Cambridge Notes R&W November 2020 Online Edition 2

CONTENTS
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1-READING SECTION
. Test A …………………………………. 5
. Test B …………………………………. 19
. Test C …………………………………. 33
. Test D …………………………………. 47
. Practice Test 1 …………..……………. 61

. Practice Test 2 …………..……………. 75
. Practice Test 3 …………..……………. 89
. Practice Test 4 …………..……………. 103
. Past Paper Exams
. June 2019 Variant 1 ………………….. 119

. June 2019 Variant 2 ………………….. 133
. June 2019 Variant 3 ………………….. 147
. Nov. 2019 Variant 1 ………………….. 161
. Nov. 2019 Variant 2 ………………….. 175
. Nov. 2019 Variant 3 ………………….. 189
. Themes 1 and 2
. Theme 1………………………………... 203

. Theme 2………………………………... 243
. QUIZZES 1 TO 15
. Quiz 1 ……………………………..…... 277

. Quiz 2 …………………………………. 287
. Quiz 3 …………………………………. 297
. Quiz 4 …………………………………. 307
. Quiz 5 …………………………………. 317
. Quiz 6 …………………………………. 327
. Quiz 7 …………………………………. 337
. Quiz 8 …………………………………. 347
. Quiz 9 …………………………………. 357
. Quiz 10 ……………………………..…. 367
. Quiz 11……...…………………………. 377
. Quiz 12 ……..…………………………. 387
. Quiz 13 ………..………………………. 397
. Quiz 14 …………..……………………. 407
. Quiz 15 …………..……………………. 417
2-WRITING SECTION
. Summary Questions ……………………….... 428
. Article and report questions ……………….. 457
. Informal writing questions …………….…… 468

1
READING SECTION
The Secret To Success Online Edition Mohamed AbdelSalam
5FTU"
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PAST PAPER EXAMS JUNE

AND NOVEMBER 2019 THE 3
VARIANTS
117
Cambridge Assessment International Education

Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
* 3 1 3 1 8 7 7 4 2 5 *
ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE 0510/21

Paper 2 Reading and Writing (Extended) May/June 2019
2 hours
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
No Additional Materials are required.
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
Answer all questions.

Dictionaries are not allowed.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
This document consists of 13 printed pages and 3 blank pages.
DC (NH/TP) 165068/5
© UCLES 2019 [Turn over
119
The Secret To Success Online2Edition Mohamed AbdelSalam
Exercise 1
Read the article about a chef who works in Antarctica, and then answer the following questions.
Cooking on ice
Jennifer Doyle is a chef in one of the world’s remotest places. She works at the Casey Research
Station in Antarctica, where she’s in charge of feeding the scientists who work there. ‘It’s such a
fascinating environment. Lots of my colleagues comment on the night skies, which are full of light.
But for me it’s the colours of the landscape that stand out. People think everything is white but
actually there’s an amazing range.’
Three years ago, Jennifer worked as Head Chef for a multinational company, preparing business
lunches and party food. ‘The job was good but I was bored. I’d been looking at job adverts in catering
magazines but hadn’t seen anything interesting.’ Then, a colleague told her about an advert for
chefs to work in Antarctica, so she applied. Her application was successful, on the condition that she
could pass a medical test. ‘I didn’t have any doubts about accepting. I wanted to go straightaway!’
During Antarctic winters, which last from February to December, the research station is completely
cut off from the outside world by ice. A ship arrives at the end of January with supplies for the winter.
Once it leaves, the sea freezes and the staff are on their own until December. ‘I can’t pop out to the
supermarket – the nearest is 2000 miles away in Chile! But that’s not as big a problem as working
out how much food to order. That’s the biggest challenge for me.’
Jennifer believes that being a chef in Antarctica is not just about cooking food. ‘Food is very powerful
and can have a big effect on people’s mood. Preparing meals that make them feel better is one of
the most rewarding aspects of my job.’ And while other chefs might feel limited by a narrow range of
ingredients, Jennifer doesn’t. ‘This job gives me a fantastic opportunity to be creative, as I have to
come up with ideas for meals using only the ingredients I have.’ The fruit and vegetables only last a
few months, and when they run out people start to dream about fresh food like oranges, according
to Jennifer. ‘One year, people started keeping apples to trade with each other and these became
quite a valuable currency.’
Winter temperatures reach minus 50 degrees Celsius, and when the wind blows it can feel even
colder. Jennifer remembers when she first arrived. ‘I stepped outside but hadn’t put on my protective
glasses. Within minutes, my eyes started to freeze so I had to get back inside quickly! I’d been so
busy planning a menu, I just didn’t remember to put them on – I won’t make that mistake again!’ For
Jennifer, however, the cold is all part of the attraction of being in Antarctica. She accepts that some
people find such low temperatures difficult but says there are things they can do to help. ‘If you go to
bed cold, you tend to stay cold, so try to do some exercise before getting into bed. This might sound
strange but it can really make a difference.’ Another of her useful tips is to put your clothes in the bed
the night before so they’re not so cold when you put them on the next morning.
So would she go back to a normal job? ‘Not at the moment, although sometimes I dream about
relaxing in a hot bath. We’re only allowed a two-minute daily shower, as every drop of water has to
be dug from the ice and melted. Overall though, it’s great. There isn’t much to spend my salary on,
so I’m saving lots of money for the future!’
120
1 How did Jennifer first find out about the job?
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2 What did Jennifer have to do in order to accept the job offer?
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3 When is food delivered to the research station?
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4 What does Jennifer find most difficult about her job?
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5 Which food did staff use to exchange for other things?
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6 Why did Jennifer forget to wear glasses one day?
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7 What advice does Jennifer give for keeping warm inside the research station? Give two details.
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8 What does Jennifer miss?
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9 What does Jennifer like about living and working in Antarctica? Give four details.
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[Total: 13]
121
Exercise 2
Read the reviews of four websites (A – D) that teach people to play the guitar.
Then answer Question 10 (a) – (j).
Best websites for learning how to play the guitar
Reviewed by Guitar Magazine’s Dave Garner
A guitarhome.com
Many of the good things about other websites for learning how to play the guitar are also true of
guitarhome.com – after all, competition is strong, so they generally have similar features. One thing
that stands out about this one is the site’s Hub Learning technique, which takes you through the basics
to an intermediate level in an effective way. If you’re just starting out, you’ll be playing simple solos in
no time, but if you can already do this, other sites might be more useful. The ability to download video
content to your computer is useful, and the lessons themselves are great, but they don’t try to include
too much at once. Another thing that’s good is the free trial. Go to the website, fill in your email address,
and start learning! One word of warning – you’ll be sent lots of emails advertising the lessons, but this is
understandable since the more people who choose to sign up and pay a monthly fee, the more they can
keep delivering a high-quality service.
B guitarband.com
What’s great about guitarband.com is that you learn from the best. For a monthly fee, you can access
video lessons, although unfortunately these can’t be downloaded, which would be more helpful for users.
However, you can also pay more to sign up with a specific teacher – a real bonus for those who learn
best from individual private instruction. Choose the type of guitar you want to play (acoustic, electric etc.)
and style you want to learn (rock, blues, jazz etc.). You then record videos of you playing and send them
to your teacher, and they give advice by video message for you to listen to as often as you like. The
teachers are some of the world’s top guitarists – I chose the ‘Rock Guitar’ course from Paul Henson, from
River. As well as being an amazing guitarist, he was a great tutor, which I wasn’t expecting – celebrities
sometimes promote services just for money, after all.
C jerrysguitars.com
This website has fans from all over the world. There’s a long list of song options to choose from, and you’re
sure to find your favourite. The free lessons teach everything from the basic notes to impressive solos,
and the enthusiasm shown by tutor Jerry makes learning a pleasure. So just select the song you want to
learn, and watch the lesson. The site is well-organised so it’s easy to find what you want. For example, if
you want to focus on advanced technique, there’s a section for that, and there are also lessons for those
with some previous experience. Although perhaps there’s less information in the beginner lessons than
you would get from sites you pay for, it’s still worth a look.
D easyguitar.com
This is one of the biggest guitar lesson websites around, and has all the top-quality features you’d expect.
There are over 5000 lessons, so whatever your taste in music, you’ll find it here. Members are really
happy with the service – any negative comments are generally to complain that lessons aren’t free. But
considering what you get, $6.99 a month seems reasonable. Learning with easyguitar.com is fun, and
you’ll see big improvements no matter how experienced you are. A highlight of this site is that you can
video-chat online with instructors from the comfort of your home. There are also lessons recorded by
some famous guitarists, which show the techniques used in some of music’s most well-known songs,
although these will probably be of more practical use for advanced players. The organisation of the
beginner’s section is a bit complicated, with many choices to make and different teachers. But once
you’ve found your way around the site, you’ll love discovering new and unexpected styles from all over
the world.
122
10 For each question write the correct letter A, B, C or D on the line.
Which review …
(a) describes a service which allows learners to speak directly with teachers? .......... [1]
(b) compares the amount of content in lessons with websites which are not free? .......... [1]
(c) suggests that the site may not be suitable for more experienced players? .......... [1]
(d) suggests that the number of options on the website for new players may be confusing?
.......... [1]
(e) mentions a feature that they feel could improve the site? .......... [1]
(f) remarks on the positive effect of the teacher’s personality? .......... [1]
(g) comments that the lessons contain an appropriate amount of information? .......... [1]
(h) mentions that guitar players of all levels will make progress? .......... [1]
(i) admits that they were surprised by the quality of the teaching on the site? .......... [1]
(j) comments that it is acceptable for the site to encourage membership? .......... [1]
[Total: 10]
123
Exercise 3
Read the article about the discovery of a new type of fish, and then complete the notes.
The discovery of an important little fish

When Dr. Brooke Flammang first watched a video of a new fish that
had recently been discovered in Thailand, she couldn’t believe what
she was seeing. The fish was walking. But it wasn’t the walking that
amazed her: Dr. Flammang is a scientist who studies the way fish
move, so she’s used to seeing fish that appear to ‘walk’ over rocks
or through fast, flowing water. It was how the fish was walking that
surprised her. While any other so-called walking fish jumps or slides
forward using its tail, this new fish uses its four fins to walk. In fact,
it walks exactly like a land animal with four legs, and she knew this
was very unusual. She was amazed, and knew straightaway that the discovery could be significant
as it would offer scientists a fantastic opportunity to gather information about why the fish moves in
this unique way.
The fish, which is pink and has no eyes, has only been found in eight caves in Thailand. It was
filmed by a team of scientists working there, so Dr. Flammang contacted them to ask how she could
get hold of one of the blind cave fish for her research. It turned out that only around 2000 exist in the
wild, so researching them was not going to be straightforward.
However, Dr. Flammang was determined to further investigate the behaviour of the newly discovered
fish. She had observed in the video how the fish walks and knew that this was very unusual. But
more crucially, she believed that the fish might show us what life on Earth looked like 400 million
years ago. This was when living creatures moved from the oceans to the land. Since she was not
allowed to remove the fish from the caves, she had to come up with a new way of observing them.
First, she requested help from a Thai scientist, Dr. Apinun Suvarnaraksha. Dr. Suvarnaraksha
needed to obtain special permission from the Thai government to examine the new fish and film
more detailed videos of it in the caves. These videos provided Dr. Flammang with more examples of
its unusual behaviour. ‘Amazingly, the videos showed that this fish climbs waterfalls using its body to
grip the rock. Previously I’d only seen ‘walking fish’ doing this using the force of the water to swim up
the waterfall,’ Dr. Flammang explained.
As well as filming new videos, Dr. Suvarnaraksha was able to produce a detailed image of the
inside of the new fish. This showed that some of its bones were similar to those of land animals. ‘It
seems that the fish’s skeleton is designed so that it keeps its tail straight as it walks, which is unlike
the typical tail movement of other ‘walking fish’. It really is exciting – this little fish might help us
understand how living creatures first learned to walk! And without the help of Dr. Suvarnaraksha, we
never would have made these discoveries,’ said Dr. Flammang.
Dr. Flammang believes that her experience is an example of how working in international teams and
using technology can bring great research results for scientists. ‘Our next goal is to find out whether
they are our earliest living ancestors. We’ve come up with really exciting results so far.’
124
You are going to give a talk about the discovery of the new fish to your class at school.
Prepare some notes to use as the basis for your talk.
Make short notes under each heading.
11 How this newly discovered fish behaves differently from other ‘walking fish’:
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12 What scientists might learn from the discovery of this new fish:
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• ......................................................................................................................................... [3]
13 Why it was difficult for scientists to study this new fish:
• ...............................................................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................................................
• ......................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 9]
125
Exercise 4
14 Read the article about intelligence.
Write a summary about how to improve your intelligence, and how to appear more
intelligent to other people.
Your summary should be about 100 words long (and no more than 120 words long). You
should use your own words as far as possible.
You will receive up to 8 marks for the content of your summary and up to 8 marks for the style and
accuracy of your language.
How smart are you?

We often talk about how smart some people are. But what does that even mean? And have you
ever wondered if there’s a way of making yourself smarter? If so, read on for some thoughts on
what intelligence is, and for some simple ways of making your brain work a little bit harder.
There is a popular belief that most people only use around 10% of their brains, although this is not
actually the case. And anyway, intelligence is not measured by how much of a person’s brain they
are using, but what they are using it for.
So, what does ‘being smart’ mean? If you think it means being able to do a specific task better
than you could before, then there’s very little doubt that doing something like number puzzles
will indeed help. There is also a lot of research which demonstrates the benefits of treating your
brain like any other part of your body – this means doing plenty of exercise and having a healthy
diet. For example, studies on mice have shown that it wasn’t mentally stimulating activities which
lead to the biggest improvements – it was actually running. Rather surprisingly, another recent
study showed that making changes to your clothing might help: wearing a white lab coat, which is
typically associated with intelligent professionals such as scientists and doctors, boosted people’s
performance on certain tests.
If you simply want to give other people the impression that you are smarter than you actually
are, then speaking confidently tends to have that effect, as does smiling while you are talking.
Psychologists will give you all sorts of other suggestions, one of which is wearing glasses. Another
recent experiment even showed that people who use a middle initial are thought to be smarter:
‘David F Clark’ was rated as more intelligent than ‘David Clark’, while ‘David F P R Clark’ did even
better.
Many researchers believe that getting smarter doesn’t just mean improving your brainpower.
Once you’re good at number puzzles, of course you can do them faster, but does that help you
in any other way? What matters more is what is known as ‘fluid intelligence’ – the general ability
to manipulate information, solve problems and come up with new ideas. And an effective way to
achieve this, according to scientists, is to do something that you’re not good at, something that you
find uncomfortably difficult.
Another question that researchers have focused on is whether technology can make us smarter,
or if it has the opposite effect instead. The answer is that it depends. What everyone agrees on,
however, is that if you use it to expose yourself to complex new material, it will certainly help to
develop your brainpower. Instead of going quickly from one topic to another on the internet, pick
one subject and go into it in depth.
What are you waiting for? Try out these tips and see how much smarter you can appear, or even
become!
126
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[Total: 16]
127
Exercise 5
15 Last month, you won a competition to meet a famous person. Yesterday, you finally met them.
Write an email to a friend telling them about this.
In your email, you should:
• explain what you had to do to win the competition
• describe your meeting with the famous person
• say how you felt after meeting this person.
The pictures above may give you some ideas, and you can also use some ideas of your own.
Your email should be between 150 and 200 words long.
You will receive up to 8 marks for the content of your email, and up to 8 marks for the language
used.
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[Total: 16]
129
Exercise 6
16 In class you have been discussing whether it is important for all students to have music lessons at
school.
Here are two comments from your classmates:
There are more important things to do at school.
I think I improve in my other subjects as a result.
Write an article for your teacher, giving your views.
The comments above may give you some ideas, and you can also use some ideas of your own.
Your article should be between 150 and 200 words long.
You will receive up to 8 marks for the content of your article, and up to 8 marks for the language
used.
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[Total: 16]
131

* 3 7 6 0 3 6 4 5 3 2 *

2 hours

DC (KS/TP) 165146/4
133
Exercise 1
Read the article about skydiving, and then answer the following questions.
My first skydive
Teenager Ellie Beltram describes an exciting birthday present.
Everyone knows I like new experiences. My brother and I have done

