi|
2. †Kv¤úvbxi hveZxq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wel‡q wZwb

P‚ovšÍ wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡ib⸺mnKvix‡ì
wm×všÍ mvgwqK Ges kZ©mv‡cÿ|
3. wZwb mg¯Í †Kv¤úvbxi cÖwZwbwa; Ab¨vb¨

wefvMxq cÖavbMY †Kej Zuvnv‡ì wbR
wbR wefv‡Mi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡ib|
4. AwaKvsk cÖavb Kvh©wbe©vnK

cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨šÍ‡i wb‡R‡ì eZ©gv‡b
weµwqK wnmv‡e fvwe‡Z ïiæ Kwiqv‡Qb⸺
A_©vr †ev‡W©i wbKU Zuvnv‡ì
AvBwWqv ev cÖ¯Íve weµq Kwi‡Z nq; Aaxb
†jvK‡ì wbKUI Zuvnv‡ì bxwZMÖn‡Yi Rb¨
†Póv Kwi‡Z nq| Kg©Pvix‡ì wbKU nB‡Z
b~Zb AvBwWqv msMÖn Kiv Ges
cÖvwZôvwbK MYZš¿ cÖwZôv ( (growth of
corporate democracy) Zuvnv‡ì Ab¨Zg KvR|
5. cÖavb wbe©vnK GKRb wbcyb gvbyl-

DbœqbKvix ( ) †Kv¤úvbxi KvR myPviæiƒ‡c
cwiPvjbvi wbwgË †Uªwbs ev cÖwkÿY I
wkÿv w`qv Dchy³ †jvK Mwoqv †Zvjv cÖavb
wbe©vn‡Ki `vwq‡Z¡ GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨
A½| hy³iv‡óªi ÒmvD`vib c¨vwmwdKÓ
†Kv¤úvbxi †cÖwm‡W›U iv‡mj mv‡n‡ei
79
g‡Z, ÒcÖ‡gvkb‡hvM¨ †jvK LyuwRqv evwni
Kiv cÖavb wbe©vn‡Ki Kv‡Ri me©v‡cÿv
¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq|Ó MÖvÐ BDwbqb
†Kv¤úvbxi †cÖwm‡W›U wmì mv‡ne e‡jb,
Ògvbyl Mov †Kv¤úvbxi †bZ…‡Z¡ †gŠwjK
`vwqZ¡|Ó †Rbv‡ji B‡jKwUªK †Kv¤úvbxi
†cÖwm‡W›U KvwW©bvi mv‡ne e‡jb, Ò
†Kv¤úvbxi cÖavb wbe©vnK wnmv‡e
`vwqZ¡fvi MÖn‡Yi wZb erm‡ii g‡a¨ Zvnv‡K
AšÍZt c‡ÿ wZb Rb Awdmvi‡K Ggbfv‡e
Mwoqv Zzwj‡Z nB‡e, hvnv‡ì Kvh©`ÿZv
†cÖwm‡W›Ui Kvh©`ÿZvi mgvb A_ev †ekx
nB‡e Ges huvnviv Zuvnvi c‡` envj nIqvi Rb¨
m¤ú~Y© Dchy³ nB‡eb|
cÖavb wbe©vnK wKfv‡e wb‡Ri KvR‡K †`‡Lbt

