2017-18 100 &

op kers
Class 12 T
By E ran culty
-JE Fa r
IIT enior emie .
S fP r es
o titut
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MATHEMATICS
FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED
SECOND
EDITION

Exhaustive Theory
(Now Revised)

Formula Sheet
9000+ Problems
based on latest JEE pattern

2500 + 1000 (New) Problems

of previous 35 years of
AIEEE (JEE Main) and IIT-JEE (JEE Adv)

5000+Illustrations and Solved Examples

Detailed Solutions
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Topic Covered Plancess Concepts

Tips & Tricks, Facts, Notes, Misconceptions,
Inverse Trigonometric Key Take Aways, Problem Solving Tactics
Functions
PlancEssential
Questions recommended for revision
 20. INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
1. INTRODUCTION TO INVERSE TRIGONOMETRY
The inverse trigonometric functions are the inverse functions of the trigonometric functions. They are sometimes
referred to as cyclometric functions.

2. IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
Given two non-empty sets X and Y, let f:X → Y be a function, such that y = f(x). The set X is called as the domain
of f while the set Y is called as the co-domain of f. The set {f(x): x ∈ X} is called as range of f.A map f: A → B is
said to be one-one or injective, if and only if, distinct elements of A have distinct images in B, i.e. if, and only if,
x1 ≠ x2 ⇒ f(x1 ) ≠ f(x2 ) , for all x1 , x2 ∈ A
Onto map or Surjective map: A map f: A → B is said to be an onto map or Surjective map if, and only if, each
element of B is the image of some element of A, i.e. if, and only if, Range of f = co-domain of f.
Objective map: A map f : A → B is an objective map if, and only if, it is both one – one and onto.

3. INVERSE FUNCTIONS
If f : X → Y is one-to-one and onto (i.e. f is objective), then, we can define a unique function g : Y → X, such that
g(y) = x, where x ∈ X is such that y = f (x). Thus, the domain of g = range of f and range of g = domain of f. The
function is called the inverse of f and is denoted by f-1.
(a) Trigonometric functions are many-one functions but these become one-one, onto, if we restrict the domain of
trigonometric functions. Similarly, co-domain is equated to range to make it an onto function. We can say that
the inverse of trigonometric functions are defined within restricted domains of corresponding trigonometric
functions.
(b) Inverse of sin (sine functions) is denoted by sin-1 (arc sine function). We also write it as sin-1 x. Similarly, other
inverse trigonometric functions are given by cos-1 x, tan-1 x, sec-1 x, cot-1x and cosec-1 x.
1
(c) Note that sin−1 x ≠ and ( sin−1 x)² ≠ sin−2 x, Also sin−1 x ≠ (sinx)−1
sinx
(d) Domain and Range of Inverse Trigonometric Functions:

Function Domain Range (Principal value branch)

(i)
y = sin−1 x −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 −
π
≤y ≤
π
2 2
2 0 . 2 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Function Domain Range (Principal value branch)

(ii)
y = cos−1 x −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 0≤y≤π

(iii)
−∞ < x < ∞ π π
y = tan−1 x − ≤y <
2 2

(iv)
x ≥ 1 or x ≤ − 1 π π
y = cosec−1 x − ≤y ≤ ,y ≠ 0
2 2

(v)
x ≥ 1 or x ≤ − 1 π
y = sec−1 x 0 ≤ y ≤ π, y ≠
2

(vi)
y = cot −1 x −∞ < x < ∞ 0<y<π

(e) The principal value of an inverse trigonometric function is the value of that inverse trigonometric function
which lies in the range of principal branch.

PLANCESS CONCEPTS

If no branch of an inverse trigonometric function is mentioned, then it can be implied that the principal
value branch of that function.
You can remember range as set of angles that have the smallest absolute values satisfying for all the
values of domain.
Vaibhav Gupta (JEE 2009 AIR 54)

4. TRANSFORMATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS TO INVERSE

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

4.1 sin x to sin-1 x

The graph of an inverse trigonometric function can be obtained from the graph of the original by interchanging x
and y axes.
Note: It can be shown that the graph of an inverse function can be obtained from the corresponding graph of
original function as the mirror image in the line y = x.
Y
-5 - 1 3
X’ 2 2
 
2 X
-2  O 2 5
-1 2 2
Y’
Figure 20.1
−1
≤ 1 ; y sin x, x ≤ 1, y ∈[ −π / 2, π / 2]
(a) y = sin x, x ∈ R and y=
 M a them a ti cs | 20.3

4.2 cos x to cos-1 x

(b) y =cos x, x ∈R and =

y ≤ 1 y cos−1 x, x ∈[ −1,1]and y ∈[0, π]

Y Y
5 5
2 2
2
3 3

x
2 2

y=
 

2
-
-2 2  -1 1
X’ X X’ X
- O  2 O 
- 2
-x 2
2
2
 -

-3 -3
2 2
-2
-5 -5
2 2
Y’ Y’
-1 -1
y-sin x and y-sin (x) y-sin (x)

Figure 20.2

5
2
2
3
2


Y 2
1 X’ -1 1X
-5  5 O
- 2 
X’ 2 2 X -
-2 -3 - O 3 2
2 2 -1 2
2 -
Y’
-3
y=cos x 2
-2

-5
2
Y’
-1
Figure 20.3 y=cos (x)
2 0 . 4 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions

4.3 tan x to tan-1 x

 π   π π
∈R y tan−1 x, x ∈R and y ∈ − , 
(c) y= tanx, x ∈R − x : x= (2π + 1) ,n∈ Z  and y=
 2   2 2
Y

Y 2 3
2

2 
 3 2
- 1 2 2 2
X’ X O
- O  X’
-2 -1
-1 X
2 1 2
-2
-
2 -

Y’ Y’
y=tan x

Figure 20.4

4.4 cot x to cot-1 x

(d) y =cot x, x ∈R − {x : x =nπ, n∈ Z} and y ∈
=R y cot −1 x, x ∈R and y ∈(0, π)

Y 2 3
2

2 
 3 2
- 1 2 2 2
X’ X O
- O  X’
-2 -1
-1 X
2 1 2
-2
-
2 -

Y’ Y’
y=tan x -1
y=tan x

Figure 20.5

4.5 sec x to sec-1 x

 π  π
(e) (v) y= sec x, x ∈R − x : x= (2n+ 1) ,n ∈ z  and y ∈R − ( −1,1)
= y sec−1 x, x ∈R − ( −1,1)and y ∈[0, π]  
 2  2 
 M a them a ti cs | 20.5

2
Y 3
2


2

- 1  2 2
X’ X
- O  3
-1 X’ X
2 -2 2 2
-2 -1 1 2

-
2
-
Y’
y = sec x
Y’ -1
y = sec x

Figure 20.6

4.6 cosec x to cosec-1 x

 π π
(f) ( −1,1) y co sec−1 x, x ∈R − ( −1,1)and y ∈  − ,  − {0}
y = cosec x, x ∈{x : x = n π,n∈ Z} and y ∈R −=
 2 2

2
Y
3
2

2 

- 3
1 2
- 2  2 2
X’ X X
O
-1  X’ -2 -1
2
O 1 2
-2

-
2
-
Y’

y = cosec x Y’
-1
y = cosec x

Figure 20.7
 2 0 . 6 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Illustration 1: Find the domain of definition of the function f(x) = 3cos−1 (4 x) − π . (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Use the condition that the expression inside the square root is ≥ zero.

For domain of f(x) = 3cos−1 (4 x) − π , we must have

π  1 1
4x ≥ cos   ⇒ 4x ≥ ⇒x ≥  …..(i)
3  2 8
−1 1
Also −1 ≤ 4x ≤ 1 ⇒ ≤ x ≤  .….(ii)
4 4
 −1 1 
∴ From (i) and (ii), we get x ∈  ' 
 4 8

PLANCESS CONCEPTS

In case of confusion, try solving problems by replacing inverse functions with angles and applying
trigonometric identities.
Shrikant Nagori (JEE 2009 AIR 30)

Illustration 2: If 0 < cos−1 x < 1and 1 + sin(cos−1 x) + sin2 (cos−1 x) + sin3 (cos−1 x) + ......∞ =2, then find the value of x.
 (JEE MAIN)
Sol: Use summation of infinite GP series.
We have 1+sin(cos-1 x) + sin²(cos-1 x) + ……… ∞ =2

1 1 1 π 3
⇒ =2 ⇒ =1 − sin(cos−1 x) ⇒ sin(cos−1 x) = ⇒ cos=
−1
x ⇒
= x
−1
1 − sin(cos x) 2 2 6 2

2
Illustration 3: Let f(x)= (sin−1 [x] + tan−1 [x] + cot −1 [x]) , where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to
π
x. If A and B denote the domain and range of f(x) respectively, find the number of integers in A∪B.
 (JEE ADVANCED)
π
Sol: Use tan−1 [x] + cot −1 [x] = and proceed.
2
For domain of f(x), we must have −1 ≤ [x] ≤ 1 ⇒ − 1 ≤ x < 2, so set A = [-1,2)

2  −1 π  π 
=f(x)  sin [x] +   As tan−1 [x] + cot −1 [x]= , ∀ x∈A 
π 2  2 

So, set B = {0, 1, 2} = Range of f(x). Now, A ∪ B =−

[ 1,2) ∪ {0,1,2} =−
[ 1,2]
Hence, number of integers in ( A ∪ B )=4

5.PROPERTIES/IDENTITIES OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

5.1 Complementary Angles

π
(a) sin−1 x + cos−1 x= , ∀x ∈ [ −1,1]
2
 M a them a ti cs | 20.7

π
(b) tan−1 x + cot −1 x = , ∀x ∈R
2
π
(c) sec−1 x + cosec−1=
x , ∀ x ∈( −∞ , −1] ∪ [1, ∞ )
2

5.2 Negative Arguments

(a) sin−1 ( −x) = − sin−1 x, ∀ x ∈[ −1,1]

(b) cos−1 ( −x) = π − cos−1 x, ∀ x ∈[ −1,1]

(c) tan−1 ( −x) =− tan−1 x, ∀ x ∈R

(d) cot −1 ( − x) = π − cot −1 x, ∀ x ∈R

(e) sec−1 ( − x) = π − sec−1 x, ∀ x ∈( −∞ , − 1] ∪ [1, ∞ )

(f) cosec−1 ( − x) = − cosec−1 x∀x ∈ ( −∞ , −1) ∪ [1, ∞ )

5.3 Reciprocal Arguments

−1 1
(a) cosec
= x sin−1 ; x ≥ 1 (Both the functions are identical)
x
1
sin−1 x cosec−1
and= ; x ≤ 1, x ≠ 0 (Both the functions are not identical)
x

1
sec−1 x cos−1
(b) = ; x ≥ 1 (Both the functions are identical)
x
1
and
= cos−1 x sec−1 ; x ≤ 1 (Both the functions are not identical)
x

1 1
(c)
= tan−1 x cot −1   , x ∈(0, ∞ ) = − π + cot −1   , x ∈( −∞ ,0) ,
x x
1 1
and
= cot −1 x tan−1   , x ∈(0, ∞ ) = π + tan−1   , x ∈( −∞ ,0)
x
  x

5.4 Forward Inverse Identities

y= sin(sin−1 x)= x, x ∈ [ −1,1], y ∈ [ −1,1], y is

(a)  y= cos(cos−1 x)= x, x ∈ [ −1,1], y ∈ [ −1,1], y is
(b) 
aperiodic aperiodic
y y
1 1
x

x
y=

y=

o o
-1 45 x -1 45 x
O 1 O 1

-1 -1

Figure 20.8
2 0 . 8 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions

y = tan ( tan−1 x )=x, x ∈ R, y ∈ R, y is aperiodic

(c)  (d) y = cot (cot −1 x) = x, x ∈ R, y ∈ R, y is aperiodic

y y

x
y=

y=
o o
45 45
x x
O O

Figure 20.9

y = cosec ( cosec−1 x )=x, x ≥ 1, y ≥ 1 ,y is aperiodic (f) y = sec (sec−1 x) = x, x ≥ 1, y ≥ 1 , y is aperiodic

(e) 

y y
x

x
y=

y=
o
1 1 45

-1 -1
x x
O 1 O 1

-1 -1
x

x
y=

y=

Figure 20.10

Also,

cos(sin−1=
x) 1 − x2 sin(cos−1=
x) 1 − x2

(
cos tan−1 x = ) 1
1 + x2
tan(cos−1 x) =
1 − x2
x

(
sin tan−1 x =) x
1+x 2
(
tan sin−1 x = ) x
1 − x2

5.5 Inverse Forward Identities

 π π
y sin−1 (sinx)
(a) = = x,  x ∈ R  , y ∈  − ,  , Periodic with period 2 π
 2 2
y
/2
+x

x
y=

2
y=

y=
2

x-
+

-

-/2 3/2
y=

y=

o
x

45
x )

 x
-2 -3/2 - O /2 2

-/2

Figure 20.11
 M a them a ti cs | 20.9

(b) y = cos−1 (cosx) = x, x ∈R, y ∈[0, π], Periodic with period 2 π

y

x y=

2
y=

y
2

=
/2

x+
-x

-x
y=
x
-2 - -/2 O /2  2

Figure 20.12

 π   π π
(c) y= tan−1 (tanx)= x, x ∈R − (2n− 1) n ∈ I  , y ∈ − ,  , Periodic with period π
 2   2 2

y
/2



y=
x+

x-
- 3

y=
y=

-2 2 2
 x
-3 - O  2
2 2

/2

Figure 20.13

(d) y = cot −1 (cotx)= x, x ∈R − {n π}, y ∈ (0, π), periodic with π

y

2

x


y=

-
x+

x+

x
y=


y=

y=

O  2
2

x
-2 - O  2
Figure 20.14

 π   π
(e) y = cosec−1 (cosec x) = x ∈R − {n π,n ∈I}, y ∈  − ,0  ∪  0,  y is periodic with period 2π
 2   2

y
/2
x
2
y=

y=

y=
x-
(

-
+

y=

-/2 3/2
x

o
45
x)

 x
-3/2 - O /2 2

-/2
Figure 20.15
 2 0 . 1 0 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions

−1
(f) y sec
= = (sec x) x, y is periodic,

y

y
y= =


2

x
-x

x+

y=
-x

y= x
-2 -3 - - O   3 2
2 2
2 2
Figure 20.16

 π   π π 
x ∈ R − (2n− 1) n ∈ I  , y ∈ 0,  ∪  , π  with period 2π
 2   2 2 
1
(i) tan−1 (cotx)= π − x for x ∈[0, π]
2
1
sin−1 (cosecx)=
(ii) π − x for x ∈[0, π]
2
1  1 
sec−1 (cosx)=
(iii) π − x for x ∈ 0, π  .
2  2 

5.6 Sum of Angles


 sin−1  x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x2  if x ≥ 0; y ≥ 0 and x2 + y 2 ≤ 1
  
(a) sin−1 x + sin−1 y =

π − sin−1  x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x2  if x ≥ 0; y ≥ 0 and x2 + y 2 > 1
  

(b) sin−1 x − sin

= −1
y sin−1  x 1 − y 2 − y 1 − x2  x > 0; y > 0
 

(c) cos−1 x ± cos

= −1
y cos−1 [xy  1 − x2 1 − y 2 ] if x, y >0 and x² + y² ≤ 1

(d) cos−1 x ± cos−1 y = π − cos−1 [xy  1 − x2 1 − y 2 ] if x, y > 0 and x²+y² ≤ 1

 −1 x + y π
 tan x > 0 y > 0 and xy < 1 ⇒ 0 < tan−1 x + tan−1 y <
 1 − xy 2
(e) tan−1 x + tan−1 y =

π − tan−1 x + y x > 0 y > 0 andxy > 1 ⇒ π < tan−1 x + tan−1 y < π
 1 − xy 2

x−y
(f) x > 0 & y > 0 then tan−1 x − tan−1 y =
tan−1 (with no other restriction)
1 + xy

 x + y + z − xyz   x−y 
(g) tan−1 x + tan−1 y + tan−1 z =
tan−1  −1 −1
tan−1 
 ; tan − tan y = 
 1 − xy − yz − zx   1 + xy 
 M a them a ti cs | 20.11

PLANCESS CONCEPTS

The above results can be generalized as follows:

 S − S3 + S5 − .............. 
tan−1 x1 + tan−1 x2 + ... + tan−1 xn =tan−1  1 
 1 − S2 + S 4 − S6 + ....... 
where Sk denotes the sum of products of x1 , x2 , , xn taken k at a time
Rohit Kumar (JEE 2012 AIR 78)

 15 
Illustration 4: Evaluate: sin  tan−1   (JEE MAIN)
 8 

15
Sol: Convert tan−1 to sin−1 .
8
We know that sin (sin−1 x) = x , for all x ∈ [-1, 1], So, will convert each expression in the
form sin (sin−1 x) by using h=17 p=15
b −1 p p −1 p p b
cos−1
= sin= , tan−1 sin
= ,cot −1 sin−1 etc.
h h b h b h b=8
Where b, p and h denote the base, perpendicular and hypotenuse of a right triangle. Figure 20.17

 −1 15   −1 15  15
sin
=  tan  sin
=  sin 
 8   17  17

 13 
Illustration 5: Evaluate: cos  cosec−1  (JEE MAIN)
 12 
h=13 p=12
Sol: Write cosec-1 in terms of cos-1.
b=5
 −1 13   −1 5  5  13 5
cos=
 cosec  cos
=  cos   cosec−1
= cos−1 
 12   13  13  12 13  Figure 20.18

Illustration 6: Find the principal value of cot-1 (- 3 ) (JEE MAIN)

Sol: The principal value of cot-1 x lies in between 0 to π .

Let cot −1 ( − 3) =
θ
π
Then cot θ = − 3 = − cot
6
Since principal value branch of cot-1 x is 0 < θ < π . Therefore, we want to find the value of θ such that 0 < θ < π .

π  π 5π
Now, cot θ = − cot = cot  π −  = cot
6  6  6
5π
Therefore, principal value of cot −1 ( − 3) =.
6
 2 0 . 1 2 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions

−1  10π  10π
Illustration 7: sin  sin =  (JEE MAIN)
 7  7

10π 3π
Sol: Write as π + and expand.
7 7

 10π    3π     3π   3π
sin−1  sin
= =sin−1  − sin    = sin−1  sin  −   =
−
 7    7    7  7

  π 
Illustration 8: cos−1  sin  −    (JEE MAIN)
  9 

  π π    11π   11π
Sol: cos−1  cos  =
= +   cos−1  cos = 
  2 9    18   18

−1  13π 
Illustration 9: sin  cos   (JEE MAIN)
 10 

Sol: Similar to previous example.

13π  3π    5π 2π    π   π  π
=sin−1 cos =sin−1  − cos  =sin−1  − sin  −  =sin−1  − sin  =sin−1  sin  −   =
−
10  10    10 10   5    5  5

 1 
Illustration 10: Find the principal value of sin−1   . (JEE MAIN)
 2
 1  1  1 
Sol: Let sin−1   = y. Then sin y = ⇒ sin−1 
y= 
 2 2  2
 π π π 1
We know that, the range of the principal value branch of sin−1 is  − ,  and sin   = .
 2 2 4 2
 1  π
Therefore, principal value of sin−1   is .
 2 4

Illustration 11: Find the integral solution of the inequality 3x2 + 8x < 2sin−1 (sin 4) − cos−1 (cos 4) .
 (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: Use inverse forward identities to simplify the equation.