lots of adventure sports, but one thing I’d never thought of trying
was skydiving – jumping out of a plane, wearing a parachute. Aware
of this, my uncle Tom arranged for me to do a tandem skydive for
my eighteenth birthday. I’d be attached to an instructor, and we’d
fall freely for a time before the instructor opened the parachute. Mum and Dad had seen TV
programmes about skydiving, and were quite worried, but I was excited. I’d expected to have a few
weeks to research skydiving online, but then I got a call from the skydiving company. Someone had
cancelled, so they asked me to come the next day. I couldn’t believe my luck!
We had to get up early for the drive to the airport. I thought I might oversleep, so I set two alarm
clocks. Although we set off on time, there was a lot of traffic on the road. We were 15 minutes
behind schedule, which didn’t worry me, but the information and safety talk was already over, and
that did bother me. Instead, I received a shorter version, and all I could remember afterwards was
that the instructor touches you on the shoulder to let you know it’s time to get your arms and legs
into ‘touch down’ position. When it came to my jump, I reacted too slowly, so my instructor had to
shout ‘bend your knees or you’ll break your legs!’ into my ear as we landed.
The time of each person’s skydive depended on the time they’d registered that morning, so for
me that meant a long wait, which made me rather anxious. There were benches in front of the
airport building though, so I watched the first group of skydivers preparing, which was helpful. It
was too early for me to get my jumpsuit on. In each group there were eight people, each paired
with an instructor. Each skydiver put on a harness – the straps which would later attach them to
their instructor – then everyone boarded the plane and it took off. Twenty minutes later, I suddenly
became uneasy when the first pair of skydivers appeared in the sky.
Three more groups jumped, then my name was finally called. I got up, pulled my jumpsuit on and
was introduced to my instructor. He fitted me with my parachute harness and we all walked towards
the plane. As we boarded, he explained that the last person to get on the plane is always the first to
jump out. After such a long wait, I was pleased that meant me.
The rattling noise the plane made was enough to worry even the most relaxed flyer. However, once
my instructor had double checked our equipment and handed me a helmet, my nerves disappeared.
After all, I was attached to someone who’d done thousands of jumps before.
When we reached the required height, the door opened and we moved towards it. Sitting in the
doorway of the plane was probably the scariest moment of the day. Then we leaned forwards until
we fell out. I was aware of the cold wind on my face. I later found out that we’d reached speeds of
up to 195 kilometres per hour. I could see incredible views all around me. The strangest thing was
the sensation of being pushed upwards. Then my instructor opened our parachute, and we went
suddenly from free falling to slowly gliding back down to the ground. It was a fantastic experience,
and one I’ll never forget.
134
1 Who had the idea for Ellie to try skydiving?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
2 What had Ellie planned to do before the day of her skydive?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
3 Why did Ellie arrive late for her skydive?
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4 How does the instructor usually indicate that it is time to prepare for landing?
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5 What did Ellie spend her time doing while she was sitting outside?
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6 Why did Ellie have to do her skydive before the other people in her group?
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7 What did Ellie have to put on just before she left the plane?
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8 What could Ellie feel during the free fall part of the skydive? Give two details.
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9 What made Ellie feel nervous about doing the skydive? Give four details.
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[Total: 13]
135
Exercise 2
Read the article about four people (A – D) who have an idea for a new national holiday. Then answer
Question 10 (a) – (j).
If you could invent a new public holiday, what would it be?
A Samuel Akinta
If I could choose a new public holiday in my country, I’d create National Switched Off Day, where all
electronic devices like mobile phones, tablets, computers and TVs would have to be turned off for
the whole day. I know we all love being connected to our friends 24 hours a day, but sometimes we
forget to talk to the people around us. Parents and kids have such non-stop lives nowadays, with
work and school, clubs and hobbies, that it’s really important for them to stop staring at their screens
sometimes and just hang out with each other instead. Otherwise we risk just rushing around all the
time, cut off in our own little worlds. National Switched Off Day would make us take a break. I’m
aware that not all teenagers would be particularly interested in taking part, but if they gave it a go I
think they might enjoy getting some proper rest every once in a while.
B Yasmina Al Ansari
My suggestion for a new public holiday is National Get Involved Day. This holiday would allow
everyone to take a day off from their daily routine at work or college and get together to help those
in the area where they live. This would make us all feel much more connected to, and be part of, our
neighbourhood. Around me, there are quite a few elderly people who live alone and always need
help with lots of little jobs around the house. Other people might like to bake a cake to share or pick
up rubbish from their street together. Of course, not all younger people will be that interested, but it
could be a good opportunity for teachers to get their students involved by setting up a project. Helping
others doesn’t need to be just about giving money to charity – your time is just as valuable. And it’s a
well-known fact that helping others can often increase people’s happiness and self-confidence – you
could be really proud of having done something good on that day.
C Javad Gul
Our daily routines can sometimes be boring and we all need more excitement in our lives, so my idea
would be National Try Something New Day. On this day, people would be encouraged to challenge
themselves and try doing something they’ve never done before. The day would need to be organised
carefully as I realise there are people who feel uneasy about participating in unfamiliar activities. But
they needn’t do anything risky or extreme. I’d try reading music – we were taught how to do it at
school but I didn’t think it was very interesting at the time so I didn’t pay attention. So now all my
friends play in a band and can read music, but I don’t know how. National Try Something New Day
would be an opportunity to gain new skills and do something different, without the responsibilities of
our day-to-day lives.
D Kristie Cheng
How about having a National Rhythm Day? That would be my suggestion for a new public holiday.
Everybody enjoys music, so what could be better than having a public holiday with the single
purpose of listening and dancing to music? Music is an incredibly powerful force in our lives. It
cheers people up if they’re feeling down and makes even the worst day feel better, so imagine what
a great day it would be if everyone was singing and dancing to all their favourite music! There’s
no way anyone would disagree with that. And National Rhythm Day wouldn’t just have to be about
listening to music. Musicians could show their friends or family how to play a particular musical
instrument, or they could even organise a concert and give all of the profits to charity. And why stop
there? You could also learn how to make your own musical instrument or discover more about other
countries by listening to music from around the world. I think that’d be fantastic.
136
10 For each question, write the correct letter A, B, C or D on the line.
Which person ...
(a) is confident that everyone will support their national day? ............. [1]
(b) suggests that schools could help organise events for their national day? ............. [1]
(c) believes that busy families should try to spend more time together? ............. [1]
(d) regrets not learning about music when they were younger? ............. [1]
(e) says that people could learn about other cultures? ............. [1]
(f) mentions the benefits of their national day for local communities? ............. [1]
(g) mentions a way that money could be collected to help other people? ............. [1]
(h) states that their national day will give people a sense of achievement? ............. [1]
(i) thinks that their national day will make people relax? ............. [1]
(j) admits that taking part in their national day might cause some people anxiety? ............. [1]
[Total: 10]
137
Exercise 3
Read the article about a student who plays volleyball for her university in the USA, and then complete
the notes.
Volleyball star
Jennifer Allen is a university student in the USA, studying medicine. Like many US students, she
was given a scholarship to study at a university, based on her abilities in sport. When she tells
other students that she plays for one of the university’s sports teams, their first reaction is usually,
‘How can you study AND play for a team? That’s way too demanding. We struggle to keep up just
with the studying!’ In a way their reaction is understandable, but for Jennifer it is worth the effort.
Jennifer started playing volleyball when she was six years old, and the sport later became so much
a part of her life that when she was given the opportunity to play at university level, she didn’t
hesitate. Even so, many people, including her own family, questioned her decision, telling her it
would have a negative effect on her experience of university. She says with a smile that it has
actually added to her experience, because in her teammates, she has made friends for life. As she
says herself, ‘I don’t think I will ever forget them.’ She also recognises that her coaches have had a
very positive impact on her life.
Jennifer explains that getting up early every morning is a struggle, whether it’s for an early class, or
for volleyball practice before classes start. As a self-confessed ‘night owl’, she claims that getting
out of bed is actually more of an effort than getting everything ready that she needs for the day, but
she finds that it’s easier if you have a routine to follow. Jennifer has never liked eating first thing in
the morning, and admits that she still hasn’t got used to eating breakfast before training. Although
she needs to spend her free time doing volleyball practice, she wouldn’t have it any other way.
However, listening to her describe her daily schedule, it’s clear she has far less time for her studies
than other students have. Of course, she appreciates the fact that she’s in better physical shape
than most other students, but injuries are common too when you play sport as much as she does,
and Jennifer has often had to stop playing for a while because of them.
Then there’s the social aspect of university life. Jennifer says that, over time, she’s got used to
the looks people give her when she says she can’t go to a party because of a match or practice
the next day. ‘It’s true I’m missing out now,’ she says, ‘but they’re just parties – I’ll be invited to
many more in the future.’ In contrast, being able to represent the university that she loves is a
once-in-a-lifetime experience.
Of course, everyone grows up while they’re at university, especially if they live away from home, but
Jennifer feels she has learned useful skills such as how to manage her time effectively. After all, she
doesn’t really have any choice but to do all of her academic work, plus her volleyball commitments
and, occasionally, have fun. Jennifer feels strongly that playing volleyball for her university is the
best choice she has ever made. I wish her luck with her future, whether in sport or medicine.
138
You are going to give a talk to your class about Jennifer’s experience of playing volleyball at university.
11 What Jennifer enjoys about playing for the university volleyball team:
• .............................................................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................................................
• ....................................................................................................................................... [5]
12 What Jennifer finds difficult about playing for the university volleyball team:
• .............................................................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................................................
• ....................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 9]
139
Exercise 4
13 Read the article about the differences between using cameras and using phones to take
photographs.
Write a summary giving advice on using a phone to take photographs.
Your summary should be about 100 words long (and no more than 120 words long).
You should use your own words as far as possible.
Is it better to take photos with a camera or a phone?

There are several advantages to using a phone rather than a camera to take photos, and the
most obvious is convenience. Unless you’re a professional photographer, it’s unlikely you’ll carry a
camera with you every day, whereas your phone is always with you. Remember to wipe the lens on
it frequently though – a dirty lens will affect your photos.
Phones connect easily to the internet, meaning you can share photographs with other people
within seconds. Sharing photos from a camera is trickier, though not impossible. However, cameras
have their advantages too. The main one is picture quality, particularly in terms of well-focused
pictures. There are things you can do to improve the images you take with your phone, though. For
example, you can tap the screen to indicate where you want to focus. You can also use apps to
alter the appearance of the photos you take with your phone.
Phones are fine for photographing subjects in good light, but if you use the flash, you’ll often get a
picture which looks too white or unclear. It’s best to just use natural light, or take a camera if you
know you’re going to be taking pictures in poor light.
Cameras contain a device called a stabiliser, which reduces the chance of a blurred or shaky image
when shooting fast-moving action or using the zoom lens. The stabilisers on phones reduce picture
quality, however. Using both hands to keep the phone steady will help if you have no choice but
to photograph fast action with one. Even the way you take a picture with a camera helps to give a
better image. On a phone, you touch a circle on the screen, which often causes you to move the
phone just as you shoot. Luckily, you can also take a picture by using the volume button on the side
of the phone – similar to what you do with a camera – which helps you keep the phone still.
Professional photographers often use the settings on their camera to deliberately blur the
background, making it look out of focus so the main subject stands out. If you’re using your phone,
the best you can do is to keep the background as simple as possible, as blurring it might not be
possible.
A key advantage of a good camera is having a zoom lens to capture a distant subject. Although
some phones have a zoom feature, using one can result in a poor image. With a phone, it’s
preferable to simply get closer to whatever you want to photograph.
Modern cameras can take hundreds of photos on only one battery charge, whereas phones tend
to run out of power quickly. On days when you want to use your phone to take pictures, avoid
shooting too many videos.
So is a camera better than a phone? If you’re a more serious photographer who wants to experiment
and develop your photography skills, then probably yes. If, on the other hand, you simply want to
take pictures and share them, then stick with your phone.
140
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[Total:16]
141
Exercise 5
14 You and some other students recently organised a fashion show at your school to raise money for
a charity.
Write an email to your friend about the fashion show.
• say what kind of charity you raised money for
• explain what you did to help to organise the show
• describe what happened at the show.
used.
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[Total: 16]
143
Exercise 6
15 In your school holidays, you attended a course to learn singing, dancing and acting. Your teacher
has asked you to write a review of the course for the school magazine.
Here are two comments from other young people who attended the course:
It was brilliant! We all

learned new things.
I started to get bored
after a few classes.
Write a review for the school magazine, giving your opinions.
Your review should be between 150 and 200 words long.
You will receive up to 8 marks for the content of your review, and up to 8 marks for the language
used.
144
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[Total: 16]
145

* 4 2 1 6 0 4 3 7 9 1 *

2 hours
Write your centre number, candidate number and name in the spaces at the top of this page.

DC (ST/CT) 165152/3
147
Exercise 1
Read the article about memory, and then answer the following questions.
How good is your memory?

Some people can easily remember facts and figures. Others struggle
to recall things, or need strategies to help them. One helpful strategy is
using mental pictures. For example, if you regularly confuse Arctic and
Antarctic, think of looking up at an arch and down at an ant, and you’ll
never confuse them again.
What many people don’t realise is that memory isn’t just an ability. It’s
also seen as a sport by some people. Although it doesn’t require any physical activity, you have to
learn techniques and do lots of practice – as you would if you were learning football or tennis, for
example. One simple technique is applying the rule of five: if you review what you’ve learned five
times, at specific intervals, you won’t forget it.
There are many memory competitions that people can take part in. One of these, the World Memory
Championships, has been held every year since 1991, with the exception of 1992. The competition
format and regulations were first set out by Tony Buzan and Raymond Keene, who together came
up with mind sport as a term. The first winner was Dominic O’Brien, from the UK, who went on to
win seven more times. He has written several books on ways of developing memory, which anyone
can do by trying out various techniques, such as using memorable sentences. For example, if you
need to remember the four-digit PIN number 4626, the sentence ‘This number is secret’ could help
you, as the number of letters in each word matches the digits in the PIN number.
The competition usually consists of ten separate memory tests. These test competitors’ abilities
to remember things like sequences of binary numbers – 10111001, for example – but they start
with having to recall a set of names and faces. Other tests are on the order of abstract images,
and a sequence of unconnected words. That’s all before the final test in which competitors have to
memorise the order of a pack of cards, in the space of only five minutes. Competitors all have their
own methods for doing these tests at speed, some of which are fairly complex. But anyone could
try what’s known as the link method to remember a list of words. For the words torch, grapes, ring
and milk, imagine a sequence of events which connects these objects. You could shine a torch on
a bunch of grapes; inside one grape you see a diamond ring; you squeeze the grape, and the ring
falls into a glass of milk. Or you could try a similar technique, the body system. This could involve
imagining the torch on your head, grapes hanging from your fingers, a ring in your nose, and so on.
The mind sport of memory is governed by the World Memory Sports Council, which supervises
competitions around the world, and issues awards. These include the title of World Memory
Champion each year, and also International Grandmaster, which is the greatest achievement
anyone in the sport can get. The council has a clear vision; part of this is to make the sport more
popular in all continents. The sport began in the UK, and is particularly well-known in China,
although people from over two dozen countries have received awards. Another target is to make
memory an Olympic sport. After all, chess is already listed as one, meaning that it can (but not
necessarily will) be included in future Olympic Games. Perhaps speed reading, which is one of five
mind sports linked to education, might even be considered too.
So, what are you waiting for? Start improving your memory right now!
148
1 Why is memory considered to be a sport?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
2 When did the first World Memory Championships take place?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
3 Who first called memory a mind sport?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
4 What do people have to remember in the first and last tests in a World Memory Championship?
Give two details.
..........................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [2]
5 What is the highest award given by the World Memory Sports Council?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
6 What does the World Memory Sports Council aim to achieve in the future? Give two details.
..........................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [2]
7 Which study skill apart from memory is recognised as a mind sport?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
8 What methods are recommended for improving your memory? Give four details.
..........................................................................................................................................................
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.................................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 13]
149
Exercise 2
Read the article about four people (A–D) who use digital technology to help them learn English. Then
answer Question 9 (a)–(j).
Using digital technology to learn English
A Li Wong
I love my English classes. My teacher is really good at varying what we do, so no two lessons
are ever the same. We use lots of technology, in nearly every lesson, and for homework too. For
example, last week he sent us a news article and we had to record a short summary of it, saying
what we thought about it. We all posted our recordings, then had to comment on a few that other
people had done. Everyone gets so much more involved doing that sort of thing than they would if
we were just discussing an article in class. We all prefer writing on a computer as well. Writing by
hand feels really awkward! Sometimes I’m tempted to write in my language then go online to get
an English version, but I’ve learned the hard way that it’s not always accurate. It’s good to be able
to check the meaning of individual words though.
B Hans Schneider
I’ve just started an online course which is for people who need to use English in their job. The first
unit was great, and I’m determined to finish it though nearly everyone I know who’s tried learning
English online says that it’s easy to lose motivation and give up. The best thing about this online
course is that it’s totally free, like lots of other sites I use. Sometimes there’s a fee to access part
of a site, or if you progress to a certain level, but I can’t understand why people would hand over
money, as there’s so much to choose from out there. Some sites are fun to use – if you need to
learn a list of verbs, for example, you can copy them into various sites which then create matching
activities for you, or let you make your own sample sentences to put the words in context. I tend
to use a website to look up new words on my laptop – it’s instant, always up-to-date, and you can
check pronunciation too.
C Elif Yildirim
When I started learning English, we didn’t use technology at all. Now we use it all the time! We can
translate language really quickly, and there are all sorts of other sites and programs that are free
to use. Some people definitely prefer doing everything with computers, but for some I think that
stops them focusing on what they’re supposed to be learning, especially if it all involves games or
competitions. Having said that, our teacher got us to try one site when we were learning some new
phrases, and it couldn’t have been more effective. I told my sister how good it was and she’s using
it now too. Another site that I had initial doubts about helps you to correct mistakes in your written
work. You type in a text or paragraph, then it highlights anything that needs changing – different
colours for different types of mistakes. I regularly use it now.
D Marc Durand
I’ve got a few apps on my phone which I like using when I’ve got a few spare minutes. Most of
them involve quizzes and games of some sort, which motivates me. Our teacher often gets us to
use them for homework – we make up revision activities and have to send them to each other to
work on in class. That’s always fun to do! She also encouraged a few of us to sign up for a course
delivered online to help us with academic writing. The first few lessons were really good, but I was
too busy and kept on getting distracted by other things, so I just never quite got around to finishing
it. Sometimes our teacher bans all technology from the classroom. I don’t think that reflects real
life, so I’m not so keen on those lessons. What’s the point, for example, of looking up words in
paper dictionaries?
150
9 For each person, write the correct letter A, B, C or D on the line.
Which person…
(a) mentions various benefits of checking words online? .......... [1]
(b) mentions recommending a website to someone else? .......... [1]
(c) says they enjoy creating tasks for classmates to do? .......... [1]
(d) suggests that technology can distract learners? .......... [1]
(e) thinks that group activities are more motivating online? .......... [1]
(f) explains why they were unable to complete an online course? .......... [1]
(g) says that a tool to improve writing was more useful than expected? .......... [1]
(h) believes that every lesson should include some digital learning? .......... [1]
(i) admits that translating online is less than ideal? .......... [1]
(j) says that there’s no need to pay for online resources? .......... [1]
[Total: 10]
151
Exercise 3
Read the article about a woman who changed her career, and then complete the notes.
All change!
From sales and marketing to making objects from wood
Four years ago, 27-year-old Hannah Billen and three of her friends signed up for a weekend
outdoor survival course – two days in the outdoors, learning survival skills such as making fires,
building shelters, using tools like knives and axes, and finding food and water. When she got home
and was telling her parents about the experience, she realised that she couldn’t imagine spending
the rest of her working life in an office. She told them how great the course was. ‘I learned how
to safely use an axe and a saw to remove branches from trees, and I spent a lot of time making
things – mostly simple spoons.’ Her parents were so impressed with what she had made that they
suggested she could make money from working with wood. She immediately felt that this was a
possibility.
Hannah had been working in sales and marketing for the past five years, and she was starting
to find that her job was becoming more and more stressful. She began making up for her days in
the office with relaxing evenings making spoons and various other objects out of wood: chopping
boards, butter knives, coffee scoops, bowls and other kitchenware. Then, in 2014, she lost her job.
‘This turned out to be the push I needed to turn my part-time craft into a full-time career,’ she said.
She was accepted on to the Get Started Programme, a scheme to support young people who are
planning to start their own business. She was given guidance to produce a business plan. Once
this was in place, she approached her bank and was surprised that she was immediately given a
low-cost start-up loan. Four months later, her new company, Wood For Life, was born.
Initially, she was given the use of her parents’ garage, although she now has her very own studio.
This is big enough for all her equipment, has a large work surface, and is very light and airy – a
pleasant and inspiring place to work. Although it is not traditional to do so, she has started to
use an electric saw rather than an axe to create the basic shape of an object. ‘You can only use
an axe if you’re working with green wood – that’s wood that has recently been cut from a tree –
which is what I used when I started doing this as a hobby. But I didn’t have a big enough supply of
green wood,’ she explains. Instead, she has switched to using recycled wood, from old buildings,
factories and warehouses. ‘That is much harder to carve, so I need to use the electric saw.’
Hannah has recently started organising workshops for people who want to try out her skill. These
are very popular, and a good way of earning money, but she’s happiest when she’s working alone
in the studio, when she aims to make around ten items a day. It’s an exciting time for her growing
business, and she has plans to write a book about getting back to nature.
152
You are going to give a talk about Hannah Billen’s change of career to your class at school.
10 What made Hannah decide to change her career after doing an outdoor survival course:
• .............................................................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................................................
• ....................................................................................................................................... [3]
11 What help Hannah was given to set up her company:
• .............................................................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................................................
• ....................................................................................................................................... [3]
12 How Hannah’s business has changed since she started her company:
• .............................................................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................................................
• ....................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 9]
153
Exercise 4
13 Read the article about handwriting.
Write a summary of the advice that a handwriting expert gave about how to improve your
handwriting.
Improve your handwriting
My handwriting had been getting worse for several years, until it got to the point that it felt as if
my brain no longer connected to my pen. I was missing out letters and writing so badly that even
I could barely read what I’d written. My hand started aching from the effort. It was time to do
something about it, so I got in touch with Lucy Pidd, a handwriting expert who agreed to meet me.
The first thing Lucy asked me to do was to sit at a table and pick up a pen, and write. She observed
me closely for a couple of minutes, then announced that I was doing it all wrong! After making me
sit with my back straight, she then made sure that my feet were flat on the floor. We then moved
on to consider the type of pen to use. She got out a box full of brightly-coloured pens – some
slimmer, some thicker, some smooth, some with a texture to give you something to hold on to.
We discovered that the best type for me is a fairly fat pen, which lets me loosen my tight grip. As I
started writing, I noticed that it felt much more comfortable than my usual basic biro.
I had wondered whether the type of paper made any difference, for example if it was better to
write on lined rather than plain paper, but Lucy only mentioned the importance of writing much
larger than usual. Apparently this tends to have a very significant impact on the quality of your
handwriting. She also told me to slow down – probably because I try to keep up with the speed that
I can type.
Having written a few sentences, Lucy had a look at my handwriting. She pointed out that my letter
‘o’ looks like a ‘q’, my ‘k’ is too short, and the bottom of my ‘g’ and ‘y’ are invading the line below.
Apparently, if the height of your letters is wrong, your handwriting is much harder to read. So the
next thing for me was some basic exercises, which involved practising each letter again and again
until I’d got it right. This reminded me of my four-year-old self at primary school.
We discussed if there was a particular style of handwriting that I admired or liked – as imitation is a
useful technique, according to Lucy. It sounds simple, but it is a very effective strategy. And finally,
she recommended starting to write a diary, explaining that this would give me a reason to practise
my handwriting every day – if only for five minutes.
You might ask why I went to all this effort – after all, we use computers and smartphones so
much that writing by hand seems unnecessary these days. But to me, handwriting is an aspect of
personality. If I need to remember something, I write it down rather than type it. More importantly, I
love sending and receiving handwritten letters and thank-you cards. And that is what I will be doing
now, with my new and (slightly) improved handwriting.
154
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[Total: 16]
155
Exercise 5
14 You and your family are going on a day trip to a town that you have been to before. Your friend,
who has never been there, is going with you.
Write an email to your friend about the trip.
• give details about the travel arrangements
• explain what you did in the town on your previous trip
• say what you think your friend will like about the town.
used.
156
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[Total: 16]
157
Exercise 6
15 Your school recently organised a ‘work experience week’, when each student spent one week
working in a different local business. Your teacher has asked you to write a report about the work
experience week.
In your report, say what you and your classmates learned during the week, and suggest how the
experience could be improved if it is repeated next year.
One week was too long. I really enjoyed working

in a team.
Write a report for your teacher, giving your views.
Your report should be between 150 and 200 words long.
You will receive up to 8 marks for the content of your report, and up to 8 marks for the language
used.
158
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[Total: 16]
159

* 5 4 6 5 1 6 6 2 4 1 *

Paper 2 Reading and Writing (Extended) October/November 2019
2 hours

DC (ST/CB) 171694/4
161
Exercise 1
Read the article by a journalist about some ancient rock paintings that were found in a cave in France,
and then answer the following questions.
Ancient cave art