ivR¯^vaÿ¨⸺GBiƒc `„wófw½m¤úbœ cÖavb
wbe©vnK Kviev‡ii Avw_©K w`‡Ki cÖwZB
we‡kl Drmvnx Ges cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a wZwb
†Kv¤úvbx‡Z wb‡Ri †kqvi cwigvY e„w`& Kivi
cÖqvm cvb| M‡elYv ev evRvi m¤úªmvi‡Yi
gva¨‡g gš’iMwZ‡Z DbœwZi bxwZ wZwb Pvb bv;
wZwb Ab¨ Kvievix cÖwZôvb µq A_ev Ab¨
cÖwZôv‡bi mwnZ HK¨‡RvU MV‡bi gvidZ
Z¡wiZ e„w× I m¤úªmviY Kvgbv K‡ib| Kviev‡ii
Ab¨vb¨ welq¸wj myPviæiƒ‡c PvjvBevi gZ
80
†hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ Kg©Pvix wb‡qv‡M wÿcÖn¯Í
Ges ZvovZvwo fvj dj †`LvB‡Z bv cvwi‡j
Zuvnvw`M‡K eiLv¯Í Kwi‡ZI wZwb AKzÉwPË|
Avf¨šÍixY cÖkvmwbK wel‡q Ges wewfbœ
wefv‡Mi Kv‡Ri mgš^q mva‡b wZwb †Zgb
cvi`kx© bb|
weµwqK: weµwqK g‡bvfvevcbœ cÖavb
wbe©vnK ev †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui mev©‡cÿv
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ¸Y nB‡j †jvK‡ì eySvBevi Ges
wb‡Ri g‡Z Avwbevi ÿgZv| GBiƒc e¨w³ †ev‡W©i
m`m¨, A_©jwMœKvix cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©KZ©v
wb‡Ri mnKgx© I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© MÖvnKw`M‡K
wb‡Ri fvlv I hyw³Z‡K©i mvnv‡h¨ Awff‚Z Kwi‡Z
cv‡ib| Dchy³ Drcv`b I A_©bxwZ welqK
g¨v‡bRv‡ii mnvqZvq GBiƒc †cÖwm‡W›U
Zuvnvi †Kv¤úvbx‡K mvd‡jï c‡_ cwiPvjbv
Kwi‡Z cv‡ib| GB RvZxq †jvK AwZkq Avkvev`x
Ges wb‡R‡ì eyw× I we‡ePbvi Dci h‡_ó
Av¯’vkxj; GgbwK Zuvnviv GBiƒc aviYvI †cvlY
K‡ib †h, Zuvnv‡ì wm×všÍ fzj nB‡Z cv‡i bv|
GBiƒc †cÖwm‡W›U Zuvnvi mnKvix‡ì mwnZ fvj
fve ivwLevi †Póv Kwi‡jI Bnv A‡bK mgq m¤¢e
nq bv| GBiƒc †jvK mn‡R †hgb Ac‡ii wbKU
AvBwWqv weµq Kwi‡Z cv‡ib, †Zgwb A‡bï
wbKU nB‡Z cÖkvmb, Kvh©c×wZ cÖf…wZ
welqK b~Zb AvBwWqv mn‡R MÖnYI Kwi‡Z
cv‡ib|
81
Kjv‡KŠkj wekvi` e¨w³ (technician) t GB †kÖYxi
†cÖwm‡W›Ui êwkó¨ nBj, wZwb hvnv K‡ib,
Zvnv wb‡R fvjiƒ‡c ey‡Sb| wKšÍy GBiƒc e¨w³
Avw_©K eë¯’vcbv I Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM cÖf…
wZ wel‡q †Zgb `ÿ bb| GBiƒc cÖavb wbe©vnK
wb‡Ri we‡kl Áv‡bi †ÿ‡Î b~Zb AvBwWqvi D™
¢veb jBqvB e¨¯Í _v‡Kb; d‡j g¨v‡bR‡g‡›Ui
Ab¨vb¨ KvR Ae‡nwjZ nq|
cÖkvmKt GB RvZxq †cÖwm‡W›U mvaviYZt
cÖkvmb I wewfbœ wefv‡Mi Kv‡Ri mgš^q
mva‡bB †ekxi fvM mgq AwZevwnZ K‡ib| wZwb
Abygvb I Av›`v‡Ri Dci wbf©i Kwiqv KvR
Kwi‡Z ivRx bb| cÖkvmwbK K‡g©i Rb¨ wZwb
we‡kl c×wZ I wbqg-Kvby‡b wek^vmx| 14-1g LÐ|
†Kv¤úvbxi gybvdv cybt jwMœ Kwiqv
cÖwZ‡hvMx‡ì mwnZ fvj iÿvc~e©K mvd‡jï c‡_
AMÖmi nB‡Z wZwb AvKv•ÿx| wKšÍy GB
†kÖYxi cÖavb wbe©vnK gšÍiMwZ‡Z Lye
mveavbZvi mwnZ AMÖmi nb Ges A‡bK fvebv-
wPšÍvi ci b~Zb AvBwWqv| MÖnY K‡ib|
Kg©Pvix wbe©vP‡bi e¨vcv‡i GBiƒc
†cÖwm‡W›U wb‡Ri gZ †jvKB cÖQ›` K‡ib|
cÖavb wbe©vnK ev †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui †bZ…Z¡ :
cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki wbR¯^ e¨w³Z¡ Av‡Q| GKwU
cÖwZôv‡bi †ejvq ejv hvq, Bnvi e¨w³Z¡ nBj Bnvi
†cÖwm‡W‡›Ui e¨w³‡Z¡i cÖwZdjb|
82
eë¯’vcbvi Kv‡h© cvwicvwk^©K Ae¯’vi mwnZ
Lvc LvIqvBqv| Pjv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| lvU ermi
c~‡e© Rb wW. iK‡djvi wKsev GÛz Kv‡b©Mx
†h †KŠkj Aej¤^‡b Zuvnv‡ì weivU cÖwZôvb
Mwoqv ZzwjqvwQ‡jb, AvaywbK RM‡Z †mB
†KŠkj APj| Zuvnviv wQ‡jb AvZ¥‡Kw›`ªK,
AvZ¥kw³‡Z cÖMvp wek^vmx Ges cÖfz
g‡bvfvevcbœ| †Kvb Ae¯’vq wK Kwi‡Z nB‡e,
†mB e¨vcv‡i Zuvnviv wm×všÍ MÖnY Kwi‡Zb
Ges Zuvnviv Avkv Kwi‡Zb, Zuvnv‡ì Aaxb
†jv‡Kiv webvevKë¨‡q wÿcÖZvi mwnZ Zuvnv‡ì
ûKzg Zvwgj Kwi‡e| eZ©gv‡b Zuvnv‡ì m¤ú‡K©
Av‡jvPbv Kwi‡Z wMqv GKwU welq ¯§iY
ivwL‡Z nB‡e †h, Zuvnviv GK wfbœ hy‡M Kvievi
Kwi‡Zb Ges ZLb †jvK‡ì `„wófw½I wQj Avjv`v;
iK‡djvi mv‡neI Zuvnvi Kviev‡i AvaywbK
MYZvwš¿K c×wZ Pvjy Kwi‡Z Pvwn‡j mdj
nB‡Zb wKbv m‡›`n; KviY mg‡qi cwieZ©b
NwUqv‡Q| †dvW© †Kv¤úvbx wQj GKbvqK
kvmbvaxb GKwU cÖwZôvb| eZ©gv‡b Bnv‡K
GK`j cÖMwZkxj, cÖvYešÍ I mn‡hvwMZvi
g‡bvfvevcbœ g¨v‡bRvi KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ
MYZvwš¿K †Kv¤úvbx‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv nBqv‡Q|
Dnvi cÖwZôvZv †nbix †dvW© wQ‡jb GKRb
GK¸u‡q †jvK| †Kv¤úvbxi mg¯Í ÿgZv Zuvnvi
nv‡Z †K›`ªxf‚Z wQj| Zuvnvi Av`k©, Zuvnvi
AvBwWqv, Zuvnvi D`¨g, Zuvnvi Kíbvkw³ Ges
83
Zuvnvi D”Pvwfjvl Av‡gwiKvi evwYwR¨K
BwZnv‡m †dv‡W©i weivU Kvievix mvgªvR¨
MVb KwiqvwQj| wØZxq gnvhy‡×i ci †Rbv‡ij
Ges µvBmjvi †Kv¤úvbx ax‡i ax‡i †dvW©
†Kv¤úvbxi Kvievi n¯ÍMZ Kwi‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i| ZLb
†dv‡W©i mvgªvR¨ fvw½qv covi Dcµg nq| A_P
†nbix Zuvnvi bxwZ I c×wZ e`jvB‡eb bv| †h
†bZ…Z¡ GKw`b mgMÖ cÖwZôv‡bi Av¯’v I
mg_©b jvf KwiqvwQj, Dnvevmx Ges APj ewjqv
cÖZxqgvb nBj| Kg©Pvix‡ì g‡bvej fvw½qv c‡o,
DÏxcbv I cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK D`¨g w¯ÍwgZ
nBqv c‡o| GB Pig `~ive¯’vi w`‡b †nbixi †cŠÎ
AvaywbK cwiewZ©Z wPšÍvaviv jBqv
cÖwZôv‡bi `vwqZ¡fvi MÖnY K‡ib|
†cÖwm‡W‡›Ui c~e© cwiPqt hy³iv‡óªi cÖvq
†cÖwm‡W‡›UB cÖwZôv‡bi wbgœ¯Íi nB‡Z
cÖ‡gvkb cvBqv Dc‡i DbœxZ nb| cÖwZôv‡bi
P‚ovi w`‡K DVvi m‡½ m‡½ Zuvnv‡ì `„wófw½
cÖk¯Í Kwi‡Z nq| we‡kl wefv‡Mi cÖwZ bv
†`wLqv †Kv¤úvbxi mvwe©K w`K m¤ú‡K©
Zvnvw`M‡K fvwe‡Z nq|Kv‡RB †cÖwm‡W›U‡K
we‡klÁ nB‡j P‡j bv, Ò †Rbv‡iwj÷Ó nB‡Z nq|
Zuvnvw`M‡K Aci †jvK‡ì gva¨‡g KvR KivBqv
jIqvi Af¨vm AvqË Kwi‡Z nq|
†Kv¤úvbxi †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui c~e©-cwiPq wewfbœ
ai‡bi nBqv _v‡K| g¨vbyd¨vKPvwis cÖwZôv‡b
84
†cÖwm‡W›U cÖvq †ÿÎ Drcv`b-wefvM nB‡Z
Avwmqv _v‡Kb| wKšÍy weµq, BwÄwbqvwis Ges
A_© cÖf…wZ wefv‡Mi wel‡q Zuvnv‡ì AwfÁZv
_vKv ìKvi| †Kv¤úvbxi Kviev‡ii cÖK…wZ
hvnvB nDK bv †Kb, †cÖwm‡W›U †Kv¤úvbxi
cÖavb Kv‡Ri GjvKv nB‡Z Avmv DwPZ| wKQz
msL¨K †cÖwm‡W›U Aek¨ DËivwaKvi m~‡Î
†Kv¤úvbxi GB D”Pc` jvf K‡ib| mgq we‡k‡l
gvwjKvbv QvovB ïay ¯^RbcÖxwZi e‡`Šj‡Z
Zuvnviv Dc‡ii ¯Í‡ii PvKzix cvBiv _v‡Kb| wcZv
wKsev k^ïi †Kv¤úvbxi †cÖwm‡W›U nB‡j †Q‡j
wKsev RvgvB‡qi c‡ÿ cÖwZôv‡bi Dc‡ii ¯Í‡i DVv
mnR nq| Ôe‡miÕ Kb¨vi cvwbMÖnY K`vwPr
DbœwZi AšÍivq NUvq| gvwK©b †`‡ki ZiæY
†Kv¤úvbx- †cÖwm‡W›UMY‡K wKfv‡e
Zuvnv‡ì †jvfbxq c` evMvBqv‡Qb, Zvnv
wRÁvmv Kwiqv Rvbv wMqv‡Q †h, kZKiv 25 Rb
wb‡Ri A‡_© †Kv¤úvbx cÖwZôv Kwiqv Dnv‡ì
†cÖwm‡W›U nBqv‡Qb, kZKiv 45 Rb AvZ¥x‡qi
¯’jvwfwl³ nBqv †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui PvKzix
cvBqv‡Qb, kZKiv 10 Rb me©wbgœ c` nB‡Z
cÖ‡gvkb cvBiv †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui c‡` DbœxZ
nBqv‡Qb; evKx 20 Rb Ab¨vb¨fv‡e
†cÖwm‡W‡›Ui PvKzix cvBqv‡Qb|
†Kv¤úvbxi †cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vP‡b
¯^RbcÖxwZi AvkÖq MÖnY Kiv mnR KvR bq|
Ôwb‡cvwURgÕ ev ¯^RbcÖxwZi
85
Aw¯ÍZ¡ _vwK‡jI Dnv †h me mgq Lvivc Ges
cwiZ¨vR¨ ZvnvI wVK bq| †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui †Q‡j
e¨w³MZfv‡e ch©vß cwigvY Dchy³Zvi AwaKvix
nB‡Z cv‡ib; KviY †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui †Q‡j
†Kv¤úvbxi cvwicvwk^©KZvq gvbyl nb,
†Kv¤úvbxi AvenvIqv Zuvnvi cwiwPZ, wcZvi
mvnP‡h© _vKvi ìæY †Kv¤úvbx‡K Mfxifv‡e
Rvbvi Ges wcZvi Kvh©Kjvc jÿ¨ Kwiqv I wcZvi
gy‡L Zuvnvi AwfÁZvi K_v ïwbqv Zuvnv‡ì wkÿv
MÖn‡Yi my‡hvM N‡U|
†cÖwm‡W‡›Ui mvdj¨ t gvwK©b †`‡ki GK
M‡elYvi d‡j †`Lv wMqv‡Q †h, †Kv¤úvbxi
†cÖwm‡W‡›Ui mvd‡jï g~‡j iwnqv‡Q Ôeq-
¯‹vDUÕ AvBb Ges K‡Vvi cwikÖ‡gi Af¨vm| mdj
†cÖwm‡W›U‡ì êwkó¨ nBj t
1. Zuvnviv mn‡R nZvk nb bv; cÖ‡ivwPZ nBqvI
Zuvnviv KLbI †gRvR Mig K‡ib bv;
2. mdj †cÖwm‡W›UMY mnKvix‡ì wm×všÍ
MÖn‡Yi Kv‡R Ask MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ DrmvwnZ
K‡ib| mnKvix‡ì Abyf‚wZ‡Z †Kvb cÖKvi
AvNvZ bv Kwiqv wKsev Zvnv‡ì e¨w³‡Z¡i
cÖwZ KUvÿ bv Kwiqv wb‡Ri gZwU cÖKvk
K‡ib|
3. mdj †cÖwm‡W›U AbeiZ wbR‡K cÖkœ K‡ib
Ges mZK©Zvi mwnZ wb‡R‡K ch©v‡jvPbv
86
K‡ib; wKšÍy& Dnvq Øviv AvZ¥wek^vm ev
AvZ¥m¤§vb RjvÄwj †`b bv|
4. Zuvnviv cÖwZ‡hvwMZv‡K fq K‡ib bv; eis
kvšÍwP‡Ë Bnv‡Z AeZxY© nb|
5. Zuvnviv mn‡R KvnviI cÖwZ kÎæZvfve
†cvlY K‡ib bv; cÖwZevÌ Zuvnviv AwZ
mZK©Zvi mwnZ K‡ib|
6. Rq-civRq Zuvnviv wbqwš¿Z Av‡e‡Mi mwnZ
MÖnY K‡ib; R‡q †hgb Zuvnviv AvZ¥nviv
nb bv; civR‡qI †Zgwb fvw½qv c‡ob bv|
7. civR‡qi Møvwb mdj g¨v‡bRviw`M‡K
`gvB‡Z cv‡i bv| GKevi civwRZ nB‡j gy‡L
Pzb-Kvwj †Ìqvi gZ g‡bvfve I Zuvnv‡ì nq
bv| GK¯’‡j civwRZ nB‡j mZ¡i Ab¨¯’‡j ev
Ab¨ jÿë¯Íy AR©‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡Póv PvjvB‡Z
Zuvnviv KzÉv‡eva K‡ib bv|
†Kv¤úvbxi cÖavb wbe©vnK ev †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui
fvebvi KviY t
1. mg‡qi h‡_vchy³ eënvi⸺ †Kv¤úvbxi
†cÖwm‡W›U‡K Ab¨ †h †Kvb e¨w³ A‡cÿv
†ekx †jvK‡K mvÿvr `vb Kwi‡Z nq Ges Ab¨
†h †Kvb e¨w³ A‡cÿv †ekx KvR Kwi‡Z nq|
2. †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui fvebvi Aci KviY⸺wZwb
KvR wb‡R K‡ib bv; Ac‡ii gvidZ KivBqv jb|
87
3. mnKgx©‡ì g‡a¨ mn‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve
Mwoqv †Zviv Ges Zvnvw`M‡K K‡g©
DrmvwnZ Kiv⸺†Kv¤úvbxi we‡kl
¸iæZ¡c~Y© c` Aj¼…Z Kivi Rb¨ †hvM¨ †jvK
LyuwRqv evwni Kiv; Zvnv‡ì cÖwkÿ‡Yi
eë¯’v Kiv Ges Zvnvw`M‡K Kv‡R
AvZ¥wb‡qvM Kivi Rb¨ AbycÖvwYZ Kiv
†cÖwm‡W‡›Ui me©v‡cÿv `yiƒn I
mgqmv‡cÿ KvR|
4. †Kv¤úvbxi Kvh©µ‡gi MwZaviv wba©viY
⸺ÒAvgvi †Kv¤úvbxi c‡ÿ †Kvb †Kvb welq
AZ¨vek¨KÓ⸺GB cÖ‡kœi DË‡ii msÁv
wbiƒcY Ges Dnvi we‡kølY I cybtwe‡kølY
Kivi e¨vcv‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq gvbwmK cwikÖg I
fvebv|
5. †Kv¤úvbxi Kvh© wel‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq
Dc‡`‡ki Rb¨ we‡klÁ‡ì mvnvh¨ MÖnY|
6. cÖ‡qvRbxq PjwZ cyuwRi ms¯’vb|
7. m¼UKvj ev wec‡ì mgq †Kv¤úvbxi
Aw¯ÍZ¡ eRvq ivLvi D‡Ï‡k¨ Riæix eë¯’v
MÖnY|
8. Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZôv‡bi mwnZ †Kv¤úvbxi cÿ
nB‡Z Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvq
Ask MÖnY|
88
9. †Kv¤úvbxi Rb¨ AvKl©Yxq ÔµxWÕ A‡š^lY
Kwiqv Dnvi DrKl© mva‡bi cÖ‡Póv Pvjvb;
KviY eZ©gvb hy‡M gybvdv AR©‡bi gZB
†Kv¤úvbxi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ A‡bK eo
ewjqv we‡ewPZ nB‡Z‡Q|
10. ¯^xq Kvh©`ÿZv I Kg©ÿgZvi DrKl© mvab|
gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi gZ DbœZ †`‡k kZKiv 75
fvM †Kv¤úvbx- †cÖwm‡W›U wb‡R‡ì
†hvM¨Zv evovBevi Rb¨ cÖwZ ermi †Kvb bv
†Kvb cÖKv‡ii cÖwkÿY wbqv _v‡Kb Ges
kZKiv 60 Rb wbqwgZ wb‡R‡ì D‡ØM I
wPšÍv jvN‡ei Rb¨ b~Zb Dcvq D™¢ve‡bi
†Póvq wbhy³ _v‡Kb|1
89
beg Aa¨vq
GKwRwKDwUf
GKwRwKDwUf ebvg g¨v‡bRvit ev¯Íe RM‡Z
†`Lv hvq, ÔGKwRwKDwUfÕ Ges Ôg¨v‡bRviÕ
kã `yBwU GK A‡_© eëüZ nq bv| gvwK©b
hy³iv‡óª g¨v‡bRvi ewj‡Z †cÖwm‡W›U nB‡Z
Avi¤¢ Kwiqv †dvig¨vb ch©šÍ mKj‡K eySv‡bv
nq, A_©vr †h e¨w³ Aci e¨w³i Øviv KvR KivBqv jb
ev Aci e¨w³‡K Zuvnvi B”Qv Abyhvqx KvR Kivi
Rb¨ ûKzg †`qvi ÿgZv iv‡Lb, Zuvnv‡KB g¨v‡bRvi
ejv nq| ¯úóZt Ôg¨v‡bRviÕ kãwU e¨vcK A‡_©
eëüZ nq; wKšÍy GKwRwKDwUf kãwU GBiƒc
e¨vcK A‡_© eëüZ nq bv| mvaviYZt D”Pch©v‡qi
g¨v‡bRvi‡ì eySv‡bvi Rb¨ ÔGKwRwKDwUfÕ
kãwU mxwgZ ivLv nq| ÔGKwRwKDwUf kãwU
†hiƒc gh©v`ve¨ÄK Ges gv`KZvhy³, g¨v‡bRvi
kãwU Z`ªƒc bq| eo eo †Kv¤úvbx¸wji
ÔGKwRwKDwUf WvBwbs iægÕ cÖwZôv‡b †K
GKwRwKDwUf Zvnv eySvi c‡ÿ GKwU DËg
nvwZqvi| GLv‡b g¨v‡bRvi bv‡g AwfwnZ mKj
Kg©Pvixi cÖ‡ekvwaKvi _v‡K bv| gvwK©b
hy³ivóª †Kej D”Pch©v‡qi KwZcq e¨w³‡KB
GKwRwKDwUf WvBwbs iæ‡g cÖ‡ekvwaKvi
†Ìqv nq; hwÌ A‡bK †Kv¤úvbxi †cÖwm‡W›U
cÖvq mgq ewjqv †eovb †h, g¨v‡bR‡g‡›Ui Kv‡R
wbhy³ mKj †jvKB ÒGKwRwKDwUfÓ|
90
†ncbvi mv‡ne e‡jb, wewb‡`©wkZ (specified)
KvR K‡i, GBiƒc Awdmvi‡K g¨v‡bRvi ejv hvB‡Z
cv‡i; Avi hvnvi KvR wewb‡`©wkZ bq Zvnv‡K
GKwRwKDwUf ejv hvB‡Z cv‡i| Bsj¨v‡Ði
GKwRwKDwUf kãwU g¨v‡bR‡g›Ui D”Pch©v‡qi
†jvK‡ì g‡a¨ mxwgZ ivLv nq| Rywbqvi g¨v‡bRvi
Ges mycvifvBRviMY‡K GKwRwKDwUf‡ì g‡a¨
aiv nq bv| evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vI Z`ªƒc; hwÌ A‡bK
cÖwZôv‡b Rywbqvi GKwRwKDwUf kãwU mgq
mgq eëüZ nB‡Z †`Lv hvq|
cÖwkÿYcÖvß e¨w³‡ì mg_©bcyó †Rvi`vi
eë¯’vcbv †Kv¤úvbxi me©vwaK g~jëvb m¤ú`|
gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª GK Rix‡c †`Lv wMqv‡Q †h,
kZKiv 90 fv‡Mi †ekx †ÿ‡Î Kvievix cÖwZôv‡bi
Amvd‡jï cðv‡Z iwnqv‡Q A‡hvM¨ ev ÔiwÏ
gvK©vÕ eë¯’vcbv| eë¯’vcbvi wmuwo‡Z
wZbwU avc Av‡Qt D”P, ga¨g Ges wbgœ| cÖ_g I
wØZxq ¯Í‡i iwnqv‡Q eë¯’vcbvi KvR Ges Z…
Zxq ¯Í‡i iwnqv‡Q mycvifvBRvix KvR|
cÖwZôv‡bi µgea©gvb DbœwZi Rb¨ mKj av‡cB
Dchy³ e¨w³i cÖ‡qvRb| cÖwZfvevb mycvifvBRvi
A‡hvM¨ GKwRwKDwU‡fi Aax‡b `xN©Kvj KvR
Kwi‡Z Pvq bv; KviY Zuvnviv mn‡R Ab¨Î PvKzix
MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g †hvM¨ e¨w³‡K EaŸ©Zb KZ©v
wnmv‡e cvB‡Z cv‡ib| †hvM¨ †bZvi Aax‡b KvR
Kivi AvMÖn ¯^vfvweK; †Kbbv Bnvi d‡j KvR
wkwLevi my‡hvM cvIqv hvq|
91
GKwRwKDwUfKiY †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ nB‡j
Zuvnviv Dchy³ wbe©vPb I cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g
Dchy³ mycvifvBRvi Mwoqv Zzwj‡Z cv‡ib| Ab¨
K_vq, cÖ_g †kÖYxi †bZv cÖ_g †kÖYxi
Abymvix AbymÜvb K‡ib; Z…Zxq †kÖYxi †bZv
Z…Zxq ev wbgœch©v‡qi Abymvix cQ›` K‡ib|
GB Kvi‡Y A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq, PvKzix cÖ_g
†kÖYxi cÖv_x©i fv‡M¨ bv RywUqv Z…Zxq
†kÖYxi KivqZ¡ nq|
GKwRwKDwUf gvwj‡Ki e¨w³‡Z¡i we¯Í…Z Ask
bqt †nbix †dv‡W©i Rxe‡b Bnvi Pig cixÿv
nBqv‡Q| wZwb †UKwbwkqvbw`M‡K †gvUv
†eZb w`‡Z cÖ¯ÍyZ wQ‡jb; wKšÍy g¨v‡bR‡g›U ev
eë¯’vcbv‡K cÖwZôv‡bi gvwjK wnmv‡e wb‡Ri
e¨w³MZ KvR ewjqv g‡b Kwi‡Zb| wZwb w¯’i
KwiqvwQ‡jb †h, Kvnv‡KI Kviev‡ii gvwjKvbvq
Ask MÖnY Kwi‡Z w`‡eb bv Ges Kvnv‡KI
g¨v‡bR‡g‡›Ui Askx`vi evbvB‡eb bv| †dvW©
†Kv¤úvbxi †gvUv †eZb‡fvMx
GKwRwKDwUfMY‡K †nbixi e¨w³MZ †Kivbxi
gZ KvR Kwi‡Z nBZ; A_©vr †nbixi Av‡`k mxgvi
evwn‡i eëmv‡q †Kvb cÖKvi D‡`¨vM ev cÖ‡Póvi
¯’vb wQj bv| e‡qv:e„× †nbix †dvW©
†Kv¤úvbx‡K Zuvnvi e¨w³MZ cÖvB‡fU m¤úwË
wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Kwi‡Zb| Kvievi cwiPvjbv Kiv
†h e¨w³MZ m¤úwËi ZË¡veavb nB‡Z wfbœ KvR;
Zvnv †nbixi gv_vq Av‡m bvB| †kl ch©šÍ
92
†Kv¤úvbxi AvqZb GZ eo nBqvwQj †h, GKR‡bi
c‡ÿ †Kivbx ev mnvq‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ Dnv cwiPvjbv
Kiv m¤¢e wQj bv; e¯ÍyZt †nbixi KvR †h
g¨v‡bRvi Ôg¨v‡bRÕ Kivq cwiYZ nBqvwQj;
†nbix Zvnv Dcjwä Kwi‡Z cv‡ib bvB|Õ
wbe©vnx ev GKwRwKDwU‡fi ¸Yvejxt
g¨v‡bR‡g›U wU‡gi mKj m`‡mï g‡a¨ GKwU
mvaviY ¸Y we`¨gvb _vKv cÖ‡qvRb; Bnv nBj
†bZ…Z¡ cÖ`v‡bi ¸Y| Ab¨vb¨ welq mgvb nB‡j
cÖwZôv‡bi mdjZv wbf©i K‡i †bZv KZ…©K
mKj ch©v‡qi †jvKw`M‡K GK‡Î wUg wnmv‡e
KvR Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖfvweZ Kivi ÿgZvi Dci|
ev¯Íe‡ÿ‡Î A‡bK †kÖYxi †bZv †`Lv hvq| Zuvnviv
A‡bK mgq m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c wecixZ cš’v Aej¤^b
Kwiqv mvdj¨ AR©b K‡ib| cÖavb êwkó¨ wnmv‡e
†bZv‡K wbgœwjwLZ †kÖYx‡Z fvM Kiv hvqt
1. eywØRxex †bZv⸺Zuvnviv we‡kl †ÿ‡Î
¯^xK…Z ÿgZvi e‡j Abymvix cvBqv _v‡Kb|
2. cÖwZôvbMZ †bZv⸺wb‡R‡ì c`gh©v`vi
ìæY †jv‡K Zuvnv‡ì K_v ï‡b|
3. MYZvwš¿K †bZv⸺Zuvnviv Aaxb-‡jvK‡ì
g‡a¨ msL¨v¸iæ `‡ji B”Qv c~iY K‡ib|
4. ¯^Ztù‚Z© (automatic) †bZv⸺Zuvnv‡ì
†bZ…‡Z¡i wfwË nBj Amxg ÿgZv Ges
e¨w³MZ cÖ‡Póv|
93
5. cÖ‡ivPK (persuasive) †bZv⸺Zuvnviv
cQ›`RbK e¨w³‡ì mn‡hvwMZv AR©b K‡ib|
6. ¯^Rbkxj †bZv⸺ GB †kÖYxi †bZv
Abymvixw`M‡K AvBwWqvi mvnv‡h¨
AbycÖvwYZ K‡ib|
eZ©gv‡b DbœZ †`kmg~‡n GBiƒc GKwU aviYv
Mwoqv DwV‡Z‡Q †h, mdj †bZ…‡Z¡i cÖv_wgK
wfwË nBj Abymvix‡ì m¤úwË| ivR‰bwZK
fveaviv nB‡Z Bnvi D™¢e ewjqv A‡b‡K g‡b
K‡ib| ivRbxwZ‡Z wek^vm Kiv nq †h, kvm‡Ki
c‡ÿ me©v‡cÿv wbivc` eë¯’v nBj kvwm‡Zi
m¤§wZ AR©b|
†bZv wnmv‡e ¯^xK…wZ jv‡fi c‡ÿ Avi GKwU
¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq nBj Abymvix‡ì jÿ¨|
AbymvwiMY hw`g‡b K‡i, †bZv Zvnvw`M‡K
Zvnv‡ì jÿ¨ AR©‡bi c‡_ PvjvBqv wb‡Z cvwi‡eb,
Zvnv nB‡j Zvnviv Lye m¤¢eZt Zuvnvi †bZ…‡Z¡i
cÖwZ AKzÉ mg_©b RvbvB‡e| Z‡e GKevi †bZv
wnmv‡e M„nxZ nIqvi ci Abymvix‡ì jÿ¨ AR©‡b
mvdj¨ jvf Kwi‡Z bv cvwi‡j cÖZ¨vL¨vZ nIqvi m¤
¢vebvB †ekx|
mgq I Ae¯’vwe‡k‡lI †bZ…‡Z¡ M„nxZ nIqv‡K
we‡klfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i| Òmgq †bZv evbvqÓ⸺
GBiƒc GKwU cÖevèvK¨ cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| RvZxq
AebwZ RwbZMY Am‡šÍvl wnUjvi‡K †bZvi
Avm‡b mgvmxbK‡i| wnUjv‡ii jÿ¨ wQj kw³kvjx
94
RvwZ wnmv‡e Rvg©vbxi Avmb cybiæ×vi Kiv|
ÒwnUjvi‡K Rã Kiv ìKviÓ Bs‡iR RvwZi GB
g‡bvfveB PvwP©j‡K †bZv nIqi my‡hvM †`q|
†bZ…‡Z¡i ZË¡ ev w_Iix jBqv gZvšÍi _vwK‡jI
GBK_v evievi cÖgvwYZ nBqv‡Q †h, †bZ…‡Z¡i
Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ¸Yvejx wkÿv Kiv hvq Ges
GB¸wji Dbœqb I DrKl© mvab m¤¢e| Bnv Aek¨
wVK †h, mgv‡Ri †jvKw`M‡K †bZv I Abymvix
GB `yB †kÖYx‡Z fvM Kiv hvq| wKšÍy Bnvi Øviv
GB K_v eySvq bv †h, Dchy³ cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g
AbymvwiMY ewjô †bZv nB‡Z cv‡i bv| GK Kv‡ji
Òcywj‡ki †jvK evbv‡bv nq bv, Bnviv Rb¥MZÓ
⸺GB aviYv fvw½qv Pzigvi nBqv wMqv‡Q|
eZ©gv‡b Av‡gwiKv, BD‡ivc Ges KwZcq
DbœwZkxj †`‡k wek^we`¨vjq Ges Kvievix
cÖwZôv‡b GKwRwKDwUf Ges †bZ…‡Z¡i
DrKl© mva‡bi Rb¨ we‡kl †Kv‡m©i eë¯’v
iwnqv‡Q| GB †Kv‡m©i cðv‡Z †h wek^vm
iwnqv‡Q, Zvnv nBj e³…Zv, Av‡jvPbv I cÖf…
wZi gva¨‡g GKwRwKDwUf‡ì †bZ…‡Z¡ ÿgZvi
DrKl© mvab m¤¢e|
wbe©vnx ev GKwRwKDwU‡fi êwkó¨ t Kvievix
RM‡Z eë¯’vcbvi cÖK…wZ w`b w`b cwiewZ©Z
nB‡Z‡Q| d‡j †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ GKwRwKDwUf‡K
Zuvnvi KvR I Kjv‡KŠkj cwiewZ©Z Ae¯’vi
mwnZ Lvc LvIqvBqv jB‡Z nq| GKRb Av`k©
GKwRwKDwU‡fi êwkó¨ nBjt
95
1. wZwb MwZkxj, wZwb †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ,
wZwb Ae¯’vi mwnZ Lvc LvIqvBqv jB‡Z
cv‡ib|
2. wZwb e¨w³MZfv‡e `vwqZ¡fvb m¤úbœ|
3. wZwb Aaxb- †jvK‡ì AvbyMZ¨ AR©b K‡ib|
4. gvby‡li wel‡q Zuvnvi Abyf‚wZ I aviYv
we¯Í…Z|
5. wZwb e¨w³MZfv‡e mØënvi m¤úbœ Ges
Kviev‡ii `yw`‡bI wZwb g‡bvej `„p ivwL‡Z
cv‡ib|
mdjZv jv‡fi Rb¨ GKwRwKDwUfw`M‡K
wbgœwjwLZ †hvM¨Zvmg~‡ni AwaKvix nB‡Z
nqt
1. mgm¨v mgvav‡bi eyw×`xß ÿgZv GesAweivg
gvbwmK cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ myMwVZ
†`nZby|
2. `~i`wk©Zvi mwnZ Ges e¨vcKfv‡e cwiKíbv
cÖYqb Ges msMV‡bi ÿgZv|
3. wbfz©j wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi e¨vcv‡i `„wókw³i
ZxÿèZv|
4. Z¡vwiZ enb Kivi gZ kw³ Ges B”Qv|
5. Aci †jvK‡K DÏxß Ges m¤§Z Kivi mvg_©¨|
fvj wbe©vnx ev GKwRwKDwUf †K t fvj