3x2 + 8x < − 4 ⇒ 3x2 + 8x + 4 < 0
⇒ 3x2 + 6x + 2x + 4 < 0 ⇒ 3x(x + 2) + 2(x + 2) < 0
(x + 2)(3 x + 2) < 0 x=-1 -2 -1 -2/3
Figure 20.19

Illustration 12: Find the largest integral value of k, for which (k-2)x² + 8x + k + 4 > sin-1(sin12) +cos-1(cos 12), for
all x ∈ R. (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: Use inverse forward identities.

sin−1 (sin 12) = sin−1 (sin(12 − 4 π)) = 12 − 4 π
 M a them a ti cs | 20.13

cos−1 (cos 12) = cos−1 (cos(4 π − 12)) = 4 π − 12


∴ (k − 2) x2 + 8x + k + 4 > 0, ∀ x ∈ R -6 0 4
If k = 2, then 8x+4>0, (not possible)
and if k ≠ 2 , then k-2>0 ⇒ k>2 2
and 64 − 4(k − 2)(k + 4) < 0 ⇒ 16 < k 2 + 2k − 8 Figure 20.20

⇒ k 2 + 2k − 24 > 0 ⇒ (k + 6)(k − 4) > 0

K=5

1
Illustration 13: Find domain of f(x) = .  (JEE MAIN)
(
ln cot −1 x )
Sol: Find the range of x for which ln(cot −1 x) > 0 ⇒ cot −1 x > 1 ⇒ x < cot 1 ⇒ x ∈ ( −∞ ,cot1)

Illustration 14: Evaluate the following: (JEE MAIN)

 π  π  7π    3  π 
(i) sin−1  sin  (ii) tan−1  tan  (iii) cos−1  cos  (iv) cos cos−1  +
 3  4  6   2  6
   
π π
Sol: Recall that, sin−1 (sin θ) =θ, if − ≤ θ ≤ ,cos−1 (cos θ) = θ, if 0 ≤ θ ≤ π and
2 2
π π
tan−1 (tan θ) = θ, if − < θ < . Therefore,
2 2

 π π  π π
(i) sin−1  sin  = (ii) tan−1  tan  =
 3 3  4 4

 7π  7π 7π
(iii) cos−1  cos  ≠ , because does not lie between 0 and π.
 6  6 6

−1  7π  −1   5π    7 π 5π   5π  5π
Now, cos=  cos  cos  cos  2π −    = 2π −  = cos−1  cos  [cos(2π − =
θ) cos θ] =
 6    6   6 6   6  6


  3  π  5π π    3  5π 
(iv) cos cos−1   + = cos  +   cos−1  = 
 2  6  6 6   2  6

   
   

Illustration 15: Evaluate the following:

 3 π  1 
(i) sin  cos−1  (ii) sin  − sin−1  −   (iii) sin(cot −1 x)  (JEE MAIN)
 5   2  2 

3 3 4
Sol: (i) Let cos−1 = θ. Then, cos
= θ ⇒ sin
= θ
5 5 5

 3 4
∴ sin  cos−1 =
 sin=
θ
 5 5
 2 0 . 1 4 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions

π  1   π  π  2π 3
(ii) sin  − sin−1  − =
  sin  −  − =
  sin=
2  2   2  6  3 2

(iii) Let cot −1 x =

θ, Then, x =
cot θ

1 1
Now, cot θ= x ⇒ sin θ= ∴ sin(cot −1 x)= sin θ=
1 + x2 1 + x2

Illustration 16: Evaluate the following:

(i) sin−1 (sin5) (ii) cos−1 (cos10)  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Notice that the angle is in radians.

π π
(i) Here, θ =5 radians. Clearly, it does not lie between - and . But
2 2
π π
2π − 5 and 5 − 2π both lie between - and such that
2 2
sin (5 − 2π) = sin( −(2π − 5)) = − sin(2π − 5) =− ( − sin5) = sin5

⇒ sin−1 (sin 5) = sin−1 (sin(5 − 2π)) = 5 − 2π.

(ii) We know that cos−1 (cos θ) =θ, if 0 ≤ θ ≤ π. Here, θ =10 radians. Clearly, it does not lie between 0 and π such
that, (4 π − 10) =cos10 ⇒ cos−1 (cos 10) = cos−1 (cos(4 π − 10)) = 4 π − 10

Illustration 17: Evaluate the following:

 1 π
(i) sin−1 (2 sin−1 0.8) (ii) tan  2 tan−1 −   (JEE MAIN)
 5 4

Sol: Write the term inside the brackets in (i) and (ii) as sin-1 and tan-1 respectively.

(i) We know that:

= 2sin−1 x sin−1 (2 x 1 − x2 )

∴ 2 sin−1 0.8
= sin−1 (2 x 0.8 x 1 − 0.64 )

⇒ sin−1 (2sin−1 0.8) =sin{sin−1 (0.96)} =0.96

 1 π
(ii) tan  2 tan−1 − 
 5 4

 5 π  −1 1 5
= tan  tan−1 −  From (ii) we have, 2 tan = tan−1 
 12 4   5 12 

 5   −1 −1 −1  x − y    −1  −7   7
= tan  tan−1 − tan−1 1  =
 tan x − tan y tan   if xy > −1 = tan tan    = −
 12    1 + xy    17
  17

Illustration 18: Write the following in their simplest forms:

1 − cos x
(i) tan−1 (ii) sin [cot −1 {cos(tan−1 x)}]  (JEE ADVANCED)
1 + cos x

Sol: (i) Use the formula 1 − cos x = 2sin2 x / 2 and 1 + cos x = 2cos2 x / 2
 M a them a ti cs | 20.15

(ii) Write the term inside the square bracket in terms of sin-1.

1 − cos x 2sin2 x / 2 x x
(i) tan−1 = tan−1 = tan −1
= tan
1 + cos x 2
2cos x / 2 2 2

(ii) sin[cot −1 {cos(tan−1 x)}]

   1    1   1 + x2   1 
= sin cot −1 cos  cos−1   = sin  cot −1  = sin sin−1   cot −1 x = sin−1 
       
   1 + x2    1 + x2   2 + x2  1 + x2

1 + x2
=
2 + x2

 cos x  π π
Illustration 19: Express tan−1   , − < x < in the simplest form. (JEE ADVANCED)
 1 − sinx  2 2

x
Sol: Convert the term inside the bracket in terms of tan and proceed.
2

 x x 
 cos x   cos2 − sin2 
We write, ⇒ tan  −1 −1
tan  2 2
= 
 1 − sinx   cos2 x + sin2 x − 2sin x cos x 
 2 2 2 2 

 x x  x x 
  cos + sin   cos − sin    x x  x
 2 2  2 2   cos 2 + sin 2   1 + tan 2    π x  π x
 =  tan
= −1
 
−1
tan   =tan−1 tan  +   = +
 cos x − sin x   1 − tan x    4 2  4 2
2
  x x 
  cos − sin   
 2 2 
 2
  2 2 

Alternatively,
 π     π − 2x  
 sin  − x    sin   
 cos x 
tan−1  −1  2   tan−1   2  
=  tan
=

 1 − sinx  π    π − 2x  
 1 − cos  − x    1 − cos  
 2    2 

  π − 2x   π − 2x  
 2sin   cos     π x  π x
= tan−1   4  =  4   tan−1 cot  π − 2x   −1   π π − 2x  
tan−1 tan  +   = +
   =    tan tan  −  =
 π − 2x 
2sin2    4    2 4    4 2  4 2
  
  4  

 1 
Illustration 20: If sin  sin−1 + cos−1 x  =1, find the value of x. (JEE MAIN)
 5 
 1  π
Sol: From the question, we have  sin−1 + cos−1 x  = and proceed.
 5  2
 1 
We have sin  sin−1 + cos−1 x  =1
 5 
 2 0 . 1 6 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions

1 1 π
⇒ sin−1 + cos−1 x =
sin−1 1 ⇒ sin−1 + cos−1 x =
5 5 2
π 1 1 1
⇒ cos−1 x = − sin−1 ⇒ cos−1 x = cos−1 ⇒ x=
2 5 5 5

Illustration 21: Find the value of cos (sec−1 x + cosec−1 x), x ≥ 1. (JEE MAIN)
−1 −1 π
Sol: Use sec x + cosec x =
2

(
We have cos sec−1 x + cosec−1 x = )
π
cos   =
2
0

( ) + (cosec x ) .
2 2
Illustration 22: Find maximum & minimum values of sec−1 x −1
(JEE ADVANCED)
π
Sol: Apply the identity sec−1 x + cosec−1 x = and then use suitable substitution to form a quadratic.
2
=y (sec−1 x)2 + (cosec−1 x)2

( sec−1 x + cosec−1 x )2 − 2sec−1 x cosec−1 x

=
π
put t = sec−1 x ; sec−1 x + cosec−1 x =
2
π2 π  2 π2
y
= − 2t  − t=
 2t − πt +
4 2  4

 π π2   π
2
π2  π2  π
2
π2 5π2
y = 2 t2 − t +  = 2  t −  +  = + 2  t −  ∴ ymin = ; ymax = at t =
π
 2 8   4  16  8  4 8 4
 

Illustration 23: Find the range of f(x) = sin−1 x + tan−1 x + sec−1 x . (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Find the domain of the given function and then find the range.
f(x) =sin−1 x + tan−1 x + sec−1 x
Here domain is only x = 1 or −1;
So range will contain only 2 elements {3π / 4, π / 4}

π
Illustration 24: Find the number of solutions of the equation tan−1 x3 + cot −1 (ex ) = . (JEE ADVANCED)
2 
π
Sol: Use tan−1 A + cot −1 A = to simplify the given equation and then take
2
the help of graph to find the number of solution. y=1
π x 3 3 −x
cot −1 (ex ) = − tan−1 (x3 ) =
cot −1 (x3 ) ⇒ e =x ⇒ x e =1 O 3
2
3 −x
Plotting the graph of y = l and y = x e we can see that the line intersects Figure 20.21
the curve at two points. Hence there are 2 solutions for the above equation.
 M a them a ti cs | 20.17

Illustration 25: Find the number of values of x satisfying the equation

 x3 x5   x 2 x3  π
tan−1  x − + −   + cot −1  x + + − 
=  for 0 < x < 2.  (JEE ADVANCED)
 4 16   2 4  2
   
π
Sol: Use tan−1 A + cot −1 A = .
2
x3 x5 x 2 x3
We must have x − + −  =x + + + 
4 16 2 4

x x 4x 2x
⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ 2x2 (x + =
2) 0
x 2 x 4 + x 2 2−x
1+ 1−
4 2

∴ x = 0, − 2 (As 0 < x < 2)

Clearly no value of x satisfies given equation.

2 7 1
Illustration 26: Prove that tan−1 + tan−1 tan−1 
= (JEE MAIN)
11 24 2

 x+y 
Sol: Use the formula tan−1 x + tan−1 y =
tan−1  
 1 − xy 

 2 7   tan−1 x + tan−1 y 
 + 
−1 2 −1 7 −1  11 24   
We have, = tan + tan = tan    −1  x + y  
11 24 = 1 − 2 x 7   tan  1 − xy  If xy < 1

 
11 24     

 48 + 77  −1  125  1
= tan−1 =
  tan
=   tan−1  
 264 − 14   250  2

Illustration 27: If tan−1 4 + tan−1 5 =cot −1 (λ ) then find λ.  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Write the L.H.S. in terms of cot-1 and compare.

4 +5 9 19
We have tan−1 4 + tan−1 5 = tan−1 = π − tan−1 = π − cot −1
1 − 20 19 9
 19  19
= cot −1  −  ⇒λ=−
 9  9

 
1−x 1−y y−x
Illustration 28: Prove that: tan−1 − tan−1 sin−1 
=   (JEE MAIN)
1+x 1+y  1 + x2 1 + y 2 
 

 x+y 
Sol: Use the formula tan−1  = −1 −1
 tan x + tan y .
 1 − xy 

1−x 1−y
We have,
= LHS tan−1 − tan−1 = (tan−1 1 − tan−1 x) − (tan−1 1 − tan−1 y) = tan−1 y − tan−1 x
1+x 1+y
2 0 . 1 8 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions

   
−1  y − x  −1  y−x  sin−1  y−x 
tan
=   sin = =   RHS
 1 + yx   2 2 
 (1 + yx) + (y − x)   (1 + x2 )(1 + y 2 ) 

1 1 2 3 3 8 π
Illustration 29: Prove that: (i) tan−1 + tan−1 tan−1 (ii) tan−1 + tan−1 − tan−1
= =
7 13 9 4 5 19 4
1 1 1 1 π
(iii) tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1 =  (JEE ADVANCED)
5 7 3 8 4

Sol: Same as above.

1 1
(i)
= LHS tan−1 + tan−1
7 13

 1 1 
−1
 7 + 13   −1  x+y   1  20  −1 2
= tan    tan x=+ tan−1 y tan−1   if xy
= < 1  tan−=   tan= R.H.S.
1 − 1 x 1    1 − xy    90  9
 7 13 
3 3 8
(ii) L.H.S. = tan−1 + tan−1 − tan−1
4 5 19
 3 3 
 + 
 3 3 8 8
=  tan−1 + tan−1  − tan−1 = tan−1  4 5  − tan−1
 4 5 19 1 − 3 x 3  19
 
 4 5
 27 8 
 −  425 π
 27  −1 8
−1
= tan   − tan = tan  11 19 = tan−1
−1
= tan−1 1= = R.H.S.
 11  19  1 + 27 x 8  425 4
 
 11 19 

1 1 1 1
(iii) L.H.S. = tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1
5 7 3 8
 1 1   1 1 
 +   + 
 1 1  1 1 5 7
=  tan−1 + tan−1  +  tan−1 + tan−1  = tan −1
 + tan  3 8 
−1

 5 7   3 8 1 − 1 x 1  1 − 1 x 1 
   
 5 7  3 8
 6 11 
 + 
6 11  325  π
tan−1
= + tan−1 tan  17 23  =
= −1
tan−1  −1
 = tan = = R.H.S.
17 23 1 − 6 11   325  4
 x 
 17 23 

1 2 3
Illustration 30: Show that tan−1 + tan−1 tan−1 .
= (JEE MAIN)
2 11 4

1 2
+
−1 1 2 2 11 =tan−1 15 =tan−1 3
Sol: We have, L.H.S. =tan + tan−1 =tan−1 =R.H.S.
2 11 1 2 20 4
1− x
2 11

 acos x − bsinx  a
Illustration 31: Simplify tan−1   if tanx > − 1.  (JEE MAIN)
 bcos x + asinx  b
 M a them a ti cs | 20.19

Sol: Divide the numerator and denominator inside the bracket by bcos x and expand.

 acos x − b sinx   a 

−1 acos x − b sinx   b cos x   b − tanx  a a
We have, tan
=   tan
= −1   tan 
−1
 =tan−1 − tan−1 (tanx) =
tan−1 −x
 b cos x + asinx   b cos x − asinx  a
 1 + tanx  b b
   b 
 b cos x 

Illustration 32: Solve the following equations:

x −1 x +1 π
(i) tan−1 + tan−1 = (ii) 2tan−1 (cos x) = tan−1 (2cosec x)  (JEE ADVANCED)
x−2 x + 2 4

π
Sol: Write as tan-1 1 and simplify.
4

x −1 x +1 π
(i) tan−1 + tan−1 =
x−2 x+2 4

x −1 x +1 x −1 x +1
⇒ tan−1 + tan−1 tan−1 1 ⇒ tan−1
= tan−1 1 − tan−1
=
x−2 x+2 x−2 x+2
 x +1 
x −1 1 −  1 x −1 x + 2 − x −1
−1
⇒ tan= tan  −1 x + 2  ⇒ tan−= tan−1
x−2 1 + x + 1  x − 2 x + 2+ x +1
 
 x+2
−1 x − 1 −1 1 x −1 1
⇒ tan =tan ⇒ = ⇒ (2 x + 3)(x − 1) =x − 2
x−2 2x + 3 x − 2 2x + 3
1
⇒ 2x2 + x − 3 =x − 2 ⇒ 2x2 − 1 =0 ⇒ x =±
2

(ii) 2tan−1 (cos x) = tan−1 (2cosec x)

 2cos x 
⇒ tan−1  tan−1 (2cosec x)
=
2 
 1 − cos x 
2cos x π
⇒ = 2cosec x ⇒ cos x = sinx ⇒ tanx = 1 ⇒ x =
2
sin x 4

3 8 84
Illustration 33: Prove that: sin−1 − sin−1 cos−1
=  (JEE MAIN)
5 17 85

Sol: Covert the L.H.S. in terms of cos-1.

3 −1 8 4 15  3 −1 4 8 15 
We have sin−1 − sin= cos−1 − cos−1 =  sin−1 cos
= & sin−1 cos−1 
5 17 5 17  5 5 17 17 

 2 2
 4 15 4  15   −1  4 15 3 8 −1  60 24  −1 84
= cos−1  x + 1−  x 1− =   cos  5 x 17 + 5 x 17
=  cos  + =  cos
 5 17 5  17      85 85  85
 

4 5 16 π
Illustration 34: Prove that: sin−1 + sin−1 + sin−1 =  (JEE MAIN)
5 13 65 2
 2 0 . 2 0 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions

−1−1 4 5 16  −1 4 5 16
Sol: We havesin
sin − sin−1 + sin−1 =sin + sin−1  + sin−1
5 13 65  5 13  65

 2 2
4  5  5 4  16
= sin−1  1 −   + 1 −    + sin−1
 5 13
  13 5
   25
 

 4 12 5 3  −1 16 63 16
= sin−1  x + =
x  + sin sin−1 + sin−1
 5 13 13 5  25 65 25

 2 
16 −1 16  −1 63  63  16
= cos −1
+ sin  sin = cos −1
1 −   = cos−1 
65 25  65  65  65 
 

π  −1 −1 π
= sin x + cos = x 
2  2

6. SIMPLIFICATION OF INVERSE FUNCTIONS BY ELEMENTARY

SUBSTITUTION

2sin−1 x
(a) = sin−1 (2 x 1 − x2 ) if − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1

−1
(b) 2cos
= x cos−1 (2 x2 − 1) if − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1


 tan−1  2x  − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1
  1 − x2 

  2x 
(c) 2 tan−1 x  sin−1 
= 0≤ x ≤1
2 
 1 + x 
  2 
cos−1  1 − x  0≤x<∞
  2 
 1 + x 

 2 tan−1 x − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1

2x
(d) sin−1 =  π − 2 tan−1 x x ≥ 1
2
1+x  −1
−π − 2 tan x x ≤ −1

1 − x2  2 tan−1 x x≥0
(e) cos−1 =
1 + x2 − −1
 2 tan x x<0

 π + 2 tan−1 x x < −1

−1 2x −1
(f) tan= 2 tan x − 1 < x < 1
2
1−x  −1
 2 tan x − π x >1

 x   1 − x2   1  1
=  1 − x2  tan−1 =
sin−1 x cos−1=   cot −1 =
  sec−1 =
  cosec−1  
(g)  
   2   x   2  x
 1−x     1−x 
 M a them a ti cs | 20.21

 1 − x2   x  1  1 
1
(h) cos−= x sin−1  1 − x=
2  −1
 tan  =  cot −1  =  sec−1 = cosec−1  
   x   2  x  2 
   1−x   1−x 

 x   1  1  1 + x2 
(i) −1
tan= x sin−1  =  cos−1  =  cot −1 = sec−1  1 + =
x2  cosec−1  
 2   2  x    x 
 1+x   1+x   

2x
(j) sin−1
f(x) = + 2 tan−1 x =
π, if x ≥ 1
1 + x2

2x
(k) f(x) = sin−1 + 2 tan−1 x = − π if x ≤ − 1
2
1+x

−( π + 3sin−1 x) − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1 / 2

(l) sin−1=
(3 x − 4 x3 )  3 sin−1 x − 1 / 2 ≤ x ≤ 1 / 2
 −1
 π − 3sin x 1/2≤ x ≤1

 3cos−1 x − 2π − 1 ≤ x ≤ −1 / 2

(m) cos−1 (4 x3 − 3 x)= 2π − 3cos−1 x − 1 / 2 ≤ x ≤ 1 / 2
 −1
 3cos x 1/2≤ x ≤1

 −1 1 1
 3tan x − <x
 3 3
3 
3x − x  1
(n) tan−1 = −π + 3tan−1 x x>
2
1 − 3x  3
 −1 1
 π + 3tan x x<−

 3

PLANCESS CONCEPTS

While writing inverse trigonometric functions in their simplest forms, we use the following substitutions.