In December 1994, three climbers were climbing a cliff in southern France when they came across
a small opening. They made the opening wider, and then crawled along a narrow passage into a
large cave. To their amazement, they saw hundreds of beautiful images of animals on the cave
walls. As they walked through the cave, they realised they were stepping on animal bones. Later
tests showed that these were thousands of years old.
The climbers told the local authorities about the cave, and experts were sent to study it. The experts
realised it was a very important discovery. They identified more than 400 drawings and paintings
of 15 different animal species. Some were between 28 000 and 31 000 years old. The majority,
however, dated back 35 000 years. Experts also worked out that there had been a 4000-year interval
when no art was created in the cave.
They also concluded there had been a rock fall about 27 000 years ago. The entrance became
blocked and remained so until 1994. The cave was therefore frozen in time, which helped to
preserve the images, and as a result, they look fresher than prehistoric cave paintings found
elsewhere. Exposing the rock paintings to normal air and people for any length of time would
damage them. So since the cave was discovered, very few people have been allowed inside, and
only for a limited time. Various studies have been carried out, however. Scientists established that
the walls had been cleaned before they were painted, meaning that the background colour is lighter
than in other caves. They also identified the materials the artists used: pieces of iron, brushes
created from horsehair and pointed stones for scratching lines. Experts also noted that the images
seem more alive than cave paintings anywhere else.
Soon after the cave was found, the authorities named it Chauvet. People often assume this is the
name of the local town, but in fact it’s the surname of one of its discoverers. In 2007, the French
government decided to show the world what Chauvet was like by building an exact copy of it a few
kilometres away from the real cave. This reconstruction, named Caverne du Pont D’Arc, finally
opened in 2015, and I visited it one summer’s day. The group I was with walked down a concrete
tunnel towards a large door. I knew it was a new building, but as I went through the door, I had the
sense of going into a genuine cave. The temperature was suddenly very cool, so I was glad I had
brought a jacket. Also, I immediately noticed that the atmosphere was damper than outside.
As we went further inside, our guide pointed out different features of the ‘cave’. The images, exactly
like the originals, include rhinos, panthers, hyenas, lions and birds, as well as other now extinct
species, and are stunning. The Chauvet cave paintings also show animals like deer and bison,
which humans hunted for food. However, unlike in other caves, many of the Chauvet animals are
much more aggressive. There are also some scenes of animals interacting – something not found
elsewhere. Like all the other images, the lions are beautifully painted, but the thing that stood out
for me was the fact that their faces are human-like.
At one point during the visit, I asked the guide why people didn’t feature in the paintings on the
walls. She said this wasn’t uncommon in ancient cave art and it revealed what the world was like
when the artists were alive: dominated by large and dangerous animals. Very different from today.
162
1 What did the climbers notice on the floor of the cave?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
2 How many years ago was most of the art in the cave made?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
3 Why were people unable to enter the cave for thousands of years?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
4 What material did the cave artists use to make their brushes?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
5 Why was the cave named Chauvet?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
6 What gave the writer the impression that he was in a real cave when he entered the Caverne du
Pont D’Arc? Give two details.
..........................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [2]
7 What did the writer particularly admire about the lion paintings?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
8 What images was the writer unable to see in the cave?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
9 How are the Chauvet paintings different from other examples of ancient cave art? Give four
details.
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 13]
163
Exercise 2
Read the article about four people (A–D) who are the children of top sports people. Then answer
Question 10 (a)–(j).
SPORT IN THE FAMILY
Four sports people talk about having a famous parent
A Ben Givens
I must have been about six when I heard someone call Dad a champion. I didn’t understand it fully,
but it made me happy to know I was the son of someone special. Dad retired from motor racing
when I was eleven and started a business. He never encouraged me to do motor sports, but when I
got into motorbikes and started to enter competitions, he didn’t stand in the way. At some point, the
newspapers found out I was John Givens’ son and published lots of stories about me. To be honest,
the publicity was useful. Teams invited me to race for them because of who I was rather than my
motorbike skills. I’ve been racing professionally for five years now and my results have been fine,
but I often hear racing fans make comments like: ‘He’s not like his father’. Dad tells me to ignore
them, which makes sense, but I do think it’s unfair. How many people achieve what he did?
B Yvonne Taylor
At school I loved doing gymnastics and swimming. Now that I’m a full-time long-distance runner,
however, I can’t do them, which is a great pity. I decided to focus on running when I was fifteen. My
mum, having been a top athlete herself, made it absolutely clear to me what I’d have to go through
to compete with the best. It was almost as if she was trying to stop me doing athletics, though I think
she just wanted me to understand how tough it would be. I appreciate what she did, but it only made
me more determined. I remember thinking: ‘Maybe you don’t believe I can be as good as you. I’ll
show you I can.’ I still have that attitude. Apart from that, my mum being an Olympic athlete hasn’t
made much difference to my own career. TV commentators sometimes mention I’m her daughter,
but that’s understandable. Right now, my focus is on the future: getting myself ready for next year’s
world championships.
C Charles Fournier
When I was growing up, my dad was always away from home, training or racing. He was a top-class
cyclist, which can be a tough life. He wanted me to do something different: study and do other sports
like badminton and basketball – anything but cycling. Though once I’d decided I wanted to be a
cyclist, he couldn’t stop me. I may not be as good as he was, but I’m strong-minded. My dad’s fame
does sometimes put pressure on me, however. When my races are on television, reporters always
refer to my father and suggest that I get the best bikes because I’m a Fournier, which is untrue. I’ve
learned not to let it upset me, but I can’t avoid thinking about certain things. I’m still young enough to
continue cycling professionally for a few years, but my wife and I recently had a baby and the idea
that I might not spend much time with my little girl as she grows up makes me very uncomfortable.
D Heidi Schulz
My mum was a champion horse-jumper, and I grew up riding horses. I saw Mum win a gold medal
when I was about five, though I didn’t understand what it meant. She always pushed herself to
improve, but never pushed me into horse-jumping. She was very supportive when I played netball
and hockey seriously for a few years. But I came back to horses and started jumping. I hate losing
– it’s obvious to me where I got that from! This sport isn’t just about the rider, though. As Mum says,
you need a great horse to compete with the best, and I hope to find the right one before too long.
Horse-jumping isn’t like football or tennis, which are on TV a lot more. That’s good because I don’t
have to worry about privacy, even though my name is well-known. There’s no doubt, however, that
the sport would be more popular and I’d earn more if there were more opportunities for people to
watch it.
164
Which person …
(a) mentions rebelling against their parent’s wishes? .......... [1]
(b) has mixed feelings about how much the media report on their sport? .......... [1]
(c) regrets having to give up certain sports? .......... [1]
(d) expresses concern about the future? .......... [1]
(e) admits their family name was an advantage? .......... [1]
(f) aims to match their parent’s level of success? .......... [1]
(g) believes that they are similar in character to their parent? .......... [1]
(h) gets annoyed when people compare them with their parent? .......... [1]
(i) is grateful for a warning they were given? .......... [1]
(j) remembers feeling proud of their parent? .......... [1]
[Total: 10]
165
Exercise 3
Read the article about migrating birds, which fly between different parts of the world, and then complete
the notes.
Bird migration
With their green-brown backs and pale yellow chests, willow warblers are fairly ordinary-looking
birds. Yet every year they do something extraordinary. Between August and October, they leave
northern Europe and fly over 8000 kilometres to the central, tropical regions of Africa. Then,
between March and May they fly all the way back to where they came from in order to breed, and,
at the same time, to feed on the insects that are available during the summer months in northern
Europe.
Like all birds which migrate over long distances, willow warblers are born knowing which route
they need to take, but the journeys they make are often extremely difficult. Getting from Europe to
central Africa, for example, involves flying across deserts, in particular the Sahara. Many other birds
that migrate face similar problems. They also have to deal with crossing seas: the Mediterranean,
in the case of the willow warbler.
Scientists estimate that about 40 per cent of all bird species in the world migrate annually. There
are many different migration routes in different parts of the world. In the Americas, for example,
many birds fly from Canada and the USA in the north to the tropical regions of Central and South
America. Other birds move between the southernmost part of South America and the warmer
countries further north like Colombia, Venezuela and Costa Rica. These birds in the Americas, like
birds in other parts of the world, often follow coastlines to help them reach their destinations.
In some ways, migrating birds are incredibly sophisticated. They are able to judge the direction
they should be travelling in from the position of the sun during daylight hours; at night, they use the
stars to do the same. They also have an amazing ability to save energy by making use of winds
which blow them along. However, migrating birds still have a lot of problems to overcome. One of
the most serious of these is that, on the routes they follow, many natural feeding places have been
destroyed because humans have built on them.
In northern Europe, when autumn comes and the days get shorter and temperatures drop, many
birds like the willow warbler move south to places where there is plenty of food for them. Food is
available for birds in the tropical regions of Africa all year round. But if Africa is so good for birds,
wouldn’t it make sense for them to stay there all the time?
The fact is that fewer birds live in northern Europe generally. Therefore, in spring and summer, it
is easier for migrating birds to find good places for building nests for their babies. This is important
when birds have their young. Europe is also safer for young birds than it would be in Africa, where
there are lots of other animals that might attack them. The problem with northern Europe for many
birds like the willow warbler is that they can’t survive there in winter. The long days during the
summer are very good for them, however.
166
You are going to give a talk about bird migration to your class at school. Prepare some notes to use as
the basis for your talk.
11 Reasons why some birds fly from Africa to northern Europe at certain times of the year:
Example: to breed
• .............................................................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................................................
• ....................................................................................................................................... [3]
12 How birds find their way when they are migrating:
• .............................................................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................................................
• ....................................................................................................................................... [3]
13 Challenges for birds when they are migrating:
• .............................................................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................................................
• ....................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 9]
167
Exercise 4
14 Read the article about listening to music while studying.
Write a summary about the advantages of listening to music while studying AND what this
music should be like.
You will receive up to 8 marks for the content of your summary, and up to 8 marks for the style and
Listening to music while studying

Go into any college or university library, and you will see many students wearing headphones,
clearly listening to music while they are studying. Why do they do this? Is it really possible to listen
to music at the same time as doing the demanding reading and writing that academic studies
require? Many students say that it definitely is, and that it helps them concentrate better. They go
on to explain that music blocks out other background noises – like people talking – which are much
worse. Interestingly, experiments carried out by psychologists indicate that the headphone-wearing
students are right on both points.
Music itself is a form of noise, of course. So, doesn’t it distract? Research suggests that music can
indeed distract, and that it is only helpful if it has certain features. ‘It’s best if it isn’t too loud,’ says
educational psychologist Miriam Granger. ‘If the volume’s high, students will work less efficiently.
Another important thing is that words in a song can get in the way of your ability to read or write,’
Granger says. ‘So, for it to be effective, the music coming through the student’s headphones needs
to be without lyrics.’
A number of research studies have looked at the effect that listening to different types of music
might have on people’s brains. One theory that became popular in the 1990s was that listening
to classical music, such as the work of the 18th-century composer Mozart, could actually make
people more intelligent. This idea was based on a misunderstanding of the research, however.
What research findings do show, though, is that music can make people feel relaxed. ‘That’s better
than feeling anxious when you’re trying to learn something,’ Granger points out. Other academic
studies show that music can help people cope with complex ideas and tasks.
On the other hand, not every type of music is likely to have this effect. For there to be a benefit, the
music needs to have a steady rhythm. ‘If the beat changes a lot, then it draws your attention to the
music, which is not what you want when you’re studying,’ says music specialist Louis Marlot. At the
same time, the ideal music is neither too fast nor too slow. ‘People taking part in controlled studies
have reported that this aspect is very important,’ says Marlot. ‘When it’s just right, they say it gives
them energy to continue studying.’
Both Granger and Marlot emphasise that music can affect different people in different ways. Some
people are not good at doing several things at the same time, and for such people, it probably
makes sense not to listen to any music at all when they have to deal with a complex task. Also, one
thing we all know is that tastes in music vary, even among people of similar backgrounds and ages.
A sixteen-year-old boy might love listening to rap in his free time, whereas his seventeen-year-old
brother might be deeply into electronic dance music. Granger says, however, that ‘when it comes to
listening to music while studying, it’s advisable to avoid music that you’re passionate about. You’re
likely to focus more on the music than on whatever it is you’re reading or writing.’
168
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[Total: 16]
169
Exercise 5
15 You recently went on a school trip with your class.
Write an email to a friend about the school trip.
• describe where you went
• say why you enjoyed the trip
• explain what you did in your lesson to show what you learned on the trip.
used.
170
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[Total: 16]
171
Exercise 6
16 A new cinema has recently opened in your town. You have decided to write a review of the cinema
for your school magazine.
Here are two comments from other people who have been to the new cinema:
There’s a great range of films to see.
The staff aren’t very friendly.
Write a review for the school magazine.
Your review should be between 150 and 200 words long.
You will receive up to 8 marks for the content of your review, and up to 8 marks for the language
used.
172
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[Total: 16]
173

* 7 9 2 0 5 0 7 9 8 9 *

2 hours

DC (ST) 172352/3
175
Exercise 1
Read the article about the Man Booker Prize for Fiction, and then answer the following questions.
The Man Booker Prize for Fiction

When did you last read a novel that you thought was really good? And what does ‘a good book’
mean to you? Well, this is what the judges for the Man Booker Prize for Fiction have to decide each
year, when they are faced with a large pile of books and have to choose which one should win the
prize.
The Man Booker Prize for Fiction, previously known as the Booker-McConnell Prize and commonly
known as the Booker Prize, is awarded annually. The prize was established in 1968, and the
first novel chosen for the prize was announced in 1969. Originally, the prize was given for books
published before the year in which the prize was awarded, but in 1971 the rules changed. A book
now has to be published in the same year as the prize is awarded in order to be considered as a
possible winner.
Despite several other changes, the objectives have remained the same since the prize began.
One is to encourage people to read more quality fiction, and many in the industry believe that the
interest in the prize means this is achieved. Another intention is to significantly increase the sales of
the winning book. This benefits not only the author but the book-selling trade as well.
The annual process of choosing a winning book, which must be a full-length novel, takes the best
part of a year. It starts in November, when the names of the judges are announced. Then, any
author who wants their book to be considered for the prize has to submit an application form by
the following March. Judges then have until July to identify 12 or 13 books, all of which must have
been published in the UK, from which the winning book will eventually be chosen. This selection of
titles is known as the longlist, and it is reduced to a shortlist of six books by September. Finally, the
winner is revealed at a formal dinner, one of the highlights of the publishing year. This ceremony,
held in October, is even broadcast live on television and radio. In the first few years, each of the
winners of the Booker Prize was awarded £5000. The prize money was doubled in 1978 to £10 000,
and currently it is £50 000. Each of the authors on the shortlist receives £2500 and a specially
produced edition of their book.
There is always a great deal of interest in the authors, as well as in the winning books. When Ben
Okri won in 1991, he became the youngest winner at the age of 32, but then Eleanor Catton replaced
him in 2013 with her novel, ‘The Luminaries’. In contrast with the 132 pages of the shortest winning
novel, ‘Offshore’, hers was the longest novel to win, at 832 pages. The first woman to receive the
prize was Bernice Rubens, in 1970, for her novel, ‘The Elected Member’. Although authors come
from different backgrounds and have different nationalities, they all fulfil the requirement that their
books are in English, and in addition, none of them have been translated from another language.
In addition to the annual Booker Prize, several other special prizes have been awarded including
the Booker of Bookers Prize in 1993, and The Best of the Booker, in 2008. The former was for the
25th anniversary of the prize, and the latter was to celebrate the 40th anniversary. For this special
occasion, the public were asked to vote for the winner.
So, if you were asked to choose the next prize-winning novel, which one would it be?
176
1 In which year was the first Man Booker Prize awarded?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
2 What are the two aims of the prize? Give two details.
..........................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [2]
3 What is the name for the first group of books which are chosen as possible prizewinners?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
4 When is the winner of the prize announced each year?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
5 How much does the prizewinner receive?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
6 Why is Eleanor Catton special in the history of the prize? Give two details.
..........................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [2]
7 Why was The Best of the Booker Prize awarded?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
8 What are the rules for entering a book for the prize? Give four details.
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 13]
177
Exercise 2
Read the reviews written by four people (A – D) who went on a group holiday in Iceland. Then answer
Question 9 (a) – (j).
Iceland Adventures
Four people review the holiday
A Lise Janssen
What an amazing place to visit! There were twelve of us in the group, plus our tour guide and driver.
We all got along really well, which helped to make the trip so enjoyable. I had wondered beforehand
whether ten days might be too long, but I needn’t have worried. The sights were incredible, and in
particular I enjoyed seeing a lake full of icebergs, and walking on black sand beaches. We had one
free day, when some of the group went on a boat trip and saw whales. Their photos were incredible.
I went to a huge waterfall instead, which was stunning, though I think the others probably made the
better choice. We stayed in different hotels each night because we travelled around the island. The
standard varied, and some of the rooms were really small, but I didn’t mind that. And breakfasts and
dinners couldn’t have been better – we all agreed on that.
B Ed Marshall
Our group ranged in age from 19 to 73 – I’d imagined this type of trip wouldn’t appeal to older
travellers, but everyone thought it was great. We travelled around the island by bus and stayed in
different places each night, apart from the first and last nights when we were in the same hotel in
the capital. If you get a room at the back on the first night, as I did, try asking the staff nicely for a
room which has a sea view for the final night. It worked for me! Even though I knew the trip would be
expensive, I really didn’t expect to be charged more for a sandwich than I’d pay for a three-course
meal at home. It was all great though – including the optional glacier walk, which several people
didn’t do but wished they had afterwards. My only real criticism was the free day at the end of the
trip, when there weren’t any group activities organised. I’d actually have preferred to leave a day
earlier.
C Maki Takahashi
I’d wanted to go to Iceland for ages, but had been put off by the cost – hotels, meals and transport are
all really expensive. When I found out about this trip, I spent quite a while looking at the information,
to make sure it’d be worth it. It was – I was delighted to see so much in the short space of time.
Anyone who wants to spend longer in each place should perhaps consider a different trip instead.
I’d heard that driving in Iceland can be a bit scary, so I was unsure about having to spend hours on
the bus. But our driver made us feel totally safe, so I could enjoy looking at the views and listening
to the guide telling us all about the places we were visiting. He also tried teaching us a few words of
Icelandic. Most of the words seemed to have three times as many syllables as in my language! At
least I managed to say ‘thank you’ a few times.
D Juan Sanchez
I booked this trip at the last minute, and I’m very glad I did – I had a fantastic time. The others in the
group were really friendly, which was a relief! I was surprised that a couple were in their 70s, but
actually they were fitter than some of the younger people in the group. Our guide turned up late on
the first day, which gave me a slightly bad impression of him. But then he more than made up for
it with his knowledge of the island and the fact that he made us laugh all the time. Our driver didn’t
speak much English, but that wasn’t a problem. He taught me how to pronounce the name of one of
the volcanos, Eyjafjallajökull. It looks such a long word, but actually it isn’t that hard to say it. The trip
was expensive, but well worth it, and I had no complaints about the booking or the details I received
beforehand – everything turned out just as promised.
178
Which person…
(a) makes a suggestion regarding accommodation? ……… [1]
(b) mentions having confidence in the bus driver’s ability? ……… [1]
(c) admits to being surprised about costs in Iceland? ……… [1]
(d) comments on the accuracy of the information sent before the trip? ……… [1]
(e) was particularly impressed by the meals included in the trip? ……… [1]
(f) feels that the length of the trip should be altered? ……… [1]
(g) suggests that the language was difficult to cope with? ……… [1]
(h) comments on an appealing characteristic of the tour guide? ……… [1]
(i) regrets not taking part in one activity during the trip? ……… [1]
(j) suggests that the holiday might be unsuitable for certain people? ……… [1]
[Total: 10]
179
Exercise 3
Read the article about a man who invented an early version of the selfie stick, and then complete the
notes.
Who invented the selfie stick?