GKwRwKDwUf wZwb, whwb Aaxb- †jvK‡ì
wbKU nB‡Z me‡P‡q †ekx KvR Ggbfv‡e Av`vq
96
Kwi‡Z cv‡ib, hvnv‡Z Zvnv‡ì g‡bvej ÿzYœ bv
nq| GKUv D`vniY †Ìqv hvK| GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi
†Kvb GK wefvMxq cÖavb Drcv`‡bi e¨vcv‡i
wba©vwiZ Kg©m~Pxi A‡bK wcP‡b cwoqv hvb|
Drcv`b Kg©m~Px Abymv‡i wZwb AvcÖvY †Póv
Kwiqv‡Qb GgbI bq| Ae‡k‡l g¨v‡bR‡g›U
KwgwUi Awa‡ek‡b Bnv Av‡jvP¨ wel‡qi AšÍfz©³
nq| Av‡jvPbv †ek D‡ËRbvi wfZi w`qv AMÖmi
nB‡ZwQj| Drcv`‡bi fvicÖvß fvBm- †cÖwm‡W›U
cÖxwZc~Y©, eÜzmyjf Ges m¤ú~Y© cÖK…
wZ¯’ iwn‡jb| Bnv‡Z Avwg nZvk nBqvwQ|
AvwgRvwb, ZzwgI nZvk nBqvQ| Avgiv `yBR‡bB
†Kv¤úvbxi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK Ae¯’vi K_v
AeMZ AvwQ| Aek¨ Zzwg GB wel‡q GKUv
wKQz Ki‡e| BwZc~‡e©I Zzwg KwVb Ae¯’vi
m¤§yLxb nBqvQ Ges Zzwg Dnv‡ì †gvKvwejv
Kwi‡Z cvwiqvQ|Ó K_v ejvi mgq wZwb †Pqvi
nB‡Z DwVqv †Uwe‡ji Pvwi cv‡k^© cvqPvix
Kwi‡ZwQ‡jb| Zvici DwÏó e¨w³wUi ¯‹‡Ü nvZ
ivwLqv ewj‡jb, ÒZzwg Rvb, GLb wK Kwi‡Z
nB‡e| ZzwgRvb, Avwg bvbv Kv‡K wK cwigvY
e¨¯Í _vwK| Avgvi wek^vm, GB e¨vcv‡i Avwg
n¯Í‡ÿc Kwi Zvnv Zzwg PvI bv Ges †Zvgvi Dci
fimv Kwi‡Z bv cvwi‡j Avgv‡K wVK ZvnvB
Kwi‡Z nB‡e|Ó
dzUej †Ljv Lvivc nB‡Z _vwK‡j dzUej †KvP&
(coach) †hfv‡e b~Zb †L‡jvqv‡oi wcV PvcovBqv
gv‡Vi g‡a¨ †Vwjqv †`b, †Zgwb fw½‡Z fvBm
†cÖwm‡W›U wcQ‡b cov g¨v‡bRvi‡K PvcovBqv
97
ewj‡jb, ÒAvMvgx gv‡m Avwg Avkv Kwi,
†Zvgvi KvR Avevi jB‡b Avwm‡e|Ó
Dchy³ eënvic×wZi Øviv fvBm- †cÖwm‡W›U
4wU KvR nvwmj Kwi‡jbt
1. wZwb RvbvBqv w`‡jb †h, wcQ‡b cov Drcv`b
wefv‡Mi Ae¯’vi K_v wZwb AeMZ Av‡Qb|
2. wZwb eySvBqv w`‡jb †h, H wefv‡Mi
g¨v‡bRv‡ii c‡ÿ H wel‡q ms‡kvabx eë¯’v
cej¤^‡bi ÿgZv Ges `vwqZ¡ iwnqv‡Q|
3. ms‡kvabx eë¯’v Aej¤^‡bi Rb¨ wZwb GKgvm
wba©vwiZ Kwiqv w`‡jb Ges
4. mswkøó g¨v‡bRvi GLbI e‡mi Av¯’vfvRb Bnv
†`LvBqv wZwb Zvnv‡K DrmvwnZ Kwi‡jb|
GKwRwKDwU‡fi Kv‡Ri iƒc‡iLvt
GKwRwKDwUf‡ì KZ©e¨‡K ev¯Í‡e iƒcvwqZ
Kivi mgq wb¤œwjwLZ mvaviY wbqg¸wj‡K
iƒc‡iLv wnmv‡e g‡b ivLv ìKvit
1. eo mgm¨v¸wji cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvM †Ìqv,
A‡cÿvK…Z †QvU †QvU mgm¨v¸wj
mnKvix‡ì Dci Qvwoqv †Ìqv|
2. †hme KZ©e¨ Aci †jvK‡ì Dci b¨¯Í Kiv hvq,
†mB¸wji fvi mnKvix‡ì Dci Ac©Y Kiv Ges
wb‡R AwaKZi dj`vqK Kv‡R g‡bv‡hvM `vb|
3. mgq-ZvwjKv Ggbfv‡e mvRv‡bv, hvnv‡Z
Zuvnvi Kv‡Ri mgq fvimvg¨hy³ nq; mnKvix‡ì
mwnZ civgk©, cwiKíbv I msMV‡bi Rb¨
my‡hvM _v‡K|
98
4. cÖwZôv‡bi KvR wbqš¿Y Kiv, hvZvqvZ
Kv‡Ri gvb AwR©Z nB‡Z‡Q wKbv Rvbv hvq
Ges Kv‡Ri gvb iwÿZ bv nB‡j Zvnvi KviY
evwni Kiv hvq|
5. †Kvb Kvh©µ‡gi djvdj `„wó‡MvPb
(visualize) Kiv|
6. KvR, Kv‡Ri c×wZ Ges Kv‡Ri cwiKíbvi
DrKl© mva‡bi Rb¨ Ges Kv‡R Ask MÖn‡Yi
gva¨‡g AvbyMZ¨ Rb¥vBevi Rb¨ Kg©Pvix‡ì
wbKU nB‡Z mycvwik cÖ¯Íve AvnŸvb Kiv|
7. mnKgx©‡ì mwnZ AvBwWqv I fwel¨r
cwiKíbv e¨vcv‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiv|
8. cÖwZôv‡b wbhy³ ÷vd-Awdmvi‡ì g‡a¨ †Kvb
wel‡qi we‡klÁ bv _vwK‡j evwn‡ii we‡klÁ‡ì
mwnZ Avjvc Kiv|
9. aviYvi (intuition) cwie‡Z© NUbvi (facts) Dci
wfwË Kwiqv wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv|
10. M„nxZ wm×všÍ Kv‡R iƒcvwqZ Kiv|
11. b~Zb AvBwWqv MÖnY Kiv Ges m‡½ m‡½
HwZn¨‡K (tradition) kÖ×v Kiv|
12. bxwZi g~j¨ Ges c×wZi bgbxqZv‡K m¤§vb
†Ìqv|
13. wm×všÍ Ges fwel¨r cwiKíbv mnKvix‡ì
wbKU e¨³ Kiv|
14. AKzÉ wP‡Ë fvj Kv‡Ri cÖksmv Kiv Ges g›`
Kv‡Ri Rb¨ MVbg~jK wZi®‹vi Kiv|
99
15. mgch©v‡qi mnKgx©‡ì mwnZ LyuwUbvwU
ch©v‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv Ges Aaxb †jvK‡ì
mwnZ mnvbyf‚wZi mwnZ Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv
Kiv|
16. Aaxb-†jvKw`M‡K cÖwkÿY †Ìqv Ges Zvnviv
hvnv‡Z Zvnv‡ì Aaxb †jvKw`M‡K cÖwkÿY
†`q Zvnvi cÖwZ bRi ivLv|
wbe©vnx ev GKwRwKDwUf wK K‡ib t
GKwRwKDwUf wK KvR K‡ib, GBiƒc cÖ‡kœi
`yB iKgMZvbyMwZK DËi cvIqv hvq t cÖ_g DËi,
GKwRwKDwUf Aci †jvK‡ì gva¨‡g KvR KivBqv
jb| wØZxq DËi, GKwRwKDwUf †Kv¤úvbxi jÿ¨
wba©viY Ges bxwZ cÖwZôv K‡ib| Zuvnv‡K
wm×všÍ MÖnY, msMVb, cwiKíbv, Kv‡Ri `vwqZ¡
Ac©Y, Kv‡Ri wb‡`©k `vb I wbqš¿Y Kwi‡Z nq|
cÖwZôv‡b †jvK wb‡qvM, Zvnv‡ì Kv‡Ri
g~j¨vqb I Kv‡Ri Rb¨ ¯ú„nv RvMvbI Zuvnvi
Kv‡Ri AšÍfz©³| cwinvm”Q‡j A‡bK mgq ejv nq,
GKwRwKDwU‡fi †Kvb KvR bvB; wZwb †Kej
†jvKw`M‡K ûKzg w`qv _v‡Kb| A_©vr wZwb
KvR K‡ib bv, Kivb| wZwb g‡b g‡b wVK K‡ib,
wK KvR Kwi‡Z nB‡e; †K Dnv Kwi‡e, Zvnv
ewjqv †`b; †Kb †Kvb we‡kl KvR Kiv nB‡e bv;
Zvnvi KviY kÖeY K‡ib; †Kb Dnv Ab¨ †Kvb †jvK
Øviv Kivb DwPZ A_ev †Kb KvRwU wfbœ Dcv‡q
Kwi‡Z nB‡e, ZvnvI ky‡bb| GKwRwKDwU‡fi
†Kvb KvR bvB, wZwb †Kej †LuvR Kwiqv †`‡Lb,
KvRwU Kiv nBqv‡Q wKbv; hvnvi KvRwU Kiv
DwPZ wQj, A_P K‡ib bvB, Zvnvi ARynvZI
wZwb ïwbqv _v‡Kb|
100
wbe©vnx ev GKwRwKDwU‡fi Kv‡R DrKl©
mva‡bi cÖ‡qvRb Riæix wKbv, Zvnv Rvwbevi
K‡qKwU Dcvq t
1. Drcv`b-LiP AwaK wKbv|
2. Kv‡R †Kvb euvav Av‡Q wKbv, A_©vr Ggb
wKQz Av‡Q wKbv, hvnvi ìæb Kv‡R wej¤^
N‡U|
3. KvR m¤úbœ Kwi‡Z AwZ †ekx mgq e¨q nq
wKbv A_©vr g¨v‡bRv‡ii Kv‡Ri fvi Aaxb
†jvK‡ì Dci Ac©Y Kiv hvq wKbv|
4. AÁvZmv‡i KvRwU fzj c‡_ Pwjqv‡Q wKbv,
A_©vr Kv‡Ri ¸‡Yi gvb wbgœw`‡K hvB‡Z‡Q
wKbv|
5. Ae¯’vi †Kvb cwieZ©b mvwaZ nBqv‡Q
wKbv|
6. KvRwU wPišÍb c×wZ AbymiY Kwiqv
Pwj‡Z‡Q wKbv|
Kvh©wmw×i Rb¨ wbe©vnx ev GKwRwKDwUf
†hme cÖYvjx, ixwZ I c×wZ Aej¤^b K‡ib t
GKwRwKDwUf cÖwZôv‡bi †h †Kvb wefv‡Mi
(Drcv`b, eÈb BZ¨vw`) Kv‡R wbhy³ nb bv †Kb,
Zuvnv‡K KvR m¤úv`‡bi wbwgË cwiKíbv cÖYqb,
msMVb, wb‡`©k `vb I wbqš¿‡bi eë¯’v MÖnY
Kwi‡Z nq| GKB RvZxq Kv‡R `yBRb
GKwRwKDwUf _vwK‡Z cv‡ib| RyZv
cÖ¯ÍyZKvix †Kv¤úvbxi `yB Ôcøv‡›UÕ `yBRb
g¨v‡bRvi _v‡Kb; wKšÍy Zuvnv‡ì cwiKíbv,
msMVb, wb‡`©k `vb I wbqš¿‡Yi ixwZ ev c×wZ
101
K`vP GK nBqv _v‡K| cÖ‡Z¨‡K wb‡Ri cÖQ›`gZ
Kvh©cÖYvjx AbymiY Kwiqv Zuvnv‡ì mgm¨vi
mgvavb LyuwRqv _v‡Kb| mvaviYZt
wbgœwjwLZ Kvh©cÖYvjx g¨v‡bRvi‡ì g‡a¨
eûjfv‡e cÖPwjZ †`Lv hvq t
1. †Kn †Kn AZxZ AwfÁZvi Dci wfwË Kwiqv
Dcw¯’Z mgm¨vi mgvav‡bi Rb¨ wK Kiv
DwPZ, Zvnv wVK K‡ib|
2. †Kn †Kn Ab¨ GKwRwKDwUf‡ì AbymiY
K‡ib, A_©vr †hmKj wm×všÍ I cwiKíbv Øviv
H mKj †jvK mvdj¨ AR©b Kwiqv‡Qb,
†mB¸wj bKj K‡ib|
3. Avevi †Kn †Kn mgm¨vi evwni Kivi Rb¨
êÁvwbK wPšÍvaviv cÖ‡qv‡Mi †Póv K‡ib|
4. Aaxb †jvK‡ì mwnZ eënvi Kivi mgq †Kn
†Kn fq †`LvBqv Kv‡R g‡bv‡hvM Av`vq
Kwi‡Z Pvb|
5. Avevi †Kn †Kn Aaxb †jvKw`‡Mi ¯^fveRvZ
AvMÖn I D`¨g‡K Abyf‚wZcÖeY Kwiqv
Av`vq K‡ib|
6. †Kvb †Kvb GKwRwKDwUf Zuvnv‡ì
KZ©e¨ mva‡b †Kej Kv‡Ri wel‡q Anwb©k
wPšÍv K‡ib; Kv‡Ri wPšÍv Zvnv‡ì gb-cÖvY
Av”Qbœ Kwiqv iv‡L Ges KvR Av`v‡qi Rb¨
Aaxb †jvK‡ì Dci evievi Pvc w`‡Z _v‡Kb|
wgwmMvb wek^we`¨vj‡qi mv‡f© wimvP©
†m›Uv‡ii WvB‡i±i †ibwmm wjKv‡U©i g‡Z,
Zuvnviv nB‡jb Kvh©‡Kw›`ªK mycvifvBRvi
(production-centered supervisor)|
102
7. Ggb GKwRwKDwUfI Av‡Qb, huvnviv g‡b
K‡ib, KvR KivBqv jBevi Rb¨ Zuvnviv
†Kv¤úvbx KZ…©K wbhy³ nB‡jI Aaxb
†jvK‡ì mn‡hvwMZv I mg_©b Qvov KvR
Av`vq Kiv hvq bv| †mB Rb¨ Zuvnviv Drcv`‡bi
Dci cÖv_wgK ¸iæZ¡ †Ìqv m‡Ë¡I Kg©Pvix‡ì
myL-¯^v”Q›`¨ I mg_©‡bi cÖwZ‡ekx †Rvi
†`b| Zuvnvw`M‡K Kg©Pvix‡Kw›`ªK
mycvifvBRvi (employee centered supervisor)
ejv nBqv _v‡K| we‡kl we‡kl †ÿ‡Î GB RvZxq
†bZ…Z¡ we‡kl djcÖm~ nBqv _v‡K|
evsjv‡`‡ki gZ‡`‡k †hLv‡b mvsNvwZK †eKvi
mgm¨v Ges kÖwgK-wbiÿZv cÖKU;
Kg©Pvix- †Kw›`ªK †bZ…Z¡ Kvh©Ki wec‡ÿ
A‡b‡K gZ cÖKvk Kwiqv _v‡Kb|
8. cwiKíbvi w`K nB‡Z wePvi Kwi‡j †`Lv
hvq,‡Kvb †Kvb GKwRwKDwUf ˆ`bw›`b
mgm¨vejx jBqv †ekx gv_v Nvgvb;
`xN©‡gqv`x `„wófw½ jBqv fwel¨‡Zi
NUbvcÖevn Kíbv K‡ib bv| Zuvnv‡ì c‡ÿ
AwMœwbe©vcK KvVv‡gv Movi my‡hvM
Kg; ˆ`bw›`b Av¸b wbfvB‡ZB Zuvnviv me©`v
e¨¯Í|
9. Avi GK †kÖYxi GKwRwKDwUf Av‡Qb,
huvnviv wKfv‡e mgm¨v Kgvb hvq, †mB
e¨vcv‡i c~e© nB‡ZB †Póv K‡ib| Zuvnviv
mgm¨vi DrcwË †iv‡ai Rb¨ AwaK g‡bv‡hvM
cÖ`vb K‡ib|
10. †Kvb †Kvb GKwRwKDwUf Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi
Rb¨ wb‡R‡ì e¨w³MZ Pz¤^‡Ki b¨vq
103
AvKl©Yx kw³i Dci wbf©i K‡ib| GB mKj
GKwRwKDwUf‡ì e¨w³‡Z¡i cÖfv‡e Aaxb-
‡jv‡Kiv Avwff‚Z nq Ges Zuvnvw`M‡K †bZvi
gZ gvb¨ Kwiqv Zuvnv‡ì K_vgZ KvR K‡i|
11. †Kvb †Kvb GKwRwKDwU‡fi Avevi Aaxb
†jvKw`M‡K wkÿv I cÖwkÿY w`qv Mwoqv
†Zvjvi AmvaviY ÿgZv _v‡K| GB ÿgZvi
mvnv‡h¨ Zuvnviv wek^¯Í, KZ©e¨civqY I
†hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ mnKvix I mnKgx©‡ì w`qv
KvR KivBqv jb|
12. †Kvb †Kvb g¨v‡bRv‡ii g‡a¨ Avevi `yj©f
wPšÍvkw³ I `~i`wk©Zv †`Lv hvq| Bnvi ìæb
Zuvnv‡ì Kvh© m¤úv`b myôz I Z¡ivwY¦Z nq|
13. Ggb GKwRwKDwUfI †`Lv hvq, huvnviv
AmvaviY e¨w³Z¡ wKsev ÿziavi cÖwZfvi
AwaKvix bb; wKšÍy Zuvnv‡ì `xN© mgq
awiqv axiw¯’ifv‡e KvR Kivi kvixwiK
†hvM¨Zv iwnqv‡Q| Bnv Zuvnv‡ì c‡ÿKvR
m¤úv`‡b mnvqK nBqv _v‡K|
wbe©vnx ev GKwRwKDwU‡fi mgq wK Kv‡R
e¨wqZ nq t GKwRwKDwUfMY e¨¯Í gvbyl|
Kv‡RB Zuvnv‡ì mgq Lye wnmve Kwiqv e¨q
Kwi‡Z nq| Zuvnviv me©`v Zuvnv‡ì K‡ÿi ìRv
†Lvjv ivwL‡Z cv‡ib bv; A_P ìRv eÜ KwiqvI
KvR Kiv hvq bv| AwfÁZvq †`Lv wMiv‡Q †h,
ìRv eÜ Kwiqv KvR Kwi‡j †ekx KvR Kiv hvq;
wKšÍy Bnvi ìæb Ab¨vb¨ Kg©Pvix I †Kv¤úvbxi
evwn‡ii mwnZ †hvMv‡hvM ÿzYœ nq| cÖvq
g¨v‡bRviB ewjqv _v‡Kb †h, Ab¨ †jvK‡ì mwnZ
104
K_v ewjqv Zuvnv‡ì A‡bK mgq bó nq|
†Uwj‡dv‡bi AZ¨vPviB GKwRwKDwUf‡K †ekx
wei³ K‡i| Aaxb Kg©Pvix I mn‡hvwMMY Kg
mgq bó K‡i bv; GB mKj †jvK wb‡Ri eyw×
LvUvBqv KvR K‡i bv wKsev Kivi gZ ÿgZvI
Zvnv‡ì _v‡K bv| †mB Rb¨ cÖvq Kv‡RB Zvnviv
e‡mi civgk© MÖnY Kwi‡Z Av‡m| A‡bK em
Aek¨ Bnv KvgbvI K‡ib Ges †mBRb¨ mnKvix‡ì
Kv‡Ri AvIZvI cwi®‹vifv‡e eySvBqv †Ìqv nq bv|
Ggb mnKvixI Av‡Q, hvnviv `vwqZ¡ GovBevi Rb¨
e‡mi mwnZ Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv Kwiqv _v‡K; Avevi
A‡b‡K h‡_vchy³ KZ…©c‡ÿi gva¨‡g (proper
channel) bv hvBqv mivmwi DciIqvjvi mwnZ
†hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb Kwi‡Z Pvq| GBfv‡e Zz”Q
e¨vcv‡iI A‡bK †jvK †Kv¤úvbxi †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui
wbKU hvB‡Z cÖqvm cvq| Kv‡RB wZwb KLbI
GKv Ges GKvMÖwP‡Ë KvR Kivi my‡hvM cvb
bv; A‡bK †cÖwm‡W›U Av‡Qb, huvnviv bxi‡e
KvR Kivi cÿcvZx Ges †mBRb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K
`k©bcÖv_©x‡K Zuvnvi †m‡µUvixi gva¨‡g
Avwm‡Z nq| Avevi A‡bK †cÖwm‡W›U
mnKvix‡ì mwnZ Mí Kwi‡Z fvjev‡mb Ges GB
ai‡bi †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui N‡i me©`v †jvKR‡bi wfo
_v‡K|
gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi K‡c©v‡ikbmg~‡ni
GKwRwKDwUfMY wKfv‡e mgq KvUvb, Zvnvi
GK Rix‡c †`Lv wMqv‡Q †h, Zuvnviv mßv‡n 54
NÈv wK DnviI †ekx mgq KvR K‡ib| A‡b‡K
Avevi mßv‡ni K‡qK ivZ evox‡ZI KvR K‡ib|
huvnviv mvaviY eë¯’vcbvi KvR K‡ib, Zuvnviv
105
we‡kl Kv‡R wbhy³ GKwRwKDwUf‡ì PvB‡Z
†ekx Lv‡Ub| huvnv‡ì mnKvix †ekx, Zuvnviv
†ekx NÈv KvR K‡ib; Avi huvnv‡ì mnKvixi
msL¨v Kg, Zuvnviv A‡cÿvK…Z Kg mg‡qi Rb¨
KvR K‡ib; GKwRwKDwUfMY wbw`©ó mgq
A‡cÿv †ekx KvR Kwi‡jI Dnv‡K Ifvi UvBg
wnmv‡e MY¨ K‡ib bv; †Kbbv KvR Zuvnv‡ì
wbKU Avb‡›ì Drm|
GKwRwKDwUf‡ì Kv‡R †ekxi fvM mgq e¨q nq
†Kv¤úvbxi Rb¨ cwiKíbvI wPšÍvq| Bnv‡ì g‡a¨
iwnqv‡Q wi‡cvU© cvV, mnKvix‡ì mwnZ
Av‡jvPbv| mßv‡n cÖ‡Z¨K g¨v‡bRvi‡K AšÍZtc‡ÿ
5/7wU mfvq †hvM w`‡Z nq| GmBe mfv cÖvqB
wm×všÍ MÖnY welq¯‹|
evwn‡ii KvR Kwi‡Z GKwRwKDwUf‡ì cÖvq
GK Z…Zxqvsk mgq e¨q nBqv _v‡K| kZKiv
`kfvM mgq MÖvnK‡ì mwnZ Av‡jvPbv, mfv,
Kbdv‡iÝ Ges Kb‡fbk‡b e¨q nq| Zvnv Qvov
¯’vbxq mvgvwRK Abyôvbvw`‡ZI Zuvnvw`M‡K
†hvM w`‡Znq| D”Pc`¯’ GKwRwKDwUf‡ì
Kg©e¨¯ÍZv m‡Ë¡I Zuvnviv evwn‡ii ms‡hvM cQ›`
K‡ib| Zuvnviv e³…Zvg‡Ä ùvovB‡Z AvKl©Y
Abyfe K‡ib Ges evwn‡i mfvmwgwZ‡Z
†hvM`v‡bi m¤§vb cvB‡Z Pvb| Zuvnviv eëmvq
msµvšÍ cy¯ÍK, mvgwqKx ev g¨vMvwRb Aa¨q‡b
GK-`kgvsk mgq KvUvb| eëmvq msµvšÍ åg‡YI
Zuvnv‡ì †ek mgq e¨q nq|
GKwRwKDwU‡fi wbKU A‡bK wKQz Kivi Rb¨
Aby‡iva Av‡m| Kv‡RB Zuvnv‡K GB mg¯Í
Aby‡iva we‡kølY Kwiqv †`wL‡Z nq, †Kvb¸wj
106
†ekx ìKvix| AwZkq ¸iæZ¡c~Y©¸wji cÖwZ bRi
w`‡Z nq †ekx cwigv‡Y| AcÖ‡qvRbxq Aby‡iva
cÖZ¨vLvb †kÖq| wb‡Ri Kv‡Q fvj jv‡M Ggb
wel‡q Zb¥q nIqvI fvj bq| iæwUbK‡g© mgq bó
KivI wVK bq| †h mg¯Í wel‡q wec‡ì m¤¢vebv
iwnqv‡Q, †mB¸wj Av‡M †`wL‡Z nq|
GKwRwKDwU‡fi bb- GKwRwKDwUf Kv‡R
mgq Ace¨q Kiv DwPZ bq| mvgvb¨ wel‡q Avmw³
bb- GKwRwKDwU‡fi jÿY|
wbe©vnx ev GKwRwKDwU‡fi Kv‡Ri AvIZv:
GKwRwKDwU‡fi Kv‡Ri A‡bK w`K Av‡Q|
GKwRwKDwU‡fi gvbyl, UvKv-Kwo, cY¨`ªe¨,
Drcv`b hš¿vejx, Kvh©µg Ges Kvh© m¤úv`b
cÖf…wZ cwiPvjbv Kwi‡Z nq| GKwRwKDwU‡fi
cÖ‡Z¨KwU KvR, cÖ‡Z¨KwU wm×všÍ Dchy³
welq¸wji GKvwaK welq‡K cÖfvweZ Kwiqv
_v‡K| GKRb wefvMxq wecYxi g¨v‡bRv‡ii K_v
aiv hvK| g‡b Kiv hvK, wZwb kniZjx‡Z GKwU
kvLv †Lvjvi K_v wPšÍv Kwi‡Z‡Qb| G&B e¨vcv‡i
P‚ovšÍ wm×všÍ MÖnY Kivi Av‡M Zuvnv‡K kvLv
†Lvjvi Rb¨ KZ UvKv e¨q nB‡e, Zvnv Rvwb‡Z
nB‡e Ges H UvKv w`qv b~Zb kvLv †Lvjv DwPZ,
bv kn‡ii †K›`ª¯’‡ji wefvMxq wecYxi cwiea©‡b H
UvKv e¨q Kiv DwPZ, Zvnv wbiƒcY Kiv ìKvi|
kniZwji kvLvi mwnZ g~j †`vKv‡bi m¤úK© wK
nB‡e, Dfq †`vKvb GKB †kÖYxi MÖvnK‡ì
wbKU c‡Yï Av‡e`b †ck Kwi‡e, bv kvLv
†`vKv‡bi MÖvnK Avjv`v ai‡bi nB‡e| kniZwji
kvLv nB‡Z gybvdvRbK cÖ‡qvRbxq weµq nB‡e
wKbv; kn‡ii Aew¯’Z g~j †`vKv‡bi MÖvnKM‡Yi
107
kvLv †`vKv‡bi w`‡K avweZ nIqvi m¤¢vebv
Av‡Q wKbv, b~Zb kvLvi Rb¨ Kg©Pvix †Kv_v
nB‡Z Avwm‡e, g~j †`vKvb nB‡Z AwfÁ wKQz
†jvK kvLvi e`wj Kiv nB‡e wKbv, evwni nB‡Z
Dchy³ AwfÁZv m¤úbœ †jvK cvIqv hvB‡e wKbv,
kvLv †`vKv‡b wK †kÖYxi cY¨ ivLv nB‡e, Zvnv
†K wVK Kwi‡e, kniZwji †`vKv‡bi weÁvcb
wKfv‡e †Ìqv nB‡e⸺GB mKj wel‡q c~e©v‡ý
wPšÍv Kwiqv †`wL‡Z nB‡e|
cÖ‡kœi AšÍ bvB Ges mgm¨viI †kl bvB; wKšÍy
g¨v‡bRvi‡K GB mg¯Í cÖ‡kœi DËi LyuwRqv
evwni Kwi‡Z nB‡e| GKwRwKDwU‡fi KvR
GKev‡i †kl nq bv, GKB ai‡bi KvR evi evi Kwi‡Z
nq⸺AvR mK‡j †h KvR Kwiqv‡Qb AvMvgx
Kvj mKv‡j Avevi Zvnv fvweqv †`wL‡Z nq| MZ-
Kj¨Kvi Kv‡Ri g~j¨vqb Kwiqv A`¨Kvi Kv‡Ri
DrKl© mvab Kwi‡Z nq Ges ¯^í I `xN©‡gqv`x
cwiKíbv cÖYqb Kwi‡Z nq|
gvbyl †Kb wbe©vnx ev GKwRwKDwUf nB‡Z
Pvq : wb‡gœv³ Kvi‡Y gvbyl GKwRwKDwUf
nB‡Z Pvq⸺
1. GKwRwKDwUfMY A‡cÿvK…Z fvj †eZb
cvb| bM` A_© QvovI Kigy³ A‡bK Avw_©K
cyi®‹vi iwnqv‡Q| GB m‡ei g‡a¨ ÷K Ackb
(stock option), ¯’wMZ †eZb (deferred pay) I
eva©K¨ -e„wË we‡kl D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Kigy³
Ab¨vb¨ my‡hvM-myweavi g‡a¨ iwnqv‡Q
exgv, K¬v‡ei m`m¨c`, †Kv¤úvbxi cÖ`Ë Mvox,
nvIqvB RvnvR, mymw¾Z evmM„n, ågYfvZv,
108
we‡bv`b I Avc¨vqb fvZv, WvBwbs iæg,
g¨vMvwR‡bi Puv`v BZ¨vw`|
2. †Kv¤úvbxi Òeo mv‡neÓ nIqvi gh©v`v I
m¤§vb jvf K‡ib|
3. ÿgZv I cÖwZcwËi AwaKvix nb|
wbe©vnx ev GKwRwKDwU‡fi mvdj¨ ewj‡Z wK