• For a2 − x2 , we substitute x =a sin θ or x = a cos θ

• For a2 + x2 , we substitute x =a tan θ or x = a cot θ

• For x2 − a2 , we substitute x = a sec θ or=

x a cosec θ

• For a + x and a − x occurring together or separately, we substitute x = a cos θ

Rohit Kumar (JEE 2012 AIR 78)

( (
Illustration 35: Solve for x: sin 2cos−1 cot(2 tan−1 x )) = 0  (JEE ADVANCED)

(
Sol: The R.H.S. is equal to zero implies cos−1 cot(2 tan−1 x) = ) nπ
2
and proceed accordingly to find the value of x.
2 0 . 2 2 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions

 0 if n = 0
 1
cos−1 ( −1
) nπ
cot(2 tan x) =
2
π
=

2
if n = −1 
1 ⇒ cot 2 tan x =
0
−1
( )
π if n = 2 

 π  nπ π  π 3π
nπ +  +  ,−
 4 2 8 8 8
−1  π  nπ π π π
⇒ 2 tan x= nπ + ⇒ tan−1 x=  + ⇒ tan−1 x=  ,−
 2  2 4 4 4
 π  nπ π  π 3π
nπ − 4  2 −8 − 8 , 8
  

⇒ x=
±1, ± ( 2 − 1), ± ( 2 + 1)

Illustration 36: Solve the system of inequalities involving inverse circular functions arc tan2 x − 3 arc tanx + 2 > 0
and [sin−1 x] > [cos−1 x] where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function. (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: Substitute tan-1 x equal to t.

⇒ ( t − 2) ( t − 1) > 0

⇒ t > 2 or t > 1

⇒ tan−1 x > 2 or tan−1 x > 1

x ∈ ( −∞ , tan 1 ) x > tan1

Again [sin−1 x] > [cos−1 x]

[sin−1 x] can take the values { −2, −1,0,1}

And [cos−1 x] can take the values {0,1,2,3}

Hence [sin−1 x] can be greater than [cos−1 x] only

If [sin−1 x] = 1 and [cos−1 x] = 1

Now, [sin−1 x] = 1 ⇒ 1 ≤ sin−1 x ≤ π / 2 (1 ≤ sin−1 x < 2)

sin1 ≤ x ≤ 1

And [cos−1 x] = 0 ⇒ 0 ≤ cos−1 x < 1

cos1 < x ≤ 1

Now, x must satisfy

From this x ∈ [sin1,1]

 M a them a ti cs | 20.23

PROBLEM-SOLVING TACTICS

•• Making a habit of writing angle values in radians rather in degrees makes the calculation of inverse trigonometric
functions easier.

•• Try to remember graphs of inverse trigonometric functions. Sometimes it is easier to approximate answers
using graphical methods.

•• Always verify whether the results are in the range or domain of the respective function.

•• In some cases, constructing a right angled triangle for the given inverse function and then solving using
properties of triangle is much helpful.

•• In case of identities in inverse circular functions, principal values should be taken. As such signs of x, y, etc.,
will determine the quadrant in which the angles will fall. In order to bring the angles of both sides in the same
quadrant, one should make an adjustment by π .

FORMULAE SHEET

1. If y = sin x, then x = sin‒1 y, similarly for other inverse T-functions.

2. Domain and Range of Inverse T-functions:

Function Domain(D) Range (R)

sin−1 x −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 π π
− ≤ θ ≤
2 2

cos−1 x −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 0 ≤ θ ≤ π

tan−1 x −∞ < x < ∞ π π

− < θ <
2 2

cot −1 x −∞ < x < ∞ 0 < θ < π

sec−1 x x ≤ − 1, x ≥ 1 π
0 ≤ θ ≤ π, θ ≠
2

cosec−1 x x ≤ − 1, x ≥ 1 π π
− ≤ θ ≤ , θ ≠ 0
2 2

3. Properties of Inverse T-functions:

π π
(i) sin−1 (sin θ) = θ provided − ≤ θ ≤
2 2

cos−1 (cos θ) = θ provided 0 ≤ θ ≤ π

π π
tan−1 (tan θ) = θ provided − < θ <
2 2

cot −1 (cot θ) = θ provided 0 < θ < π

2 0 . 2 4 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions

π π
sec−1 (sec θ) = θ provided 0 ≤ θ < or <θ≤π
2 2
π π
co sec−1 (co sec θ) = θ provided − ≤ θ < 0 or 0 < θ ≤
2 2

(ii) (sin−1 x)
sin = x provided − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1
(cos−1 x)
cos = x provided − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1
tan
= (tan−1 x) x provided − ∞ < x < ∞
cot
= (cot −1 x) x provided − ∞ < x < ∞
sec
= (sec−1 x) x provided − ∞ < x ≤ −1 or 1 ≤ x < ∞
−1
cosec (cosec
= x) x provided − ∞ < x ≤ −1 or 1 ≤ x < ∞

−1
(iii) sin − sin−1 x,
( − x) = π
(iv) sin−1 x + cos−=
1
x , ∀ x ∈ [ −1, 1]
2
cos−1 ( − x) =π − cos−1 x
π
tan−1 ( − x) =
− tan−1 x tan−1 x + cot −1=
x , ∀ x∈ R
2
cot −1 ( − x) = π − cot −1 x π
sec−1 x + cosec−=
1
x , ∀ x ∈ ( −∞ , −1] ∪ [1, ∞ )
cosec −1
( − x) =− cosec −1
x 2
−1 −1
sec ( − x) = π − sec x

4. Value of one inverse function in terms of another inverse function:

−1 x 1 − x2
(i) sin= x cos−1 1 −=
x2 tan−1 = cot −1
1 − x2 x

1 1
=
sec−1= cosec−1 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
1 − x2 x

1 1 − x2 x
(ii) cos−= x sin−1 1 −=
x2 tan−1 = cot −1
x 1 − x2
−1 1 1
= sec = cosec−1 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
x 1 − x2
x −1 1 1 1 + x2
=
(iii) tan−1 x sin
= −1
cos
= −1
cot −1= sec x2
1 += cosec−1 , x ≥ 0
1 + x2 1 + x2 x x

1
sin−1  
(iv) = cosec−1 x, ∀ x ∈ ( −∞ ,1] ∪ [1, ∞ )
x

−1  1 
(v) cos
=   sec−1 x, ∀ x ∈ ( −∞ ,1] ∪ [1, ∞ )
x

1  cot −1 x for x > 0

(vi) tan−1   = 
x −π + cot
−1
x for x < 0
 M a them a ti cs | 20.25

5. Formulae for sum and difference of inverse trigonometric function:

−1  x+y 
(i) tan= x + tan−1 y tan−1   ; if x > 0, y > 0, xy < 1
 1 − xy 
 x+y 
(ii) tan−1 x + tan−1 y = π + tan−1   ; if x > 0, y > 0, xy > 1
 1 − xy 

−1 −1 −1  x+y 
=
(iii) tan x − tan y tan   ; if xy > − 1
 1 + xy 

−1  x−y 
(iv) tan x − tan−1 y = π + tan−1   ; if x > 0, y < 0, xy < − 1
 1 + xy 
 x + y + z − xyz 
(v) tan−1 x + tan−1 y + tan−1 z =
tan−1  
 1 − xy − yz − zx 

(vi) sin
−1
x ± sin
= −1
y sin−1  x 1 − y 2 ± y 1 − x2  ;
 
2 2
If x, y, ≥ 0 & x + y ≤ 1

(vii) sin
−1
x ± sin−1 y = π − sin−1  x 1 − y 2 ± y 1 − x2  ;
 
2 2
If x, y, ≥ 0 & x + y > 1

(viii) cos
−1
x ± cos
= −1
y cos−1  xy  1 − x2 1 − y2  ;
 
2 2
If x, y, > 0 & x + y ≤ 1

(ix) cos
−1
x ± cos−1 y = π − cos−1  xy  1 − x2 1 − y2  ;
 
2 2
If x, y, > 0 & x + y > 1

6. Inverse trigonometric ratios of multiple angles

(i) 2sin−1 x sin−1 (2 x 1 − x2 ), if − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1

=

−1
(ii) 2cos
= x cos−1 (2 x2 − 1), if − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1

−1 −1  2x  −1  2x  −1
 1 − x2 
=
(iii) 2 tan x tan
=   sin
=   cos  
 1 − x2   1 + x2   1 + x2 
 
−1 −1
(iv) 3sin
= x sin (3x − 4x3 )

−1 −1
3cos x cos
(v) = (4 x3 − 3x)

−1
 3x − x3 
(vi) 3tan x = tan−1  
 1 − 3x2 
 
 2 0 . 2 6 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Solved Examples

JEE Main/Boards Example 4: Prove that sin(2sin

=−1
x) 2 x 1 − x2

Example 1: Evaluate the following Sol: Use substitution.

 3
(a) tan−1 ( −1) (b) cot −1 ( −1) (c) sin−1  −  Let 2 sin−1 x = θ, where θ ∈ [ −π, π] ;
 2 
  θ
then x = sin
Sol: Do it yourself. 2
θ θ
−π  π ∴ sin(2sin−1 x)= sin θ= 2 sin cos
(a) tan−1 ( −1) = as tan  −  =−1 2 2
4  4
θ θ
3π  3π  2sin
= 1 − sin2 2x 1 − x2
=
(b) cot −1 ( −1) = as cot   = −1 2 2
4  4 

 3 π  π 3 Example 5: Find the angle

(c) sin−1  − =− as sin  −  =
−
 2  3  3 2  3π 
  (a) tan−1  tan  ; (b) sin−1 (sin5)
 4 
  2π  
Example 2: Find the angle sin−1  sin    . Sol: (a) Write
3π
as π −
π
  3  4 4
2π π (b) Write 5 as 5 - 2 π
Sol: Write the angle as π − and proceed.
3 3
 3π  −1   π 
(a) tan−1=
 tan  tan  tan  π −  
  2π   2π  2π  π π    4    4 
sin−1  sin    ≠  as ∉ − ,  
  3  3  3  2 2
 π  π π
= tan−1  − tan  =
− tan−1  tan  =
−
  2π     π   4  4 4
−1 −1
⇒ sin  sin
=    sin  sin  π − 
  3    3  (b) We know sin−1 (sin θ) =θ

  π  π  π π
⇒ sin−1  sin    =
. θ ∈  − ,  =  −1.57,1.57 
  3  3  2 2
 π π  π π
5 ∉  − ,  , while 5 − 2π ∈  − , 
Example 3: Find the value of  2 2  2 2
1
cos [2sin−1 x + cos−1 x] at x = . sin5
= sin(5 − 2π + 2=
π) sin (5 − 2π)
5
∴ sin−1 sin 5 = 5 − 2π
π
Sol: Use cos−1 x + sin−1 x =
2
−1 −1
Example 6: If cos−1 x + cos−1 y + cos−1 z =
π prove that
cos[2sin x + cos x]
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2xyz =
1.
= cos[cos−1 x + sin−1 x + sin−1 x]
Sol: Take one of the term to the R.H.S. and take cosine
π  on both sides.
cos  + sin−1 x  =
= − sin(sin−1 (x))
2  cos−1 x + cos−1 y + cos−1 z =
π
1
=− x =− cos−1 x + cos−1 y = π − cos−1 z
5
 M a them a ti cs | 20.27

Taking cosine on both sides we get Example 9: Solve cos−1 x + cos−1 y = and tan−1 x − tan−1 y =
π / 2 and 0

xy − 1 − x2 1 − y 2 =
−z cos−1 x + cos−1 y =
π / 2 and tan−1 x − tan−1 y =
0

⇒ xy + z = 1 − x2 1 − y 2 Sol: From the second of the given equations, we have

Squaring we get x = y. ⇒ tan−1 − tan−1 y = 0 ⇒ x = y

x2 y 2 + z 2 + 2xyz =1 − x2 − y 2 + x2 y 2 Substituting x = y in the first, we have

⇒ x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2xyz =
1. 2cos−1 x =
π / 2 or cos−1 x =
π/4
2x or x = cos π / 4 = 1 / 2 = y
Example 7: Prove that
= f(x) 2 tan−1 x + sin−1 is a
2
1+x It is clearly evident that these values satisfy the given
constant for all x ≥ 1. Find this constant. equations. Hence the solution set of the given equations

Sol: Convert the sin-1 function on the R.H.S. to tan-1 and is ( x = 1 / 2 , y = 1 / 2 )

proceed.
x y
2x Example 10: If cos−1 + cos−1 =θ prove that
If 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 then sin −1 −1
= 2 tan x. 2 3
1 + x2
9x22 − 12xy cos θ +=
4y 22 36 sin22 θ.
2x
Hence If x ≥ 1(0 < 1 / x ≤ 1) then sin−1
1 + x2
Sol: Do it yourself.
 2 
  x y
sin
= −1  x  2 tan−1 1 For x ≥ 1 Let cos−1 α and cos−1
= =
β
 1  x 2 3
1 + 2  x y
 x  ∴ cos α
= and
= cos β
2 3
2x 1
=f(x) 2 tan−1 x + sin−1= 2 tan−1 x + 2 tan−1 Given α + β =θ ∴ cos(α + β) = cos θ
1+x 2 x
or cos α cos β − sin α sin β
= cos θ
= 2[tan−1 x + cot −1 x] = 2.π / 2 = π = cons tant.
x y x2 y2
or . − 1− . 1− = cos θ
2 3 4 9
Example 8: Solve the equation: 2 tan−1 (cos x)
= tan−1 (2cosec x).
xy 4 − x2 9 − y 2
or, − cos θ
=
Sol: Substitute a variable in place of tan−1 (cos x) and 6 6
take tan on both sides.
or (xy − 6cos θ)2 = (4 − x2 )(9 − y 2 )
−1 −1
If 2tan (cos x) tan (2cosec x):sinx ≠ 0
=
−1
or, x2 y 2 + 36cos2 θ − 12xy cos=
θ 36 − 9x2 − 4y 2 + x2 y 2
tan[2tan (cos x)] = 2cosec x ….(i)
 π π or, 9x2 − 12xy cos θ + 4=
y 2 36(1 − cos θ2 )
Assume tan−1 (cos x) = θ : θ ∈  − , 
 4 4
tan[2tan−1 (cos x)]
∴ L.H.S. = JEE Advanced/Boards
2 tan θ 2cos x 2cos x x y
= tan2
=θ = =
2 2
Example 1: If cos−1 + cos−1 =α
1 − tan θ 1 − cos x sin2 x a b
x2 2xy y2
Substituting this value (i) we get prove that − cos α + = sin2 α.
a2 ab b2
2cos x
= 2cosec
= x; cos x sinx;
= tanx 1;
sin2 x Sol: In the given equation take cosine on both sides
and proceed.
π
∴ x = nπ + ; n∈I
4
 2 0 . 2 8 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions

x y
cos−1 + cos−1 =
α  sec θ − 1  θ
a b = tan−1 
R.H.S. 2= −1
 2 tan tan
 tan θ  2
 x  y  x  −1 y 
cos  cos−1  cos  cos−1  − sin  cos−1  sin  cos  θ
 a  b  a  b  = 2.= 1
tan−= x L.H.S.
2
= cos α

xy x2 y2 Example 3: Prove that

⇒ − 1− 1− = cos α
ab a2 b2 1 
tan−1  tan2A  + tan−1 (cot A) + tan−1 (cot3 A)
 2 
xy x2 y2
⇒ − cos=
α 1− 1−
ab a2 b2  0 if
π
<A<
π
= 4 2
π
Squaring both sides  π if 0 < A <
4
2
 xy   x2  y2  π π
 − cos α  =  1 −  1 − 2  Sol: Divide the solution in two cases when <A<
 ab   a2  b  4 2
   π
and 0 < A < and use the definition accordingly.
2 2
x y 2xy x y 2
x y 2 2 2 4
or + cos2 α − cos α = 1 − − +
2 2
ab ab a 2
b 2
a2b2 π π
Case I: <A<
4 2
x2 y2 2xy
or + − cos α = 1 − cos2 α
a2
b 2 ab 0 < cot A < 1 and 0 < cot3 A < 1

x2 2xy y2 ∴ tan−1 (cotA) + tan−1 (cot3 A)

or − cos α + = sin2 α
a2 ab b2  cot A + cot3 A  −1  sin2A 
= tan−1  =  tan  − 
 1 − cot 4
A   2cos2A 
Example 2: Prove

tan−1 x = 2tan−1 (cosec tan−1 x − tancot −1 x).  sin2A  −1  1 

= tan−1  −  = − tan  tan2A 
 2cos2A   2 
Sol: Use substitution. 1  −1 3
−1 −1 −1
⇒ tan−1  tan2A  + tan−1 (cotA) + tan (cot A) =
0
=R.H.S. 2 tan (cosec tan x − tancot x) 2 
  2  π
cosec cosec−1  1 + x   or Case II: 0 < A <
4
  x 
= 2 tan−1   
  cot A > 1 and cot3 A > 1 ⇒ cot A.cot3 A > 1
−1  1 
 − tan tan   
 x  Hence, tan−1 (cot A) + tan−1 (cot3 A) =

 cot A + cot3 A 
  1 + x2   π + tan−1  
2 tan−1 cosec cosec−1   − tan π + tan−1 1   1 − cot 4 A 
 
  x   x 
     x+y 
[As tan−1 x + tan−1 y = π + tan−1   If
depending on x > 0 or x < 0  1 − xy 
x > 0. y > 0 and xy > 1]
 1 + x2 1   1 + x2 − 1  1 
= 2 tan−1  = −  2 tan−1   = π − tan−1  tan2A  [From case 1]
 x

x



x 
 2 
1  −1 3
 π π tan−1  tan2A  + tan−1 (cotA) + tan (cot A) =
π
Let tan−1 x = θ : θ∈ − ,  ; thenx = tan θ 2 
 2 2
 M a them a ti cs | 20.29

Example 4: Find the sum ∴ tan−1 X1 + tan−1 X 2 + tan−1 X3 + tan−1 X 4 =

−1 −1 −1
cot 2 + cot 8 + cot 18 + …………….. to Infinity.
π
nπ + − β for some n ∈ I.
Sol: Write the general term of the series and express it 2
as a difference of two terms (telescopic series).
Example 6: Find the value of
Let Tn denote the nth term of the series
 
−1 2 −1
 4r 2   π x 
∴=Tr cot (2r
= ) cot   sin  sin 
-1

 2 
  

3  ( 2 2
x + k − kx 
 )
 1 + 4r − 1  2
 1 + (2r + 1)(2r − 1) 
= cot −1   = cot −1   
    π x 
 2   (2r + 1) − (2r − 1)  −1
− cos  cos  
 (2r + 1) − (2r − 1) 


6  ( 2 2
x + k − kx 
 )
= tan−1  
 1 + (2r + 1) (2r − 1)  k 
Where  < x < 2k,k > 0 
 2 
= tan−1 (2r + 1) − tan−1 (2r − 1)

∴ cot −1 2 + cot −1 8 + cot −1 18 +  + Sol: We have

cot −1=
2n2 tan−1 (2n+ 1) − tan−1 (1) As  
 π x 
n → ∞ tan −1
(2n+ 1) → π / 2 Sin  sin 
-1