Nowadays, selfie sticks are cheap and widely available, and it’s common
to see people using them all around the world to take photographs of
themselves, which are known as ‘selfies’. But two or three decades ago,
people were much less likely to take pictures of themselves. So it might come
as a bit of a surprise to discover that the selfie stick is not a recent invention.
Canadian inventor Wayne Fromm got the idea for an early version of the selfie
stick during a European holiday in 2002. Unfortunately for him, however, it
seems that his invention came too early to become a best-seller. He was with
his daughter in Florence, Italy, when he experienced that typical tourist’s difficulty: it was hard to get
photographs of them together. On one famous bridge in the city, they wanted a photograph of the
two of them together, but it was very crowded, and he also felt awkward asking people to take their
picture. Fromm, who was a keen photographer, also had quite a complicated digital camera. ‘Many
people didn’t know how to use it,’ he pointed out. ‘We were just taking it in turns to take pictures of
each other,’ he explained. Sometimes he managed to get successful pictures of them both by using
the timer function on his camera. However, Fromm found that occasionally their heads wouldn’t be
in the middle of the picture. And sometimes, when he wanted to use the timer, there was nowhere
safe to put the camera down.
When Fromm got back to Canada, he started thinking about how he could create something that
would hold a camera far away enough to get a good picture. ‘I spent a couple of years examining
umbrellas, taking them apart, and trying to use the same technology to create something strong
enough to support a traditional, heavy camera.’ Finally, in 2005, he came up with a device he
called the Quik Pod (as in a ‘quick tripod’). He worked hard to promote his product. It got some
attention, and he made some money, but it didn’t become as popular as he would have liked. One
issue was that the device was too large for most tourists to carry around with them. Nowadays, of
course, most people use their mobile phones as cameras. These tend to be light, and therefore
much easier to attach to a modern selfie stick. However, mobile phones have been known to fall
out of modern selfie sticks. Fromm’s invention enabled a camera to be held very securely in place,
making it more attractive to professional photographers.
If you look online for a selfie stick, thousands are now sold each day, but very few of them are
Fromm’s. The Quik Pod was more suitable for serious photographers than for tourists. However,
there was some interest from people in the extreme sport community – it was really popular with
skiers, paragliders and divers. Sales grew gradually, but unfortunately for Fromm, there are now
many cheaper versions available. Fromm, however, is far from disappointed. ‘Money was never
my main motivation. I’m far more interested in creating a world where families have good photos in
which everyone is present.’
180
You are going to give a talk to your class at school about the invention of the Quik Pod, an early version
of the selfie stick. Prepare some notes to use as the basis for your talk.
10 Problems that Wayne Fromm had when taking family photographs on holiday:
• .............................................................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................................................
• ....................................................................................................................................... [5]
11 Why the Quik Pod failed to be a great success with the general public:
• .............................................................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................................................
• ....................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 9]
181
Exercise 4
12 Read the article about tourism in the Galapagos Islands.
Write a summary about the problems tourism can cause AND the measures put in place to
deal with these problems.
Tourism in the Galapagos Islands
With over 150 000 tourists visiting each year, the Galapagos Islands, situated off the west coast of
South America, are an extremely attractive holiday destination. Many visitors want to come to these
beautiful islands to experience their unique wildlife including giant tortoises, marine iguanas and
penguins, as well as the stunning landscapes. But what impact do all these visitors have, and how
can they continue to visit the islands without destroying them in the process?
When people first started visiting the islands on holiday many years ago, they tended to sleep and
eat on their cruise ships. These ships brought all the supplies that were essential for keeping their
customers happy for the duration of their holiday. Today, however, there are so many people visiting
who choose to stay on the islands instead that local farmers and fishermen cannot produce enough
food to keep up with their requirements. Food is therefore imported to the islands from the mainland
in order to solve this problem.
Increased competition among providers of island accommodation has meant that it is now cheaper
to stay in an island hotel than ever before. When tourists do stay on the Galapagos Islands, they
spend money in the local community, and provide employment opportunities for locals. However,
the increasing number of tourists staying has resulted in growing concerns about the amount of
rubbish being created. As more and more people visit the islands, international investors have been
interested in building there in order to get a share of the lucrative tourism industry. While the islands’
National Park areas are protected from development of this kind, the areas outside them are not,
and many new buildings have been constructed. This helps the islands to cope with visitors, but
there is always the risk that nearby wildlife is put in danger.
For visitors who are staying on board a cruise ship, the authorities closely control the routes these
ships can take when touring the islands. If badly maintained, the ships can pollute the seawater with
oil. In order to monitor them closely, all boats and ships must have a licence, which is given out by the
National Park authorities. The majority of cruise ship companies, however, run well-organised trips,
and they do their best to provide their customers with a memorable, once-in-a-lifetime experience.
Wherever visitors choose to stay, a tour guide is required for each group that is exploring a particular
area. This is of course an advantage to the visitors themselves, as they can find out far more
about the amazing creatures they’re seeing than they would do alone. More recently, tourists have
been drawn to activity-based holidays. In the Galapagos, this demand has seen the development
of holidays featuring a range of activities, such as horseback riding, camping, sport fishing and
kayaking, which are proving to be very popular. This unique and beautiful area is certain to continue
to be a fascinating destination for visitors from all over the world.
182
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[Total: 16]
183
Exercise 5
13 Your school recently organised a ‘work experience week’, when each student in your class spent
the week working in a local business of their choice.
Write an email to your friend about your work experience week.
• explain which type of business you worked in
• describe what you had to do each day
• say how this has helped you with your career plans.
used.
184
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[Total: 16]
185
Exercise 6
14 Students at your school have been arriving late to classes recently. Your teacher has asked you to
write a report about this, explaining how this affects your lessons and suggesting what you think
can be done about it.
Our teacher has to repeat everything.
It would be good if our lessons started later.
Write a report for your teacher, giving your views.
used.
186
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[Total: 16]
187

* 4 4 3 8 3 2 7 7 6 1 *

2 hours

DC (NF/CB) 166446/3
189
Exercise 1
Read the article about birds called peregrines, and then answer the following questions.
Peregrines: finding a home in the city
If people stare upwards at New York’s famous Empire State Building, they can occasionally spot
a bird that is becoming an icon of New York – the peregrine. Those who are lucky enough to
recognise this bird, once among the rarest in the USA, can see the Earth’s fastest creature looking
surprisingly at home on this New York attraction.
These sightings provide evidence of the remarkable recovery of this bird of prey, which had almost
entirely disappeared from its traditional environment in rural North America. Although there were
about 2000 pairs of peregrines there at the end of the 19th century, this number was already going
down. The decline continued throughout the early 20th century, especially during the 1950s. By
1964, there were no active nesting pairs of peregrines in the whole of the north-eastern USA.
Some of the decline can be explained by reductions in the numbers of the animals they feed on,
but scientists are now convinced it was largely due to an agricultural chemical called DDT. This was
used to destroy harmful insects, but also killed other wildlife such as birds, and was banned in the
USA in 1972.
In order to increase peregrine numbers, a programme at Cornell University called The Peregrine
Fund was set up in 1970. The project involved breeding young birds and in 1974, it began to
reintroduce them into the wild. By the 1980s, peregrine numbers were gradually rising, and this
has continued to the present day. Since 1983, thousands of young peregrines have successfully
reached adulthood in New York State alone.
This growth in numbers has meant peregrines have spread from their traditional rural locations
into some of the USA’s biggest cities. This has introduced new challenges for the birds. Peregrine
parents are occasionally unable to hear the young birds in the nest calling due to the noise of the
city. Despite this, peregrines have adapted to urban environments highly successfully.
New York City is now home to the largest population of urban peregrines on the planet. Somehow,
even though a city is full of hazards, such as young birds in their nests being disturbed by
maintenance crews, it seems to be an ideal environment for peregrines. While the species of
smaller birds the peregrines traditionally feed on are harder to find in New York, there is still plenty
of food for them. And although people might think that the cliffs where rural peregrines usually
make their homes are safer, tall buildings offer remarkably good nesting sites.
Despite this, peregrines sometimes fly into the modern glass used in eco-friendly architecture
because it is almost invisible to them. Nevertheless, the birds can still be found on many famous
skyscrapers and flying around all the major bridges in the city. Other potential dangers for peregrines
are the electrical power lines that can be seen high up between buildings.
Peregrines are fast becoming a tourist attraction, which is an obvious advantage for the city. And
although you might think that people wouldn’t be keen on having peregrines nesting so close to
where they live or work, the birds actually reduce the cost of cleaning the buildings by keeping
messy city-dwelling birds such as pigeons away.
The Department of Environmental Conservation has avoided estimating how many peregrines
will call the city home in decades to come. Personally, I’d say that numbers will double, but the
peregrine’s most optimistic supporters suggest the current figure will increase by 300%. Let’s hope
they’re right.
190
1 Which world record do peregrines hold?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
2 When did peregrine numbers decrease most quickly in the USA?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
3 What was the main cause of the decrease in numbers of peregrines?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
4 When did The Peregrine Fund release its first birds?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
5 Why are cities good places for peregrines to live? Give two details.
��
.................................................................................................................................................... [2]
6 How does having peregrines in New York City benefit its residents? Give two details.
..........................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [2]
7 What prediction does the writer make about peregrines living in New York City?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
8 What are the risks that peregrines face nowadays from living in big cities? Give four details.
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 13]
191
Exercise 2
Read the article about four young people (A–D) who have busy lives. Then answer Question 9(a)–(j).
MANAGING BUSY LIVES
Four young people share their thoughts on managing their busy lives
A Azar Hakimi
I think teenagers these days have so many more activities to choose from than previous generations
did. My parents often had very little to do on their days off school and say that those days seemed to
pass too slowly, but I never have time to feel like that and prefer it this way. It’s a similar story in the
evening after school. I want to go to university, so I take my school studies seriously and I do a couple
of hours of homework every day. I’m really into kickboxing too, so I have training twice a week for that.
I don’t think anyone my age could survive without planning their time well – I’d certainly be lost without
my weekly planner. Ideally, I’d like to get a weekend job to help pay for my future college studies. With
the amount of free time I have, though, there’s more chance of me finding the money in the street than
that happening!
B Dylan Pope
I think if you have any interests at all other than school, you’re going to be running from one thing to the
next! I sometimes find it quite hard to believe how busy I am on a typical weekday. My parents reckon
they had fewer opportunities when they were my age, but it’s different now. I’d much rather have too
much to do than too little, but the amount of time that school work takes up each evening is getting
ridiculous. I love football and cricket, and other games too, but I’ve had to limit myself to playing just
one of them because I haven’t got sufficient time to do more. Some of my classmates keep detailed
written planners to help them organise their weeks more effectively. I’ve always managed to be in the
right place at the right time up to now, but I may well need to start writing everything down if I get any
busier.
C Morio Hamasaki
Most of my free time is taken up by sport. I play baseball for the school team and play for the local
football and basketball club too. My mum and dad made me cut down on how much sport I was playing
at one point. They could see how upset this made me, so they soon changed their minds and are very
supportive now. It’s not that I don’t do the school work I’m given – I spend an hour on it every evening,
which isn’t a huge amount of time. When I’m working on it in my bedroom every night, though, I lose
motivation as soon as I start. I want to be a professional baseball player, not a scientist! My parents say
that it’s much harder to become what you want to be these days and that kids are under much more
pressure. There’s no use wishing I’d been born thirty years earlier, but I can’t help agreeing with them.
D Rokia Mokama
I tend to divide up my weekly activities into the things I have to do and the things I want to do, and I’m
often surprised by how short the first of those lists is. The second list, though, is usually quite lengthy,
so although my friends can’t quite believe it, I’m actually quite relieved to let my mum and dad decide
whether I have time for hockey practice or chess club. They started doing this when I took on too many
voluntary work commitments for a few months, which didn’t leave enough time for everything else.
That’s changed for the better now, though. I’m hoping to be the first person in my family ever to go to
university so it’s important for me to get my priorities right. It’s great to do things for other people, as I
was doing with the voluntary work, but it shouldn’t be more important than seeing friends or doing well
at school. It’s good to have a nice balance between work and play.
192
Which person …
(a) feels that they get far too much homework? ........... [1]
(b) allows their parents to organise their free-time activities? ........... [1]
(c) suggests that they are unlikely to work part-time while still at school? ........... [1]
(d) would like to have time to play some other sports? ........... [1]
(e) feels that teenage life was better for previous generations? ........... [1]
(f) never gets bored at the weekend? ........... [1]
(g) is surprised that they have so many things to do during the school week? ........... [1]
(h) is pleased to have time for their social life? ........... [1]
(i) mentions how they feel when they are doing homework? ........... [1]
(j) believes that good organisational skills are essential for all teenagers? ........... [1]
[Total: 10]
193
Exercise 3
Read the article about nature conservation in the Galapagos Islands, and then complete the notes.
Nature conservation in the Galapagos Islands

The volcanic Galapagos Islands lie far out in the Pacific Ocean, 1000 kilometres off the coast of
Ecuador, in South America. They consist of fourteen main islands and more than 120 smaller rocky
ones. They are a truly unique environment and, in 1978, the Galapagos Islands became a UNESCO
World Heritage Site. Because of this status, they attract many thousands of visitors from all over
the world, and scientists are now raising awareness of the need to protect this environment.
Although first inhabited by people relatively recently, the Galapagos Islands now have a permanent
population of around 30 000. In addition to the residents, the islands also welcome at least
200 000 tourists each year. The balance between preserving the environment and allowing people
to see its astonishing natural beauty is one which is never easy to achieve, wherever it is in the
world. For example, the large numbers of visitors to the islands all need to be fed, and the sea
around the islands is an obvious source of food. This has resulted in the creation of many jobs in
the fishing industry, but the increase in fishing is harming marine life.
The Galapagos Islands were first made famous when Charles Darwin visited them in 1835, and not
long afterwards he came up with his famous theory of evolution. The research he carried out there
has given the islands a special place in the history of biology. Since Darwin’s time, many species
of animals and plants have been deliberately introduced to the islands from other countries,
as a source of food or to control pests. However, some of these have done so well in their new
home that they have increased greatly in number. Therefore, many volunteers now spend their
time removing the unwanted species. This is crucial, because many of the original species on the
islands are found nowhere else on Earth. Another problem is that, occasionally, harmful creatures
such as insects can accidentally be brought in by holidaymakers from outside the islands. If they
are allowed to spread, these creatures have the potential to damage the local ecosystem on the
Galapagos Islands. For this reason, every visitor is now checked on arrival to the islands.
Having such a large number of visitors to the islands has led to an increase in the amount of
rubbish produced. This can have a highly destructive effect on the native wildlife of the Galapagos
Islands – for example, when rubbish is mistaken for food by creatures. Residents are attempting to
recycle as much waste as possible. To prevent any more increase in the islands’ resident population,
the authorities have limited development over the past few years on all five inhabited islands.
The Galapagos Islands are recognised as one of the most perfect island ecosystems on Earth and so
remain the focus of much interest to science. Biologists are completing research into new ways to
protect the islands. It’s up to all of us, scientists and tourists alike, to preserve this precious place.
194
You are going to give a talk about the Galapagos Islands to your class. Prepare some notes to use as
the basis for your talk.
10 How tourism is negatively affecting the Galapagos Islands:
• ��
• ��
• ��
• �� [4]
11 What people are doing to preserve the Galapagos Islands:
• ��
• ��
• ��
• ��
• �� [5]
[Total: 9]
195
Exercise 4
12 Read the article about becoming an astronaut.
Write a summary about the requirements for becoming an astronaut.
How to become an astronaut

Becoming an astronaut is a dream that many people have had since childhood. It can be very difficult
to meet even the basic requirements, which makes it a hard job to get, but it’s also one of the most
exciting and rewarding things that anyone can do.
If you decide to apply and happen to be rejected the first time, all is not lost. One astronaut applied
fourteen times to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) before he was accepted.
The high level of motivation he showed by applying a fifteenth time was one of the key qualities NASA
wanted, making him just the kind of person they were looking for!
Many people think that astronaut applicants must come from a military background, for example
from the army or the air force. However, many successful applications now come from those with a
non‑military career. No matter what background applicants may have, they need at least a first degree
in a relevant subject, like engineering. Many astronauts have a higher degree in their field of study,
such as a master’s or a doctorate, but this is not vital. However, space agencies will always look for
someone who can demonstrate they have a love of learning.
It takes more than education to be selected as an astronaut, however. NASA, for example, wants at
least three years of professional experience in a related field.
Candidates must also pass a series of demanding physical tests. Regular checks will be made on every
potential astronaut’s blood pressure, so this cannot be too high. Perfect eyesight, either naturally or
with corrective lenses such as glasses, is hugely important – your own life, and the lives of other crew
members will rely on your vision. Also, given that a lot of the tasks astronauts have to carry out when
in space are manual in nature, anyone hoping to become one of the few people who make it into space
will need to be very good with their hands.
There are no specific age restrictions and astronauts selected in the past have ranged between the ages
of 25 and 46, with the average being in the mid‑thirties. What is specified though is that you must be
within the minimum and maximum heights, and these differ according to the space agency you wish to
apply to.
A typical space mission on the International Space Station these days lasts for around six months. Some
astronauts even stay for as long as a year. The ability to work as a team member is therefore of high
importance as, during this time, astronauts live in close contact with a crew of up to five other people.
So if you still think you have everything you need to become an astronaut, what are you waiting for?
After all, for an astronaut, the sky’s the limit!
196
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[Total: 16]
197
Exercise 5
13 When you were on your way home from school recently, you saw someone who needed some
help. You decided to help.
Write an email to a friend about what happened.
• explain why the person needed some help
• describe how you helped them
• say what the person did later to thank you.
used.
198
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[Total: 16]
199
Exercise 6
14 Your class has been discussing whether receiving prizes for doing well at school is a good idea.
Prizes are fair because everyone has the same chance of winning.
There are better ways of getting students to work hard.
Write an article for your teacher, giving your views.
Your article should be between 150 and 200 words long.
You will receive up to 8 marks for the content of your article, and up to 8 marks for the language
used.
200
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[Total: 16]
201
THEMES 1 AND 2
202
In order to succeed, we must first believe that we
can. – Nikos Kazantzakis
THEME 1
Leisure, Entertainment, Activities
203
Reading 1
Read the following article about children and play, and then answer the questions on the opposite page.
CHILDREN AND PLAY