eySvq: GKwRwKDwU‡fi mvdj¨ ewj‡Z eySvq⸺
1. wb‡Ri Kvh©ÿgZvi Rb¨ Aci †jvK‡ì wbKU
nB‡Z m¤§vbjvf|
2. wb‡Ri KvR myôzfv‡e m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡g
Avb›`jvf|
3. BwZc~‡e© H c‡` Avmxb †jvK‡ì †P‡q AwaK
†hvM¨Zvi mwnZ KvR m¤úv`b Kiv nB‡Z‡Q
GBiƒc wek^vm|
4. ÒGKwU Kv‡Ri gZ KvR Kiv nBjÓ⸺GBiƒc
aviYv nB‡Z D™¢zZ gvbwmK m‡šÍvl|
5. Kv‡Ri †jvK ewjqv mnKgx©‡ì wek^vm
AR©b Ges ¯^xK…wZjvf|
6. e„nËi cÖwZôvb KZ…©K AviI AwaK
`vwqZ¡c~Y© Ges RwUj Kv‡Ri fvi MÖn‡Yi
wbwgË AvnŸvb|
mdj wbe©vnx ev GKwRwKDwU‡fi êwkó¨ t
nvf©vW© weR‡bm ¯‹z‡ji Aa¨vcK wcqvimb nvÈ
mv‡ne e‡jb t ewjô GKwRwKDwUf H e¨w³⸺
109
1. whwb k„•Ljve× gvbwmK ÿgZvi AwaKvix,
hvnvi mvnv‡h¨ wZwb cÖwZôvb KZ…©K
b¨¯Í Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi c‡_ D™¢zZ wel‡q
¯úófv‡e wPšÍv Kwi‡Z cv‡ib;
2. whwb D”P`‡ii msMVbx kw³i AwaKvi, hvnvi
mvnv‡h¨ GKwU mvaviY D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨
Aci †jvK‡ì Kv‡Ri mgš^q mvab Kiv hvq;
3. whwb fwel¨‡Zi AwbðqZv m‡Ë¡I wm×všÍ
MÖnYRwbZ gb¯ÍvwZ¡K †evSv enb Kwi‡Z
Ges Aci †jvK‡ì Kv‡Ri ¸Yv¸Y g~j¨vqb Kwi‡Z
cÖ¯ÍyZ _v‡Kb; Ges
4. huvnvi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ m¤ú‡K© we‡kl
Abyf‚wZ _v‡K|1
wK wK ¸‡Yi mgv‡e‡k wbe©vnx ev