π π π


3
( x2 + k 2 − kx 
 )
Hencerequired
Hence, requiredsum
sum== − = .
2 4 4  
−1  π x 
− cos  cos  
Example 5: If X1, X2, X3 , X 4 are the roots of the equation 

6  ( 2 2
x + k − kx 
 )
4 3 2
X − X sin2β + X cos2β − X cos β − sin β = 0
 3x   3x 
1 = sin−1   − cos
−1
where sin β ≠ prove that tan−1 X1 + tan−1 2 2

2 2

2  2 x + k − kx   2 x + k − kx 
π
X 2 + tan−1 X3 + tan−1 X 4 = nπ + − β for some n ∈ I.  
2
π −1  3x 
= -2 cos  
Sol: Use theory of equations. 2 

( 4x 2
− 4kx + 4k 2 ) 

X1, X2, X3, X4 are the roots of the given equation
π  6x2 
∴ ∑ X1 =sin2β, ∑ X1 X 2 =cos2β = − cos−1  2 − 1
2  4x − 4kx + 4k
2

∑ X1, X2, X3 = cosβ , X1, X2, X3 , X 4 = − sin β
 2X 2 + 4kx − 4k 2   X 2 + 2xk − 2k 2 
tan tan−1 X1 + tan−1 X 2 + tan−1 X3 + tan−1 X 4  = sin−1   = sin−1  
   4X 2 − 4kx + 4k 2   2X 2 − 2xk + 2k 2 
   
∑ X 1 − ∑ X1 X 2 X 3 sin 2 β − cos β
= =
1 − ∑ X1 X 2 + X1 X 2 X3 X 4 1 − cos2 β − sin β Example 7: Find the number of real solutions of the

cos β ( 2sin β − 1 ) 1 + cos2x

equation= 2 sin−1 ( sinx ) − π ≤ x ≤ π
= cos β
sin β ( 2sin β − 1 )
Sol: Divide the solution into three cases when
tan tan−1 X1 + tan−1 X 2 + tan−1 X3 + tan−1 X 4  π π π π
  − ≤ X ≤ , < X ≤ π and −π ≤ X < − and proceed.
2 2 2 2
π 
==cos β tan  − β 
2  Here cos x = sin−1 ( sinx ) .
2 0 . 3 0 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions

π π
If − ≤ X ≤ , then cos-1cos x= x
2 2
( ) ≤ π / 4 sin y ≠ 0 [From ii]
2
So 0 < sin−1 y 2 −1
In the case there is one solution obtained graphically.
x + ( sin y ) ≤ π + π / 4
2
π ∴ 0 < cos−1 −1 2
{
If < X ≤ π then − cos x = sin−1 sin ( π − x ) = π − x
2
}
pπ π2
∴ cos x = x − π i.e. 0 < ≤ π+ .…(iii)
4 4 
In the case there is one solution obtained graphically. From (i) and (ii) we get p ≤ 0
π π4 pπ2
If −π ≤ X < − then cos−1 x + =
2 4
16 cos−1 x
{
− cos x = sin−1 sin ( −π − x ) = −x − π }
( )
2
Or 16 cos−1 x − 4pπ2 cos−1 x + π4 =0 ….(iv)

i.e. cos x = x + π
As cos−1 x is real 16 p2 π2 ≥ 0
This gives no solution as can be seen from their graphs.
Or p2 ≥ 4 i.e. p ≤ −2  ….(v)
Example 8: Find the integral values of p at which the From (iii) and (v)

( )
2
−1 −1 2
system of equations cos x + sin y pπ / 4; and
= p2 ≤ ( π / 4 ) + 1, p ≥ 20
(cos x )(sin y )
2
−1 −1
= π2 / 16 possess solutions. Also p is integer so p = 2 for p = 2 (4) gives
find these solutions.
( )
2
16 cos−1 x − 8π2 cos−1 x + π4 =0 or
Sol: Start with the range of cos-1 x and sin-1 y and use it 2
 4 cos−1 x − π2  = 0 or
in the two given equations.  
The given system of the equation is cos−1 x − π2 / 4 i.e.=
x cos π2 / 4 ( ) ….(vii)

( )
2
cos−1 x + sin−1 y pπ2 / 4
= ….(i)
( )
2
 Then (ii) gives sin−1 y = π2 / 4

(cos x )( sin y )
2
−1 −1
= π4 / 16 ….(ii) Or sin−1 y = ±π2 / 2 i.e. ± 1 ….(viii)

It is clear that 0 < cos−1 x ≤ π Hence p=2 and (x,y)= cos π2 / 4 , ±1
  ( )
0 < cos−1 x ≤ π ; −π / 2 ≤ sin−1 y ≤ π / 2.
−π / 2 ≤ sin−1 y ≤ π / 2.

JEE Main/Boards

Exercise 1 
−1
 3  π 
Q.5 Evaluate: cos cos  − +
 2  6
   
Q.1 Evaluate: sin−1 ( sin π / 4 )
Q.6 Evaluate: sin cos−1 3 / 5( )
Q.2 Evaluate: tan −1
( tan ( −6 ) )
π  1  1 1 2
Q.3 Evaluate: sin  − sin−1    Q.7 Prove that: tan−1 + tan−1 tan−1
=
7 13 9
2  2 
1 1 1 π
3π
Q.4 Prove that: tan−1 2 + tan−1 3 = Q.8 Prove that: 4 tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1 =
4 5 70 99 4
 M a them a ti cs | 20.31

5π2 12 4 63
( ) ( )
2 2
Q.9 Solve for x: tan−1 x + cot −1 x = Q.22 Prove that: sin−1 + cos−1 + tan−1 =
π
8 13 5 16

π
Q.23 Solve tan−1 2x + tan−1 3x =
Q.10 Solve for x: tan−1 ( x + 1 ) + tan−1 x + tan−1 4
( x − 1) =
tan−1 3
1 1 31
Q24 Prove that: 2 tan−1 + tan−1 =tan−1
2 7 17
Q.11 Find the value of
x y
Q25 If cos−1   + cos−1   =
θ prove that
1 2x 1 − y2  a b
tan−1 sin−1 + cos−1 
2  1 + x2 1 + y 2 
x2 2xy y2
− cos=
θ = sin2 θ
a2 ab b2
2 7 1
Q.12 Prove that: tan−1 + tan−1 tan−1
=
11 24 2
Q.26 Find the value of the following:
 1 − cos x   1  1
Q.13 Differentiate tan−1   w.r.t.x. tan−1 (1) + cos−1  −  + sin−1  − 
2  2
 sin x   

 1 − sinx  π π 9π 9  1  9 −1  2
Q.14 Express tan−1   < x < in the simplest Q.27 Prove that: − sin−1   = sin  2 
8 4 3 4  
form.  cos x  2 2  3 

Q.28 The value of

−1  1
Q.15 Find the principle value cos − 
 2  1  1  10 − 1 
cos−1   − cos−1   + cos−1   Is___________.
 3  6  3 2 
     
Q.16 Write the following functions in the simplest
Q.29 The number of roots of the equation
form: cot −1  1 + x2 − x  .
  sinx = cos−1 ( cos x ) is

Q.17 Find the principle value of cot −1 − 3 . ( )

Exercise 2
Q.18 Prove that 3cos
= x cos−1 −1
( 4 × 3 − 3x ) ( − 3 )
1  Single Correct Choice Type
x ∈  ,1 
2 
Q.1 tan cos−1 x is equal to

Q.19 Write the following function in the simplest form:

1 − x2 x
(A) (B)
 cos x − sinx  x 1 + x2
tan−1   ,x < π
 cos x + sinx 
1 + x2
(C) (D) x 1 + x2
x
x −1 x +1 π
Q.20 If tan−1 + tan−1 = then find the value
x−2 x+2 4 2 2
of x. Q.2 sin−1 x + sin−1 y + 2 sin−1 x sin−1 y =
π2

Q.21 Write the following function in the simplest form: then x2 + y 2 is equal to
 3a2 x − x3  (A) 1 (B) 3/2 (C) 2 (D) ½
tan−1  .
 a3 − 3ax2 
 
 2 0 . 3 2 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Q.3 Number of solution(s) of the equation Q. 9 The function

cot −1 x2 + 3x + 2 + cos−1
π
x2 − 3x − 3 = is f ( x ) cot −1
= ( x + 3) x + cos−1 x2 + 3x + 1
2
is defined on the set S where S=
(A) 2 (B) 1
(A) {0,3} (B) ( 0,3 ) (C) {0, −3} (D) ( −3,0 )
(C) 4 (D) Infinite

( )
Q.4 If cos tan−1 x = x, then x2 is equal to Q.10 α =sin−1 cos sin−1 x ( ( )) and
(A)
5 +1
(B)
5 −1 ( (
β =cos−1 sin cos−1 x )) then
4 2
(A) tan α
= cot β (B) tan α = −cot β
5 +1 5 −1 (C) tan α
= tan β (D) tan α = − tan β
(C) (D)
2 4

Q.5 The value of a for which x + ax + sin 2 −1

1
2
1
Q.11 If x= 2cos−1   + sin−1   + tan−1 3
2
( )
(x 2
) (
− 4x + 5 + cos−1 x2 − 4x + 5 =
0, is ) 1  x 
and y = cos  sin−1  sin   then which of
2  2 
π π the following statements hold good?
(A) +2 (B) +1
4 4
3π 5π
π π (A) y = cos (B) y = cos
(C) − + 1 (D) −( + 2) 16 16
4 4
(C) x = 4 cos−1 y (D) None of these
Q.6 Domain of the function
Q.12 The set values of x satisfying the equation
=f (x) sin−1 ( sin x ) + cos−1 ( cos x ) is
(
tan2 sin−1 x > 1is )
π  2 2
(A) 2nπ,2nπ + ,n ∈ I
2 (A)  −1,1 (B)  − , 
 2 2 
(B) ( 2n + 1 ) π, ( 2n + 2 ) π  ,n ∈ I
 2 2  2 2
(C) ( −1,1) −  − ,  (D  −1,1 −  − , 
 2 2 
(C) 2nπ, ( 2n + 1 ) π  ,n ∈ I  2 2   

π 3π −1 −1
(D) 2nπ + ,2nπ + ,n ∈ I Q.13 The equation sin x = 2 sin a has a solution for
2 2
(A) All real values of a (B) a<-1
−1 −1 −1
Q.7
= If θ sin x + cos x − tan x, x ∈ 0,1 −1 1
(C) a > 1 (D) ≤a≤
Then the interval in which θ lies is given by 2 2

 π
(A) 0, 
 3
π π
(B)  , 
4 2
( )(
Q.14 If sin−1 x + sin−1 w sin−1 y + sin−1 z =
π2 )
N1 N2
x y
 π  π 3π  then ; (N1 ,N2 ,N3 ,N4 E N) −
N3 N4
(C) 0,  (D)  ,  z w
 4 2 4 
(A) Has a maximum value 2.

Q.8 tan−1 2 + tan−1 3 =

cosec−1 x then x is equal to (B) Has a minimum value 2.
(C) Is independent of N1 ,N2 ,N3 ,N4
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) − 2 (D) None of these
(D) None of these
 M a them a ti cs | 20.33

Q.15 =If θ cot −1 7 + cot −1 8 + cot −1 18 then cot θ is Q.22 Number of point(s) where f(x) =sin-1 (3x-4x3) is not
equal to differentiable is

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

Q.16 Which of the following function(s) is/are periodic? Q.23 Solution of the equation

(A) f(x)=x-[x], [x] denotes integral part of x  1  5 

sec−1=
x cos−1  −  + sin−1   is
(B) g(x)= sin(1/x) x ≠ 0 and g(0) =0  2 3 3 

(C) h(x)=x cosx 18 18

(A) (B)
(D) sin (sin-1x) 3− 6 6−3

6+3
  1  (C) (D) None of these
Q.17 cos  2 tan −1    equals 8
  7 
(A) sin(4cot-13) (B) sin(3 cot-14) Q.24 The value of
−1
(C) cos (3cot-14) (D) cos (4cot-14)   π  π 1 −1  a  
−1  a  
tan  + sin    + tan  − sin   
  4  b    4 2  b  
Q.18 sin−1  2 × 1 − x2  = 2sin 2
sin–1 xx is true if: x ∈ Where (0<a<b) is
 
 1 1  b a
(A) [0,1] (B)  − ,  (A) (B)
 2 2 2a 2b

 1 1  3 3 b2 − a2 b2 − a2
(C)  − ,  (D)  − ,  (C) (D)
2b 2a
 2 2  2 2 

 1 1
k =n
2k 6 x tan−1 1 − cos −1  −  + sin −1 ;
Q.25 If=
Q.19 If the sum ∑ tan −1

2 + k2 + k 4
−1
= tan
7
 2 2
k =1
1  1 
then the value of n is equal to : y= cos  cos −1    then:
2  8 
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
(A) x = πy (B) y = πx
Q.20 The domain of definition of the function (C) tanx = − ( 4 / 3) y (D) tanx = ( 4 / 3) y
 3x − 7x + 8 
2
f ( x ) = arc cos   where [x]
2 Q.26 Which of the following satisfy the equation?
 1 + x 
denotes the greatest integer function is:  2x2 − 1 
2cos-1 x=cot-1  
 2 2 
(A) (1, 6) (B) [1, 6]  4x − 4x 
(C) [0, 1] (D) (-2, 5) (A) (-1, 0) (B) (0, 1)
 1 1 
Q.21 Consider two geometric progressions (C)  − ,  (D) [-1, 1]
1  2 2
a1 ,a2 ,a3 .......an & b1 ,b2 ,b3 .......bn with a=
r = 2r −1
br
Q.27 Find values of x if sin x =cos x + sin ( 3x − 2 ) ?
−1 −1 −1
and another sequence t1 ,t2 ,t3 ....... tn such that
n
1  1 
=tr cot −1 ( 2ar + br ). Then lim ∑ tr is : (A)  ,1 (B)  ,1
n→∝
r =1 2  2 
(A) 0 (B) π / 4 (C) tan −1 2 (D) π / 2 1  1 
(C)  ,1 (D)  ,1 
3  3 
 2 0 . 3 4 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions

1 − x2 Previous Years’ Questions

Q.28 f ( x ) = sin−1 and
2
1+x
 4  2 
g ( x ) cot −1 x − tan−1 x are identical for :
= Q.1 The value of tan cos−1   + tan−1    is  (1983)
 5  3 
(A) x ∈ [0,1] (B) xX∈
Ε ( −∞ ,0]
6 17
(A) (B)
(C) x ∈ [-1, 1] (D) xX∈
Ε ( −∞ , −1]U[1, ∞ ) 17 6
16
(C) (D) None of above
 { (
Q.29 tan cos−1 sin 2 tan−1 2  is equal to

)} 7

4 4 3 3  2π 
(A) (B) (C) (D) Q.2 The principle value of sin−1  sin  is  (1986)
3 5 5 4  3 

2π 2π π 5π
−1 −1 n (A) − (B) (C) (D)
∞
sin x + cos x 3 3 3 3
Q.30 ∑ πr
is finite.
n=1
Q.3 The number of real solutions of
x ∈  −1,1  and r>0.then the possible values of ‘r’ is. π
tan−1 x ( x + 1 ) + sin−1 x2 + x + 1 = is  (1999)
2
1
(A) ,∞ (B) ( 2,∞ ) (A) Zero (B) One
2
(C) Two (D) Infinite
(C) (1,∞ ) (D) ( 0,∞ )
 x 2 x3   x 4 x6 
Q.4 If sin−1  x − + − ...  + cos−1  x 2 − + −
Q.31 y sin ( sinx ) ,xxΕis0the
= −1
π  element of [0 p] divides  2 4   2 4 
  
the region bounded by coordinate axes
π
= , for 0 < x < 2, then x equals  (2001)
π 2
x=
π and y = into 3 region whose areas are
2
(A) 1/2 (B) 1 (C) -1/2 (D) -1
A1 , A2 , A3 with A1 ≤ A2 ≤ A3 then

Q.5 The value of x for which

π2
(A) A1 + A2 + 2A3 =

π2
(B) A1 + A3 − A2 =
sin cos−1 (1 + x )  =
  (
cos tan−1 x is

) (2004)
2
1 1
(A) (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) −
(C) A1 + A2 − A3 =
0 2 2

(D) 2 ( A1 + A2 ) − A3 =
0 Q.6 If 0<x<1, then
1/2

{ ( ) ( )} 
2
∞
4n 1 + x2  x cos cot −1 x + sin cot −1 x − 1 is equal
Q.32 The sum ∑ tan−1 n4 − 2n2 + 2 is equal to:  
n=1 to  (2008)
x
(A) tan−1 2 + tan−1 3 (B) 4 tan−1 1 (A) (B) x
1 + x2
(C)
π
2
(D) sec−1 1 − 2 ( )
(C) x 1 + x2 (D) 1 + x2
 M a them a ti cs | 20.35

Q.7 Let a, b, c be positive real number Q.13 For a regular polygon, let r and R be the radii
of the inscribed and the circumscribed circles. A false
a (a + b + c + ) b (a + b + c + ) statement among the following is  (2010)
θ tan −1 + tan−1
bc ca r 1
(A) There is a regular polygon with =
c (a + b + c + ) R 2
+ tan−1 .
ab r 2
(B) There is a regular polygon with =
Then tan θ equal ……… (1981) R 3
r 3
(C) There is a regular polygon with =
Q.8 The numerical value of R 2
 1 π r 1
tan 2 tan−1   −  is equal to....  (1984) (D) There is a regular polygon with =
R 2
 5 4

Q.14 A line AB in three-dimensional space makes angle

Q.9 The greater of the two angle A = 2 tan−1 2 2 − 1 ( ) 45o and 120o with the positive x-axis and the positive
y-axis respectively. If AB makes an acute angle θ with
1 3 the positive z-axis, then θ equals  (2010)
B= 3 sin−1   + sin−1   is …….. (1989)
3 5
(A) 45° (B) 60° (C) 75° (D) 30°

Q.10 AB is a vertical pole with B at the ground level and

A at the top. A man finds that the angle of elevation −1  2x 
Q.15 Let tan= y tan−1 x + tan−1   , where
of the point A from a certain point c on the ground is  1 − x2 
60o. He moves away from the pole along the line BC 1
| x |< . Then the value of y is  (2015)
to a point D such that CD = 7m. From D the angle of 3
elevation of the point A is 45o. Then the height of the
pole is  (2008) 3x − x3 3x + x3
(A) (B)
1 − 3x2 1 − 3x2
7 3 1 7 3
(A) ⋅ m (B) ⋅ ( 3 + 1)m
2 3 −1 2 3x − x3 3x + x3
(C) (D)
1 + 3x2 1 + 3x2
7 3 7 3 1
(C) ⋅ ( 3 − 1)m (D) ⋅
2 2 3 −1 Q.16 If 0 ≤ x < 2π, then the number of real values of
x, which satisfy the equation cosx + cos2x + cos3x +
 5 2 cos4x = 0, is  (2016)
Q.11 The value of cot  cosec−1 + tan−1  is  (2008)
 3 3 (A) 5 (B) 7 (C) 9 (D) 3
6 3 4 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
17 17 17 17  1 + sinx   π
Q.17 Consider f(x) tan−1 
=  , x ∈  0,  .
 1 − sinx   2
4 5  
Q.12 Let cos(α + β) = and let sin(α − β) = , where π
5 13 y f(x)
A normal to= = also passes through the point:
π  6 (2016)
0 ≤ α , β ≤ , then tan 2α = (2010)
4
 2π  π 
(A)  0,  (B)  , 0 
56 19 20 25  3  6 
(A) (B) (C) (D)
33 12 7 16
π 
(C)  , 0  (D) (0, 0)
4 
 2 0 . 3 6 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions

JEE Advanced/Boards

Exercise 1 Q.7 If α and β are the roots of the equation

x2 − 4x + 1= 0 ( α > β ) then find the value of
−1  1 + x 

−1 1 + x
2 
Q.1 If α 2 tan
= =   & β sin   β3 1 β  α3 1 α
1 − x 
2  f ( α , β ) = cosec2  tan2  + sec2  tan2 
1 − x 
2  2 α  2  2 β
For 0<x<1 then prove that α + β = π what is the value
of α + β will be if x>1?
 2x 
Q.8 Consider the functions f ( x ) = sin−1  
 1 + x2 − 1 − x2   1 + x2 
−1
Q.2 If y = tan   prove that  1 − x2   2x 
 1 + x2 + 1 − x2


 g ( x ) = cos−1   and h ( x ) = tan−1  
 1 + x2   1 − x2 
 
x2= sin 2 y.
(i) If x ∈ (-1, 1) then the find the solution of the

Q.3 Find the sum of following series upto n terms Equation f ( x ) + g ( x ) + h ( x ) =

π/2
where x > 0. (ii) Find the value of f(2) +g(2)=h(2).
1 2 2n−1
(i) tan−1 + tan−1 + ..... + tan−1 ...0
3 9 1 + 2n−1+ Q.9 Solve the following inequalities
1 1 (i) arc cot2 x − 5arc cot x + 6 > 0
(ii) tan−1 + tan−1
x2 + x + 1 x2 + 3x + 3 (ii) arc sin x>arc cos x
1 1 (iii) tan2 (arc sin x)>1
+ tan−1 + tan−1
x2 + 5x + 7 x2 + 7x + 13
Q.10 Show that roots r, s and t of the cubic
 1
Q.4 If x ∈  −1, −  then express the function x(x-2)(3x-7)=2 are real and positive.
 2
Also compute the value of tan−1 (r ) + tan−1 (s)tan−1 (t).
f ( x= ( ) ( )
) sin−1 3x − 4x3 + cos−1 4x3 − 3x in the form of a
cos−1 x + bπ where a and b are rational numbers. π  x 
Q.11 Let f ( x ) = + cos−1   − tan−1 x
4  2 
 1+x 
Q.5 Solve the following equations:
and ai ( ai < ai+1∀i =1,2,3,....n) be the
π
(i) sin−1 x + sin−1 2x = positive integral values of x for which
3

(ii) tan−1 ( x − 1 ) + tan−1 ( x ) + tan−1 ( x + 1 ) = tan−1 ( 3x )

( )
sgn f ( x ) = 1, where sgn (y) denotes signum
n

1− x 2x − x 23
function of y. Find ∑ ai2 .
(iii) tan−1 + tan−1 = tan−1 i=1
1+ x 2x + x 36
  2x2 + 4  
−1 x2 − 1 −1 2x 2π Q.12 Solve for x: sin−1  sin    < π − 3.
(iv) cos + tan =   1 + x2  
x2 + 1 2
x −1 3    

Q.6 Find all the positive integral solution of Q.13

= Let f ( x ) tan−1 ( cot x − 2cot 2x ) and
y 3 5
tan−1 x + cos−1 sin−1
1 + y2
=
10 ∑ f (r ) = a − bπ where a, b E N. Find the value of (a+b).
r =1
 M a them a ti cs | 20.37

Q.14 Let f ( x ) = ( 2a + b ) cos−1 x+ ( a + 2b ) sin−1 x Q.20 Prove that:

 5   7  36
Where a, b ∈ R and a>b. (i) cos−1   + cos−1  −  + sin−1 =
π
 13   25  325
If domain of and range of f are the same
set then find the value of π ( a − b ) . 2 6 +1 π
(ii) arc cos − arc cos =
3 2 3 6
Q.15 Identify the pairs(s) of functions which are
identical. Also plot the graphs in each case. Q.21 If a>b>c>0 then find the value of:
 ab + 1  −1  bc + 1  −1  ca + 1 
1 − x2 cot −1   + cot   + cot  
(i) y = tan(cos−1 x); y =  a−b   b−c   c−a 
x
1
(ii) y = tan(cot −1 x); y = Q.22 If α and β are the roots of the equation
x
x x2 + 5x − 49 =
0 then find the value of
(iii) y = sin (arc tan x); y=
1 − x2 ( )
cot cot −1 α + cot −1 β .

(iv) y = cos (arc tan x); y= sin (arc cot x)

Q.23 Find all value of k for which there is a triangle

Q.16 Find the domain and the following functions. 1

Whose angles have measure tan−1  
2
(
(i) f(x) cot −1 2x − x2
= )  1   1 
tan−1  + k  andtan−1  + 2k 
2  2 
=(ii) f(x) sec−1 (log tanx + log
3 tan x 3 )
Q.24 In a ∆ABC if ∠A =∠B
 2x2 + 1  
−1   
(iii) f(x) = cos 1  −1  6 + 1   1 
 x2 + 1 
  =  sin   + sin−1    and
2  2 3   3  
     

( (
(iv) f(x) tan−1 log4 5x2 − 8x + 4
= )) 1
C = 6.3 4     then find the area of ∆ABC .

Q.17 Let y = sin−1 ( sin8 ) − tan−1 ( tan 1 ) + cos−1

5
Q.25 Find the simplest value of
(cos 12) ‒ sec ( sec9 ) + cot ( cot 6 ) − cosec
−1 −1
‒ (cosec 7). (i) f (x) =arc cos x +arc
If y simplifies to aπ + b then find (a-b).
x 1  1 
 36  cos  + 3 − 3x2  , x ∈ ,1 
−1  4 
Q.18
= −1
  β cos   and
Let α sin = 2 2  2 
85
  5
 1 + x2 − 1 
 8   , x ∈ R − {0}
γ =tan−1   find ( α + β + γ ) and hence (ii) f(x) = tan−1 
 15   x 
 
Prove that (i) ΣΣcot
cotαα == ∏
∏cot (ii) ΣΣtan
cotαα (ii) tanαα..tan
tanββ ==11
Q.26 Let
= (
f ( x ) cot −1 x2 + 4x + α2 − α ) be a function
Q.19 Show that: defined R → (0, π / 2] then find the complete set of real
 33π  −1  46π  values of α for which f ( x ) is onto.
sin−1  sin  + cos  cos +
 7   7 
1 2 1 3
 13π  −1   19π   Q.27 Prove that: tan−1 + tan−1 = cos−1
tan−1  − tan  + cot  cot  −  4 9 2 5
 8    8 
1 −1 4
= sin .
13π 2 5
=
7
 2 0 . 3 8 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Q.28 Prove that Q.2 If x1, x2, x3, x4 are roots of the equation x4 – x3 sin
4

cot −1
 1 + sin x + 1 − sin x  x π 2β + x2 cos 2β ‒ x cos β ‒ sin β = 0 then ∑ tan-1 xi
 = <x< i=1
 1 + sin x + 1 − sin x  2 2 is equal to

(A) x ‒ β (B) π ‒ 2β
Q.29 Find the domain of definition the following
functions. π π
(C)   − β (D)   − 2β
2 2
(Real the symbols [*] and {*} as greatest integers and
fractional part functions respectively.)
Q.3 Range of the function,
2x
(i) f(x) = arc cos
1+x
1+x 2
= (
f ( x ) cot −1 log4/5 5x2 − 8x + 4 ( )) is .:
(ii) f(x)
= cos ( sinx ) + sin−1
2x π
(A) ( 0, π ) (B)  , π )
 x −3 4
= sin−1 
(iii) f(x)  − log10 ( 4 − x )
 2   π  π
(C)  0,  (D)  0, 
 4  2
(iv) f(x) sin−1 2x + x2
= ( )
Q.4 Domain of the explicit form of the function y
1 − sin−1 x
f(x)
(v)= + cos −1
(1 − {x}) represented implicitly by the equation.
(
log5 1 − 4x2 ) (1+x) cos y –x2 =0

where {x} is the fractional part of x.  1− 5

(A) (-1, 1] (B)  −1, 
 2 
 3 − 2x  
(vi) f(x)= 3 − x + cos−1  
 5  1 − 5 1 + 5   1+ 5
(C)  ,  (D) 0, 
( )
+ log6 2 x − 3 + sin−1 (log2 x )  2 2   2 

(
f(x) log10 1 − log7 x2 − 5x + 13
(vii) = ( )) Q.5 Number of integral value(s) of x satisfying

( ) − ( tan x ) − 3 ≤ 0is −
2
  4 tan−1 x −1
 3 
+ cos−1  
 2 + sin 9πx  (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
 
 2 
xx
sin−−11 
Q.6 The area of the region bounded by the curves y=x2
(( ))
sin
−−11xx
 and sec-1[-sin-2 x] (where [.] denotes greatest integer
(viii)=
=f(x) e
f(x) e 22 tan  −−11++ln
++tan nn xx−−[x]
[x]
2
2  function) is
4
(A) π π (B) π π
3
Exercise 2 2 1
(C) π π (D) π π
3 3
Single Correct Choice Type

2
Q.1 Solution set of the inequality x − 4x + 5 a b c d π
Q.7 If tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1 =
x x x x 2
> sin−1 ( sin3) + cos−1 ( cos2 ) − π is.. Then x4 – x2 ∑ab + abcd is equal to
(A) R (B) R-{1}
(A) ‒ 1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2
(C) R-{2} (D) R-{-2}
 M a them a ti cs | 20.39

Q.8 The solution set of the equation Q.13 Which of the following equation represents a
circle
 1 − x2 
sin−1 1 − x2 + cos−1 x =
cot −1   − sin−1 x


x 

(
(A) y 2 = sin cos−1=
x

)
(B) y sin cos−1 (1 − x ) ( )
(A) [-1, 1] –{0} (B) (0, 1] U {-1} (
(C) y 2 = sin2 cos−1 x ) (D) y = sin (cos x )]
−1 2

(C) [-1, 0) U {1} (D) [-1, 1]

Q.14 If cos−1 x + cos−1 y + cos−1 z =
π then
Q.9 The domain and range of the function
(A) x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2xyz =
1
3 − 4 sec x2
f ( x ) = cosec−1 log are respectively
1 − 2 sec x
(
(B) 2 sin−1 x + sin−1 y + sin−1 z )
 π π
(A) R;  − ,  = cos−1 x + cos−1 y + cos−1 z
 2 2
(C) xy + yz + zx = x + y + z − 1
 π
(B) R + ;  0, 
 2  1  1  1
(D)  x +  +  x +  +  x +  ≥ 6
 π π  π  x  y  z
(C)  2π − ,2nπ +  − {2nπ} ;  0, 
 2 2   2
 π π  π π
(D)  2π − ,2nπ +  − {2nπ} ;  − ,  − {0} Match the Columns
 2 2   2 2
Q.15 Column I contains functions and column II
Q.10 Solution set of equation [sin-1 x] = [cos-1 x] where contains their range. Match the entries of column I with
[*] represents integral part function is the entries of column II.

(A) (cos 1sin1) (B) [cos 1sin1] Column I Column II

(C) (sin 1 cos 1) (D) [sin 1 cos 1] (A) (p) (0, π )

 x 
f(x)=sin-1  
1 + x 
 
Multiple Correct Choice Type
(B)  x  (q)  π 3π 
g(x)=cos-1    , 
Q.11 Which of the following statement (s) is/ are 1 + x  4 4 
 
meaningless?
(C)  x  (r)  π π
h(x)=tan-1   − , 
  2e + 4   −1  π  1 + x   4 4
(A) cos−1  ln    (B) cos ec  4   
  3   

−1  π 
(D)  x  (s)  π π
(D) sec ( π )
−1
(C) cot   k(x)=cot-1   − , 
2 1 + x   2 2
 

Q.12 If the numerical value of tan

 −1 4 −1  2   a
 cos   + tan    is b then
 5  2 

(A) a + b = 23 (B) a – b = 11
(C) 3b = a + 1 (D) 2a = 3b
2 0 . 4 0 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Previous Years’ Questions ( −1 −1

Q.3 Find the value of cos 2cos x + sin x at x =) 1
5
Q.1 Match the conditions/expressions in column I with where 0 ≤ cos−1 x ≤ π and − π / 2 ≤ sin−1 x ≤ π / 2.
statement in column II.  (1981)
π
Let (x, y) be such that sin-1(ax)+cos-1(y) +cos-1 (bxy)=
2 x2 + 1
Q.4 Prove that cos tan−1 [sin(cot −1 x)] = (2002)
Column I Column II x2 + 2
(A) If a=1 and b=0, then (P) lies on the circle
Q.5 If the angle A, B and C of a triangle are in arithmetic
(x, y) x2+y2=1
progression and if a, b and c denote the length of the
(B) If a=1 and b=1, then (q) lies on (x2-1) (y2-1)=0 sides opposite to A, B and C respectively, then the value
(x, y) a c
of the expression sin 2C + sin 2A is  (2010)
(C) If a=1 and b=2, then (r) lies on y=x c a
(x, y)
(D) If a=2 and b=2, then (s) lies on(4x2-1)(y2-1)=0  6  4
Q.6 If α =3 sin−1   and β =3 cos−1   , where the
(x, y)  11  9
inverse trigonometric functions take only the principal
Q.2 Solve the following equation for x values, then the correct option(s) is(are)  (2015)

π (A) cos β > 0 (B) sin β > 0

tan−1 2x + tan−1 3x = (1978, 3M)
4 (C) cos(α + β) > 0 (D) cos α < 0

PlancEssential Questions
JEE Advanced/Boards
JEE Main/Boards
Exercise 1
Exercise 1 Q.3 Q.11 Q.15
Q.5 Q.10 Q.13 Q.17 Q.21 Q.24
Q.16 Q.22 Q.29 Q.29 Q.30

Exercise 2 Exercise 2
Q.3 Q.10 Q.18 Q.3 Q.4 Q.6
Q.21 Q.24 Q.29 Q.9 Q.10 Q.12
Q.30 Q. 32
Previous Years’ Questions
Previous Years’ Questions
Q.1 Q.3
Q.3 Q.4 Q.5
Q.7
 M a them a ti cs | 20.41

Answer Key

JEE Main/Boards
Exercise 1
3
Q.1 π / 4 Q.2 2π − 6 Q.3
2
4
Q.5 −1 Q.6 Q.9 −1
5
x+y
Q.10 −1; 5 ± 19 Q.11 z = Q.13 1/2
1 − xy
π x 2π π 1
Q.14 y= − Q.15 Q.16 y= + tan−1 x
4 2 3 4 2
5π π 1
Q.17 Q.19 − x Q.20 ±
6 4 2
x 3π
Q.21 3tan−1 Q.23 x = 1/6 Q.26
a 4
1
Q.28 = cos–1   Q.29 ∞
 3 

Exercise 2

Single Correct Choice Type

Q.1 A Q.2 C Q.3 A Q.4 D Q.5 D Q.6 C

Q.7 B Q.8 D Q.9 C Q.10 A Q.11 A Q.12 C

Q.13 D Q.14 C Q.15 C Q.16 A Q.17 A Q.18 B

Q.19 B Q.20 A Q.21 B Q.22 B Q.23 D Q.24 C

Q.25 C Q.26 B Q.27 A Q.28 A Q.29 D Q.30 A

Q.31 C Q.32 A

Previous Years’ Questions

Q.1 B Q.2 C Q.3 C Q.4 B Q.5 D Q.6 C

7
Q.7 0 Q.8 − Q.9 A Q.10 B Q.11 A Q.12 A
17

Q.13 B Q.14 B Q.15 A Q.16 B Q.17 A

2 0 . 4 2 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions

JEE Advanced/Boards
Exercise 1
2 2 tan y
Q.1 0 Q.2 x
= = sin2y
1 + tan2 y

π 9π 9
Q.3 (i) (ii
(b)) arc tan (x + n) − arc tanx; Q.4 6 cos−1 x − so a =
6 b=
−
4 2 2

1 3 1 1 4
Q.5 (i) x =; (ii) x =
0, , − ; (iii) x = ; (iv) x =
2 − 3 or 3 Q.6 x=1; y=2 & x=2 ; y=7
2 7 2 2 3

−1  −3 
Q.7 56 Q.8 (i) 2 − 3; (ii) cot  
 4 

2  2   2 3π
Q.9 (i) ( cot 2, ∞ ) ∪ ( −∞ ,cot3) (ii) ,1 (iii)  ,1  ∪  −1,  Q.10
2    2 
 2   4

Q.11 5 Q.12 x ∈ ( −1,1 ) Q.13 20

Q.14 -2 Q.15 (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) all are identical

 π   π   π 2π   π 
ε R R :  π / 4, π ) (ii) D: ∈  nπ.nπ +  − x x +  n ∈ I : R :  ,  −  
Q.16 (i) D:x∈
 2   2  3 3  2 

 π  π π
(iii) D:x ∈ R R : 0,  (iv) D:x ∈ R R :  − , 
 2  2 4
Q.17 53 Q.21 0 Q.22 10
11 π tan−1 x
Q.23 k= Q.24 27 Q.25 (i) ; (ii)
4 3 2

1 ± 17 1 −1 4 x
Q.26 Q.27 sin = RHS Q.28
2 2 5 2

Q.29 (i) -1/3 ≤ x ≤ 1 ; (ii) {1, − 1} ; (iii) 1 ≤ x < 4 ; (iv) [ −(1 + 2),( 2, − 1)] ; (v) x ∈ ( −1 / 2,1 / 2 ) , x ≠ 0 ; (vi) ( 3 / 2,2 ;
(vii) {7 / 3,25 / 9} ;(viii) (-2, 2)-{-1, 0,1}

Exercise 2

Single Correct Choice Type

Q.1 C Q.2 C Q.3 B Q.4 C Q.5 B Q.6 B

Q.7 B Q.8 C Q.9 C Q.10 A

Multiple Correct Choice Type

Q.11 A, B Q.12 A, B, C Q.13 B, C Q.14 A, B

 M a them a ti cs | 20.43

Match the Columns

Q.15 A → s; B → p; C → r; D → q

Previous Years’ Questions

1 2 6
Q.1 A → p; B → q; C → p; D → s Q.2 x = Q.3 − Q.5 3 Q.6 B, C, D
6 5

Solutions

JEE Main/Boards 3 4

= sin cos–1   =
5
  5
Exercise 1
1  1 
Sol 7: tan–1   + tan–1  
 π  1  π 7  13 
Sol 1: sin–1  sin  = sin–1   =
 4   2 4
 1 1 
 +  2
= tan  7 13  = tan–1  
−1
Sol 2: tan–1(tan (–6)) = tan–1tan(2π – 6) = 2π – 6 1 − 1  9
 
 13 × 7 

π 1
Sol 3: sin  − sin−1  1  1   1 
2 2 Sol 8: 4 tan–1   –tan–1   +tan–1  
5
   70   99 
1 π
sin−1 =  5   −1 1 1 
2 6 =2tan–1   – tan − tan−1 
 12   70 99 
π 3  1 1 
sin = −
3 2  
2×5 / 2 70 99 
=tan–1 – tan–1 
2+3 5
2 1 1
Sol 4: tan–12 + tan–13 = π + tan–1 xy> 1 1−  1+ ×
1−6 70 99
2
5 π 3π
= π + tan–1 =π– =
−5 4 4  120   29 
= tan–1   – tan 
–1

 119   6931 
  − 3  π 
Sol 5: cos cos−1  +
 2  6  120 
= tan–1 
 1 
 – tan 
–1
    
 119   239 
cos {p} = –1
 120 1 
 119 − 239 

Sol 6: = tan–1   ≈ tan (1)
–1
5 1 + 120 1 
4 ×
 119 239 
3
2 0 . 4 4 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions

5π2  2 7 
Sol 9: (tan–1x) 2 + (cot–1x) 2 = 2  + 
7
8 Sol 12: tan–1 + tan–1 = tan–1  11 24 
π 11 24  1 − 14 
tan–1x + cot–1x =  
2  264 
π2 π 5π2  48 + 77  1
(tan–1x) 2 + + (tan–1x) 2 – 2 (tan–1x) = = tan–1   = tan
–1

4 2 8  250  2
3π2
2(tan–1x) 2 – p(tan–1x) – =0
8  1 − cos x   x
Sol 13: f(x) = tan–1   = tan  tan 
–1

π ± π2 + 3π2 π ± 2π  sinx   2
tan–1x = = 1
4 4 f′(x) =
2
3π −π
tan–1x = or =  2 
4 4   cos x − sin x  
 1 − sinx  
–1 
2 2 
x = –1 Sol 14: tan–1   =tan  
 cos x   cos2 x − sin2 x 
 2 2 
Sol 10: tan–1(x + 1) + tan–1x + tan–1(x – 1)  
= tan–1(3)  x x  x
 cos − sin   1 − tan 
= tan 
–1 2 2  = tan 
–1 2 
 (x + 1) + x + (x − 1) − x(x2 − 1) 
tan–1   = tan–1(3)  cos x + sin x   1 + tan x 
2    
 1 − x(x + 1) − (x − 1) − x(x − 1)   2 2  2

3x − x3 + x  π x 
=3  tan − tan  π x
2 2
1− x − x − x +1− x + x 2
= tan 
–1 4 2  = tan–1 tan  − 
 1 + tan π . tan x   4 2
 
4x − x3  4 2
⇒ =3
2 − 3x2 π x
= −
⇒ 4x – x3 = 6 – 9x2 4 2

⇒ x3 – 9x2 – 4x + 6 = 0  1 π π 4π 2π
Sol 15: cos–1  −  = + = =
 2  2 6 6 3
⇒ (x + 1) (x2 – 10x + 6) = 0

⇒ x = –1, 5± 19
Sol 16: cot–1 ( 1 + x2 − x)
Put x = tan y
1  -1 2x 1-y 2 
Sol 11: tan sin +cos-1  = cot–1(sec y – tan y)
2  1+x2 1+y 2 
y y
 cos − sin
1 − sin y  2 2
1  -1 2x 2y  = cot–1   = cot
–1
=tan sin +sin-1 
2  1+x 2
1+y 2   cos y  y
cos + sin
y
2 2

1 2x  1  2y   π y π y π 1
tan  sin−1  + tan  sin−1   = cot–1 tan  −  = + = + tan–1x
2 1 + x2  2  1 + y2    4 2  4 2 4 2
  
=
1 2x   1 −1  2y  
1 − tan  sin−1  tan  sin   π 5π
2  1 + y2   Sol 17: cot–1(– 3 ) = π – =
2 1 + x2     6 6
 2x 
= sin–1   = 2 tan x
–1
Sol 18: 3 cos–1x = cos–1(4x3 – 3x)
 1 + x2 
put x = cos x
x+y
= L. H. S. = 3x
1 − xy
R. H. S. = cos–1(4cos3x – 3cosx)=cos–1cos3x = 3x
 M a them a ti cs | 20.45

 cos x − sinx   1 − tanx  (–1) does not satisfy,

Sol 19: tan–1   = tan–1  
 cos x + sinx   1 + tanx  1
so answer is x =
6
π  π
= tan–1tan  − x  = − x
4  4 1 1
Sol 24: 2tan–1   + tan–1  
2
  7
x −1 x +1 π
Sol 20: tan–1 + tan–1 = 1 1
x−2 x+2 4 +
1
= tan–1 2 2 + tan–1  
 x −1 x +1  1 7
 +  1−
–1  x − 2 x + 2  = π 4
tan
 x −1 
2 4
4 1
 1 − 2  +
 x −4  31
= tan–1 3 7 = tan–1
4 17
 −2 + x − 2 − x + 2x2  π 1−
⇒ tan–1  = 21
 −4 + 1  4
 
2x2 − 4 π xy x2 y2
⇒ tan–1 = Sol 25: − 1− 1− = cosθ
−3 4 ab a2 b2
2x2 − 4 1
⇒ = 1⇒2x2 = 1⇒x = ± xy − a2 − x2 b2 − y 2
−3 2 = cosθ
ab

 3x  x 3  1 – sin2θ =
 −  
 3a2 x − x3  a a 
–1  x2 y 2 + (a2 − x2 )(b2 − y 2 ) − 2xy a2 − x2 b2 − y 2
Sol 21: tan 
–1
 = tan 
 a2 − 3ax2  2
   x  a2b2
x 1 − 3 a  
= tan y     1 – sin2θ
a
 3tan y − tan3 y  x
⇒ tan–1   = tan–1tan3y = 3tan–1 2x2 y 2 − a2 y 2 − b2 x2 − 2xy(xy − abcos θ)
 1 − 3tan2 y  a = +1
  a2b2

12 4 63 a2 y 2 + b2 x2 − 2xyabcos θ
Sol 22: sin–1 + cos–1 + tan–1 ⇒ sin2θ =
13 5 16 a2b2
12 3 63
= tan–1 +tan–1 +tan–1 y2 x2 2xy
5 4 16 ⇒ sin2θ = + − cos θ
b 2
a2 ab
 12 3 
 +  63
= π + tan–1  5 4  + tan–1  1  1
 1 − 36  16 Sol 26: tan–1(1) + cos–1  −  + sin–1  − 
  2
 20     2
63 63 π 2π π π π 3π
= π + tan–1 + tan–1 =π = + − = + =
−16 16 4 3 6 4 2 4

π 9π 9 −1  1 
Sol 23: tan–12x + tan–13x = Sol 27: L. H. S. ⇒ − sin  
4 8 4 3
 2x + 3x  π
tan–1  =
2  4 9  −1 −1  1  
 1 − 6x  = sin (1) − sin   
4  3 
5x
= 1⇒6x2 – 1 + 5x = 0
1 − 6x2 9 π −1 1 
So L. H. S. =  − sin 
4 2 3
(6x – 1) (x + 1) = 0⇒x = 1/6, –1
2 0 . 4 6 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions

9 Sol 3: (A)
9 1 −1 2 2
= .cos−1 = .sin
4 3 4 3 2
 3 3 π
cot–1 (x − 1)(x − 2) + cos–1  x −  + =
 4  4 2
 1  1 10 − 1
Sol 28: cos−1   − cos−1   + cos−1
 3  6 3 2
    Domain for cot–1 (x − 1)(x − 2) is
 1 2 5 10 − 1
= cos−1  +  + cos−1 x∈ (–∞, 1] ∪ [2, ∞)
 3 6 
3 6 18

2
 3 3
1 + 10 10 − 1 while cos–1  x −  + is defined for x = [1,2]
= cos−1 + cos−1  2 4
18 18
At x = 1
π
 ( 10 − 1)( 10 + 1) (7 − 40 )(7 + 40 )  ⇒ cot–1(0) + cos–1(1) =
cos−1  − 2
 18 18 
 At x = 2
1 π
= cos–1   ⇒ cot–1(0) + cot–1(1) =
2
3
Hence two solutions.

Sol 29: sinx = cos–1cosx⇒0 ≤ sinx ≤ 1 1

Sol 4: (D) cos(tan–1x) = =x
1 + x2
1
= x2 ⇒ x4 + x2 – 1 = 0
1 + x2

x2 = t ⇒ t2 + t – 1 = 0
/2  2
2
 1 5
⇒t +  =
 2  4
x = 2nπ always satisfy
so infinite roots. 1 5
x2 = − ± = positive
2 2

5 −1
Exercise 2 x2 =
2
Single Correct Choice Type
Sol 5: (D) x2 – 4x + 5 = (x – 2)2 + 1

1 − x2 x = 2, to define sin–1(x2–4x+5)
Sol 1: (A) = tan cos x =–1
x π π
So 4 + 2a + +0=0⇒a= − –2
2 4
Sol 2: (C) (|sin–1x| + |sin–1y|2) = p2
⇒ (|sin–1x| + |sin–1y|) = π Sol 6: (C) f(x) = sin−1 sinx + cos−1 cos x
π sin x must not be negative to define f(x). So the domain is
⇒ |sin–1x| = = |sin–1y|
2
x∈ [2nπ, (2n + 1) p], n ∈ I
⇒ x = ±y = ±1
⇒ x2 + y2 = 2 π
Sol 7: (B) θ = sin–1x + cos–1x – tan–1x = – tan–1x
2
π π
x∈ [0, 1]⇒ ⇒θ≤
4 2
 M a them a ti cs | 20.47

Sol 8: (D) tan–1(2) + tan–1(3)  x 

2

Sol 12: (C) [tan(sin x) ] = 

–1 2
 >1
 3 + 2  3π  1 − x 
2
= π - tan–1  = = cosec–1(x)
 1 − 6  4 x2
⇒ >1
−π π 1 − x2
≤ cosec–1(x) ≤
2 2
−1 + 2x2
So none of these. ⇒ >0
1 − x2

Sol 9: (C) f(x) = cot–1 (x + 3)x + cos–1 x2 + 3x + 1 ( 2x − 1)( 2x + 1)

⇒ >0
(x − 1)(x + 1)
2
 3 5
= cot–1
x(x + 3) + cos –1
x +  −  2 2
 2 4 x∈ (–1, 1) –  − , 
 2 2 
x(x + 3) ≥ 0 ⇒ x ∈ (–∞, –3] ∪ [0, ∞)
2 Sol 13: (D) sin–1x = 2 sin–1a
 3 5
 x +  − ⇒0
 2  4 π π
⇒ − ≤ 2sin–1a ≤
2 2
 −3 5   −3 5 
⇒ x ∈  −∞ , − ∪ + ,∞ π π
 2 2   2 2  ⇒ − ≤ sin–1a ≤
 
4 4
2
 3 5 1 1
 x +  − ≤ 1 ⇒ x ∈ [–3, 0] ⇒ − ⇒ a≤
 2 4 2 2

So the answer x ∈ {0, –3} Sol 14: (C) (sin–1x + sin–1 w) (sin–1y + sin–1z) = pz for this
to satisfy
Sol 10: (A) α = sin–1 cos sin–1x
x=w=y=z=1
β = cos–1sin cos–1x
or x = w = y = z = –1
tanα = tan sin cos sin x
–1 –1

1 1 −1 −1
= 0 or =0
1 − x2 1 1 −1 −1
= tan sin–1 1 − x2 =
x
x independent of N1, N2, N3, N4
tanβ = tan cos–1sin cos–1x = tan cos–1 1 − x2 =
2
1−x
cotβ = tan α Sol 15: (C) θ = cot–17 + cot–18 + cot–118

1  −1  1 1 1
Sol 11: (A) x = 2cos–1   +sin–1   +tan 3
–1
= tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1
2
   2  7 8 18
2π π π 5π  1 1 
x= + + ; x=  +  1
3 4 3 4 = tan  7 8  + tan−1
−1

1 − 1 × 1  18
1  x  1 5π  
y = cos  sin−1  sin   = cos sin−1 sin  7 8
2  2  2 8
 3  1
⇒ θ = tan−1   + tan−1
1 5π  3π  11  18
= cos  π −  = cos
2 8 16
3 1
+
65 1
⇒ θ = tan−1 11 18 = tan−1 = tan−1
3 195 3
1−
11 × 8
⇒ cotθ = 3
2 0 . 4 8 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Sol 16 : (A) (A) f(x) = {x} (Periodic)  3

2
1 13
1 ⇒ tan−1  n +  +  = tan−1
(B) g(x) = x sin (not periodic)  2 4 1
x  
2
(C) h(x) = x cos x (not periodic)  1 49
n +  = ⇒n = 3
(D) sin(sin–1x) (not periodic)  2  4

 3x2 − 7x + 8  
1 1 Sol 20: (A) f(x) = cos−1  
+
−1 1 −1 7 7 = tan−1 7  1 + x2 

Sol 17: (A) 2 tan = 2 tan
7 1 24 1 + x2≥ 1
1−
1 49
4cot–13 = 4tan–1 3x2 – 7x + 8 = 3(x2 + 1) – 7x + 5
3
 7
2
49   7
2
23 

= 3 x −  + 8 −  = 3 x −  + 

3 6/4 24  6 36   6  36 
= 2tan–1 = tan–1 = tan–1    
4 9 7
1−
16 3x2 − 7x + 8 7x − 5
1 ⇒ =3–
3cot–14 = 3tan–1 x +1 x2 + 1
4
8 1 47 7x − 5
= tan–1 +tan–1 = tan–1 ⇒ –1 ≤ 3 – <2
15 4 52 x2 + 1
47 1 240 −(7x − 5)
4cot–14 = tan–1 + tan–1 = tan–1 ⇒ –4 ≤ < –1
52 4 173
(x2 + 1)
Checking all options one by one
(7x − 5)
⇒4≥ >1
x2 + 1
Sol 18: (B) sin–1 (2x 1 − x2 ) = 2 sin–1x
4x2 – 7x + 9 ≥ 0 & x2 – 7x + 6 < 0
Put x = sin y
always true & (x – 6) (x – 1) < 0⇒x ∈ (1, 6)
sin–1 sin2y = 2sin–1siny cos y
⇒ –1 ≤ sin2y ≤ 1 1
Sol 21: (B) ar = 2r–1 =
π π br
⇒ − ≤ 2y ≤
2 4 1 2
2ar + = 2r + 21–r = 22 +
1 1 br 2r
⇒ − ≤x≤
2 2 2r
tr = cot–1(2ar + br) = tan–1
 1 1  22r + 2
So it is true if x ∈  − , 
 2 2
2r −1 2r − 2r −1
= tan–1 = tan−1
k =n
1 + 22r −1 1 + 2r 22r −1
2k 6
Sol 19: (B) ∑ tan−1 2 + k 2 + k 4 = tan−1
7 = tan–1(2r) – tan–1(2r–1)
k =1
∞
π π π
L. H. S. = ∑ tan −1 2k ∑ tr = tan–1(2∞) – tan–1(21–1) = − =
2 4 4
r =1
1 + (k 4 + k 2 + 1)
Sol 22: (B) f(x) = sin–1(3x – 4x3)
k 2 + k + 1 − (k 2 − k + 1)
= ∑ tan −1

1 + (k 2 − k + 1)(k 2 + k + 1)
Let’s put x = sin y = sin–1sin3y
π π
∞ – ≤ 3y ≤ f(x) = 3sin–1x
= ∑ (tan−1 (k 2 + k + 1) − tan−1 (k 2 − k + 1) 2 2
k =1
3π π
−1 6 ≥ 3y ≥ f(x) = π – 3sin–1x
= tan (n + n + 1) – tan (1) = tan
–1 2 –1
2 2
7
 M a them a ti cs | 20.49

3π π 2x2 − 1
– ⇒3y≤ – f(x) = –π – 3sin–1x Sol 26: (B) RHS = cot–1
2 2
4x2 − 4x 4
It’s not differentiable 2 times.
4x2 − 4x 4
= cos−1 = cos–1 4x2 − 4x 4
4 2 2 4
 1 5 4x + 1 − 4x + 4x − 4x
Sol 23: (D) sec–1x = cos–1  −  + sin–1
 2  3 3 Put x = cos y
1 2 f(x) = cos–1| sin2y |
sec–1(x) = π – cos–1   +cos–1
2 3 3 π
RHS = – sin–1|sin 2y|
 2 1 2
5 3
= π + cos–1  +  Since |sin2y| ≥ 0, so RHS will always be greater than
3 3 2 3 3 2 
  zero.
5 3 + 2  Then x can be (0, 1)
sec–1x = π + cos–1  
 6 3 
 
Sol 27: (A) sin–1x = cos–1x + sin–1(3x – 2)
 15 + 6  18
x = sec  π + cos−1  = − x∈ [–1, 1]
 18   15 + 6
 (3x – 2) ∈ [–1, 1]
1 
−1 ⇒ x ∈  ,1
 x 1 a π 1 a  3 
Sol 24: (C) tan  + sin−1  + tan  − sin−1  
 4 2 b 4 2 b  ⇒ sin–1x – cos–1x = sin–1(3x – 2)
−1 π
 1 −1 a 1 −1 a  ⇒ 2sin–1x = + sin–1(3x – 2)
 1 + tan 2 sin b 1 − tan 2 sin b  2
=  + 
 1 − tan 1 sin−1 a 1 + tan 1 sin−1 a  Taking cosine of both sides
 2 b 2 b  ⇒ cos(2sin–1x) = –(3x – 2)
−1
  21 −1 a  
⇒ 1 – 2x2 = –3x + 2
 2  1 + tan sin 
2 b  ⇒ 2x2 – 3x + 1 = 0
=  
  21 −1 a 

  1 − tan sin    1
2 b  ⇒ (x – 1)  x −  = 0
   2
1 a 1
1 − tan2 sin−1 x = 1,
2 b 1 a 1 b2 − a2 2
= = cos sin–1 =
 1 a 2 b 2 b
2  1 + tan2 sin−1  1 − x2
 2 b Sol 28: (A) f(x) = sin−1
1 + x2
 1 1 π
Sol 25: (C) x = tan–1(1) – cos–1  −  + sin–1   g(x) = cot–1x – tan–1x = – 2tan–1x
 2 2 2
π 2π π π Put x = tan y in f(x)
= − + = −
4 3 6 4 f(x) = sin–1 |cos2y|
1
1 + coscos−1   π
– cos–1|cos2y|
1  1  8
y = cos  cos−1    = 2
2  8  2
f(x) = g(x) when x ∈ [0, 1]
9 3
= =
16 4 Sol 29: (D) tan[cos–1{sin(2tan–12) }]
3 = tan[cos–1{2sin(tan–12) cos(tan–12) }]
y=– tan x.
4
2 0 . 5 0 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions

  2 × 2 1  4 3 Previous Years’ Questions

= tan cos−1  ×   = tan cos–1 =
  5 5   5 4
 4  2 
Sol 1: (B) tan cos−1   + tan−1   
∞
sin−1 x − cos−1 x  5  3 
Sol 30: (A) ∑ πr
is finite
n=1  3  2 
= tan tan−1   + tan−1   
π
n
 4  3 
∞ − 2cos−1 x
2
= ∑ πr  −1  4  −1  3  
n=1  cos   = tan   
 5  4 
π π 3π
≥ − 2cos−1 x ≥ −   3 2 
2 2 2  +
    17   17
π = tan tan  4 3   = tan tan−1    =
−1

pr >  3 2
 1 − ·    6  6
2   
 4 3 
1
⇒r>
2
 2π  −1   π 
Sol 2: (C) sin−1 =
 sin  sin sin  π −  
Sol 31: (C) y = sin–1(sin x) , x ∈ [0, p]  3    3 

π  π π
0<x≤ y = x = sin−1  sin  =
2  3  3
π /2
< x ⇒ py = π – x
2 Sol 3: (C) Given function is tan–1 x(x + 1) + sin–1
A1 ≤ A2 ≤ A3 π
O /2 x2 + x + 1 =
A3 2
A1 = A2 =
2 Function is defined, if
2
1 π π π (i) x (x + 1) ≥ 0 ⇒ Domain of square root function.
A1 = × × =
2 2 2 8
(ii) x2 + x + 1≥ 0 ⇒ Domain of square root function.
π2
A3 =
4 (iii) x2 + x + 1 ≤ 1 ⇒ Domain of sin–1 function.
∞
4n From (ii) and (iii)
Sol 32: (A) ∑ tan−1 n4 − 2n2 + 2
n=1 0 ≤ x2 + x + 1 ≤ 1 ∩ x2 + x ≥ 0
∞
4n ⇒ 0 ≤ x2 + x + 1 ≤ 1 ∩ x2 + x + 1 ≥ 1
= ∑ tan−1 1 + (n2 − 1)(n2 − 1)
n=1 ⇒ x2 + x + 1 = 1
∞
(n + 1)2 − (n − 1)2 ⇒ x2 + x = 0
= ∑ tan−1 1 + (n − 1)2 (n + 1)2 ⇒ x(x + 1) = 0
n=1