Children used to be able to play freely, exploring and Outdoor environments are also important for children’s
interacting with the natural world with little or no development of independence. When playing outside,
supervision by adults. Children from around the world children can gradually increase the distance from the
were free to invent games of their own. Nowadays, adult who is looking after them. Although they can
however, we control the lives of our children much develop some independence indoors, children are more
more, giving them fewer opportunities for free play. able to experiment with independence in the open air.
Adults are then more willing to trust their children,
Today, some parents are afraid for their children’s an essential element in confidence-building which
safety when they leave the house on their own. Many improves the relationship between child and parent.
children in England used to spend hours playing on
their bikes, having all sorts of adventures, but this Outdoors, children have more opportunities to use all
is now considered too dangerous. Some working their senses. They have greater freedom not only to run
families can’t care for their children after school, so and shout, but also to interact with the environment.
the children have to stay indoors or attend supervised Spanish children, for example, enjoy a very active
after-school activities. Children’s lives have become game known as ‘colour, little colour’, in which a
more closely organised by adults, who believe that leader names a colour, and then the other children
participation in a sport or some extra lessons will make have to rush to look for something of that colour.
their children more successful when they grow up. Activities which may not be allowed indoors are
perfectly acceptable outdoors; children are free to play
messy games out in the open air that just wouldn’t be
permitted in the home.
Reasons why children don’t play outdoors
10%
38%
22%
The result is that some children have little time for 30%
play any more and when they do it’s often spent in No time
front of the television or computer. In the past, children Too much school work
in Brazil played a game which involves spinning a Rather watch TV or play computer games
large seed with a hole in it to create a scream-like
noise. They rarely play this game nowadays. No opportunities for outdoor activity nearby
Studies show that outdoor environments help all Children experience the natural environment
people by reducing stress and creating a general differently from adults. Adults typically see nature
feeling of well-being. The natural world is essential for as background to what they are doing, whereas for
the emotional health of children. Just as children need children it is a hands-on experience. One researcher
positive contact with adults, they also need positive says, “All the manufactured equipment and all the
contact with nature and the chance to experience the indoor instructional games cannot substitute for the
sense of wonder that it offers. When children play experience of direct interaction with nature.”
in the open air, they are more likely to have positive
feelings about each other and their surroundings. They As a parent concludes, “These expensive toys cannot
are able to use elements of the natural environment to replace the sensation where a child’s attention is
create games with each other. In Korea, for example, suddenly captured by the sparkle of sunlight through
children can be found using something as simple as leaves, the sound and motion of plants in the wind, or
stones to play a great game called ‘jacks’. the gentle noise of water flowing by.”
204
(a) Why could children play freely in the past?
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) What must some children do after school if both parents work?
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) What do adults believe will help their children to achieve more in later life?
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) According to the article, why is it good for everybody to spend time outdoors?
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) What are the emotional benefits that children experience when spending time outdoors?
Give two details.
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(f) How do adults react when their children become more independent?
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(g) What can children do outdoors that wouldn’t be permitted indoors? Give two details.
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(h) According to the chart, what is the second most common reason why children do not
play outdoors?
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(i) What is the difference in the way that adults and children experience nature?
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(j) What is the researcher’s view of educational games?
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(k) Children around the world have always been creative in finding ways to play outside.
Give four different countries AND details of the activities.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 15]
205
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235
Reading 17
Read the following article about young gymnasts, and then complete the notes on the
opposite page.
CHINESE CHAMPIONS
One of the most famous gymnastics schools in China is a school in Xuhui in
Shanghai. At this school, very young children are identified and then
coached to become champions. The children start this process as
young as four years old, and their trainer is responsible for making sure
that those chosen are the best.
Each year, a team of coaches selects 150 four-year-olds from all the nursery
schools in the city of Shanghai. They do not usually pick the child who jumps the
highest or is the fastest runner. They prefer to ask the parents, 'Is your son a little
devil, does he misbehave?' Many parents hurry to point out how well behaved
their child is, ruining their chances of being picked. This is because the coaches
are looking for disobedient children as those are the ones with the extra energy
to offer. The school of sport in Shanghai is therefore full of 'naughty and
disobedient' children!
In addition to this energy, the coaches are also looking for particular physical
characteristics. Gymnasts need to be short, slim children with straight arms and
small joints. They all need to be tough.
The first group of pre-selected children have to go through half an hour of really
hard physical tests to find out if they have the endurance they will need for
training in the future. At this point, many parents take their children home, but
those who stay have the chance to become champions.
The key to success is hard training sessions, discipline and absolute dedication
from childhood. Since the 1950s, China has produced champions and taken the
lead in sports for which they were, in the past, never prepared. Although the
school in Shanghai is mainly for gymnasts, other stars and champions have been
created there in the fields of table tennis and basketball.
The training day starts for the gymnasts with students holding their legs
and arms open for 30 seconds. The morning continues with two and a half
hours of harder exercise. After eating, they go back to training with
hundreds of repeated exercises on apparatus, jumping on the mat and
acrobatic stretching. All the apparatus has been made smaller so that
the children can train properly. At the end of the day, these 'naughty'
children just want to go to bed quietly and sleep. Maybe they dream of
the medals they will win when they are older.
236
YOUNG GYMNASTS
(a) Selection procedure:
• When:
• Who:
(b) Three physical requirements for gymnasts:
(c) Three details of training programme:
[Total: 8]
237
Reading 18
238
239
Reading 19
Read the following speech to parents about children and music, and then complete the notes on
the opposite page.
Whether it’s dancing around the living room on a rainy day or singing along to the radio, school-age
children love listening to, and participating in, music. There are many good reasons why you should
encourage this enthusiasm.
Research has shown that children who are actively involved in music (who play it or sing it regularly)
benefit in many ways. They appear to do better in reading and are more likely to do better in maths and
science because music helps build reasoning skills and cognitive development. One study demonstrated
that students who were given keyboard training while also using maths software scored higher on maths
and fractions tests than students who used the software alone. There is even evidence that children who
are involved in music are more likely to go to college.
But don’t let the research cloud perhaps the best reason to encourage a love of music. It’s just plain fun.
There are few things that children (and many adults) enjoy more than singing, dancing, and listening to
music.
Listening to a wide variety of music improves a child’s ability to analyse and comprehend it. The early
years of primary education are the perfect time to expose your child to everything from classical music
to pop. Most very young children are open to experiencing a wide range of musical styles; at eight years
old children start to prefer popular music. Studies have also shown that children aged nine and above
prefer music with a faster tempo – so get ready to rock and roll if your child is approaching that age.
Fill your child’s life with as much music as you can. If you are able to you could put a small stereo with
a collection of CDs in your child’s room. Giving your child a musical alarm clock or clock radio can help
your child wake up musically. It is always fun to introduce your child to songs from your own childhood
or music you particularly love. Cook to music, clean to music, and occasionally take time just to sit and
listen as an activity.
You may be wondering if your music-loving child is ready for lessons. Most children are ready for formal
music instruction between ages 5 and 7. The piano is a logical place to start. Children who learn
keyboard skills also learn the fundamental musical concepts needed for other instruments or even for
vocal music. String instruments are another good place to begin. Brass or wind instruments, on the other
hand, can be more physically challenging and may not be appropriate until they are older.
If you dreaded piano lessons when you were growing up, then your child might just feel the same.
Likewise, if you force musical training, your child probably won’t embrace it. But if your child expresses
an interest in learning to play an instrument and seems consistently and genuinely enthusiastic, consider
signing him or her up.
Music is part of us all. In fact, researchers now think it may come before language in human
development. Whether your child becomes a concert pianist or simply enjoys singing in the shower,
when you encourage the love of music, you are giving a gift that will last a lifetime.
240
Your parents were unable to attend the talk about children and music at your younger brother’s
school. They asked you to attend and make brief notes for them.
Make two notes under each heading.
School subjects that improve if children are involved in music

• .............................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................
Preferences in music at different ages

• .............................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................
Activities you can do with your child to expose him / her to music
• .............................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................
Advice on giving music lessons to 5-7 year olds

• .............................................................................................................
• ..........................................................................................................
[Total: 8]
241
Notes:

242
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243
Reading 1
Read the following article about company telephone centres (or ‘call centres’) in India, and then
answer the questions on the opposite page.
India calling
Canada
6%
UK
33%
INDIA
USA
39%
Calls to
call centre Australia
20%
in India
New Zealand 2%
If you live in Australasia, 3,000 telephonists, and over miles away from their
Canada, North America or the 1,000 young graduates apply customers? Customers might
UK, the next time you speak to for every job vacancy. be worried if they thought they
your insurance company for were dialling India. They might
information or you book an air The working conditions in this be visualising huge bills,
ticket by telephone or even attractive office are good — perhaps, or they might be
deal with your bank, there's a doctor and a huge, anxious if they thought their
don't assume that their subsidised canteen on site — company was trading so far
representatives are in an office it's like being at college again away from home. The staff
in your own country − they and so many people want to don't say that they are calling
could be in India! It sounds work there. Each day, staff from India unless asked. Then
incredible but many companies have a meeting before their standard reply is,
have already moved their beginning their shift on the "Guess". If customers do find
telephone sales and enquiry telephone. They discuss the out where they are calling
departments all the way to 'call weather across the world − the from, they are usually
centres' in India... most favoured topic discussed fascinated by the time
with their customers is typically difference and how late the
Unbelievable? Many people the rain in the West. Foreign employees in India are
think it is a sensible decision: newspapers are on-line, ready working. However, customers
costs in India are lower and for employees to be up-to-date are more concerned with the
the workforce is young and with current affairs to help high level of service provided
keen. For example, in one them when talking to their rather than where the call is
particular call centre office in customers. Clocks on the walls coming from.
Delhi, it can be 25 degrees show the time all round the
Celsius outside and night time, world at a glance. When the employees leave the
but inside the cool, air- call centre to go home, they
conditioned office it is still very So why don't these employees suddenly go from a global view
busy. This company employs admit they might be 4,000 back into the local Indian night.
244
(a) According to the map, where are the three main sources of customers for call centres in
India?
[1]
(b) Give two reasons why companies might consider basing their call centres in India.
[1]
(c) How do we know that it is difficult to obtain work at the call centre in Delhi?
[1]
(d) Give three ways in which employees are encouraged to have a global view of what is
happening.
[1]
(e) How do the customers usually respond if they find out that they are talking to someone in
India?
[1]
(f) According to the passage, what is the most important aspect of the call centre's service for
the customer?
[1]
(g) Write a short paragraph (about 60 words) about the ways in which the call centre in Delhi
looks after its employees.
[4]
[Total: 10]
245
Reading 2
Read the following article about a working holiday in a country park, and then answer the questions
on the opposite page.
, Rest and Play

William Derbyshire had always regarded the phrase “working holiday” as a contradiction in terms. He
thought that holidays were for relaxing, not working. But when he heard about working holidays run by the
National Trust, he wondered if he should find out more.
So he obtained a brochure and discovered that the National Trust organises hundreds of working holidays in
some of the most beautiful places in the UK. The Trust provides cheap accommodation and food, and as
William was short of money at the time, he reckoned that this could be a way for him to take a break
without having to spend too much.
William chose to go to a big country park, to help a group of other volunteers to clear some of the
surrounding woodland. He was met there by the group leader, who immediately told him he had already
made his first mistake. The trainers William was wearing were quite unsuitable for outdoor work. It says so in
the brochure, in bold type, but somehow he had missed that detail. Luckily, the leader had a pair of smart
green boots for him to borrow. Then they headed off into the forest to meet the other volunteers.
The forest was full of all kinds of trees but had become overgrown with thick bushes and tangled weeds. The
volunteers’ task was to clear these, to give the trees more room, and to plant a few more in the empty
spaces. The National Trust is a charity and receives no money from the government. Without the help of
volunteers, work like this would not be done.
The other volunteers had been there for a week, and they had already cleared an area the size of several
tennis courts. The volunteers ranged from teenagers to pensioners, from a retired postman to several
students working for an award. There was also a surveyor, a civil servant, a teacher and a chef. A few were
first-timers, but most of them had been on lots of these holidays before.
over 65
Age ranges (in years) 13-19
of volunteers attending
National Trust working 51-65
holidays in 2011
20-35
36-50
After volunteers have done several working holidays, they get the chance to go on a brief training course and
become a volunteer leader. In exchange for a few extra duties, such as driving the minibus and buying the
food, leaders receive their holiday completely free. However, even though it was a cheap way to spend a
week, it was clear that most of them were there just for the love of it. They enjoyed meeting new people and
doing useful work together. Although they did not boast about it, William could tell they were keen to play
their part in making their corner of the world a better place.
The leader cut down some bushes with a chainsaw and then showed William how to use an axe to do the
same work. William found the task hard, but he liked the fact that he was free to work at his own pace. As on
any holiday, it was good to make new friends. Clearing woodland is not the only thing you can do on a
National Trust working holiday. Activities range from gardening to archaeology, picking fruit and vegetables,
looking after farm animals or cataloguing books in the library of a historic house.
William had his meals in a cabin with the other volunteers and slept in the men’s dormitory. He did not sleep
too well because the room was cold. Nevertheless, he loved every other aspect of the holiday and would be
happy to go back again next year.
246
(a) What had William Derbyshire previously thought was the purpose of a holiday?
[1]
(b) Why is a National Trust working holiday suitable for people with little money?
[1]
(c) What had William failed to take notice of in the brochure?
[1]
(d) For what purpose was it necessary to remove the weeds and bushes that had
overgrown the forest?
[1]
(e) Why does the National Trust have to get volunteers to do this kind of work?
[1]
(f) According to the chart, apart from teenagers, which age range group provides most
volunteers for National Trust working holidays?
[1]
(g) What is the greatest benefit of becoming a volunteer leader?
[1]
(h) Why was William content with his own work even though it was difficult for him?
[1]
(i) What indoor work can a volunteer do on a National Trust holiday?
[1]
(j) What kept William awake at night?
[1]
(k) Apart from the low cost, why do so many people choose a National Trust working
holiday? Give four reasons.
[4]
[Total: 14]
247
Reading 3
Read this article carefully, and then answer the questions on the opposite page.
,QGLD·V6QDNH&KDUPHUV
One of the world’s most fascinating and individual traditions is under threat. India’s snake
charmers, who once captivated generations of small children by playing music to cobras to make
them rise out of baskets, have admitted that they have fallen on hard times.
The Sapera people, India’s traditional snake charmers, no longer manage to attract big crowds and
are finding it difficult to earn enough money to live. They fear that their community might disappear
forever if their income from snake charming continues to go down or if they cannot find an
alternative means of making a living.
Most of India’s snake charmers come from one small northern village, Salenagar, about an hour
from the ancient city of Lucknow. The villagers have been in the snake charming business ever
since their ancestors migrated there from Bengal. Snake charming is one of the main things which
characterise the Sapera and they have been working with snakes for hundreds of years.
But now the Sapera’s livelihood is being threatened. As the chart indicates, the income earned by
snake charmers has decreased significantly over the last forty years. In 1960, a snake charmer
earned 1200 rupees a day; actors were earning only 500 rupees and wildlife experts barely made
100 rupees for working for one day. Twenty years later, India’s snake charmers were earning only
600 rupees daily.
1200
1000 Snake charmers
Income 800
Actors
in 600
Rupees Wildlife experts
400
200
0
1960 1980 2000
Snake charmers are blaming the decline of their profession on the increasing popularity of wildlife
television programmes and films, a particular attraction for younger people. The traditional snake
charming act involves playing a traditional wailing tune on a bean, an instrument that sounds a bit
like a pipe. “The new generation is not listening to the old songs and melodies, they only want
modern songs or pop music, with its high tech’ instruments. They are no longer interested in
traditional bean music,” says a representative of the village.
The world has changed and now younger people are more interested in the latest technology; their
mobile phones, computers and DVD players. Many older people just do not understand these
developments and regrettably the new generation takes no interest in many traditional ways of life.
While snake charmers may seem exotic to much of the rest of the world, the reality is many are
suffering financially. Many snake charmers have admitted that they don’t even like snakes.
However, they are very proud of their ancestral profession, to the extent that they are trying hard
to make sure that snake charming maintains a role in modern India. The villagers’ main demand
is that they are properly recognised by the government. Under the law this might entitle them to
government aid and certain privileges. Any such help may even revive their interest in working
with snakes.
248
(a) What did the Sapera do to captivate hundreds of small children?
[1]
(b) Give the two factors that the Sapera believe may lead to the loss of their community.
(i)
(ii) [2]
(c) Where did India’s snake charmers originally come from?
[1]
(d) Which profession doubled its income in the last twenty years of the twentieth century?
[1]
(e) Compare the earnings of a snake charmer in 1960 to those of a snake charmer in 1980.
[1]
(f) Give two reasons why the Sapera think that young people are responsible for the declining
interest in snake charming.
(i)
(ii) [2]
(g) How would proper government recognition help the Sapera people?
[1]
(h) What do you think is the attitude of the snake charmers to the younger generation?
[1]
(i) Give four details of the Sapera snake charmers.
[4]
Total: [14]
249
Reading 4
Read the following article about men who hunt for birds’ nests in caves in Thailand, and then answer
the questions on the opposite page.
The nest hunters of Tam Yai

Swiftlets are shy birds that make their nests in the remotest corners of deep caves. They have the ability
to fly fast and straight like arrows around the interior of the cave walls. Like some other birds, they build
their nests with their saliva, the juicy liquid from their own mouths. This juice hardens quickly to make a
small nest, shaped like a cup. These nests are called “white gold”, because they can be sold for
thousands of dollars in the Chinese food markets. It is these nests for which the hunters of Tam Yai are
prepared to risk their lives.
Tam Yai cave in southern Thailand is the largest network of caves inside a limestone mountain, known as
Suwan Kuha, meaning “cave temple”. It has been given this name because it contains a large area
decorated with statues of Buddhas. High above the statues, in the far corners of the cave complex, is
where the nests are to be found.
The nest hunters climb barefoot up dangerous bamboo poles hundreds of metres above the ground to
collect these valuable nests. They rarely use safety equipment, and if they fall, they will die instantly.
These nests can only be reached by the bravest and most skilled climbers, and they are often only able
to reach the highest nests with the aid of a stick and a net.
Prices of birds’ nests over the past 60 years
5000
?
4000
Price (in dollars) 3000
of birds’ nests
per kilogram 2000
1000
0
1948 1968 1988 2008 2028
Dates (in years)
Nest hunting is a skill passed down in families from father to son. Because of the profits that can be
made, the competition among rival climbers is fierce. There are armed guards at the entrance to the
cave to protect the nests from thieves. In Tam Yai, there are also strict laws to prevent illegal hunting
and to ensure proper collecting, or “harvesting”, of the nests. As a result, the birds are a protected
species and the number of swiftlets is growing. Nest harvesting begins in March and if the harvest is
collected at the correct time of year, each swiftlet will lay eggs three times a season. Once the young
birds have hatched and flown, the nests can be collected and sold to the Chinese food industry as the
vital ingredient in bird’s nest soup.
The recipe for the highly valued bird’s nest soup is centuries old, and the soup is said to have a value in
prolonging life. Chinese doctors often prescribe it for people who are suffering from skin conditions, lung
disease and breathing problems.
It is important to prepare the nests thoroughly when they arrive in the restaurant kitchens. Firstly they are
washed, soaked and boiled until they have a soft, rubber-like texture. Then they are mixed with meat
and coconut and all the ingredients are cooked together. The nest itself is not delicious, in fact it has
hardly any taste. As one Chinese chef says: “It is the other ingredients which give the soup its flavour.
The nest is soft and crunchy, and when you prepare it you must be careful to remove all traces of the
bird, such as bones or feathers. This is because Chinese people appreciate the way it feels in their
mouth rather than the taste and smell.”
It is an exotic dish in a multi-million dollar market. The nests themselves are small; they weigh less than 10
grams and measure just a few centimetres. But for the nest hunters the risks are great indeed.
250
(a) What happens to the saliva when the birds build their nests?
[1]
(b) Why do the hunters take such great risks to collect the nests?
[1]
(c) Which country buys most of the birds’ nests?
[1]
(d) Why is Suwan Kuha regarded as a temple?
[1]
(e) What makes the job of nest hunting particularly dangerous? Give two details.
[1]
(f) According to the graph, how does the price of birds’ nests in 2008 compare to that of
1968?
[1]
(g) How is the business of nest hunting in Tam Yai controlled? Give two details.
[2]
(h) How is bird’s nest soup important for health?
[1]
(i) How does the soup get its taste?
[1]
(j) Apart from the details of their nest building, what else do we learn about the birds?
Give four details.
[4]
[Total: 14]
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Reading 13
Read the following speech from a scientist who is talking about the effects of being
bilingual, and then complete the notes on the opposite page.
If you speak another language and you also speak English (or any other language), your brain
may have developed some distinct advantages over your friends who only speak one
language. New research into bilingualism has found that being fluent in two languages,
particularly from early childhood, increases a person’s ability to concentrate, and might also
protect against diseases of the brain in old age.
Until fairly recently, parents and teachers feared that introducing children to a second language
when they were very young could not only delay their language skills but also harm their
intellectual growth. In addition, there were fears that bilingual children would become confused
in their use of language. New research, however, has found that bilingual children speak their
first word, and their first fifty words and so on, at the same age as children who only speak one
language. Furthermore, there is no evidence that children confuse the two languages.
Bilingual children may have an advantage at school. In fact, even before they start school they
have been found to be better than others at focusing on a task and ignoring distractions. School
age bilingual children have been found to have an above average ability to concentrate. They
also find it easier to interact and make friends with a wide group of other children. It may be
that managing two languages helps the brain to focus and ignore irrelevant information.
At the other end of the age scale, one of the difficulties which can affect old people is known
as ‘dementia’. This is a condition that causes the brain to stop working normally. People with
dementia are often confused and their memories no longer function properly. Research
suggests that bilingualism may slow down the beginning of age-related dementia, by up to
four years. Although scientists don’t know why bilingualism does this, some suggest that
speaking two languages may increase the blood and oxygen flow to the brain and keep nerve
connections healthy.
More recently, scientists have discovered that the brains of bilingual adults are different,
especially in the brain’s left side, where most language and communication skills are
controlled. The effect is strongest in people who learnt a second language before the age of
five. This discovery suggests that being bilingual from an early age significantly changes the
brain’s structure.
For many years now, scientists have been arguing about exactly how the brains of bilingual
people organise language. However, thanks to technological advances, scientists have
recently discovered that the processing of different languages mostly happens in the same
area of the brain. On the other hand, when bilinguals are rapidly switching backwards and
forwards between their two languages, they show significantly more activity in the right side
of the brain than people who speak only one language.
It really does seem that speaking two languages gives the brain an excellent workout!
268
You have been asked by your languages teacher to give a presentation to your year group on
what has been discovered about bilingualism. Prepare some notes to use as the basis for your
presentation.
Make your notes under each heading.
Fears about encouraging young children to be bilingual

• .............................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................
Advantages for children of being bilingual

• .............................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................
Effects of bilingualism on the brain
• .............................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................
• ..........................................................................................................
[Total: 8]
269
Reading 14
Read the following article about "River Books", a charity based in Laos, and then complete the
notes on the opposite page.
of the fundraising programme, Anna and her

Spreading partner are undertaking a series of
challenges. These began with a sponsored
500-kilometre bike ride across Laos, which
Literacy took place last February. This was followed
by a solo attempt by Anna to sail along the
length of the river Thames in England in only
in Laos a small boat. She plans also to run in next

year’s London Marathon. By these means
she hopes to earn enough money to start
the work of delivering books to the
Anna Dahl is in a race: her aim is to bring remotest parts of Laos.
books by boat to children in rural Laos
before the arrival of television.
What encourages her is the knowledge that
A trained anthropologist, Anna developed a once television becomes available in the
specialist interest in how traditional rural countryside, getting people to read will
communities are affected by modern media. become much harder. This is starting to
She had previously worked for a couple of happen with the arrival of electricity, which is
years as a volunteer in Laos, and during her gradually spreading throughout the country.
time she became aware of the high rates of “It’s difficult to convince people of the value
illiteracy there, particularly in the of reading when they have a screen that
countryside, where very few people could provides entertainment continuously,” she
read or write. says. “But if you can’t read and write, it
prevents you from doing a lot of things.”
The high rate of illiteracy has been caused
by local conditions. To begin with, there are “In the modern world, illiteracy is one of the
very few authors writing in the Lao greatest disadvantages that people have to
language, so books are expensive and hard face. If you can’t read your school textbooks,
to obtain, even in schools. A second obstacle you will have many problems. You will be
is the practical difficulty of getting books into unable to read the signs, notices and
people’s hands, as many villages sit on the instructions which you see all around you. If
banks of the Mekong River and can only be you are unable even to write your own
reached by boat. “In the larger towns people name, how will you manage to fill in the
can go to libraries,” says Anna. “But village forms which are required these days in
children, particularly girls, rarely have a order to obtain almost anything? And
chance to own, or even hold, a book.” although you may never need to write a
letter, with the rapid development of
To tackle the problem, Anna has co-founded technology, everybody will soon need to
a charity called “River Books”. The charity’s know how to send an email or text
aim is to provide a floating mobile library, in message. That’s why I have a duty to provide
the form of a boat, built by local craftsmen, books for children living in the most distant
which will ferry books to the villages. As part areas of rural Laos.”
270
You have decided to tell your school fundraising group about the work of this charity and need
to make notes in order to prepare your talk.
Make your notes under each heading.
Reasons for illiteracy in rural Laos

• .............................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................
Anna Dahl’s fundraising efforts

• .............................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................
Disadvantages of illiteracy
• .............................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................
• ..........................................................................................................
[Total: 8]
271
Reading 15
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Reading 16
274
275
QUIZZES 1 TO 15
276
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

International General Certificate of Secondary Education
ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE 2VJ[

Paper 2 Reading and Writing (Extended)

Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.