GKwRwKDwUf mdj nb:
GKRb mdj GKwRwKDwU‡fi wb‡gœv³ ¸Y¸wjB
D‡jøL‡hvM¨⸺
1. mdj GKwRwKDwU‡fi GKUv eo ¸Y nBj K…
wZZ¡c~Y© Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi AvMÖn| †Kvb
KvR K…wZ‡Z¡i mwnZ m¤úv`‡bi ci †h Avb›`
cvIqv hvq, Dnv mdj g¨v‡bRv‡ii Kv‡Ri
AvMÖn DÏxcbv e„w× K‡i|
2. webvwØavq Ges mšÍyówP‡Ë DciIqvjvi ÿgZvi
¯^xK…wZ mdj g¨v‡bRv‡ii Avi GKwU ¸Y|
mdj g¨v‡bRvi Zuvnvi DciIqvjv‡K AwaK
110
cÖwkÿYcÖvß Ges AwaK AwfÁZvm¤úbœ
e¨w³ wnmv‡e †`‡Lb Ges Zuvnv‡ì wb‡`©kI
üówP‡Ë MÖnY K‡ib| †h mKj
GKwRwKDwUf wb‡Ri em‡K cÖwZeÜK g‡b
K‡ib, Zuvnv‡ì c‡ÿ cÖwZôv‡b KvR Kiv
Kómva¨ e¨vcvi| Zuvnviv DciIqvjvi Kv‡R
weNœ NUvb Ges webv cÖ‡qvR‡b K_vq
K_vq ¯^vaxb‡PZv g‡bvfve cÖ`k©b K‡ib|
3. mdj g¨v‡bRv‡ii Z…Zxq êwkó¨ nBj MwZkxj
D`¨g I Drmvn|Avw_©K cÖwZcwË I
gvbgh©v`v jv‡fi Rb¨ Zuvnv‡ì g‡a¨ cÖej
AvMÖn †`Lv hvq|
4. Kvievix cÖwZôv‡b mvdj¨ jv‡fi Avi GKwU ¸Y
nBj msMVbx cÖwZfv I ÿgZv| wek„•Ljvi
RM‡Z k„•Ljv ¯’vcb Kwi‡Z bv cvwi‡j mdj
nIqv hvq bv|
5. myôz I wbf©yj wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi ÿgZv|
wm×všÍ Z¡wiZ MwZ‡Z wb‡Z nB‡e Ggb
†Kvb K_v bvB| wKšÍy cÖ‡Z¨K wm×v‡šÍi
A‡bK¸wj weKí _v‡K| GB mKj weKí
Kvh©µg nB‡Z GKwU evQvB Kwiqv jB‡Z
nq| GKwRwKDwU‡fi GB evQvB Kivi ÿgZv
_vwK‡Z nq|
6. wek^v‡mi `„pZv mdj g¨v‡bRv‡ii Avi GKwU
Ab¨Zg †kÖô ¸Y| mdj g¨v‡bRvi fvjfv‡e Rv‡bb,
cÖwZôv‡bi wZwb †K Ges cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨
Zuvnv‡K wK Kwi‡Z nB‡e| A_©vr mdj
g¨v‡bRvi cÖwZôv‡b wb‡Ri RvqMvwU mn‡R
wPwbqv jB‡Z cv‡ib Ges GB AvZ¥m‡PZbZvi
111
wfZi w`qv Zuvnvi †h `„pcÖZ¨q R‡b¥, wZwb
Dnv‡K AUjfv‡e AvuKovBqv _v‡Kb; KLbI
Ac‡ii Øviv cÖfvweZ nBqv AvZ¥cÖZ¨q
wemR©b †`b bv|
7. mdj g¨v‡bRvi KLbI nZvkvMÖ¯Í nb bv;
ˆbivk¨‡K Rq Kivi gZ g‡bvej cÖ‡Z¨K mdj
g¨v‡bRv‡ii g‡a¨ `„ó nq|
8. ev¯Í‡ei K‡Vvi mZ¨Zv Dcjwä mdj g¨v‡bRv‡ii
GKwU we‡kl ¸Y| mdj g¨v‡bRvi AwZwi³
Avkvev`x bb; AwZwi³ Av`k©ev`xI wZwb bb|
wZwb ev¯Íeagx© Ges f‚wg‡Z cv ivwLqvB
Kv‡Ri cwiKíbv K‡ib| wZwb KLbI ev¯Íe‡K
fzwjqv hvb bv|
9. Ac‡ii mwnZ m¤ú‡K©i wel‡q ejv hvq⸺mdj
g¨v‡bRvi Zuvnvi DciIqvjv‡K e¨w³MZfv‡e
wnsmvi †Pv‡L †`‡Lb bv| DciIqvjvi wbKU
wZwb Revew`wn K‡ib Ges Zuvnvi cÖwZ
mnvbyf‚wZkxj nb| Aaxb Kg©Pvix‡K wZwb
†`‡Lb Kvh© m¤úv`bKvix wnmv‡e, gvbyl
wnmv‡e bq| Zvnv‡ì cÖwZZuvnvi mnvbf‚wZ
Av‡Q; wKšÍy eënv‡ii gvLvgvwL bvB Ges
Zvnv‡ì cÖwZ Lye Mfxi ì` wKsev cÖK…Z
AvMÖnI Zuvnvi bvB, (wgwkMv‡bi
Aa¨vcKMY Aek¨ Bnv ¯^xKvi K‡ib bv)|
10. mdj GKwRwKDwU‡fi Avi GKwU êwkó¨
nBj wcZv-gvZvi cÖwZ eënvi| gvwK©b
gyjy‡K g‡b Kiv nq, mdj GKwRwKDwUf H
e¨w³, huvnviv M„n Z¨vM Kwiqv‡Qb Ges
cwiev‡ii mwnZ RwoZ fvev‡e‡Mi m¤úK©
112
wQbœ Kwiqv‡Qb| H †`‡k g‡b Kiv nq †h,
cvwievwiK Av‡eM nB‡Z gy³ bv nB‡j
¯^vaxbfv‡e wPšÍv Kwiqv RwUjZvc~b©
Kv‡R wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv hvq bv| †Kvb e¨w³
GKwRwKDwU‡fi PvKzix wKsev Aci †Kvb
cÖ¯Ív‡e wcZv-gvZvi mwnZ Avjvc Kwi‡Z
Pvwn‡j ZrÿYvr Zuvnv‡K ev` †Ìqv nq| H
†`‡ki †jv‡Ki wek^vm, †h e¨w³ ˆcZ…K
m¤ú‡K©i Dci wbf©ikxj, †m Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î nq
m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c DciIqvjvi Dci wbf©ikxj nB‡e,
bv nq DciIqvjvi weiæ‡× Am‡šÍv‡li ewý‡Z
R¦wjqv cywo‡e| wcZvi cÖwZ AvKl©Y ev
ggZv _vKv bv wK Aek¨ fvj; wKšÍy gv‡qi
cÖwZ ì` weivU cÖwZeÜK ewjqv MY¨ Kiv
nq| huvnviv gv‡qi cÖwZ †mœn A‡cÿv cÖej
fvev‡e‡M Awff‚Z nb, Zuvnviv Kvh©RM‡Z
Amyweavi m¤§yLxb nb| wcZvi cÖwZ
AvKl©Y‡K cyiæ‡lvwPZ ¸‡Yi m‡¼Z wnmv‡e
MY¨ Kiv nq|
wbe©vnx ev GKwRwKDwUf AK…ZKvh© nb
†Kb : ÿgZvi †gvn Ges ÿgZvi Aceënvi
GKwRwKDwUf‡ì Amvd‡jï Ab¨Zg †kÖô KviY|
wbgœwjwLZ welq¸wj GKwRwKDwUf‡ì wePvi
ÿgZv I Kv‡Ri †gŠwjK ÎæwUm~PK t
1. cÖwZwôZ P¨v‡bj gvwbqv bv Pjv Ges M„nxZ
ixwZ I c×wZi cÖwZ AeÁv cÖ`k©b Kiv|
Bnv‡Z eySv hvq, GKwRwKDwUf cÖwZôvb
wKsev msMVb wK wRwbm, Zvnv ey‡Sb bv|
2. bgbxqZv‡K c×wZ I bxwZi Afve ewjqv g‡b
Kiv| Bnvi KviY, wZwb Avkv K‡ib mK‡j
113
Zuvnv‡K mKj mgm¨vi mgvavb-RvšÍv
wnmv‡e MÖnY KiæK|
3. mvaviY Kg©Pvix nB‡Z wb‡R‡K c„_K
Kwiqv ivLv| Zvnvi D‡Ï‡k¨ wb‡Ri Pvwiw`‡K
wQ`ªnxb m¤§v‡bi cÖvPxi Mwoqv †Zvjv|
4. gvby‡li cÖwZ AkÖ×v cÖ`k©b Kiv| GB
Kvi‡Y gvby‡li mwnZ Zuvnvi m¤úªxwZi fve
eRvq _v‡K bv|
5. fwel¨r‡K `„wó‡MvPi Kivi AÿgZv| KviY
wZwb me©`v LyuwUbvwU welq jBqv e¨¯Í
_v‡Kb|
6. wewfbœ Kv‡Ri mgš^qv mva‡b AÿgZv| KviY
wewfbœ Kv‡R weivRgvb m¤úK©B wZwb
Dcjwä Kwi‡Z cv‡ib bv|
7. mnKvix‡ì g‡b Ggb aviYvi m„wó Kiv †h,
Zvnvw`M‡K wek^vm Kiv hvq bv wKsev
Zvnv‡ì K_vq Av¯’v ¯’vcb Kiv hvq bv|
8. iæwUb gvwdK bq Ggb Kv‡Ri cÖ¯Íve ev
mycvwik cQ›` bv Kiv| mnKvix‡ì mycvwik ev
AvBwWqvi Dci webv wPšÍvq weiw³c~Y© ivq
cÖ`vb A_ev `xN©mywÎZvi AvkÖq MÖnY
Kiv|
9. Kv‡Ri `vwqZ¡ KvnviI Dci Ac©Y bv Kiv|
mnKvixMY Zvnv‡ì mgm¨v jBqv Zuvnvi
wbKU ab©œv w`‡j wZwb Avb›` Abyfe K‡ib|
10. wbqš¿Y-eë¯’vi cÖwZ AeÁv cÖ`k©b Kiv| d‡j
mnKvix‡ì KvR wek„•Ljvc~Y© nq|
114
11. mnKvix‡ì wbKU nB‡Z †Kej myLeiB cvIqv|
Zvnviv Rv‡b wZwb AwcÖq mZ¨ K_vI ïwb‡Z
ivRx bb|
12. Am¤ú~Y© Z‡_ï Dci wfwË Kwiqv fzj
wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv| mKj cÖ‡qvRbxq Z‡_ï
cÖwZ wZwb bRi †`b bv|
13. ev¯Íevqb Am¤¢e GB ARynv‡Z b~Zb cÖ¯Íve
evwZj Kiv|
14. A‡hvM¨ I AKg©Y¨ AvZ¥xq‡K PvKzix‡Z
wbhy³ Kiv|
c‡`vbœwZi Rb¨ AvbyôvwbK †hvM¨Zv : weL¨vZ