∞ ⇒ x = 0, x = –1
= ∑ tan−1 (n + 1)2 − tan−1 (n − 1)2
n=1
π
π 3π Sol 4: (B) We know that, sin–1( α ) + cos–1( α ) =
= 2[tan–1(∞)] – tan–1(1) – tan–10= π – = 2
4 4
Therefore, α should be equal in both functions.
3π
tan (2) +tan (3) = π+tan (–1) =
–1 –1 –1
x 2 x3 x 4 x6
4 ∴ x− + − ... = x2 − + − ...
2 4 2 4
4tan–1(1) – π
 1  x x2
⇒ =
sec (1 –
–1
2 ) =cos  –1
 =–cos–1( 2 + 1) x x2
1 − 2  1+ 1+
2 2
 M a them a ti cs | 20.51

x
x x2 and cos θ = = cos (cot–1x)
⇒ =
2+x 2 + x2 1 + x2
2 Now
2
1
2x 2x2 1 + x2 [{x cos(cot −1 x) + sin(cot −1 x)}2 − 1]2
⇒ =
2+x 2 + x2 1

⇒ 2x(2 + x2) = 2x2(2 + x)  

2 2
 x x 1
= 1 + x2 +  − 1
⇒ 4x + 2x = 4x + 2x  2  
1 + x2
3 2 3
 1 + x  
⇒ x(4 + 2x2 – 4x – 2x2) = 0 1

⇒ Either x = 0 or 4 – 4x = 0  2 
2 2
= 1 + x2  1 + x  − 1
⇒ x = 0 or x = 1  2  
 1 + x  
∴
0 < |x| < 2 , 1

∴ x = 1 and x ≠ 0 = 1 + x2 [1 + x2 − 1]2 = x 1 + x2

Sol 5: (D) Given, sin [cot–1(1+x)] = cos(tan–1x)...(i) Sol 7: Given,

and we know,
a(a + b + c) b(a + b + c)
  =θ tan−1 + tan−1 +
1 bc ac
cot–1 θ = sin–1  ,
 2 
 1+θ 
c(a + b + c)
tan−1
 1  ab
and tan–1 θ = cos–1  
 2    x + y + z − xyz  
 1+θ  −1 −1 −1
tan−1 
 tan x + tan y + tan z = 
∴ From Eq. (i),   1 − xy − yz − zx  

    = tan−1
1 1
sin  sin−1  = cos  cos−1    a 
    b c  a+b+c
 1 + (1 + x)2   1 + x2   a+b+c + +  − (a + b + c) 
  bc ca ab  abc 
 
1 1  
⇒ =  1 1 1 
1 − (a + b + c)  + + 
1 + (1 + x)2 1 + x2  a b c 
 
⇒ 1 + x2 + 2x +1 = x2 + 1  a+b+c a+b+c 
 (a + b + c) − (a + b + c) 
1 = tan−1  abc abc 
⇒x=–  (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca) 
2 1−
 
 abc 
Sol 6: (C) We have, 0 < x < 1
⇒ θ = tan–1 0 ⇒ tan θ = 0
Let cot–1 x = θ
  1  
C  2. 
 −1  1  π  −1

5 − π
Sol 8 : tan 2 tan
=   −  tan tan  
  5  4    1  4
1 − 
1+x
2
  25  
1  −1  5  π 
= tan tan   − 
  12  4 

B X A   5  π
tan tan−1    − tan   5
12 4 −1
⇒ cot θ = x       7
= = 12 = −
1   5  π 5 17
⇒ sin θ = = sin (cot–1x) 1 + tan tan−1    tan 1 + ·1
  12   4 12
1 + x2
 2 0 . 5 2 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Sol 9: (A) Given, A = 2 tan–1 (2 2 –1) and  5 2

Sol 11: (A) Let cot  cosec−1 + tan−1 
 3 3 
1 3
B = 3sin–1   + sin–1  
3 5  3  2 
⇒ E cot  tan−1   + tan−1   
=
Here, A = 2tan–1 (2 2 –1)  4  3 

  3 2 
= 2tan–1(2 × 1.414 – 1) = 2tan–1(1.828)   + 
⇒ cot  tan  4 3  
E= −1
π 2π  1 − 3 ⋅ 2 
∴ A > 2 tan–1( 3 ) = 2. =   
3 3   4 3 
To find the value of B, we first say  17  6
⇒ E cot =
= tan−1 
1 1 π  6  17
sin–1 < sin–1· =
3 2 6
1 π 4 3
So that, 0< 3sin–1 < Sol 12: (A) cos(α=
+ β) ⇒ tan(α=
+ β)
3 2 5 4
1  1 1   23  5 5
Now, 3 sin–1 = sin–1  3· – 4 ·  = sin–1   sin(α=
− β) ⇒ tan(α=
− β)
3 3 27 13 12
   27 
3 5
 3 π +
4 12 56
= sin (0.851) < sin 
–1
 = –1
tan 2=
α tan(α + β + α − =
β) =
 2  3 3 5 33
  1−
4 12
3  3 π
sin–1   = sin–1(0.6) < sin–1  = a π
5  5  3 Sol 13: (B) r = cot
  2 n
π π 2π ‘a’ is side of polygon.
∴ B< + =
3 3 3
a π
2π 2π R= cosec
Thus, A> and B< 2 n
3 3
π
Hence, greater angle is A. cot
r n π
= = cos
R π n
cosec
Sol 10: (B) n
A
π 2
cos ≠ for any n ∈ N
n 3

1
Sol 14:=
(B)  cos
= 45o
o o 2
45 60
1
D 7 C x B m = cos 120o = −
2
BD = AB = 7 + x n cos θ
=
Also AB = x tan 60 = x 3 o
Where θ is the angle which line makes with positive
∴ x 3=
7+x z-axis.

7 1 ⇒ 1 + 1 + cos2 θ =1
Now  + m2 + n2 =
x= 2 4
3 −1 1 1
cos2 θ = ⇒ cos θ = ( θ being acute)
7 3 4 2
=AB ( 3 + 1) π
2 ⇒ θ= .
3
 M a them a ti cs | 20.53

−1 1 JEE Advanced/Boards
Sol 15: (A) <x<
3 3
x tan θ
= Exercise 1
−π π 1 + x   1 − x2 
<θ< Sol 1: α = 2 tan–1  ; β = sin–1
 
6 6   1 + x2 
1 − x   ,
tan−1 y = θ + tan−1 tan 2θ = θ + 2θ = 3θ Put x = tan y
3  π
3tan θ − tan θ α = 2tan–1tan  y + 
=y tan=
3θ
2
1 − 3 tan θ  4
π
3x − x3 β = sin–1cos2y = – cos–1cos2y
y= 2
1 − 3x2
π
If 0 < tan x < 1; 0 < y <
4
Sol 16: (B) 0 ≤ x < 2π
π π π π
0 < 2y < ⇒ <y+ <
cos x + cos2x + cos3x + cos 4x =
0 2 4 4 2
 π π
(cos x + cos 4x) + (cos2x + cos3x) =
0 α = 2  y +  = 2y +
 4  2
5x 3x 5x x π
2 cos cos + 2cos cos =0 β = – 2y
2 2 2 2 2
5x  x ⇒α+β=π
2 cos2cos x cos  = 0
2  2
If x > 1⇒tan y > 1
5x x
cos
= 0 or
= cos x 0= or cos 0 π π π
2 2 ⇒ > y > ⇒π> 2y >
2 4 2
(2n + 1)π π 3π π π
x= or x = (2n + 1) or x = (2n + 1)π ⇒ >y+ >
5 2 4 4 2
 π 3π 7π 9π π 3π 
=x  , , π, , , ,   π  −3π
5 5 5 5 2 2 α = 2  −π + + tan−1 x  = + 2 tan–1x
 4  2
Number of solution is 7 π 3π
β= – [2 + 2tan–1] = + – 2 tan–1x
2 2
π π
Sol 17: (A) At x= ⇒ y= ⇒α+β=0
6 3
 x x   1 + x2 − 1 − x2 
 cos + sin   π Sol 2: y = tan–1  
f(x) tan−1  2 2   x ∈  0,   1 + x2 + 1 − x2 
 cos x − sin x   2  
 
 2 2 
 1 + x2 − 1 − x2 
  π x 
−1
tan y =  
= tan  tan  +    1 + x2 + 1 − x2 
 4 2   

π x 1 1 − tan y 1 − x2
f(x) =+ f '(x) = ⇒ =
4 2 2 1 + tan y 1 + x2
Slope of normal = -2 1 + tan2 y − 2 tan y 1 − x2
⇒ =
π  π 1 + tan2 y + 2 tan y 1 + x2
Equation of normal y − =−2  x − 
3  6
2π 2 tan y
y=−2x + ⇒ x2
= = sin2y
3 1 + tan2 y
2 0 . 5 4 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions

2n−1 3 1
Sol 3: (i) nth term = tan–1 ⇒x= cos sin–12x – (2x)
2n−1
1+2 2 2
n n−1
2 −2 3 16x2
= tan–1 n 2x −1 ⇒ 2x = 1 − 4x2 ⇒ = 1 – 4x2
1 + 2 (2 ) 2 3
nth term = tan–1(2n) – tan–1(2n–1) 28x2 3 1 3
= 1⇒x = =
Sum of infinite series 3 28 2 7
π (ii) tan–1(x – 1) + tan–1(x) + tan–1(x+1) = tan–13x
= tan–1(∞) – tan–1(1) =
4
(x + 1) − x (x + 2) − (x + 1) ⇒ tan–1(x – 1) + tan–1(x+1) = tan–1(3x) – tan–1(x)
(ii) tan–1 + tan–1 +…. .
1 + x(x + 1) 1 + (x + 2)(x + 1) (x − 1) + (x + 1) 3x − x
⇒ =
2
=tan–1(x+1)–tan–1(x)+tan–1(x+2)–tan–1(x+1) +… 1 − (x − 1) 1 + 3x2

= tan–1(x + 2) – tan–1(x) + …. 2x 2x
⇒ = ⇒4x2 = 1 ; x = 0
2
= tan (x + n) – tan (x)
–1 –1 2−x 1 + 3x2

–1 2x − x
 x − 1  
(iii) tan–1   + tan  
 −1   x + 1  2x + x 
Sol 4: x ∈  −1, 
 2 
x − 1 2x − 1
+
f(x) = sin (3x – 4x ) + cos (4x – 3x) = tan–1 x + 1 2x + 1
–1 3 –1 3

(x − 1)(2x − 1)
f(x) = g(x) + h(x) 1−
(x + 1)(2x + 1)
g(x) = sin–1sin3y where y = sin–1x
2x2 − 1 − x + 2x2 − 1 + x
h(x) = cos–1cos3z where z = cos–1x = tan–1
6x
 −1 
x∈  −1,   4x2 − 2   2x2 − 1 
 2  = tan–1   = tan–1  
 6x   3x 
   
 π π  3π π 
y = sin–1x ∈  − , −  ⇒ 3y ∈  − , − 
 2 6   2 2 2x2 − 1 23
⇒ =
x 12
 2π 
z = cos–1x ∈  , π  ⇒ 3z ∈ [2π, 3p] ⇒ 24x2 – 12 = 23x
3 
⇒ 24x2 – 23x – 12 = 0
g(x) = –π – 3sin–1x
π  5π 23 ± 529 + 1152 4
= –π – 3  − cos−1 x  = − + 3 cos–1x x= ⇒x=
2  2 48 3
h(x) = –2π + 3 cos–1x  x2 − 1  2x 2π
9π (iv) cos–1   + tan–1 2 =
f(x) = 6 cos–1x –  x2 + 1  x −1 3
 
2
9 (x2 + 1)2 − (x2 − 1)2 2x
∴ a = 6, b = − LHS = tan−1 + tan−1
2 2
(x − 1) 2
x −1
π | 2x | 2x
Sol 5: (i) sin–1x + sin–12x = = tan−1 + tan−1
3 2 2
x −1 x −1
π
⇒ sin–1x = – sin–12x
3 2x
If x < 0 LHS = = 2 tan−1
2
π  x −1
⇒ x = sin  − sin−1 2x  2x
3  If x > 0= 2tan–1
2
x −1
 M a them a ti cs | 20.55

2x π β3 α3
= tan ⇒ 2x = 3 (x2 – 1) = +
x2 − 1 3 α β
1− 1−
4x = 3(x + 1 – 2x ) ⇒3x – 10x + 3 = 0
2 4 2 4 2 2
α +β 2
α2 + β2
1
⇒ (x2 – 3) (3x2 – 1) = 0 ⇒x = ± 3 , ±  β3 α3 
3 = α2 + β2  + 
1  α2 + β2 − α α 2
+ β2
− β 
x=± does not satisfy.  
3
By putting all value, we get = 56
y 3
Sol 6: tan x + cos –1 –1
= sin –1

1 + y2 10 2x 1 − x2
Sol 8: f(x) = sin–1 ; g(x) = cos–1
1 + x2 1 + x2
 1
x +  2x
1  y h(x) = tan–1
LHS = tan–1x + tan–1 = tan–1 = tan−1 (3) 1 − x2
y x
1− put x = tan y
y
1
x+ f(x) = sin–1sin2y; g(x) = cos–1cos2y
y 1 3x
= 3⇒ x + = 3 – h(x) = tan–1tan2y
x y y
1−
y (i) x∈ (–1, 1)
1 1 + 3x π π π π
(1 + 3x) = 3 – x⇒y = − ≤ y ≤ ⇒ − ≤ 2y ≤
y 3−x 4 4 2 2

At x = 1 ; y = 2 f(x) = 2y = 2tan–1x

At x = 2 ; y = 7 2 tan−1 x ; x ≥ 0
g(x) = 
−1
−2 tan x ; x ≤ 0
Sol 7: x2 – 4x + 1 = 0
h(x) = 2 tan–1x
(x – 2) 2 = 3
2 tan x
−1
;x≤0
α=2+ 3 ;β=2– 3 ; α + β = 4 ; aβ = 1 f(x) + g(x) + h(x) =  −1
6 tan x ;x≥0
(2 − 3) 1 3
2− 3
f(α, β) = cosec2  tan−1  π
2 2 2 + 3  x = tan =2– 3
 12

(2 + 3)3 1 2+ 3 (ii) f(2) + g(2) + h(2)

+ sec2  tan−1 
2  2 − 3 
2 4
f(2) = sin–1  
5
(2 − 3)3 1 (2 + 3)3 1
= +
2 [sin θ1 / 2]2 2 [cos θ2 / 2]2  −3 
g(2) = cos–1  
 5 

(2 − 3)3 (2 + 3)3  4   −3 
+ h(2) = tan–1   = cot–1  
 (2 − 3)  
−1 (2 + 3)
  −3   4 
1 − cos tan−1   1 − cos tan  
 (2 − 3)   (2 − 3)  f(2) = –g(2)

 −3 
f(2) + g(2) + h(2) = cot–1  
(2 − 3)3 (2 + 3)3  4 
= +
2+ 3 (2 − 3)
1− 1+
14 2 7 Sol 9: (i) (cot–1x) 2 – 5(cot–1x) + 6 > 0
(cot–1x – 3) (cot–1x – 2) > 0
2 0 . 5 6 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions

cot–1x∈ (–∞, 2) ∪ (3, ∞) π

since r, s, t are always positive so value will be π –
cot–1x∈ (0, 2) ∪ (3, π) 4
3π
x∈ (cot 2, ∞) ∪ (–∞, cot 3) = .
4
(ii) sin–1x > cos–1x π  x 
Sol 11: f(x) = + cos−1   − tan–1 x
π π 4  2 
− ≤ sin−1 x ≤  1+x 
2 2 /2
sgn(f(x) ) = 1 when f(x) > 0
0 ≤ cos x ⇒π –1
/4 1
1 for any x > 0
-1
 1  2 π 1
x∈  ,1  f(x) = + tan–1 – tan–1x
 2  4 x
3π
(iii) tan2(sin–1x) > 1 f(x) = – 2 tan–1x
4
π π
− ≤ sin−1 x ≤ 3π
2 2 – 2tan–1x > 0
4
x
tan(sin–1x) = 3π
0 < tan–1x <
1 − x2 4
x2
⇒ >1  3π / 4 
1 − x2 0 ≤ x < tan  
 2 
2x2 − 1
⇒ <0 ⇒0<x< 2 +1
x2 − 1
0≤x< 2+1
 −1   1 
x∈  −1, ∪ ,1  x = 0, 1, 2
 2  2 
  2x2 + 4  
Sol 10: x(x – 2) (3x – 7) = 2 are real and positive at x = −1
Sol 12: sin  sin    <π – 3
 2 
7   1 + x 
0, +2, it has (–2) value.
3
2x 4 + 4 2
At x = 4f(4) = 38 =2+
1+x 2
1 + x2
1 1 17
At x = f  = 2x2 + 4
2 2 8 4≥ >2
1 1 1 + x2
One root between 0 to , one between to 2, one
2 2  2x2 + 4 
7 −  + π<π – 3  4 3π/2
between to 4.  1 + x2 
3   π/2 2
tan–1(r) + tan–1(s) + tan–1(t) 2x2 + 4
>3
 r + s + t − rst  1 + x2
= tan  –1
  ….. (i)
 1 − (rs + st + tr) 
1 − x2
equation is >0
1 + x2
⇒ 3x2 – 13x2 + 14x – 2 =0
x∈ (–1, 1)
13
r+s+t=
3
Sol 13: f(x) = tan–1(cot x – 2 cot 2x)
−( −2) 2 5
rst = =
3 3 ∑ f(r) = a – bπ
r =1
+14 −π
rs + st + tr = = tan–1(–1) =  1 2(1 − tan2 x) 
3 4 f(x) = tan−1  −  = tan–1(tan x)
 tanx 2 tanx 
 M a them a ti cs | 20.57

23 5 2

1 4
-1.25 -1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

Sf(r) = 1 + (–π + 2) + (π + 3) + (π + 4) + (2π + 5) -2

= 15 – 5π -4

a = 15, b = 5, a + b = 20
x
(iii) y = sin(tan–1x) = identical
Sol 14: f(x) = (2a + b) cos–1x + (a + 2b) sin–1x 1 + x2
Domain–1 ≤ x ≤ 1
Then range should be –1 ≤ f(x) ≤ 1
f(x) = a[2cos–1x + sin–1x] + b[cos–1x + 2sin–1x] 1.0

π −1  π 
= a  + cos x  + b  + sin−1 x 
2  2  - -/2 /2  3/2
π
= (a + b) + (acos–1x + bsin–1x)
2 -1.0

π
= (a + b) + a(cos–1x + sin–1x) + (b – a) sin–1x
2 -2.0
π
= (2a + b) + (b – a) sin–1x (iv) y = cos(tan–1x)
2
π π π 
(3a) < f(x) < (a + 2b) = cos  − cot −1 x  = –sin(–cot–1x)
2 2 2 
π −2 4 = sin(cot–1x) identical
(3a) = –1 ⇒ a = ;b=
2 3π 3π
π(a – b) = –2

1 − x2 3.0
Sol 15: (i) y = tan(cos–1x) = except x = 0
x

1 − x2 2.0
y= identical
x
6
1.0
4

-2 -1.5 -1 -.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 -/2 -/2

-4

-6 Sol 16: (i) f(x) = cot–1(2x – x2)

2x – x2 = x(2 – x)
-8

-10
Domain x ∈ R
1
(ii) y = tan(cot–1x) = except x = 0 identical π 
x Range 2x – x2< 1 ⇒ x ∈  , π 
4 
2 0 . 5 8 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions

(ii) f(x) = sec–1(log3tan x + logtanx3)  8 

γ = tan−1  
Domain tan x > 0, tan x ≠ 1  15 
 36  4  8 
1 α + β + γ = sin−1   + cos−1   + tan−1  
log3 tan x + >2
log3 tanx  85  5  15 
 36  3  8 
1 = tan−1   + tan−1   + tan−1  
or log3 tan x + < –2  77  4  15 
log3 tanx
3 8
 π  π  +
 36 
x∈  nπ,nπ +  − π +  = tan−1   + tan−1 4 15
 2  4   77  24
1−
60
 π 2π   π 
Range ∈  , −   36   77  π
3 3  2  = tan–1   + tan–1   =
 77   36  2
2x2 + 1 (i) Scot α = cot α + cotβ + cot γ
(iii) f(x) = cos–1
x2 + 1
π
sinceα + β + γ =
2
2x2 + 1
Domain ≤1 1 = tan α. tanβ + tan btanγ + tan gtanα
x2 + 1
cotα cotβ cotγ = cotα + cotβ + cotγ
2x2 + 1 ≤ x4 + 2x2 + 1
Hence prove.
x 4≥ 0
(ii) Since α + β + γ = π/2
Always true x∈ R
Hence, Σ(tan atanβ) = 1
(iv) f(x) = tan–1(log4/5(5x2 – 8x + 4) )
5x2 – 8x + 4 > 0  33π  46π
Sol 19: sin−1  sin −1
 + cos cos
 8 
2
4 64  7  7
x −  + − >0
 10  5 100  13π   −19π 
+ tan−1  − tan −1
 + cot cot  
 8 
2
16  7   8 
x −  + >0
 10  100 33π 46π
LHS = – 5π + 7π –
7 7
Domain x ∈ R
 13π   19π 
 −π π  –  − 2π  + π +  − 2π 
Range x ∈  ,  8 8
   
 2 4
−13π 13π 13π
Sol 17: y = sin–1sin8 – tan–1tan 1 = + 2π + π – =
7 4 4
+ cos–1cos12 – sec–1sec9 + cot–1cot6 – cosec–1cosec7
5π 5  −7  −1  36 
8~ + h ; 12 ~ 4π – h ; 6 ~ 2π – h Sol 20: (i) cos−1 + cos−1   + sin  
2 13  25   325 
π 5π
1~ – h ; 9 ~ 3π – h ; 7 ~ –h  12  24  36 
2 2 = tan−1   − tan−1 + sin−1  
 5 7  325 
y = (3π – 8) – 1 + 4π – 12 – (9 – 2π)
+ (6 – π) – (7 – 2π) = –31 + 10π  12 24 
 − 
−1  5 7  36
= tan + sin–1
−1  36  −1 4 12 24 325
Sol 18: α = sin   β = cos 1+ ×
85
  5 5 7
 M a them a ti cs | 20.59

−1  −36  −1  36  (2k + 1)(4k + 1)

= tan   + tan  = π ⇒ 1 + 2k + 1 + 4k + 1 =
 323   323  4
⇒ 24k + 12 = 8k2 + 1 + 6k
2 6 +1 ⇒ 8k2 – 18k – 11 = 0
(ii) LHS = cos–1 – cos–1
3 2 3 11
⇒k=
 2  6 +1 4
1 7 + 2 6 
= cos−1   + 1−
 3  2 3  3 12 
  Sol 24 :

 6 + 1  5 − 2 6  c
= cos–1  +
 3 2  3 2 2 
 
b a
 12 + 2 + 5 − 2 6 
= cos–1  
A B
 6  C
 
 12 + 3  1
3 π Area (∆ABC) = × c × (b sinA)
= cos–1   = cos–1 = 2
 6  2 6
 
∠A = ∠B =

Sol 21: 1  −1  2 3 1  −1    1 
sin  −    + sin−1  
2  3 2 3  2    3  
 ab + 1  −1  bc + 1  −1  ca + 1   
cot −1   + cot   + cot  
 a−b   b−c   c−a  1  −1  2π 1  
−1  1 
= sin sin  − sin−1  + sin  
 a−b  −1  b − c  −1  c − a  2   3 3  3  
= tan−1   + tan   + tan  
 1 + ab   1 + bc   1 + ca 
π π
∠A = ∠B = , ∠C =
= tan–1(a) – tan–1(b) + tan–1(b) 3 3
– tan–1(c) + tan–1(c) – tan–1(a) = 0 C C
Area ∆ABC = × sinBsinA
2 sinC

Sol 22: x2 + 5x – 49 = 0 ⇒α, β C2 sin2 A C2 sin2 A C2

= × = × = tanA
cot(cot–1α + cot–1β) 2 sinC 2 sin(180º −2A) 4

(cot cot −1 α )(cot cot −1 β) − 1 (6)2 (3)1/2

= = 3 = 27
(cot cot −1 α ) + (cot cot −1 β) 4

αβ − 1 −1 − 49 x 1  1 
= = = 10 Sol 25: (i) f(x) = cos–1x+cos–1 + 3 − 3x2 , x∈ , 1 
α+β −5 2 2  2 
1 3 
Sol 23: q1 + q2 + q3 = π f(x) = cos–1x + cos–1  (x) + (1 − x2 ) 
1 1  1   2 2 
tan–1   + tan–1  + k  + tan–1  + 2k  = π
2 2  2  1
= cos–1x + cos−1 x − cos−1
2
⇒ Use the formula
1  1
 x+y+z  x∈  , 1  cos–1x < cos–1
tan−1 x + tan−1 y + tanz =
tan−1   2  2
 1 − xy − yz − zx 
1 1 π
= cos–1x + cos–1 – cos–1x = cos–1 =
1 1  1  11 1
1  1 1  2 2 6
+  + k  +  + 2k  =   ++k k ++  ++2k2k 
2 2  2  22 22    22 
2 0 . 6 0 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions

 1 + x2 − 1  2x
(ii) f(x) = tan–1   Sol 29 : (i) f(x) = cos–1
 x  1+x
 
2x
Put x = tan y We know that –1 ≤ ≤1
y 1+x
2sin2
1 − cos y 2 2x 2x
f(x) = tan –1
= tan−1 + 1 ≥ 0 and –1≤0
sin y y y 1+x 1+x
2sin cos
2 2
3x + 1 x −1
y 1 ≥ 0 and ≤0
= tan = tan−1 x x +1 x +1
2 2
 −1 
x∈ (–∞,–1) ∪  , ∞  and x∈ (–1, 1]
Sol 26 : f(x) = cot–1(x2 + 4x + a2 – α)  3 
⇒ f(x) is onto function so  −1 
So x∈  ,1
⇒ x2 + 4x + a2 – a ≥ 0 3 

⇒ (x + 2) 2 + a2 – α – 4 ≥ 0 1 + x2
(ii) f(x) = cos(sinx) + sin–1
2x
⇒ (a2 – α – 4) should be zero
cos(1) ≤ cos(sinx) ≤ 1
⇒ a2 – α – 4 = 0
1 + x2 11 
1 ± 17 and =  + x ≥ 1
⇒α= 2x 2 x 
2
for x > 0
1 2
Sol 27 : LHS = tan–1 + tan–1
4 9 11 
or =  + x  ≤ 1 for x < 0
 1 2 2 x 
 +  1 y
= tan–1  4 9  = tan–1   = tan–1    x −3
1 − 2  2
  2 (iii) f(x) = sin–1   – log10(4 – x)

 36 
  2 
1 1 then x = 1, –1.
+
1 −1 1  1 −1 2 2 x −3
=  2 tan  = tan –1 ≤ ≤ 1 ⇒ 1 ≤ x ≤ 5; 4 – x > 0
2 2 2 1 2
1−
4
⇒ x< 4 so x ∈ [1, 4]
1 4 1 3
= tan−1 = cos−1
2 3 2 5 (iv) f(x) = sin–1[x(x + 2)]
1 −1 4 We can write here that –1 ≤ x2 + 2x ≤ 1
= sin = RHS
2 5 x∈ [–(1 + 2 ) , ( 2 – 1) ]

Sol 28 : LHS = 1 − sinx

(v) f(x) = + cos–1[1 – {x}]
log5 (1 − 4x2 )
x x x x x x x x
sin2 + cos2 + 2sin cos + sin2 + cos2 − 2sin cos
cot –1
−1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 – sin x ≥ 0 ⇒ sin x ≤ 1
cot
x x x x x x x x
sin2 + cos2 + 2sin cos − sin2 + cos2 − 2sin cos and 1 – 4x2≠ 1. Also x≠ 0 and1 – 4x2> 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

x x x x  1  1  1 1
sin + cos + cos − sin ⇒  x −   x +  < 0 ⇒ x∈  − , 
−1 2 2 2 2  2  2  2 2
= cot
x x x x
sin + cos − cos + sin  1 1
2 2 2 2 So domain x ∈  − ,  – {0}
 2 2
x x
= cot–1cot =
2 2  3 − 2x 
(vi) f(x) = 3 − x + cos–1  
 5 
 M a them a ti cs | 20.61

+ log6(2|x| – 3) + sin–1(log2x) Sol 2: (C) We have

1 S1 = ∑ x1 = sin 2β
⇒ –1 ≤ log2x ≤ 1 ⇒ ≤x≤2
2 S2 = ∑ x1x2 = cos 2β
3
and 2 | x | – 3 > 0 ⇒ | x | > S3 = ∑ x1x2x3 = cos β
2
S4 = x1x2x3x4 = ‒ sin β
 −3   3  3 − 2x
So now x∈  −∞ ,  ∪  , ∞  and –1≤ ≤1 4 S1 − S3
2 2 5
    So that ∑ tan-1 xi = tan‒1
1 − S2 + S 4
i=1
⇒ –8 ≤ – 2x ≤ 2 ⇒ 4 ≥ x ≥ 1
sin2β − cos β cos β (2sin β − 1)
Now we have x∈ [1, 4] and 3 – x ≥ 0 = tan−1 = tan−1
1 − cos2β − sin β sin β (2 sin β − 1)
⇒ x≤ 3
3  1  π 
So domain will be x ∈  , 2 = tan−= (cot β) tan−1  tan  − β  
2     2 
 3 
(vii) f(x) = log10(1 – log7(x2 – 5x + 13) + cos–1   π
 2 + sin 9π x  ⇒ −β
  2
 2 
3
We can write here –1 ≤ ≤ +1 Sol 3: (B) f(x) = cot–1 log4/5(5x2 – 8x + 4)
9π
2 + sin x
2 4
9π 5x2 – 8x + 4 ≥
⇒ sin x = +1 5
2
log4/5(5x2 – 8x + 4) ≤ 1
9π π 4n + 1
⇒ x = 2nπ + ⇒x= π 
2 2 9 f(x) ∈  , π 
2 2 4 
 5 25  5  27
⇒ x – 5x + 13 =  x −  + 13 –
2
= x −  + <7
 2 4  2 4
Sol 4: (C) (1 + x) cosy – x2 = 0
This gives x∈ (2, 3)
x2
21 25 y = cos –1

So the domain would be x = , 1+x

9 9
x2
x
sin−1   ⇒ –1 ≤ ≤1
(viii) f(x) = e  2  + tan–1  x − 1  + ln x − [x] 1+x
 
2  x2 x2 + x + 1
≤ ‒1 ⇒ ≤0
Now x – [x] ≠ 0⇒x ∉ I 1+x 1+x
x x2 − x − 1
and –1≤ ≤ 1 ⇒ –2 ≤ x ≤ 2
2 ≤0
1+x
So the Domain will be (–2, 2) – {–1, 0, 1}
2
 1 5
x −  −
 2 4
≤0
Exercise 2 x +1

Single Correct Choice Type 1 − 5 1 + 5 

x∈  , 
 2 2 
Sol 1: (C) x2 – 4x + 5 > sin–1(sin 3) + 2cos–1(cos2) – π
(x – 2) 2 + 1 >π – 3 + 4 – π Sol 5: (B) 4(tan–1x) 2 – (tan–1x) – 3 ≤ 0
(x – 2) 2 + 1 ≥ 1 1  1 1 3
(tan–1x) 2 – 2  tan−1 x  + – – ⇒0
Always true except {2} 8  64 64 4
2 0 . 6 2 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions

 −1 1 49
2 π −1  1 − x2
cos  + sin 1 − x2  = cos cot–1
tan x −  − ≤0  2  x
 8 64
 3 1 − x2
(tan–1x – 1)  tan−1 x +  ≤ 0 –sin sin–1 1 − x2 = cos cot–1
 4 x
3 1 − x2
− ≤ tan–1x ≤ 1 – 1 − x2 = coscot–1
4 x
3 π If x > 0 then it won’t satisfy except 1.
– tan–1   ≤ x ≤
4 4
If x < 0 then it will satisfy.

Sol 6: (B) sec–1[–sin2x] is defined only if x∈ [–1, 0) ∪ {1}

[–sin2x] = 1, –1
Sol 9: (C) f(x) = cosec−1 log3− 4 sec x 2
[–sin x] = –1 when x ∉ n π
2
1 −2 sec x

sec–1(–1) = π 3 − 4 sec x
2≥ >1
1 − 2sec x
So area bounded
 π π
⇒x∈  2nπ − ,2nπ +  – {2np}
 2 2 

 π
Range ∈  0, 
 2
- 
Sol 10: (A) [sin–1x] = [cos–1x]
π
π  x3  π π
2 − ≤ sin−1 x ≤
= ∫ ( π − x )dx = 

πx − 
3  2 2
− π  − π
π π
1~ ; ~1. 6
π π π π 4 3 2
= π π– + π π – = π π
3 3 3 [sin–1x] = –2, –1, 0, 1
0 ≤ cos–1x ⇒ π ⇒ [cos–1x] = 0,1,2
Sol 7: (B) We have from the given equation
so[sin–1x] = [cos–1x] = 0 or 1
(a + b) x π (c + d) x x∈ [cos 1, sin 1]
tan −1 = − tan−1
x − ab 2
2
x2 − cd

(a + b) x (c + d) x Multiple Correct Choice Type

⇒ tan −1 cot −1
=
2
x − ab x2 − cd  2e + 4 
Sol 11: (A, B) (A) cos−1  ln 
 3 
x2 − cd
= tan−1
(c + d) x 2e + 4  2e + 4 
~ 3 > e ⇒ ln  > 1
3  3 
⇒ (x2 − ab) (x2 − cd) =(a + b) (c + d) x2
meaning less because
⇒ x 4 − x2 ∑ ab + abcd =
0  2e + 4 
cos−1  ln  is not defined.
 3 
 1 − x2 
Sol 8: (C) sin–1 1 − x2 + cos–1x = cot–1   – sin–1x π π
(B) In cosec–1   , < 1
 x 
  4 4
2 π 1 − x2 π
sin–1 1 − x + = cot–1 cosec–1   not defined
2 x 4
x∈ [–1, 1] – {0}
 M a them a ti cs | 20.63

π L. H. S.
(C) cot–1   defined
2 π π π
= –cos–1x+ –cos–1y+ –cos–1z
(D) sec–1(π) defined 2 2 2
3π π
= – (cos–1x + cos–1y + cos–1z) =
2 2
−1 4 4
Sol 12: (A, B, C) Let cos   = α, that is, cos α = ,
5
  5 Match the Columns
2
5 3  Sol 15: A → s; B → p; C → r; D → q
so that tan
= α  =−1 ( 0 < α < π and
cos α > 0) 4 4
 x 
(A) f(x) = sin−1  
2  1+ | x | 
tan α +
 4 2 3
And tan  cos−1 + tan−1  =  π π
 5 3 2 Range f(x) ∈  − , 
1− tan α ⋅
3  2 2
3 2
+ x
17 a (B) g(x) = cos–1.
= 4 3= = (given) 1+ | x |
2 3 6 b
1− ⋅
3 4 x x
if x ≥ 0 ⇒ 0 ≤ <1
1+ | x | 1+x
So, a = 17, b = 6, a +b = 23, a - b = 11 and 3b = a + 1
x
x≤ 0 ⇒ 0 ≥ > –1
Sol 13: (B, C) (A) y = 2
1−x 2 1−x

⇒y +x =1
4 2 the Range f(x) ∈ (0, x)
Not circle x
(C) h(x) = tan–1
(B) y = sin(cos (1 – x) )
–1 1+ | x |

y= 1 − (1 − x)2  π π
Range f(x) ∈  − , 
 4 4
Half circle for y > 0
 x 
(C) y2 = (sin cos–1x) 2 (D) k(x) = cot–1  
 1+ | x | 
y2 = (1 – x2) ⇒ y2 + x2 = 1
 π 3π 
Which is a circle Range f(x) ∈  , 
4 4 
(D) y = sin–1cos2y
Not a circle
Previous Years’ Questions
Sol 14: (A, B) cos x + cos y + cos z = π
–1 –1 –1

Sol 1: A → p; B → q; C → p; D → s
cos–1(xy – 1 − x2 1 − y 2 ) = π – cos–1z
(A) If a = 1, b = 0, then sin–1x + cos–1y = 0
Taking cosine of both sides ⇒ sin–1x = –cos–1y

xy – 1 − x2 1 − y 2 = –z ⇒ x2 + y2 = 1

(B) If a = 1 and b = 1, then

(xy + z) 2 = (1 – x2) (1 – y2)
π
x2y2 + z2 + 2xyz= 1 – x2 – y2 + x2y2 sin–1x + cos–1y + cos–1xy =
2
x2 + y2 + z2 = 1 – 2xyz ⇒ cos–1x – cos–1y = cos–1xy
π
(B) sin–1x + sin–1y + sin–1z = ⇒ xy + 1 − x2 1 − y2 =
xy
2
2 0 . 6 4 | Inverse Trigonometric Functions

⇒ (x2 – 1)(y2 – 1) = 0 Sol 3: Let f(x) cos(2cos–1x + sin–1x)

(C) If a = 1, b = 2, then  π  π
= cos  cos−1 x +   cos−1 x + sin−1 x =
π  2  2
sin–1x + cos–1y + cos–1(2xy) =
2 = –sin(cos–1x)
⇒ cos x – cos y = cos (2xy)
–1 –1 –1

⇒ f(x) = –sin  sin−1 1 − x2 

 
⇒ xy + 1 − x2 1 − y2 =
2xy
1  1 
⇒ x2 + y2 = 1 ⇒ f   = –sin  sin−1 1 − 
5  52 

(D) If a = 2, b = 2, then
 2 6 2 6
π = –sin  sin−1 = −
sin (2x) + cos (y) + cos (2xy) =
–1 –1 –1
 
5  5
2 
⇒ cos–1(2x) – cos–1(y) = cos–1(2xy)
Sol 4: LHS = cos tan–1[sin(cot–1x)]
2 2
⇒ 2xy + 1 − 4x 1−y =
2xy
  1 
⇒ (4x2 – 1) (y2 – 1) = 0 = cos tan–1 sin  sin−1 
  
1 + x2  
π   x2 + 1
Sol 2: Given than, tan–1 2x + tan–1 3x = −1 1
4 = cos  tan = = RHS
  x2 + 2
 2x + 3x  π  1 + x2 
⇒ tan−1  =
 1 − 6x2  4 a c 2
Sol 5: sin 2C + sin 2A = (a cos C + c cos A)
5x c a 2R
⇒ = 1 ⇒ 6x2 + 5x – 1 = 0 b
1 − 6x2 = = 2sin B= 2 sin 60o= 3
1 R
⇒ (x + 1) (6x – 1) = 0 ⇒ x = –1 or
6
π 3π 3π 5π
But x = –1 does not satisfy the given equation. Sol 6: (B, C, D) < α < π, π < β < ⇒ < α+β <
2 2 2 2
1
∴ We take x= ⇒ sin β > 0; cos α < 0
6
⇒ cos(α + β) > 0