For Examiner's Use
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Total
This document consists of 1 printed pages
[Turn over
277
Exercise
278
279
Exercise 2
A Matthew Wren C Becky Martin
I live in what’s called a hall of residence where I I live in a college-owned self-catering block. There’s
get full board as well as a room. It’s not exactly not much luxury, but I get value for money. For my
what you call cheap, though, I pay £87 per week £38 per week rent, I get a reasonably-sized room with
for my single room and three meals a day. This an old wardrobe, a tiny desk, one shelf, a rather
also includes the use of a washing machine and stained carpet and a sink. When I first moved in, I
ironing board. But I can’t complain because my probably spent more on decoration than I did on
room has just been re-carpeted, the furniture’s food. My only real complaint, though, was that I had
new and the cleaner comes in daily. The main to buy a new pillow because the one I was provided
drawback is sharing the bathroom with nine other with felt like a plastic bag full of old towels. I share
students and we don’t have any kitchen facilities. the kitchen and bathroom with six other girls. One of
The first thing I did when I arrived was buy them has a TV in her room, but she is a bit possessive
myself a mini-fridge, so I could have cool drinks about it. The fridge is not huge, so you’re always
whenever I wanted. But, we’re on the university trying to squeeze your food into the last remaining
network, so I have access to the Internet and free inch of space. I twice set off the fire alarm by
e-mail from my room, and we get room phones burning my dinner, so tended to give up on cooking
so I can ring friends around the campus for after that. We eat a lot of take-aways. In the next
nothing. block there’s a games room where we hang out
which has things like table football and satellite TV
if you need a break from studying.
B Kerry Dunnock D Karl Yorat
The city where I study is appalling for cheap I made the big mistake of going to a college fairly
accommodation, and the college has nothing of near my home. It isn’t so much the course that I
its own to offer you, but I was lucky, I found a don’t like, but the fact that I’m stuck at my parents’
room in a nice little terraced house with central house so I don’t feel in touch with what’s going on
heating which I share with three other girls. I at campus. In some ways I’m lucky because I’m not
have a yearly contract with a private landlady paying out all the money for food and rent that other
and I pay £220 a month for my study bedroom. people have to find, and I have someone to do my
This is not bad as it also has a large walk-in washing, but I don’t have the same amount of
wardrobe where I put all my stuff. I share the freedom or privacy as the people who’re living away
bathroom, kitchen and a small living room with from home. I even have to share a room with my
the other girls, and we split all the bills between younger brother. When I told my parents I wanted to
us. We tried to make a rota for the washing up, move out and go into college accommodation, they
cleaning and putting out the rubbish, but it’s not said they’d stop supporting me financially. So, in
always strictly followed. Cooking your own food the end, I had to give up the idea, that hasn’t made
is much cheaper than eating at college, and I like any of us very happy.
it because I have what I want when I want it.
280
You are going to read an article about student accommodation in which four college
students talk about the place they live. For questions 15-26, choose from the people
(A-D). The people may be chosen more than once.
There is an example at the beginning (0). (1 point for each question)
_____________________________________________________________________
Which student says?
My accommodation seems quite expensive. 0 A
I have plenty of storage space. 15
My college doesn’t provide accommodation. 16
My room is maintained to a high standard. 17
I have washing facilities in my room. 18
I would like to have more independence. 19
I had to buy some extra electrical equipment. 20
I would like to have more private space. 21
It’s easy to keep in touch with people here. 22
My room is not very well-furnished. 23
This is the only place where I can afford to live. 24
I save money by doing my own cooking. 25
There are good recreational facilities nearby. 26
[Total: 1]
281
([HUFLVH
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Exercise
Read the following article about using social networking internet sites. On the opposite page, write a
summary of the main criticisms of social networking sites.
Your summary should be about 100 words (and no more than 120 words). You should use
your own words as far as possible.
Social networking : our new best friend?

Social networks have millions of people signed up to their sites.
How are they changing our lives?
All over the world, millions of users have signed up to social networking sites, spending an average
of an hour every day communicating online. Social networking sites are the internet equivalent of a
continuous video-conference call between friends, in which users present their “face” to the world,
sharing as much detail as they want – with photographs, personal information, diaries and opinions.
Letters, phone calls and emails were once the normal methods of communication, but social
networking sites have now become the personal news service. People exchange ideas, invitations and
social chat with unlimited audiences.
Sociologists say that networking is changing our lives forever. We are in the middle of a social
revolution that is moving so rapidly that nobody can predict its impact in the years to come.
Facebook, for example, started as a college network for students at Harvard in the USA. It spread
quickly to other universities, and students swapped photographs, formed clubs and exchanged gossip.
When the students finished their studies, they carried their social networks with them to their places
of work and increased their circle of friends even more. It is very simple to join. You register for free
online, post a picture of yourself with some information (as little or as much as you want), then look
for friends.
The system is hugely popular but there are many critics, especially from the business world. Many
bosses and managers are frustrated at the amount of office time that is wasted by their staff, who
spend too much time on the networking sites. However, supporters of these sites insist that there is no
reduction in effort and productivity, that it is no different from people taking breaks or making cups
of coffee. There is also the prediction by certain researchers that before long there will be people who
find it almost impossible to break away from these sites. They will suffer from a form of social
networking addiction. On a wider scale, many believe that social networking will reduce real life
relationships, because we will exchange handshakes and hugs for the keyboard. This could also mean
that our physical health will suffer as a result of sitting for long periods in front of the screen.
One of the big advantages is that links are not cut if people move home or change jobs. You don’t
have to be sitting opposite each other in order to exchange information. As one 40-year-old woman
said, “I lost contact with my school friends, but today’s generation won’t.” The disadvantage of this,
as some people see it, is that personal links and close communities might disappear.
Critics are very forceful in their opposition. With so many millions of people posting personal
information on their social networking pages, there is the problem of not knowing exactly who they
are inviting into their lives. They are in effect offering private details to complete strangers. How
long will these social networking sites last? The experience of recent years has shown us that we
soon become bored with new technologies and move on to the next trend. Anyway, once you have
accumulated all of the friends you can manage, what do you do next?
284
[Total: 10]
285
Generic marking criteria for Exercise 4
Marks Content (Reading) Marks Language (Writing)

7–8 x Includes a very good range of 7–8 x Points are very well organised and
relevant points (see task specific coherent. Cohesive devices are
mark scheme for details). There is used effectively.
no irrelevant information. x Very good use of own words.
x High level of accuracy of
vocabulary and grammatical
structures.
5–6 x Includes a good range of relevant 5–6 x Points are well organised and
points (see task specific mark coherent. Cohesive devices are
scheme for details). There is very used appropriately.
little irrelevant information. x Good use of own words.
x Good level of accuracy
of vocabulary and simple
grammatical structures.
3–4 x Includes a reasonable number of 3–4 x Points are partly organised and
relevant points (see task specific reasonably coherent. Cohesive
mark scheme for details). There is devices are used generally
some irrelevant information. appropriately.
x Some attempt to use own words,
with some reliance on language
from the text.
x Reasonable level of accuracy
1–2 x Includes only a few relevant points 1–2 x Little or no attempt to organise
(see task specific mark scheme points. Cohesive devices are
for details). There may be a either not used or are not used
substantial amount of irrelevant appropriately.
information. x Heavy reliance on language from
the text.
x Limited control of lexis and
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For Examiner's Use
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Total
[Turn over
287
Exercise
288
289
Exercise 2
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291
Exercise
292
293
Exercise
Read the following article in which a waiter describes his job in an expensive restaurant. On the
opposite page, write a summary explaining the skills the waiter must have.
Your summary should be about 100 words (and no more than 120). You should use your own
words as far as possible.
You need many skills for the job I do as a waiter in an expensive restaurant. Certainly you have
got to know how to deal with people. There are two types of service – discreet and entertaining
– and you need to be able to work out which is required when the customer comes into the
restaurant. If there is a group of people wearing formal suits and talking seriously on a weekday
lunchtime, they’re probably on business and you need to keep your distance. If they quickly ask
you where you are from, they probably want some entertaining.
We get lots of regular customers. If you recognise someone and can’t remember the name, then
you go to the reception desk and check, so by the time you meet him at the table you can say:
‘Good morning, Mr Panton, nice to see you again. Happy New Year.’ We have certain greetings
that change depending on the season.
In our restaurant people don’t need to raise their hands to get served. The restaurant is well staffed,
so waiting staff can pay special attention to every customer. If the guest is not eating his or her food,
we approach the table and ask if things are OK or if we should bring something else. If someone
orders coffee then goes to the toilet just after we’ve brought it out, we order a fresh pot to arrive in
two or three minutes and replace the cold coffee just before the customer gets back to the table.
You’ll always get people who have had a bad day, who will manage to complain about
something. For example, sometimes customers claim the food is under-cooked or over-cooked.
People often change their minds when they see someone else’s order. They see their neighbour’s
salmon and when their duck arrives they say: ‘Oh, I ordered salmon,’ and make a fuss. But the
customer is always right. Even if there is nothing you can do about it yourself, you listen to him/her.
When you give customers attention calmly and sympathetically they stop being so agitated. Then
you call the manager and he again listens to the customer. Now the customer is relaxed and you
can change whatever is wrong. It can work in your favour – often these customers come back.
We do give special treatment to celebrities. We acknowledge them discreetly but we try not to
get too excited. We’ve had famous actors, singers and football players in the restaurant.
As a waiter it’s important to look your best. You have to shave every day. You can grow facial hair
when you’re on holiday, and keep it if it’s a full beard or moustache when you return, but it’s not
encouraged. If your hair is long you need to tie it back.
The waiters all share the service charge. Then there are competitions where, for example, the
waiter who sells the most of a particular drink gets a bonus the next month. Cash tips are divided
equally among the staff, including the kitchen workers. On New Year’s Eve a Spanish guest left a
tip of £200. This was because I spoke Spanish to him and that made him happy.
I come from a family of hoteliers and my father now owns four restaurants in my home country. My
earliest memories are of helping him. During the three years I’ve been in Britain, I’ve worked for three
top restaurants. I want to work in Dubai, the Far East and the United States before I go back home and
help my parents. I’ve learned a huge amount from the general manager here and from the chef. I like
people who believe in continuous training. Quite often we have motivational speakers and we get
frequent briefings and courses on food and drink. Training makes us more skilled and more confident.
294
[Total: 10]
295

structures.
from the text.
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296




For Examiner's Use
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Total
[Turn over
297
Exercise
298
299
Exercise 2
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301
Exercise
302
303
&YFSDJTF
Read the following article about the way in which deserts are expanding across the world. On
the opposite page write a summary of the causes of the expansion of deserts.
Your summary should be about 100 words (and no more than 120 words). You should
use your own words as far as possible.
You will receive up to 6 marks for the content of your summary, and up to 4 marks for the style
and accuracy of your language.
Deserts cover a third of the world’s surface and thirteen

per cent of the world’s population live in deserts. Today,
one of the major problems that the planet faces is the
expansion of deserts. This is a serious problem that
affects not only those countries in the direct path of the
expanding deserts, but also the rest of the world. To give
some idea of the scale of the problem, the last 50 years
have seen the Sahara desert spread southwards to cover
an extra 65 million hectares. Across the whole world, the area of useful land lost each year is more
than 6 million hectares.
The increase in desert land is caused by our planet’s changing climate. The world is becoming
warmer and drier, and this means there is less water to support plants and animals. However, the
natural rate of desert growth has been greatly increased as a result of the exploitation of the land
by humans. The causes of this increase are similar in many ways to those that bring about
deforestation, and once again the chief offenders are people working in agriculture.
People have been farming the land for thousands of years, cultivating the soil to grow crops and
rearing animals for food and transport. Traditionally, the land is “rotated”: in some years plants are
grown and in other years the soil is left to rest. However, to meet the demands for food of an
ever-growing population, it has been necessary to reduce the amount of time during which land is
left unplanted. As a result, the soil has become poorer, and, in some cases, unable to support plant
life.
Continual growing of crops in soil which has lost its nutrients is often combined with the need to
allow animals such as goats, cattle, sheep and camels to feed on plants. This increases the
problem by further weakening the soil and, in addition, the few remaining trees and shrubs are cut
down for fuel. This can have disastrous effects on the fragile desert ecosystem, removing all the
natural vegetation which covers the ground, and exposing what little soil is left to the wind, rain and
sun. Soil and plants have a two-way relationship in which neither can survive without the other.
Most plants need soil in which to root. This anchors them to the ground and stops them being
blown away, whilst also providing them with essential water and nutrients. Soil is dependent upon
plants for two main reasons. Firstly, plants provide most of the material from which new soil is
made, and secondly, plant roots help to hold the soil together and prevent it from being eroded by
the wind and rain. Without this covering of soil the land quickly becomes a further area of desert.
The bad effects of agriculture on the desert are not only found on its edges. The growing of crops
requires large amounts of water, something which is in short supply in dry lands. To try to overcome
this problem, farmers have developed irrigation systems to bring water from springs, oases and
underground sources elsewhere in the desert. In many cases this does not present a threat to the
environment, and centuries of experience have taught farmers how to extract water without causing
much damage to the environment. However, farmers are under increased pressure to produce
more and more food to feed the growing world population. As a result, in a very short space of time,
farmers have drained the water sources which took thousands of years to fill up naturally.
304
[Total: 10]
305

structures.
from the text.
the text.
7RWDO 7RWDO
7RWDO
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306




For Examiner's Use
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Total
[Turn over
307
Exercise
308
309
Exercise 2
Photography
A historical background
A regarded as a machine that could provide a fixed

Over the past one and a half centuries, photography image. And this image was considered to be a very
has been used to record all aspects of human life close approximation to that which we actually see.
and activity. During this relatively short history, the Because of the camera’s perceived realism in its
medium has expanded its capabilities in the ability to replicate visual perception, it was
recording of time and space, thus allowing human assumed that all peoples would ‘naturally’ be able
vision to be able to view the fleeting moment or to to understand photographs. This gave rise to the
visualise both the vast and the minuscule. It has question of whether photography constituted a
brought us images from remote areas of the world, ‘universal language’. For example, a photograph of
distant parts of the solar system, as well as the the heavens, whether it showed the sun and moon
social complexities and crises of modern life. or the constellations, would immediately be understood
Indeed, the photographic medium has provided one in any part of the world. In the face of the rapid
of the most important and influential means of increase in global communications, we do need at
capturing the essence of our being alive. least to ask to what extent the photographic image
Nonetheless, the recording of events by means of can penetrate through cultural differences in
the visual image has a much longer history. The understanding.
earliest creations of pictorial recording go as far
back as the Upper Palaeolithic period of about D
35,000 years ago and, although we cannot be sure There are other questions that arise concerning the
of the exact purposes of the early cave paintings, role of photography in society that have aimed to
pictorial images seem to be inextricably linked to determine whether the camera operates as a mute,
human culture as we understand it. passive recorder of what is happening or whether it
possesses the voice and power to instigate social
B change. We may further speculate whether the
Throughout the history of visual representation, camera provides images that have a truly
questions have been raised concerning the supposed educational function or if it operates primarily as a
accuracy (or otherwise) of visual images, as well as source of amusement. In provoking such issues, the
their status in society. Ideas and debates concerning photographic debate reflects polarised arguments
how we see the world and the status of its pictorial that traditionally have characterised much
representations have been central political, intellectual thought.
philosophical and psychological issues from the
time of Ancient Greece to the present-day technical E
revolution of the new media communications. The last 170 years have witnessed an ever-
Vision and representation have pursued increasing influence of the visual image,
interdependent trajectories, counter-influencing culminating in the global primacy of television. For
each other throughout history. The popular notion photography, the new prospects and uncertainties
that ‘seeing is believing’ had always afforded posed by digital storage and manipulation, and the
special status to the visual image. So when the transmission of images via the internet present new
technology was invented, in the form of challenges. It has even been suggested that we now
photography, the social and cultural impact was inhabit the ‘post-photographic era’ – where
immense. Not only did it hold out the promise of technological and cultural change have devalued
providing a record of vision, but it had the capacity photography to such an extent that events have
to make such representation enduring. taken us beyond the photograph’s use and value as
a medium of communication. Furthermore, perhaps
C we should be asking if the advent of digital imagery
In the mid-nineteenth century, the invention of means that photography, initially born from
photography appeared to offer the promise of painting, has turned full circle and has now returned
‘automatically’ providing an accurate visual record. to emulating painting – its progenitor.
It was seen not only as the culmination of visual
representation but, quite simply, the camera was
310
You are going to read an extract from a book on photography. For questions 44 – 53, choose from the
sections (A – E). The sections may be chosen more than once.
Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.
In which section are the following mentioned?
the possibility that photography can directly influence events in the world 44 ……..
the possibility that the photographic image has become redundant 45 ……..
images being interpreted in a similar way by different societies 46 ……..
a commonly held view about the relationship between what is visible and how it is 47 ……..
interpreted
the contrasts of scale that can be represented in photography 48 ……..
the possibility that the techniques employed in photography today have taken the 49 ……..
medium back to where it started
the ability of photography to provide images that will exist for a long time 50 ……..
uncertainty as to whether the main purpose of photography is to inform or to 51 ……..

entertain
the potential of photography to epitomise the human condition 52 ……..
the view that photography was the greatest achievement in the history of visual 53 ……..
images
311
Exercise
312
313
Exercise
Read the following article about a climb to the top of South-East Asia’s highest mountain.
Write a summary of the main difficulties that tourists face during the climb and the rewards
when they reach the top.
Your summary should be about 100 words (and no more than 120 words). You should use your own
Peak Performance
Yet another storm is about to descend on the
jungle-covered slopes of Mount Kinabalu. It is a familiar
sound to our guide, Joseph Duzun, who is going to lead us
through the mist-covered forests of South-East Asia’s highest
mountain. Joseph has been guiding groups of tourists along this path for the past ten years. The area
receives about 80-100 tourists a day, most of whom undertake the tough two-day climb to Low’s Peak.
It is physically demanding because of its very steep paths.
The local people regard Mount Kinabalu as the home of the spirits and pay their respects once a year, with
offerings of chicken, rice and cigars. The locals believe that their ancestors inhabit the mountain’s highest
peaks.
We plan to set out in the cool, early morning from Timpohon Gate, the official starting point for the
trail, for the five-hour climb to our base camp at Laban Rata. We will spend our first night there, at
3300 metres above sea level.
Our guide, Joseph, appears suddenly out of the mist. He has a huge smile and is carrying an old canvas
backpack. He is wearing rubber boat shoes which are far better suited to the steep, snaking paths
than our high-tech, high-priced hiking boots.
The path towards Laban Rata is a journey into a lost world, with thick mists obscuring our way. We
finally stumble into the base camp in the late afternoon. We have aches and pains all over our bodies
but they soon vanish as we drink steaming bowls of fish soup and hot green tea in the restaurant. At
Laban Rata, the air is noticeably thinner and simply walking from the restaurant to the bedrooms, a
small distance of 50 metres, leaves us almost breathless. About twenty tourists decide to abandon the
final stage of the climb because several of them are suffering from altitude sickness. The thought of
getting out of bed the following morning at 3 am in the freezing dawn temperatures has also discouraged
many others from continuing.
It is necessary to leave our warm beds so early in order to reach the summit at 6 am for the sunrise.
We follow 40 other climbers making their way across the granite rock faces in the chilly darkness. At
6.10 am, at the summit of Low’s Peak, the long-awaited moment arrives. The first rays of sunlight
break brilliantly over the peaks, lighting the countryside of Borneo like a vast green carpet. The
spectacular sight of the shadow of Low’s Peak stretches across the lowland, all the way to the sea – a
distance of about 180 kilometres.
After congratulations and celebrations with delicious hot drinks, we reflect on the marvellous feeling
of achievement that we have on reaching the top. For most of us, the climb to the rooftop of
South-East Asia has been a massive effort. For Joseph Duzun, however, it is just another day at work.
314
[Total: 10]
315

structures.
from the text.
the text.
7RWDO 7RWDO
7RWDO
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316