g¨v‡bR‡g›U ev eë¯’vcbv wel‡qi †jLK †WÈ‡bi
g‡Z, wbgœwjwLZ PviwU wel‡qi mwnZ
g¨v‡bRvi‡ì cÖ‡gvk‡bi AbyK~j m¤úK© (positive
correlation) iwnqv‡Q| GB PviwU welq nBj :
1. g¨v‡mvwbK m`m¨c` (Masonic membership)|
2. we‡kl esk ev †Mv‡Î Rb¥|
3. we‡kl ai‡bi K¬v‡ei m`m¨c`|
4. †Kvb `‡ji cÖwZ AvšÍwiK mg_©b|
GBme wel‡qi cÖwZ †Rvi †Ìqvi KviY¯îƒc ejv
nq †h GKwRwKDwUfMY mvaviY †jv‡Ki msM
GovB‡Z Pvb; Ges m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cwiKwíZ bv
nB‡jI †h me †jvK AbyMZ Ges mg-g‡bvfvevcbœ,
Zvnvw`M‡K AMÖvwaKvi †Ìqvi cÖeYZv
†`LvBqv _v‡Kb|1 mvaviYZ: e‡mi g‡Z P‡j GBiƒc
†jvK cÖ‡gvkb cvBqv _v‡K|
115
K‡j‡Ri wkÿvI g¨v‡bRvi‡ì ¯^c‡ÿ AbvbyôvwbK
ev Avb-Awdwmqvj †hvM¨Zv wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|
K‡j‡Ri wkÿv‡K gvby‡li mvgvwRK `ÿZvi
wb`©kb wnmv‡e aiv nq| KviY K‡j‡Ri wkÿv
gvbyl‡K mg¨Kfv‡e mvgvwRK I cÖvwZôvwbK
Abyôv‡b Lvc LvIqvBqv wb‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
†KvU&m Gess †c‡jwMÖb bvgK `yB f`ª‡jvK
KZ…©K wjwLZ GK Rix‡ci wi‡cvU© nB‡Z
Rvbv hvq †h, c‡`vbœwZi Rb¨ wbgœwjwLZ
AvbyôvwbK †hvM¨Zvi cÖ‡qvRb iwnqv‡Q:
1. cwiev‡ii mvgvwRK gh©v`v| cwievim~‡Î
cÖwZwôZ mvgvwRK gh©v`v PvKzix Rxe‡bi
cÖv_wgK ms‡hvM Ges myweav jv‡fi Rb¨
we‡kl Riæix| Aek¨ GKevi Kv‡R †hvM †Ìqvi
ci Bnvi ¸iæZ¡ µgk: n«vm cvq|
2. mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôv‡bi m`m¨c`|
3. †ckv`vi msMV‡bi m`m¨c`|
4. Av‡gv`-cÖ‡gv` I †Ljvayjvi ÿgZv I kL
(hobby)|
5. Avq Abyhvqx RxebhvÎv| AwZwi³ wejvmeûj
Rxebhvcb Kwi‡j †jv‡Ki g‡b RvwjqvwZi
m‡›`n RvwM‡e|
6. ¯¿xi w`K nB‡Z cÖfve|
7. mdj DciIqvjvi g‡bvfve, g~jÁvb Ges AvPvi-
eënvi AvqZ¡KiY| wkÿvbwewk-Kv‡j Bnv
we‡kl cÖ‡qvRbxq| Aek¨ ÒR¦x-ûRyiÓ †envqvi
gZ AbyKiY cwiZ¨vR¨|
116
8. D”Pc`¯’ e¨w³‡ì mwnZ †KŠk‡j eÜzZ¡m~PK
m¤úK© cÖwZôv|
9. wbgœc`¯’ Kg©Pvix‡ì mwnZ eÜzZ¡c~Y©
g‡bvfve eRvq ivLv|
10. we‡kl wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi wWMÖx| Bsj¨v‡Ði
g¨v‡bR‡g‡›Ui D”P¯Í‡i c‡`vbœwZi c‡ÿ
me©v‡cÿv AbyK‚j e¯Íy nBj A·‡dvW© A_ev
K¨vgweªR nB‡Z wWMÖxjvf| H †`‡k Dc‡ii
¯Í‡i DVvi c‡_ e„nËg euvav nBj †dvig¨vbiƒ‡c
Kvh©-Rxe‡bi m~ÎcvZ| Aek¨ A·‡dvW© I
K¨vgweª‡Ri †Kvb MÖvRy‡qU †dvig¨vb
wnmv‡e KvR Avi¤¢ K‡ib bv|
cÖ‡gvk‡bi m¤¢vebvq jvdvBqv DVv DwPZ bq;
wb‡Ri †hvM¨Zvi cwiwa wePvi Kiv KZ©e¨|
GKwRwKDwU‡fi DwPZ, wK cwigvY wZwb
cvB‡Z Pvb Ges cvIqvi Dchy³ †hvM¨Zv Zuvnvi
wK Av‡Q, Zvnv cwigvc Kwiqv †`Lv| Zuvnvi
gw¯Í¯‹kw³, e¨w³Z¡, wkÿv, gvby‡li mwnZ Pjvi Ges
gvbyl‡K †bZ…Z¡ †Ìqvq ÿgZv cÖf…wZi cwigvc
Kwiqv †`wL‡Z nq †h, cÖ¯ÍvweZ c‡ì Rb¨ GB me
ch©vß wK-bv| gv_viÒwNyjÓ hvnv weavZv
cÖ`vb Kwiqv‡Qb, ZvnvB P‚ovšÍ| GB wel‡q
wKQzB Kiv hvB‡e bv| evKx¸wji Aek¨ DrKl©
mva‡bi AeKvk _v‡K| cÖK…Z myLx
GKwRwKDwUf H e¨w³, whwb wb‡Ri †hvM¨Zvi
mxgv‡iLv ey‡Sb Ges ¯^xKvi K‡ib| GKRb cÖK…
wZ-weÁv‡bi Qv‡Îi gy‡L GB wel‡q wbgœiƒc ïbv
wMqv‡Q:
117
ÒcÖavb cÖK…wZ-weÁvbx wnmv‡e †hvM`vb
Kwiqv †`wLjvg, wefv‡M Avgvi WvB‡i±i GKRb
wc. GBP-wW| wKšÍy Avwg Rvwb‡Z cvwijvg,
wZwb cÖK…wZ-weÁvb m¤ú‡K© †ekx wKQz
Rv‡bb bv| Bnv‡Z Avwg †ek wei³ nBjvg| c‡i
eySjvg, cÖK…wZ-weÁvb Rvbv Zuvnvi KvR bq;
Dnv wQj Avgvi KvR| †Kv¤úvbxi g~j D‡Ï‡kï
m‡½ Lvc Lvq GBiƒc jvB‡b Avgvi KvR cwiPvwjZ
KivB wQj Zuvnvi KvR| Avgv‡K ¯^xKvi
Kwi‡ZnB‡e †h, wZwb Dnv fvjfv‡eB Kwi‡Zb|
Zvici GKw`b WvB‡i±‡ii kã MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Avgvi
WvK cwoj| Bnv‡Z †gvUv †eZb| Kv‡RB Bnv eo
iK‡gi cÖ‡jvfb| wKšÍy Bnvi A_© nBj, Avgv‡K
M‡elYvKvh© cwiZ¨vM Kwiqv Ac‡ii KvR
†`wL‡Z nB‡e Ges Ac‡ii Kv‡Ri Rb¨
`vwqZ¡ Kuv‡a wb‡Z nB‡e| Zvnvi Dci iwnqv‡Q
ev‡RU jBqv UvbvUvwb| g‡bi `c©‡Y Avgvi
cÖwZwe¤^ †`wLjvg| Avgvi †hvM¨Zv-A‡hvM¨Zv,
cQ›`-AcQ‡›ì wnmve jBjvg| †`wLjvg, Avwg
nBjvg we‡klÁ Ges Avwg Avgvi M‡elYvi KvR
fvjevwm| Avwg Ac‡ii Rb¨ KvR Kwi‡Z cQ›` Kwi|
Kv‡RB Avwg WvB‡i±i nBevi cÖ¯Íve A¯^xKvi
Kwiqv Avgvi mnKvixi bvgmycvwik Kwijvg| AvR
Avgvi mnKvix †Kv¤úvbxi fvBm-†cÖwm‡W›U;
Avi Avwg cÖK…wZ- êÁvwbKB AvwQ| Avwg
cÖkvmwbK KvR cQ›` Kwi bv, †Lv`v‡K abëv`,
Avwg Dnv eywS‡Z cvwiqvwQjvg|Ó
†h e¨w³ PvKzix Rxe‡b wbivcËv‡K AMÖvwaKvi
†`b, Zuvnvi Rb¨ †Kvb †UKwbK¨vj c` wKsev
eë¯’vcbvi ga¨g ¯Í‡ii cÖkvmwbK KvRMÖnY
118
KivB †kÖq| GB ch©v‡qi Kv‡R Aviv‡gi mwnZ
euvwPevi gZ †eZb cvIqv hvq Ges PvKzixI mn‡R
nvivevi fq _v‡K bv| G †Kv¤úvbxi kÖwgK
eë¯’vcbv m¤úwK©Z fvBm- †cÖwm‡W›U
†Kv¤úvbx‡Z evrmwiK hvnv cvB‡Zb, Z`‡cÿv 25
nvRvi Wjvi Kg †eZ‡b cÖ‡dm‡ii PvKzix MÖnY
K‡ib| Bnvi KviY wRÁvmv Kivq wZwb ewj‡jb,
ÒAvgvi †eZb erm‡i 25 nvRvi Wjvi Kwgqv‡Q;
wKšÍy Avwg Avgvi Avqy A‡bK erm‡ii Rb¨
evovBqvwQ| GLb Avi Avgvi Dci Kv‡Ri Pvc bvB|
Avgvi Rxe‡bi K‡VviZv GLb Kwgqv wMqv‡Q|
Av‡gv`-cÖ‡gv‡ì wbwgË ch©vß mgq GLb Avgvi
nv‡Z _v‡K| GLb Avwg Avgvi B”Qv Abyhvqx
Pwj‡Z cvwi| Av‡M Avwg g‡b KwiZvg, KvR Kivi
Rb¨B †Lv`v Avgv‡K `ywbqvi cvVvBqv‡Qb;
Rxeb Dc‡fvM Kivi gZ my‡hvM Avgvi †gv‡UB
bvB|Ó
Aek¨ ejv hvq, wbivcËv Ges mdjZv DfqB GKm‡½
cvIqv `y¯‹i| AwaKvsk mdj †jvKB mœvqweK
†ivMMÖ¯Í Ges †mBRb¨B Zuvnviv mvaviYfv‡e
D‡`¨vM Ges AvMÖn mnKv‡i cwikÖg Kwiqv
_v‡Kb| wbivcËvi Afve‡evaB GKwU cÖPÐ
cwiPvjbv-kw³ (driving-force)|
Kv‡Ri avc t GKwRwKDwU‡fi Dci Kv‡Ri Pvc
Ab¨vb¨ PvKzixRxex A‡cÿv †ekx Ges Zuvnvi
c‡`vbœwZi m‡½ m‡½ GB Kv‡Ri Pvc evwo‡Z
_v‡K| g¨v‡bRv‡ii Kv‡R wb‡Ri `ÿZv Ges
†hvM¨Zv Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb wbivcËv bvB| fvj
Kg©ZrciZv †`LvB‡Z bv cvwi‡jB PvKzix
nvivBevi m¤¢vebv †ekx| g¨v‡bRv‡ii KvR `kUv-
119
cuvPUvi g‡a¨ mxgve× bq| Nwo †`wLqv Zuvnvi
w`b †kl nq bv, Zuvnv‡K `xN© mgq awiqv KvR
Kwi‡Z nq Ges GB Kv‡R ˆ`wnK I mœvqweK kw³i
ÿq mvab nq A‡cÿvK…Z †ekx| GB Kvi‡Y K‡j‡Ri
cÖ‡dmi A‡cÿv weµq-eë¯’vc‡Ki †eZb †ekx nBqv
_v‡K| GKB Kvi‡Y M‡elYvq wjß BwÄwbqvi
A‡cÿv Drcv`b GKwRwKDwUf †ekx †eZb cvb|
weµq-eë¯’vcK K‡jR-Aa¨vc‡Ki gZ Ávbevb I
m‡ZR bb| Drcv`b-g¨v‡bRvi M‡elYviZ
BwÄwbqv‡ii gZ we`¨v ev wkÿvq †KZv`~i¯Í bvI
nB‡Z cv‡ib; wKšÍy weµq I Drcv`b eë¯’vcK‡K
Kvh©welqK wm×všÍ MÖnY Kwi‡Z nq Ges H
wm×v‡šÍi DciB Zuvnv‡ì PvKzixi ¯’vwqZ¡ wbf©i
K‡i|
wbe©vnx ev GKwRwKDwUf‡ì wZbwU
†gŠwjK `ÿZv t KvwiMwi `ÿZv, gvbyl cwiPvjbvi
ÿgZv Ges †MvUv cÖwZôvb m¤ú‡K© wPšÍv Kivi
`ÿZv⸺GB wZbwU †hvM¨Zv GKRb
GKwRwKDwU‡fi c‡ÿ Acwinvh©| KvwiMwi
`ÿZv ewj‡Z Avgiv we‡kl †ÿ‡Î, h_v⸺
Kvh©cÖYvjx (procedure), Kvh©aviv (process)
Kvh©c×wZ (methods) I Kv‡h©i Kjv‡KŠkj
(technique) wPwKrmK, MvqK, wnmvebexk,
BwÄwbqvi cÖf…wZ⸺wel‡q we‡klÁ nIqv Ges
H we‡kl Áv‡bi wel‡q we‡kølYg~jK `ÿZvi
cvi`wk©Zv eywSqv _vwK|
gvbyl cwiPvjbvi `ÿZv ewj‡Z Avgiv
GKwRwKDwUf‡ì MÖæ‡ci m`m¨ wnmv‡e
ˆbcy‡Yï mwnZ KvR Kivi ÿgZv Ges
GKwRwKDwUf †h MÖæ‡ci †bZ…
120
Z¡ Kwi‡Z‡Qb, †mB MÖæ‡ci m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨
mn‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve Mwoqv †Zvjvi ÿgZv
eywSqv _vwK|
cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbvi `ÿZv ewj‡Z eywS‡Z nB‡e,
GKwRwKDwU‡fi c‡ÿ cÖwZôv‡bi †Kvb we‡kl
Ask‡K bv †`wLqv †MvUv cÖwZôvb‡K †`Lvi
ÿgZv| huvnvi GB `ÿZv Av‡Q,wZwb mn‡R
eywS‡Z cv‡ib wKfv‡e cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ
Kvh©vejx ci¯úi wbf©ikxj, wKfv‡e cÖwZôv‡bi
GK As‡k cwieZ©b mvab Kwi‡j Ab¨ As‡k Zvnvi
dj Abyf‚Z nq Ges wKfv‡e mgMÖ RvwZ, †`‡ki
A_©bxwZ I mgvR H we‡kl wk‡íi mwnZ Zuvnvi
cÖwZôv‡bi m¤úK© Øviv cÖfvweZ nq| GK K_vq
GB ai‡bi `ÿZvi gva¨‡g GKwRwKDwUf ïay `ÿ bv
†`wLqv ebI †`wL‡Z cvb|
ev¯Íe‡ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq, KvwiMwi `ÿZvi †ekx
cÖ‡qvRb eë¯’vcbvi wbgœ¯Í‡i| GKwRwKDwUf
av‡c av‡c hZB D”PZ‡i DwV‡eb, Zuvnvi wb‡Ri
KvwiMwi `ÿZvi cÖ‡qvRb ZZB Kg ni| m‡e©v”P
¯Í‡i KvwiMwi `ÿZvi cÖ‡qvRb AwZ mvgvb¨;
wKšÍy H ¯Í‡i †ekx cÖ‡qvRb nq †MvUv
cÖwZôv‡bi wel‡q wPšÍv Kivi `ÿZvi|
wbe©vnx ev GKwRwKDwUf‡ì DwPZ
wb‡R‡K Rvbv : GKwRwKDwUf‡K wb‡Ri
†hvM¨Zv, A‡hvM¨Zv Ges D”Pvwfjvl m¤ú‡K
©Rvwb‡Z nq| KviY c‡`vbœwZi d‡j Dc‡ii ¯Í‡i
DVvi m‡½ m‡½ Rxeb Aviv‡gi kh¨vq cwiYZ nq
bv, eis RwUjZv AviI evwoqv hvq| K_vq e‡j
KmvB‡qi †`vKvb hZ eo nq, Zvnvi Qzwii aviI ZZ
121
ev‡o| cÖwZôv‡b hZB Dc‡ii ¯Í‡i DVv hvq,ZZB
cÖwZ‡hvwMZv ev‡o|
mvgvwRK `ÿZv Kviev‡i mdjZvi m¤ú`¯îƒc t
my›ì evox Ges jveY¨gqx ¯¿x cÖwZôv‡b
AMÖMwZ jv‡f mnvqZv K‡i|
em‡K evox‡Z `vIqvZ Kwiqv Avwbqv
†LvjvLywjfv‡e wKsev nvefv‡e †Kvb cÖKvi
AbyMÖn cÖv_©bv Kwi‡Z bvB|
e‡mi mwnZ wWbv‡i wgwjZ nB‡j Kvievi msµvšÍ
welq DÌvcb Kiv DwPZ bq; Aek¨ em DÌvcb Kwi‡j
Dnv‡Z †hvM w`‡Z nB‡e|
e‡mi mwnZ †`Lv nB‡j Abycw¯’Z mnKgx©‡ì
welq Avjvc Kwi‡Z bvB|
cÖwZôv‡b wbhy³ mnKwg©MY‡K cÖ‡gvk‡bi
e¨vcv‡i cÖwZØ›Øx wnmv‡e MY¨ Kwi‡Z nB‡e|
Aaxb †jvK‡ì mwnZ †ekx gvLvgvwL fvj bq| KviY
Bnv‡Z Zvnviv e‡mi `ye©jZvi welq¸wj Rvwbqv
†d‡j Ges Zuvnvi cÖwZ kÖ×v nvivq|
Aaxb †jvK‡ì mwnZ LvwbKUv `~iZ¡ eRvq ivLv
Avek¨K| wKšÍy Zvnv KLbI AvZ¥Mwigv wKsev
A‡mŠRb¨g~jK AvPi‡Yi wfZi w`qv bq|
Awd‡mi wfZ‡iB nDK, evwn‡iB nDK wKsev
wb‡Ri evox‡ZB nDK Kg©Pvixi Zvnvi D”Pc`¯’
e¨w³‡ì cÖwZ m¤§vb cÖ`k©b Kiv DwPZ|
cwiYv‡g mgvR-Rxeb Ges Kg©-Rxeb Avjv`v ivLv
wbivc`|
122
mvgvwRK `ÿZv : mycvifvBRvi wb‡qvM I
mycvifvBRv‡ii cÖwkÿ‡Y mgq GB ¸YwUi cÖwZ
`„wó †Ìqv nq| GB e¨vcv‡i wbgœwjwLZ
cÖkœ¸wji cÖwZ me©vwaK jÿ¨ ivLv nq :
1. †jvKwU Zvnvi em, mnKgx©, wbgœc`¯’
Kg©Pvix I Acivci †jvK‡ì mwnZ †mŠnv`©¨
g~jK m¤úK© eRvq ivwLqv Pwj‡Z cv‡ib
wKbv;
2. †jvKwUi cÖK…wZ Ggb wKbv †h Aci