For Examiner's Use
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Total
[Turn over
317
Exercise
318
319
Exercise 2
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321
TheExercise
Secret To Success Online Edition Mohamed AbdelSalam
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323
Exercise
Read the following article about going to study abroad. Write a summary of advice given to
students about their behaviour before they go to another country and when they get there.
Your summary should be about 100 words (and no more than 120 words).
The art of studying overseas
Going overseas to study is like starting a relationship with a new friend. First, everything about it seems amazing.
Then you discover the faults. Then you find these faults charming and, without realising it, you start to adopt
them yourself. By the time you get back, your expectations, attitudes and priorities will all have changed. That is
one reason why it’s so difficult to settle down back home again after you’ve travelled to another country to study.
Studying abroad can be a lonely experience, especially in the first few weeks. You do therefore need to make the
effort to get out and about, and to attend foreign student meetings and parties. You should also get in touch
with that stranger from home, who has been recommended by your cousin as a good friend, and who just
happens to be living and studying in the same town as yourself.
It definitely helps if you prepare before you go. Contact students in your institution who have been to the
country you are going to, and listen to their advice. Get a few of their friends’ phone numbers, and don’t be shy
about calling them. Ask them about packing. Will you need something special for the climate? Or something
formal? Remember that you are unlikely to start wearing unusual clothes just because you’re in a different
country. Also, other countries do actually have shops. You also need to know what the food is like. And it can be
useful to find out about eating habits before suggesting dinner at a restaurant with your newly-found friends.
Try to plan what you want to achieve while you are away – in terms of both studying and sightseeing. You should
not work so hard that you never leave your study bedroom, and you must try to set aside time for travel. You don’t
want your experience of the country confined to the college library and cafeteria. On the other hand, don’t worry
if you don’t get to see everything in the tourist brochures, although if you’re studying in Paris, by the time you get
home you should know where the famous Eiffel Tower is.
No plan made before you arrive in the new country should be too rigid. The key is to go with an open mind and
seize opportunities as they arise. Spending hours every morning in a different museum won’t necessarily deepen
your understanding of the culture. Of course, museums are ideal places to take your visitors from home, but
visits from home can be disrupting and can stop you from settling in. It may be comforting to see a familiar face
in your first few homesick weeks. However, you don’t want your friends to use your presence abroad as an excuse
for a holiday, or to think you are there for a holiday.
Above all, don’t be discouraged. Learning a language and coping with different ways of doing things is hard
work, so don’t worry about trying to get the top grade. But don’t give up easily either. You can remain
self-confident even if your fellow students are more fluent in the local language.
Finally, once you get home, think of ways to keep up the links with wherever you were studying – by joining a
relevant student society, for instance. Like any relationship, if you are going to keep it going at a distance, you
will need to work at it.
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Exercise
Read the following article about elephants painting pictures. On the opposite page, write a
summary about the role and responsibilities of the keepers of the elephants.
Elephants – real artists or not?

So is it true that elephants are artists? Can they really paint pictures of flowers,
trees or even other elephants?
It’s hard to believe, but in Thailand there are at least six centres where elephants display their
talents as painters. In the past, these animals had always lived and worked closely with humans. But
when there was no longer work for them, elephant sanctuaries were established for their protection
because they had little chance of survival in the wild. Here the role of the keeper is vital in forming
a relationship with his chosen elephant. Many visitors came to see the elephants and the idea of
the painting session developed out of this.
The Nong Nooch Tropical Garden is a large recreational park, 9 miles from the seaside town of
Pattaya in Thailand. In the centre of the park is a square arena for the daily elephant displays. To a
certain extent, these displays are like traditional circus acts, but they are different in two important
respects.
Firstly, each of the three animals has its own keeper, who devotes his whole life to looking after his
particular elephant. Secondly, much of the daily performance is designed to make the audience
admire the skills of the elephants rather than laugh at them as overgrown clowns.
So are these enormous mammals truly artistic? To start the performance, the keeper positions his
elephant in front of a heavy wooden frame, which supports a large piece of card. He then pushes
the brush gently into the end of the elephant’s trunk and the animal starts to make lines on the
card. When the brush is empty, the keeper takes it and replaces it with another loaded one, and
the painting continues until the picture is complete. The elephant then turns towards the audience,
bows down low and is given a feast of bananas by the keeper as a reward.
The paintings are then removed from their frames and offered for sale. They are quickly bought by
people who have been amazed by what they have seen. To most members of the audience, what
they have witnessed appears to be truly miraculous; but what the spectators overlook are the
actions of the keepers as their animals are at work. This oversight is understandable because it is
very difficult to move your eyes away from the brushes that are making the lines and the spots.
However, if you do so, you will notice that with each mark, the keeper pulls at his elephant’s ear.
He pulls the ear up and down to get the elephant to make a vertical line, or, alternatively, pulls it
sideways to get a horizontal one. To make spots, the keeper moves the ear forward towards the
painting. Throughout the performance, it is the keeper who controls the routine.
Further investigation also reveals that each of the three elephants always produces the same image,
time after time, day after day, week after week. Mook always paints a bunch of flowers, Christmas
always does a tree, and Pimtong a climbing plant. This makes it seem like a circus trick... but it is,
nevertheless, an amazingly clever trick! After all, no human hand touches the elephant’s trunk, and
the brain of the animal has to translate the small touches on its ear into attractive lines and spots.
Perhaps one day these elephants will be allowed to express themselves independently. If that
happens we will have to think seriously about an elephant art gallery.
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Exercise
Read the following article about preparing for exams. On the opposite page write a summary of
what advice students are given in order to stay happy and healthy at exam time.
Your summary should be about 100 words (and not more than 120 words). You should use
Stay happy and healthy at exam time

Feeling nervous before examinations is a healthy sign that you take your studies seriously and want all
your hard work during the past two years to be recognised. On the other hand, it may be the case
that you realise you have spent too much of your time doing far too little. Either way, the best
method of overcoming nerves is to feel prepared. This means feeling confident that you have the skills
and knowledge to face whatever the exams may demand of you.
Ideally, you will have been preparing throughout your time at school by attending all your classes,
completing all your assignments and, possibly, keeping all your notes in order. All these things are
important, but you also have to prepare for the exams more directly. This means thinking about the
kind of topics that are likely to come up and the different ways they could be addressed. Look at the
syllabus to see what it contains and what you are supposed to know by the time you have finished
studying it.
Working your way through past exam papers will give you a better idea of what may occur, but make
sure that the syllabus has not been altered since the papers were written. The other way you need to
be prepared is to be sure in advance which exam you are taking at a particular time, and when and
where you are taking it.
However, apart from your academic preparation, it is even more important to look after yourself
both physically and emotionally. If you feel anxious, it is a good idea to talk to your teachers. They may
be able to offer reassurance as well as suggesting revision techniques.
Spending too much time alone in the period before the exams is unwise because you can become
unnecessarily worried. To avoid this, don’t completely give up your social life. Of course, you can also
be disturbed by what your school friends may say, so don’t be concerned by other people’s revision
timetables or by their claims to know what will be in the exams. They don’t know any more than you
do.
Avoid coffee and fizzy drinks. Feeling alert is helpful, but feeling over-excited is not. Feeling hungry is
not good either, so remember to eat breakfast even if you don’t really want it. Above all, you don’t
want to feel sleepy, so go to bed early and stop revising at least an hour before bedtime so that you
can close your eyes with a clear head.
Make the most of support offered by friends and family, and if you feel in need of extra support, by all
means take along a favourite toy or object with you to the exam room. Don’t be upset if your candidate
number happens to be your unlucky one or if your favourite clothes happen to be in the wash. You
should realise that although it is important to spend an hour or two filling pieces of paper with brilliantly
relevant details, filling the rest of your life with interesting experiences is far more important.
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353
Exercise
Read the following article about the growing number of people who swim in ice-cold water. On the
opposite page, write a summary of the possible health benefits of this activity.
Some like it
cool
There seems to be something totally insane
about swimming in the middle of winter in the
icy cold seas of northern Europe. However, The winter swimmers usually start their season
the growing number of people who love this in September, when the water is still quite
activity are convinced that the benefits to warm after the summer months. This gives
their health are far greater than the brief their bodies a chance to become used to
discomforts. the increasing cold. Andrej Barthes, an
enthusiastic member of a large winter
Across northern Europe, where the winter swimming group, explains: “If you just start in
months last from October to March, many December, then there will be a big shock to
people believe that diving into freezing your body. We find it is better to begin in
water and swimming around helps to fight off September, when the water is warmer, at
colds and other illnesses. But is it really safe to about 17 degrees Celsius. It then gradually
expose the body to such unbelievably cold gets colder until, in the middle of winter, the
temperatures? Enthusiasts of this type of water is zero degrees or just above.” He
exercise claim that weekly swimming sessions adds: “I am convinced of the health benefits.
in freezing water repair and refresh the whole It helps me forget about the anxieties and
body. This view seems to be supported by worries I have in my job. It really becomes a
athletes and professional sportspeople, who habit that is hard to break.”
regularly take ice baths as part of their
physiotherapy treatment when recovering Despite all the claims from the enthusiasts,
from injuries. many doctors are undecided about the
medical benefits of dipping your body into
Craig Smith, a professional physiotherapist, icy water. In fact, they generally advise
says: “When receiving treatment, people against such activity if you suffer from heart
often mix ice and water depending on how disease or asthma. Moreover, even if you are
much discomfort they can tolerate... some totally healthy, you should not stay in the
like it colder than others. When you get into water for more than five minutes because it is
an ice bath for five to ten minutes, the icy too dangerous.
cold water causes your blood vessels to
tighten and drains the blood out of your legs. Whatever the view of the doctors, however,
After ten minutes your legs feel cold and there is evidence that swimming in icy cold
numb. Then, when you finally get out of the water can boost your mood and give you a
bath, your legs fill up again with ‘new’ blood, more optimistic outlook. Exposure to very
which invigorates the muscles with oxygen. cold temperatures has even been used to
This helps the cells in the body to work better.” treat some forms of depression.
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Exercise
Read the following article about responsible travel. On the opposite page, write a summary about
what responsible travellers do when on holiday.
Responsible Travel
More people have the opportunity to travel now foreign guide could ever do. The local guide will
than at any other time in history. At one time, a also earn an income from the traveller.
journey of thirty kilometres from one village to
another was difficult and unusual for almost Rather than being surrounded by hundreds of
everybody. It was when affordable air travel people from back home, responsible travellers
became available to many people that the idea of prefer smaller groups. They don’t like being
going abroad on holiday became a reality. Large herded in large crowds and they understand that
numbers of people saved money to go on holidays travelling in smaller groups makes local people
organised by travel companies which took care of and cultures more accessible.
all of the arrangements and made the experience
easy and trouble-free. It could be argued that very People who choose to travel responsibly want to
little thought was put into the effect that such mass get more out of their visits, and give something
tourism was having on the countries which were back to the special places and people that they
visited. Nowadays, people are aware of many encounter. They want deeper and more
different environmental issues and a movement interesting travel experiences. They value seeing
which encourages responsible travel has grown up. things as they are, rather than seeing things which
Responsible travel places importance on have been created for the tourist. At the same
respecting local people and the environment. time they understand that some cultural
experiences are best kept private, and that their
visit would be an intrusion. They believe that
travelling with respect earns them respect.
Responsible travel is about rediscovering how to

experience nature, to feel it, smell it and learn
about it rather than just look at it. Travellers prefer
to get out and walk rather than sit in a big bus,
and they are determined to leave no negative
Most of what we do in our lives contributes to physical evidence of their visit. They also
carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and global understand that income from tourism can be a
warming. Air travel, although currently a relatively powerful incentive for conservation. They believe
small contributor (less than 5%), is the fastest that their trips can make positive contributions
growing source of CO2 emissions. We must all take towards conserving natural environments.
action to reduce our CO2 emissions across our
entire lives, and this includes accepting that we
must fly significantly less than we do now. When
people do fly to their destination it’s even more
important that the holiday is a responsible one.
Responsible travel brings the traveller closer to

local cultures and environments by involving local Experienced responsible travellers know how
people in tourism. It does this in a fair way that difficult it can be to do the right thing. Whether
helps to ensure that the local people will give they travel independently, or through a leading
visitors an even warmer welcome. For example, a travel operator, the responsible traveller is quite
local guide will be able to teach the traveller different from the tourist who just wants to sit on a
about the culture of the region far better than a sunny beach in a country with a warm climate.
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369
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371
Exercise
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373
Exercise
Read the following article about dancing. Write a summary about the physical and non-physical
benefits of dancing.
The Joys of
Dancing
In many countries an increasing number of people lead non-active lifestyles. Alongside this many
people live very stressful lives and need to take time to enjoy themselves. If people are to make
positive decisions about improving their health and well-being, they need to be able to choose from
a range of options.
Many people across the world seem to be choosing dance as a way of getting fit. Anyone can
dance and enjoy dancing – young or old. Dance also has a long history of successfully building a
sense of community across groups of people. It can be done as part of a group or practised alone
and can happen in a variety of places. At its simplest, dance involves moving rhythmically to music.
Flexibility is an important part of being healthy and dance requires a great amount of flexibility. Most
dance classes begin with a warm-up including several stretching exercises. Dancers must strive to
achieve the full range of motion for all the major muscle groups. The greater the range of motion, the
more muscles can flex and extend. Most forms of dance need dancers to bend and stretch, so
dancers naturally become more flexible by simply dancing.
Many styles of dance, including jazz and ballet, involve jumping and leaping high into the air. This
requires tremendous strength in the major leg muscles. Just think about the muscles that a male
ballet dancer develops by lifting his partner above his head! Of course dance is physical exercise,
and we all know that exercise increases endurance. This means that the muscles are able to work
hard for increasingly longer periods of time without getting tired.
It is not only our physical selves that can benefit because dancing is also a social activity. It provides
many opportunities to meet other people. Studies have shown that socialising with friends contributes
to greater self-confidence. Physical activity can also reduce stress and tension, and regular dancing
gives an overall sense of well-being. Rachael, who belongs to her school’s street dance club, said,
“I’ve loved street dancing from the start, there’s so much sprinting
and jumping involved, I’m much fitter. And when I feel angry, I
just start doing some moves and everything feels better. You can
take out all your anger in the dance, and then afterwards you feel
calmer in the classroom.”
Rachael’s response is not unusual. A teacher who runs dance classes said,
“When we get a new class, we’re often warned in advance that a
particular pupil has behavioural problems. However, in our classes, everyone
arrives on time and nobody misbehaves. I can’t count the number of times a parent
has told me street dance is the first thing their child is good at doing. Dancing gives
them something to look forward to and they become more enthusiastic about school
in general.”
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Exercise
Read the following article about Manisha Kaur, a female boxer in Manipur, India, who has established
a boxing academy for young people. On the opposite page, write a summary about the
difficulties teenagers face in Manipur AND how Manisha is a role model for them.
The School of
Hard Knocks
The sun had hardly begun to rise behind the hills, that persuaded the Olympic authorities to include
and already a group of young boxers from the women’s boxing for the first time in the 2012
boxing academy were practising by punching the Olympic Games in London.
early morning air. Dressed in red and black
tracksuits, the teenage boys and girls were skipping Yet Manisha’s life is not simply about winning
and moving with great focus and determination. medals. In addition to her success inside the boxing
ring, she is just as important as a role model and
Soon they were all out of breath with their efforts. inspiration in many other ways. The story of her
During a short break, a fourteen-year-old girl said: success and of how she overcame her own personal
“We used to play football in the village, but now I problems is truly exceptional. She is an example to
like boxing. I want to be like Manisha Kaur.” the young people through her strength of character,
something which she has inherited from the women
Manisha Kaur is the name that these young people of the state of Manipur. Recently, for example, it has
mention all the time. One of the world’s most been the women who have led campaigns to try and
successful female boxers, Manisha set up this improve life in the area for all the citizens. Like
academy in the state of Manipur several years ago these women, Manisha is admired by the young
with the simple wish of helping young people in this people for her defiance and forcefulness.
region. They have very few opportunities to achieve
success in life in their home area and one of the Like most of the young people at the academy,
main reasons is the high rate of unemployment. Manisha came from a very simple background. Hard
work as much as real talent was the reason for her
Manisha started the academy with her own money success. She was totally dedicated and trained twice
but now she receives help from different as hard as anyone else. All of these characteristics
organisations. The academy provides accommodation are what make Manisha a heroine in the eyes of the
and coaching to around fifteen young people. They young people who live and train at her academy.
pay very little to attend or maybe even nothing at all.
Manisha says: “At the academy I try to provide them Fourteen-year-old Sheila Sapna came from a remote
with equipment, but most importantly I want to help village and will be staying at the academy for a year.
out by giving them the feeling of a family relationship, She said that she was impressed by the fact that
which many of them do not have. This is so Manisha had been so successful and she wanted to
important to young people, as they often feel be like her. “Women here can withstand anything,”
isolated from the rest of the community.” she says. “Not just the physical aspects, but also the
mental pressure, too.”
Manisha’s own boxing achievements are exceptional.
In addition to the many national titles that she has Manisha’s husband adds: “This academy is like a
collected, she has won the world women’s boxing lifeline to young people. Our aim here is to raise
championship five times and the Asian championship the spirits and improve the opportunities available
on two occasions. She was a member of the group to them.”
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For Examiner's Use
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Total
[Turn over
387
Exercise
388
389
Exercise 2
390
391
Exercise
392
393
Exercise
Read the following account of an attempt to save the wild Asian tiger. On the opposite page, write a
summary of the reasons for the decline in the number of tigers AND the steps being taken by
the World Wildlife Fund to stop the decline.
As estimated numbers last year dropped to fewer than 3000, we are now dangerously close to losing the
wild tiger in many parts of Asia. However, the managers of the World Wildlife Fund have devised an
ambitious plan to help double the population by 2022.
In spite of a global ban, the illegal hunting of tigers and the trade in their body parts continue, partly
because of their use in traditional medicine. The fall in the number of tigers has been a cause for concern
for several years, but recent estimates suggest that numbers are now declining even more rapidly. More
and more tigers are being killed, particularly to satisfy the constant demand for their skins. Unless action
is taken immediately the wild tiger may soon cease to exist in many parts of Asia.
Illegal hunting is the most serious issue currently facing tigers, but it’s not the only thing that threatens
their survival in the wild. Extensive habitat destruction due to logging, agriculture and the development
of new human settlements have forced tigers into ever smaller areas. This makes them easier for
hunters to find, and also brings them into conflict with communities who sometimes kill tigers to protect
themselves and their livestock. Meanwhile, rising sea levels caused by climate change threaten to
destroy vast areas of tiger habitat in the coastal regions of India and Bangladesh.
Save This deadly combination of factors could soon see tigers disappear completely from the
wild in many parts of Asia. However, there is still a chance to help them survive and
the recover. The Amur sub-species, for example, was down to a population of just 40 in the
1940s. Fortunately, as a result of the joint action of the governments of Russia and China,
Tiger as well as the efforts of conservation groups such as the World Wildlife Fund, the species
is still with us today, although in very low numbers of around 400.
Recently, the managers of the World Wildlife Fund have launched an ambitious plan to double the tiger
population by the year 2022, which is to be called “The Year of the Tiger”. They have already improved their
extensive tiger conservation efforts by increasing the number of their anti-hunting patrols and by making
the staff of these patrols better trained and equipped. The main focus is on twelve key landscapes, which
some of the world’s top tiger experts have identified as offering the best chances of increasing the world’s
tiger populations. In these areas the main objectives are not only to protect
the adult animals, but also to make their habitats safe for their young and
ensure a continued supply of prey for tiger families to feed upon.
This far-reaching plan to double tiger populations by 2022 represents