†jv‡Kiv Zvnvi Dci Av¯’v ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨
DrmvwnZ †eva K‡i;
3. Acivci †jv‡Kiv Zvnvi mwnZ KvR Kwi‡Z
AvMÖn cÖKvk K‡i wKbv;
4. †jvKwU hvnv‡ì mwnZ KvR Kwi‡Z‡Q
Zvnv‡ì wbKU †bZv wnmv‡e ¯^xK…wZ
wKbv;
5. wZwb Kv‡Ri Pvc e„w×i mgq I D‡ËRbv
weivRgvb Ae¯’vq mvgvwRK fvimvg¨ Ges
fvev‡e‡Mi wbðqZv eRvq ivwL‡Z cv‡ib
wKbv|
6. Ab¨vb¨ †jvK‡ì cwiPvjbv Kivi mgq †jvKwU
myôzwePvikw³ eënvi K‡ib wKbv|
mvgvwRK `ÿZvi Afv‡e wK Amyweav nq, Zvnvi
GKwU D`vniY †Ìqv hvK :
GKwU †Kv¤úvbxi †cÖwm‡W›U GKRb mnKvix
K‡Èªvjvi wbhy³ Kwi‡jb †Kv¤úvbxi cÖPwjZ
bxwZ Abymv‡i b~Zb †jvKwUi mwnZ
mvgvwRKfv‡e cwiPq Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ wZwb
123
K‡qKRb g¨v‡bRvi‡K wWbv‡i `vIqvZ Kwi‡jb|
wWbvi LvIqvi mgq †cÖwm‡W›U b~Zb mnKvix
K‡›Uªvjvi‡K wKQz ewj‡Z Aby‡iva Kwi‡jb|
†jvKwU ejv ïiæ Kwij, Zvici mnmv e³…Zv eÜ
Kwiqv †Uwe‡ji w`‡K ZvKvBqv ewjj, Òf`ª
g‡nv`qMY! †eqv`we gvc Ki‡eb, Avgvi myc
(soup) VvÛv nBqv hvB‡Z‡Q|Ó †cÖwm‡W›U
nvwmqv †dwj‡jb Ges ewj‡jb, Òej wK evcy, Zzwg
wbðqB †Zvgvi myc cvb Kwiqv jB‡e|Ó Dcw¯’Z
mK‡j eywS‡jb, †mB gyû‡Z©B mnKvix
K‡›Uªvjv‡ii c`wU cybivq Lvwj nBj|
†KŠkj GKwRwKDwUf †K : Wz-cÈ †Kv¤úvbxi
†cÖwm‡W›U MÖxb Iqv‡›Ui g‡Z, †KŠkjx
GKwRwKDwUf H e¨w³, whwb m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c
c„_K ai‡bi welq¸wji mgš^q mvab Kwiqv GKwU
m¤úªxwZg~jK GKZ¡ (harmonious whole) m„wó
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Zuvnvi g‡Z, †KŠkjx GKwRwKDwUf
wmgdwbi (symphony) cwiPvj‡Ki m`„k, whwb
wb‡R A‡bK¸wj hš¿B evRvB‡Z cv‡ib bv; wKšÍy
wewfbœ MvqK‡K cÖ‡ivPbv, Drmvn Ges wgwó
K_vq fzjvB‡Z (cajole) cv‡ib; hvnvi ìæb H
mKj MvqK GKB my‡i Mvb Mvwn‡Z cv‡i|
cÖwZôv‡bi mvd‡jï KviY wK : Kvievix
cÖwZôvb †Kej D”Pai‡bi cÖwZfvm¤úbœ e¨w³i
gwngvq mvdj¨ AR©b Kwi‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY †`‡ki
mKj cÖwZôvb GKB Drm nB‡Z g¨v‡bRvi
wbe©vPb Kwiqv _v‡K| Kv‡RB wbe©vPb I
cÖwkÿY eë¯’v myôz nB‡j mKj cÖwZôv‡b GKB
ai‡bi †KŠkjx g¨v‡bRvi _vKvi K_v| GgZve¯’vq
GK cÖwZôvb KZ…©K Aci cÖwZôv‡bi Dci
124
cÖvavb¨ wbf©i K‡i cÖwZôv‡b wbhy³ e¨w³‡ì
wbKU nB‡Z wKwÂr AwZwi³ g~j¨ ev cÖ‡Póv
cvIqvi Dci| GKRb †KŠkjx GKwRwKDwUf
Zuvnvi †jvKw`M‡K Ggbfv‡e PvjvB‡eb †h,
Dnv‡ì mvgwMÖK Kvh© m¤úv`b e¨w³MZ Kvh©
m¤úv`‡bi mgwó nB‡Z †ekx nq| A_©vr `yBG-
`yBG Pvi bv nBqv cuvP nB‡Z nB‡e|
mgvRweÁvbx‡ì fvlvq Bnv‡K ÔwmbviwRRgÕ
(synergism) ejv nq|
mdj wbe©vnx ev GKwRwKDwUf :
1. mdj I me©Rb cÖksmvfvRb e¨w³i cÖwZ
AbyK‚j g‡bvfve GKwRwKDwUf‡K mvdj¨
AR©b Kivi cÖ‡Póvq mnvqZv K‡i; gv‡qi
AvPj awiqv _vKvi Af¨vm hvnvi Rb¥MZ, †m
KLbI mdj GKwRwKDwUf nB‡Z cv‡i bv;
wcZvi cÖwZ AbyK‚j g‡bvfve cyiæ‡lvwPZ
mvnm I g‡bve‡ji cwiPq enb K‡i|
2. ga¨g †kÖYxi wek^vm I Abyf‚wZ
GKwRwKDwUf wnmv‡e mvd‡jï c‡ÿ
AbyK‚j| gvwK©b †`‡ki †ekxi fvM
GKwRwKDwUB GB †kÖYx nB‡Z D™¢~Z|
ga¨g †kÖYxi mdj wcZvi Av`k© Zuvnv‡ì
mšÍvb‡ì †cÖiYv †hvMvq|
†ckvMZ wbe©vnx ev GKwRwKDwUf : eZ©gvb
Kvievix RM‡Zi Ab¨Zg †kÖô NUbv nB‡Z‡Q
Kviev‡ii eë¯’vcbvi GKwU †ckv wnmv‡e DÌvb|
eo eo †Kv¤úvbxi AvRKvjKvi eë¯’vcbvi êwkó¨
nBj, GK e¨w³i cwie‡Z© GKwU MÖæ‡ci Dci
eë¯’vcbvi `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y| Kv‡b©Mx, f¨vÐviweë
125
cÖgy‡Li bvg GLb wKse`šÍx‡Z cwiYZ nBqv‡Q|
Kvievix RM‡Z Zuvnv‡ì bvg GLb Avi ïbv hvq bv|
GLb †Kv¤úvbxi cÖK…Z wbqš¿Yfvi †eZbfz³
†ckv`vi eë¯’vcK‡ì nv‡Z; hwÌ Zuvnviv †evW©
KZ…©K wbhy³ nb Ges †ev‡W©i wbKU Kv‡Ri
Rb¨ Revew`wn K‡ib|
†iveU (Robot) wbe©vnx ev GKwRwKDwUf t †h
GKwRwKDwUf AZxZ‡K AbymiY K‡ib,
Zuvnv‡K hš¿er GKwRwKDwUf ejv nq| cÖwZ
†hvwMZvg~jK A_©‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZi c‡ÿ GB
†jvK A‡hvM¨| Zuvnvi gb me©`v wbivcËvi cÖwZ
AvK…ó| SzuwKeûj wm×v‡šÍ wZwb fxlY fxZ|
b~Zb c_ †`Lvi Ges †`Lv‡bvi, b~Zb c‡_ Pjvi, b~Zb
fv‡e KvR Kivi Ges b~Zbfv‡e wPšÍv Kivi B”Qv
Zuvnvi bvB| Zuvnvi AvZ¥wek^v‡mi Afve| wbivc`
SzuwKnxb Rxeb I Zuvnvi Kvg¨|
hš¿er GKwRwKDwUf‡K gvwK©b †`‡k wkí
cÖwZôv‡bi wec` wnmv‡e MY¨ Kiv nq; A‡b‡K
g‡b K‡ib, GB †kÖYxi GKwRwKDwU‡fi msL¨v
e„w× cvB‡j gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª we‡kî evRv‡i
Zvnvi †bZ…Z¡ nvivB‡e|
Kx‡Pb †Kwe‡bU t AM©vbvB‡Rkb Pv‡U©
cÖ`wk©Z AvbyôvwbK KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨
GKwRwKDwUfMY `„wó mxgve× iv‡Lb bv|
cÖvwZôvwbK KvVv‡gv cÖvq mgq
GKwRwKDwUf‡ì Kv‡R AbgbxqZv (rigidity)
Avbqb K‡i| Kv‡RB gm„bfv‡e Pjgvb cÖwZôv‡b
GKwRwKDwUf‡ì g‡a¨ AbvbyôvwbK `j (clique)
Mwoqv D‡V| GKwRwKDwUf‡ì g‡a¨ mvgvwRK
ms‡hv‡Mi ìæYB mvaviYZ : GB wK¬K ev `‡ji
126
D™¢e nq| GB wK¬‡Ki bvgKx‡Pb †Kwe‡bU
(kitchen cabinet) | GB †Kwe‡bUB AvbyôvwbK
AM©vbB‡Rk‡bi †mŠnv`©¨g~jK cwiPvjbvi c_
mnR K‡i| cvi¯úwiK mg‡SvZv I wek^v‡mi
wfwË‡Z Bnvi gva¨‡g †emiKvixfv‡e wm×všÍ
M„nxZ nB‡Z cv‡i|
mgv‡R wbe©vnx‡ì ¯’vb t GKKv‡j cvðvZ¨
mf¨Zvq eëmvq‡K AcgvbRbK KvR g‡b Kiv nBZ|
†jLKMY Kvievix ev Kvievix cÖwZôv‡bi
GKwRwKDwUf‡ì bvg ïwb‡j bvK w÷KvB‡Zb|
Kwe, †jLK, MÖš’Kvi, ivRbxwZwe` Ges
†hv×vMY‡K fw³ I m¤§vb †`Lv‡bv nBZ; wKšÍy
eëmvq-evwY‡R¨ wbhy³ e¨w³‡K †Kn m¤§vbI
w`‡Z bv, kÖ×v I KiZ bv| exi‡kÖô †b‡cvwjqb
Bs‡iR‡K †ewbqvi RvZ ewjqv AvL¨vwqZ
KwiqvwQ‡jb| Kv‡ji P‡µ GB g‡bvfve cwiewZ©Z
nBqv‡Q| GLb cwðgv mf¨Zvq †jv‡K wek^vm K‡i
†h, A_©‰bwZK m¤ú‡ì msMV‡bi gva¨‡g gvbyl
Zuvnvi RxweKvi ms¯’vb wbqwš¿Z Kwi‡Z cv‡i|
cwð‡gi †jvK‡ì GLb my`„p gZ nBj, Zvnviv
wb‡R‡ì †Póvi ga¨ w`qv mgv‡R DbœwZ mvab
Kwi‡Z cv‡i Ges Zvnv‡ì fwel¨r‡K wb‡R‡ì
B”Qvbyhvqx Mwoqv Zzwj‡Z cv‡i|
gvby‡li RxweKvi gvb DbœZ Kwi‡Z Ggb me
cwieZ©b †K Avbqb Kwi‡e? Kwe, MÖš’vKvi,
Awf‡bZv- Awf‡bÎx, ivR‰bwZK †bZv,
†mbvcwZ, miKvix Kg©Pvix, wek^we`¨vj‡qi
Aa¨vcK? †eva nq bv| KviY GBmKj e¨w³ m¤ú‡`
m„wó K‡ib bv; eis Kvievix I wkícwZMY KZ…
©K m„ó m¤ú‡` fvM emvb|
127
DbœZ †`k¸wj‡Z gvby‡li Kj¨vYKi hveZxq
cwieZ©b wkí-evwYR¨ cÖwZôvb¸wji ØvivB
mvwaZ nq| mK‡jB Avkv K‡ib †h, Kvievix
cÖwZôv‡bi eë¯’vcKMY RvZxq cyuwR, wkí-Ávb
Ges djcÖm~ Drcv`b-ÿgZvi mieivn msiÿYI e„w×
Kwi‡eb| wkícwZMY we‡kî evRv‡i †`‡ki
cÖwZ‡hvwMZv kw³ e„w× Kwi‡e| Aviv Avkv Kiv
nq †h, g¨v‡bRviMY RvwZi cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨ I
†mevi †hvMvb erm‡ii ci ermi e„w× Kwiqv
hvB‡eb Ges †`‡ki me©Î Dchy³ gRywi‡Z PvKyixi
ms¯’vb Kwi‡eb hvnvi gva¨‡g †`‡ki cÖ‡Z¨KwU
Kg©ÿg e¨w³ PvKzix cvB‡e| PvKzixRxwe‡ì
Kv‡Ri K‡VviZv n«vm cvB‡e, myL-¯^v”Q›`¨ I
Av‡gv`-wenvi e„w× cvB‡e| eo eo K‡c©v‡ik‡bi
GKwRwKDwUf‡ì wbKU nB‡Z mgv‡Ri
Kj¨vYKi cÖKí⸺¯‹zj, K‡jR, iv¯Ív, nvmcvZvj
cÖf…wZ ¯’vc‡bi cÖ‡Póv I Avw_©K mvnvhÏ
Avkv Kiv nq|
DbœZ †`k¸wj‡Z g¨v‡bR‡g‡›Ui cÖ‡Póvi d‡j cY¨
mieiv‡ni cwigvY †im e„w× cvBqv‡Q|
GKwRwKDwUfMY bvbv cÖKv‡ii AcPq `~ixf‚Z
Kwiqv, Kv‡Ri `ÿZv evovBqv, ¯^í cwigvY kÖ‡gi
eënvi Kwiqv, b~Zb ai‡bi cY¨ D™¢veb Kwiqv
Ges MÖvnK‡ì wbKU hyw³m½Z g~‡j¨ cY¨ eÈb
Kwiqv GB KvR m¤úv`b Kwiqv‡Qb| mgv‡Ri
cÖ‡Z¨KwU bvMwiK AwaK cwigvY Drcv`‡bi
gva¨‡gB AwaK cwigvY cY¨ †fv‡Mi my‡hvM
cvB‡Z cv‡i| g¨v‡bR‡g‡›Ui Bnv m¤¢e Kwiqv
Zzwj‡Z nq| Aek¨ GB K_v wVK, g¨v‡bR‡g›U
wbt¯^v_©fv‡e GB KvR K‡ib bv| Zxeª
128
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi †gvKvwejv Kivi Rb¨
g¨v‡bR‡g›U‡K GB KvR Kwi‡Z nq| Zvnv Qvov,
miKvix Pv‡ci f‡qI A‡bK mgq GB KvR Kiv nq|
cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨
kÖwgKw`M‡K b¨vh¨ gRywi cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ Ges
Dchy³ Kvh© cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ cÖvq †`‡kB AvBb
iwnqv‡Q| kÖwgKm•N‡K iÿvi Ges Zvnvw`M‡K
mvgvwRK wbivcËv †Ìqvi e¨vcv‡iI AvBb
iwnqv‡Q| A_©vr cÖvq †`‡kB g¨v‡bR‡g›U‡K
mvgvwRK `vwq‡Z¡i K_v wPšÍv KwiqvB Kviev‡ii
bxwZ wba©viY Kwi‡Z nq|
RbwcÖqZvi w`K nB‡Z †Zgb kÖ×v¯úv` bv nB‡jI
eë¯’vcbvq ey¨rcbœ e¨w³w`M‡K A‡bK mgq iv‡óªi
`vwqZ¡c~Y© Kv‡Ri fvi MÖnY Kivi Rb¨ AvnŸvb
Kiv nq| miKvix wefvM cwiPvjbvi KvRI
eë¯’vcbviB KvR| GB mKj Kv‡R mdj eë¯’vcK
AvMvBqv Av‡mb m¤§v‡bi Avkvq| miKvix Kv‡R
Zuvnviv KLbI †gvUv A‡¼i †eZb cvb bv; miKvix
Kv‡R `vwqZ¡ MÖn‡Yi Ges ÿgZv I cÖwZcwË
jv‡fi †h AeKvk iwnqv‡Q Dnv A‡bK‡K cÖjyä
Kwiqv _v‡K| ievU© g¨vbKbvgvivi D`vniYwUB
we‡ePbv Kiv hvK| GB f`ª‡jvK †dvW© †gvUi
†Kv¤úvbxi †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui c` Qvwoqv gvwK©b
hy³iv‡óªi cÖwZiÿv †m‡µUvixi PvKzix MÖnY
K‡ib| cÖwZiÿv wefv‡M Kgx©i msL¨v wQj 35 jÿ;
Avi Dnvi evrmwiK ev‡RU wQj 45 wgwjqb Wjvi|
H mgq †dvW© †Kv¤úvbxi Kg©Pvixi msL¨v wQj
2, 50,000 Ges Dnvi evrmwiK ev‡RU wQj 7
wgwjqb Wjvi| A_©vr cÖwZiÿv wefv‡Mi KvRwU
wQj c~e©Zb KvR nB‡Z `k¸Y eo| wKšÍy Dnvi
129
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wKfv‡e MwVZ nq : Kvh©msµvšÍ Af¨vm MV‡bi
g~j Drm¸wj nB‡Z‡Q:
1. evj¨ Rxe‡bi wkÿv⸺Bnvi g‡a¨ iwnqv‡Q, †h
cvwievwiK, we`¨vjqMZ I cvwicvwk^©K
Ae¯’vi wfZi w`qv †jvKwU jvwjZ-cvwjZ
nBqv‡Qb Ges wkÿv cvBqv‡Qb|
2. †Kv¤úvbxi Kv‡R AwR©Z AwfÁZv⸺Bnvi
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Ges
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GKwRwKDwUf‡K DVvemv Kwi‡Z nq;
cixkÖgx MÖæ‡ci ms¯ú‡k© Avwm‡j
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welq AeMZ nIqv hvq:
1. GKRb GKwRwKDwUf wKfv‡e Zuvnvi
eZ©gvb KvR Kwi‡Z‡Qb Ges
2. H Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z Zuvnvi Kv‡Ri gvb Dbœq‡bi
Rb¨ wK Kvh©µg MÖnY Kiv DwPZ|
mgvß
130

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Z…Zxq Aa¨vq

Kvievix cÖwZôvb A_ev Bnvi Kv‡Ri we‡kl †Kvb

g¨v‡bRvi †h me mgm¨vi †gvKvwejv K‡ib Dnvi

†Kv¤úvbxi jÿ¨ Ges `k©bZË¡ I cwjwmi KvR K‡i|

cwjwm †Kv¤úvbxi D‡Ïk¨ ev jÿ¨ bq; eis Bnv

1. cybtcyb NUgvb mgm¨vi †gvKvwejvi Rb¨

1. evwn¨K cwjwm⸺evwn‡ii wewfbœ

K„Z¨K AvIZvwfwËK cwjwm Avevi `yB cÖKv‡ii

1. cwiKíbvi mgqKvj wKiƒc nB‡e,

cwjwm cÖwZôv t AbvbyôvwbKfv‡e cwjwmi

1. Zuvnvi cwjwm †hb Zuvnvi Ôe‡miÕ cwjwmi

1. cwjwm wbiƒcY I cÖwZôvi w`K⸺Bnv‡K

cwjwm cÖwZôvi cieZx© c`‡ÿc nBj

cwjwm wba©vi‡Yi Z…Zxq c`‡ÿc nBj cwjwm

cwjwm wba©vi‡Yi †kl c`‡ÿc nBj⸺cwjwmi

DËg cwjwmi ˆewkó¨ :

1. cwjwm‡K CwáZ jÿ¨ I D‡Ï‡k¨i mwnZ

2. GKwU fvj cwjwm †Kv¤úvbxi GK D‡Ïk¨‡K

3. wewfbœ cwjwm‡K ci¯ú‡ii cwic~iK nB‡Z

Kvievix cÖwZôv‡bi ÷ªv‡UwR ewj‡Z Bnvi D‡Ïk¨

D³ Av‡jvPbv nB‡Z ¯úóZt eySv hvB‡Z‡Q †h,

Kvievix cÖwZôv‡bi ÷ªv‡UwR PvwiwU †gŠwjK

1. cvwicvwk^©K Ae¯’v I evRv‡ii Pvwn`vi

2. cÖwZôvb Bnvi ÿgZv I m¤ú‡`i cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z

3. cÖwZôv‡bi †cÖwm‡W›U I Zuvnvi

4. †Kv¤úvbxi †NvwlZ mvgvwRK `vwq‡Z¡i

÷ªv‡UwRi KvR t (Functions of strategy) :

1. fvj ÷ªv‡UwR mn‡R wPwýZ (identify) Kiv hvq

2. fvj ÷ªv‡UwR m¤¢ve¨ Avf¨šÍixY Ges ˆe‡`wkK

3. fvj ÷ªv‡UwR cÖwZôv‡bi eZ©gvb I fwel¨‡Zi

4. fvj ÷ªv‡UwR cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ wel‡qi

5. SzuwK MÖn‡Yi cwigvY cÖwZôv‡bi

6. cÖwZôv‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mgvmxb e¨w³‡`i

7. fvj ÷ªv‡UwRi Avi GKwU ˆewkó¨ GB †h, Dnv

wm×všÍ Kvnv‡K e‡j t wm×všÍ nBj cQ›`KiY ev

wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi K‡qKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ˆewkó¨

1. wm×všÍMÖnY cÖwµqv⸺A‡bK mgq

wm×všÍ MÖnY mgqmv‡cÿ e¨vcvi| AZxZ,

A‡bK wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi cÖwµqv‡K

wm×všÍ MÖnY cÖwµqvi ˆewkó¨wU Aek¨

myôz wm×v‡šÍi Rb¨ e¨vcv‡i ci gvm cwiKíbv

2. wm×všÍ cÖwZôvb I e¨w³i cÖwZkÖæwZ¯^iƒc

GKevi wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nB‡j wfbœgZ

3. g~j¨vqY⸺ wm×všÍ MÖnYKv‡j g~j¨vqY

4. wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi wePvi-kw³i h_vh_ cÖ‡qvM

wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi iƒc‡iLv t GKwRwKDwUf‡`i

1. †Kvb mgm¨vwU eo Ges †KvbwU Zvnv

2. iæwUb gvwdK mgm¨vi mgvav‡bi Rb¨ bxwZi

3. †QvU I iæwUb welq¸wji fvi mnKvix‡`i Dci

4. Aci †jvK‡ì wPšÍvkw³ eënvi Kiv| mnKvix‡ì

5. gvbwmK Av¯’v I wek^vm AR©b Kiv| kvšÍ I

7. mKj cÖKvi NUbvejx ZjvBqv †`Lvi †Póv Kiv

8. me mgq wm×všÍ mwVK nB‡e Ggb wbðqZv

9. wm×všÍ wedj nB‡e GBiƒc f‡q m¯¿¿¯Í nIqv

10.wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi ÿgZv Mwoqv †Zvjv DwPZ|

11.wm×všÍ mgqgZ MÖnY Kiv DwPZ| AvR †h

12.weKí mgvavb cÖ¯ÍyZ ivwL‡Z nq| Ae¯’vi

wm×v‡šÍi †kÖYxwefvM t wm×všÍ¸wj‡K

cÖvwZôvwbK Ges e¨w³MZ wm×všÍ t

†gŠwjK ev iæwUb wm×všÍ t †gŠwjK wm×všÍ

1. Av‡cwÿK ¯’vqx `xN©‡gqv`x cÖwZkÖæwZ;

2. eo As‡Ki cyuwR wewb‡qvM ev LiP Ges;

3. ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ab¨vb¨ welqmg~n, hvnvi GKwU