the best chance to preserve these magnificent animals. To achieve their
aim, the World Wildlife Fund managers also need to increase the support of
governments and the general public. Additional money is required in order to
make the vital work possible, and, thankfully, a major charity has promised to
double any gift received online in the foreseeable future. This means that, thanks
to this generous offer, a gift of one hundred dollars could put an extra anti-hunting patrol into the field
for a month, and any similar financial assistance will go twice as far towards giving the wild tigers the
support which they so urgently need.
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For Examiner's Use
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Total
[Turn over
397
Exercise
398
399
Exercise 2
400
401
Exercise
402
403
Exercise
Read the following article about the changes in whales’ behaviour as a result of increased noise in the
oceans.
On the opposite page, write a summary about the main causes of the noise problems AND how
the whales have had to adapt their behaviour. Your summary should be about 100 words (and
no more than 120 words). You should use your own words as far as possible.
WHALES LEARN TO Scientists have attached temporary recording

devices to the backs of whales. These instruments
SHOUT ABOVE THE NOISE have recorded the calls of the whales and the
background noise as well as the animals’ depth
and direction of travel. The researchers have
Whales are having to shout to make themselves analysed the sounds made by the whales against
heard. Scientists have found that their calls have the different levels of background noise. All the
become ten times louder over the past fifty years whales have had to make calls up to twelve times
as they compete with the roar of ships’ engines louder than the surrounding noise in order to
and propellers. be heard. In the research, two whales that were
recorded in very high-noise surroundings were
These findings come as the seas around the world shouting all the time, sometimes reaching 150
have become noisier and more crowded with ships decibels. Sounds in the ocean are not directly
of all types. Some experts fear that the constant comparable to those in the air, but a jet aircraft
noise of ships will drive many whales away from taking off would register about 140 decibels.
the open seas for ever. Other areas have been
affected by the construction of oil rigs and the The need to call out more loudly means that
sound of the equipment searching and drilling for whales are no longer calling as often as in the past.
oil. Similarly, when you are in a noisy room, you talk
louder to be heard – but if it is too noisy you just
A marine biologist states, “The rumbling noises stop trying.
from ships have similar frequencies or sound
levels to those used by whales. Another problem The sea is a naturally noisy place, with wind,
is the increasing number of wind farms which also currents, rain and thunderstorms all contributing.
make constant low-frequency sounds. As a result, There is a large amount of natural noise, but
whales are trying to adapt either by making much it varies with loud and quiet periods, whereas
louder noises or by calling at higher frequencies.” shipping noise is more constant. As the marine
biologist confirms, “There are so few whales
Whales are well known for their ability to remaining that finding each other above the noise
communicate using low-frequency noises. Sound could be crucial to keeping the species alive.
waves in the oceans are hardly deadened at all Human noise is doubling every decade so we
by the water and so larger species such as blue could soon be seeing a very severe impact on the
whales, which call at the lowest frequencies, might whale population.”
communicate over hundreds of miles. Large whale
species, already endangered, now find it difficult There is one slightly embarrassing finding for
to communicate over long distances to find mates. research scientists; their ships are responsible
The fear is that noise created by human activity for some of the greatest noises in the ocean.
could easily ruin the mating calls and songs and Ironically, the sonar devices used on these ships
the species could die out. are among the loudest sounds that whales might
hear.
The whales are not just getting louder; their
messages are getting simpler. This is similar to
the way that humans react when they are forced
to shout. Whales also now spend more time and
energy on communicating because they often have
to repeat their messages.
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For Examiner's Use
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Total
[Turn over
407
Exercise
408
409
Exercise 2
410
411
Exercise
412
413
Exercise
Read the following article about children who do not go to school but who are educated at home. On
the opposite page, write a summary about the advantages of home education.
Your summary should be about 100 words long (and no more than 120 words). You should use
Home Education
When people think their brothers and sisters, creating a more
about the education peaceful and harmonious home atmosphere.
of children, they However, there may be a reduction in children’s
usually think about contact with their peers and they may lose the
schools. However, ability to make friends of their own age.
for a considerable
number of children around the world education It is also claimed by believers in this system
does not mean going to school, it means being that the children find it easier to socialise with
taught at home in the family. It is legal to home adults because they are not part of the formal
educate in many countries, although in culture that characterises school life. This has
Germany, Greece, Hong Kong and Brazil it is long-term advantages because it means that
illegal. if children encounter problems they are not
forced to seek advice solely from people as
Parents who choose to home educate argue young as themselves. They can turn to older
that many people have forgotten that, for young family members for a more mature perspective
children at least, home education was the on the problems they are facing.
preferred option for anyone who could afford
it up to quite recently. They argue that children Travelling to and from school is tiring and time-
learn better in the comfort of their own homes. consuming. Children educated at school often
They are also free to interact with their parents arrive home exhausted with little energy left to
and other adults in a way that allows them to complete their homework and no time to relax.
explore areas that interest them, at their own Home educated children do not need to waste
pace. their time on travel and are free to use their
time and energy more productively.
Supporters of home education say that children
are not restricted by the subject matter of a Not everyone agrees with all of the advantages
narrow curriculum or by the content of school that are claimed by home educators and many
books. This has the effect of making them actively oppose it as a system. One very serious
enjoy the process of learning. Yet the range area of concern is the fact that it is difficult
of subjects taught, other people argue, may to check on the progress of children who are
depend on the sometimes limited knowledge home educated. There have been examples of
of one parent. Another problem may be that unsuccessful home education where children
children learn only one point of view on any have not been learning effectively. Education
topic. authorities have been unaware of these cases
and therefore unable to help the children
Home educators believe that school creates concerned.
an artificial and highly stressful social situation
that young children in particular find difficult No doubt the debate about whether it is better
to deal with. Home educated children are free to home educate or send children to school will
from stress and appear to get on better with continue for many years to come.
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For Examiner's Use
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Total
[Turn over
417
Exercise
418
419
Exercise 2
420
421
422
423
Exercise
Read the following article about sleep and teenagers. On the opposite page, write a summary of
the reasons why teenagers do not get enough sleep.
Your summary should be about 100 words (and no more than 120 words). You should use your
own words as far as possible.
Sleepy Teenagers
Scientific research shows that teenagers are sleepier than younger
children or older adults. Teenagers’ sleep is shallower and does not
refresh them as well as the sleep that younger children get. When
allowed to sleep as much as they would like, teenagers average 9 to
10 hours per night, but few of them manage as much as this. Indeed,
high school students often have to wake up as early as 6.30am to arrive at school on time. In order to
get even nine hours of sleep with such a schedule, it would be necessary to go to bed at around 9.30pm,
which is not likely.
Teenagers usually oversleep at weekends and during holidays. Teenagers also tend to have much more
irregular sleep schedules. The times when they go to bed and wake up on weekdays are very different
from the times at weekends. This constant changing of the number of hours spent sleeping can lead to a
significant disruption of the sleep pattern.
It is estimated that up to 40% of high school and college students are short of sleep. This figure may
be an underestimate. There are many reasons for the lack of sleep. It is at this age that academic work
increases. Young people engage in many more social activities such as sports and school clubs. In addition
to doing their homework, they may also have to work long hours to earn money for college. Many
college students have to be full-time students and full-time workers due to financial difficulties. When
young people are getting insufficient sleep, the motivation that is needed to do well in the classroom can
be affected. Indeed students with below average grades typically report getting less sleep than students
with better grades.
The adolescent years are filled with challenges. Teenagers take on more adult roles yet in many ways
they still have the same needs they had when they were children. They experience the rapid physical and
emotional changes of becoming young adults; they want independence and the freedom to come and go
whenever they please but in reality they are still dependent on their parents. While living at home, they
are still required to obey the rules of the house. Many have concerns about their future such as going to
college, getting a job and having enough money to buy the latest clothes and mobile phones to impress
their friends. All of these worries and concerns can interfere with their sleep.
Sleep is often a lower priority for adolescents. This is especially true during the school week when school,
homework, sports, after-school activities, volunteer work, jobs and socialising seem much more important
than sleep. Not many teenagers can appreciate that the brain works better with the right amount of sleep.
If they did, then they might realise that the extra sleep was worth it.
There are a number of concerns related to insufficient sleep that go beyond the effects it has on the
memory and the way in which the brain works. Over-tiredness results in a higher risk of accidents,
especially motor vehicle accidents. Laboratory studies have shown that significant sleep loss results in
careless driving – not a good thing for teenage drivers just learning the rules of the road.
424
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2
WRITING SECTION
427
Summary Questions
428
Exercise 5
Read the article about Jane Bolton, an open water swimmer.
Write a summary about the difficulties which are experienced by open water swimmers.
Open water swimming
Jane Bolton, a successful open water swimmer, started swimming as a young child. She learnt to
swim very quickly, and it was clear to her parents that this was going to be more than just a fun
activity for Jane. They enrolled her in a local junior swimming club, and the coach confirmed that
Jane was not only talented, but also displayed incredible strength and determination for her age.
She was unusually disciplined too, a quality that is vital for someone who wants to pursue sport at a
professional level. The coach suggested that Jane should try swimming in open water.
At the time, her family lived in the Lake District, an area in the United Kingdom which has several
natural lakes. This meant that Jane could practise in them under the close supervision of a new
personal trainer. This trainer put together a schedule of swimming and other exercises to build up
Jane’s stamina and upper-body strength. She had to start her day very early, at 05:00, and, just like
other swimmers in her position, Jane found this quite challenging. The temperature of lakes and the
sea is generally very low in the United Kingdom, so Jane’s training was restricted to between May
and September, when the temperature of the water ranges from 10 to 20 degrees Celsius.
Jane’s first big national success came at the age of 15, when she became the fastest junior to
swim across the English Channel, which is between England and France. Since then, Jane has
had considerable success in international swimming competitions and has broken around 20 world
records. Her most recent record, as an adult, is the world’s fastest time to swim around Manhattan
Island in the USA, using the ‘butterfly’ style of swimming. Jane swam the distance of 46 kilometres in
the record time of 9 hours and 28 minutes.
Jane now has so much experience to offer that she has recently decided to train young swimmers
who want to change from indoor swimming to open water swimming. The main difference that these
youngsters notice is that the tide and the waves in the sea affect their swimming speed. For this
reason, swimmers are advised to train over longer distances than they intend to swim in competitions.
They find this incredibly demanding. However, it ensures that they are able to cope with these
conditions. It is also advisable to check for the likelihood of strong winds or storms before going into
open water. Thanks to Jane’s extensive experience, she is the best person to give invaluable tips
such as these to her trainees.
At the moment, Jane is coaching two young swimmers, and they are still getting used to the fact that
there are no lines to guide them in open water, as there are in swimming pools. Jane always tells
them to focus on a point in the distance, whenever possible, so that they don’t lose their sense of
direction. Nevertheless, she insists that they are accompanied by somebody in a boat who keeps
an eye on them during their training sessions. After all, anything can happen in the sea, from being
stung by a jellyfish to suffering from exhaustion. For Jane, safety comes first.
The next thing Jane is planning to do is set up an organisation to promote swimming among young
people. She says that swimming has not only kept her fit, but has also taught her perseverance and
discipline – two qualities that she considers necessary for success in life.
429
Exercise 5
Read the article about a person who survived a shipwreck. Write a summary about what he did to
survive.
Shipwreck survivor
A Chinese man, Poon Lim, is famous for being the longest shipwreck survivor. He spent 133 days
in the sea when his ship went down in the South Atlantic after leaving Cape Town. It took just two
minutes for the ship to sink, and the only man who managed to survive was Poon Lim.
Despite the mad chaos of the sinking, exploding ship, Lim was still able to grab a life jacket, which
was vital, as he had never learnt to swim well. He floated in the ocean for what he estimated to
be around two hours until he spotted one of the ship’s life rafts. It was a wooden raft about two
and a half metres square, partially covered by a canvas roof. After much effort, Lim succeeded
in reaching it and although weak, managed to pull himself aboard. Luckily for Lim, on the life raft
there were some bottles of juice and tins of biscuits, together with two flares, a flashlight and even
some chocolate.
Once Lim realised that his emergency provisions were running out, he knew that he had to invent
ways to find food and water. He used the canvas from the roof and his life jacket to make a
container to catch rain water. He had never been fishing and had no skills to help him, but he
improvised by making a fishing hook out of the wire from the flashlight and the jagged edges of
the biscuit tins.
By day 60, he was aware that he was losing physical strength so he began to swim around the life
raft twice a day. This routine continued until a particularly bad storm nearly destroyed his life raft.
Against all the odds, he survived and was able to repair the damage. However, this experience left
him feeling even more terrified about his situation.
Lim had never seen such a variety of beautiful sea creatures and spent many hours observing
the fish that swam around him. However, he was alarmed by the threatening sharks that at times
surrounded his life raft, and occasionally attacked him.
Lim survived for almost five months. On two occasions he spotted a ship, and once a plane
passed by near him, but each time his shouts and frantic waving went unnoticed. The nightmare
only came to an end when he was picked up by Brazilian fishermen on April 5, 1943, about ten
miles from land. They sailed to Belem, Brazil, a town at the mouth of the Amazon River.
Upon arriving in Belem, suffering from severe sunburn, he spent four weeks at the local hospital
to recover and regain his physical fitness. He explained to people that he had worked hard not to
lose a sense of hope that he would finally be rescued. Lim went on to live to the age of 72, and
even now, 133 days remains the longest time for one person to survive being lost at sea in a life
raft. When he was told about his record, Lim said: “I hope no one will ever have to break it.”
430
Exercise 5
Read the article about what some song-writers say about writing lyrics, the words for songs.
Write a summary about what the song-writers say you should do AND what you should avoid
doing in order to write good lyrics.
Your summary should be about 100 words long (and no more than 120 words long). You should
Writing lyrics
Some of the most popular songs seem so simple that it’s tempting to think that almost anyone
could have written them. But what exactly do you have to do to write a good song, and in particular,
good lyrics?
Jack Wilson, the writer of several recent pop hits, believes that while a lucky few are born with a
special talent, song-writing is something that anyone can learn. “I spent years listening carefully to
songs by great writers. That taught me a huge amount, and anyone taking up song-writing would
benefit from doing a similar thing.” Jack stresses that he doesn’t recommend imitating songs.
“Copying doesn’t help as people see through that immediately,” he says.
Jack first wrote songs for Mission, an indie rock band that he formed with two school friends. “We
had some success in Europe, Australia and Japan with a couple of good songs, but many of the
lyrics I wrote at that time were more like poetry than songs. Song lyrics and poems are different
things and we shouldn’t mix them up.”
Lindy Stringer, who has co-written songs for other artists with Wilson, recalls writing hundreds of
songs when she was in a band in her early twenties. “Most were never performed,” she says, “but
the more I wrote, the more I understood what was needed.” So, as with many skills, practice is
crucial. Lindy gradually realised that her best songs had certain characteristics: they were directed
at a particular audience, whether a group of people or an individual, and they were about issues
she had strong feelings about. Also, the language she used in them was clear and easy to follow,
so that the intended audience could understand the meaning without difficulty. “I think these are
basic principles in effective song-writing,” she says.
Professional song-writer Graham Platter believes that it is a mistake to worry too much about using
correct grammar in lyrics. He points out that some of the most exciting and popular songs in the
last fifty years feature combinations of words that writers of traditional grammar books would not
accept. “But this kind of language can give a song something special.”
Twelve years ago, Platter gave up teaching to write songs full time. He had been trying to write
songs for many years with little success. His luck changed when he showed some of his work to
an experienced writer, who saw some potential but suggested a few improvements. “Songs which
didn’t quite work before were suddenly amazing,” Platter says. “So, asking a ‘song editor’ to take a
look at them is something I’d always recommend.”
Dee Bloom, a very experienced soul musician, thinks that song-writers often stick to a formula.
While this may produce temporary success, in the long-term everything ends up sounding the
same and is boring to listen to.
So, experts say that writing great song lyrics is not as simple as it might seem. But we all have to
start somewhere, don’t we?
431
Exercise 5
Read the following article about citizen scientists. Write a summary explaining the benefits of being
a citizen scientist, and how the work of citizen scientists has helped scientific research.
Could you be a citizen scientist?
From deep space to the sea shore, there’s still so much for us to discover…
Imagine discovering a new planet. You probably think that you would need to be a scientist with a
sophisticated telescope, but actually that is not true. Recently, a UK television series on astronomy
invited viewers to look through a huge collection of images from NASA that was available online.
Two amateur astronomers, Chris Holmes and Lee Threapleton, decided to take up the offer. The
result was unexpected – they found a new planet, by spotting the shadow it made while passing in
front of a distant star. The planet was named after them: Threapleton Holmes B.
These days we have the ability to collect data on everything. What we don’t have, however, are
enough scientists to study it. And that is where citizen scientists come in.
Citizen science is scientific research that is carried out by amateurs, people like Chris Holmes
and Lee Threapleton, often under the direction of professional scientists. This isn’t a new thing –
science has relied on self-taught researchers for a long time – but now, thanks to new technology
and the internet, the variety and scope of projects can be much larger. These large projects often
rely on citizen scientists in order to collect and analyse enough data. One such project, known
as the Big Bumblebee Discovery, was set up in urban areas of the UK. Around 30 000 people
took part, and this enabled scientists to learn more about the preferred habitats of bees. This
information will also hopefully encourage town planners to include more bee-friendly plants in the
urban developments of the future. Another project on a similar scale aimed to monitor the spread
of wireweed. This is a non-native species of seaweed that is appearing on beaches throughout the
UK, and is causing concern to scientists as it is threatening the survival of many native seaweed
species. The researchers turned to citizen scientists for help, and the Big Seaweed Search was the
result. This required people to identify the species of seaweed that they found on various beaches,
and pass on the information to the research team. The citizen scientists who took part reported
feeling that they had made a contribution towards scientific research.
Another attraction of citizen science is the joy of discovery. For example, a man in New Zealand
decided to keep a record of everything he saw in his garden. By making careful and detailed
observations over a period of time, he found a new species of beetle. Science is all about attention
to detail – that is how we spot something new. Once you realise that, you begin to understand how
we know anything at all, from the age of the universe to how many stars there are. You get a greater
appreciation of the world we live in. And it is important to remember that there is still so much to
find out. Consider the fact that just 25 years ago, we hadn’t discovered any planets around other
stars, and now we have found thousands. If you become a citizen scientist, you will become a part
of finding that out, and you might even make history.
432
Exercise 5
Read the following article about food.
On the opposite page, write a summary about modern food waste and about the traditional
ways that food can be preserved.
Avoid waste – preserve!

Each year, an estimated one third of all food produced – an astonishing 1.3 billion tonnes worth
around US$1 trillion – ends up rotting in the bins of consumers and retailers or spoiling due to poor
transportation practices. Such wastage cannot be allowed in a world where almost 900 million people
go hungry every day. Uneaten food wastes both the energy put into growing it and the fuel spent
on transporting produce across vast distances. Added to this, significant amounts of the powerful
greenhouse gas, methane, comes from rotting food.
It is strange that at a time when technology makes it very easy to store food for longer, most people
make less effort to conserve food than at any other time in history. “Reducing food waste and loss is
an economic, ethical and environmental challenge that we must face,” says environmentalist Khadija
Khan. “One of the ways everyone can contribute to this challenge is by looking at how less wasteful
cultures place such value on every scrap of food and by considering how to copy them.”
The ways that people around the world preserved food are as many and varied as the cultures and
countries they came from. The Turkish horsemen of Central Asia had their own solution. They would
preserve meat by placing it in pockets on their saddles to be crushed by their legs as they rode.
This meat was a direct ancestor of pastirma, a term which means ‘being pressed’ in Turkish, and is
also believed to be the origin of the Italian pastrami. In Greenland, the Inuit people ate a dish called
kiviak. This was a traditional wintertime food made from small birds called little auks. Hundreds of
whole birds were wrapped in a seal skin, which then had the air removed before being sewn up. The
skin was placed in the frozen ground under a stone to help keep the air out. The birds were dug up
after several months and eaten, often at celebrations.
Vegetarians need not despair, for there are plenty of ways to preserve non-meat dishes. In many
countries of South America, a freeze-dried potato delicacy known as chuño, which pre-dates the
Inca Empire, is widely eaten. Potatoes are alternately exposed to the freezing night air and hot
daytime sun for five days. They are then crushed to squeeze out all moisture. Chuño can last for
months or years. In Nigeria and several other West-African countries, a dry granular food called garri
is produced from cassava roots that are peeled, washed and grated. The resultant mash is sieved
and roasted for long-term storage. In many European countries, fruit is preserved so that none is
wasted and this means people enjoy its taste in the long, cold winters. Fruit is boiled, sugar added,
and the mixture is then put in a jar and sealed to produce what we know as jam.
There are many more examples which show just how careful people can be to preserve food. We
need to think again about looking after the food that we have, and we need to make sure that nothing
is wasted.
433
Exercise 5
Read the following article about a proposal to develop a new mini-helicopter.
Write a summary about the benefits of this new mode of travel AND about the possible problems
associated with it.
RUSH HOUR IN THE SKY
If you have ever spent time sitting in a car stuck in traffic or in a delayed train or bus, then you will
probably have dreamed of a better way to get from A to B. We have all imagined the concept of
flying cars, and the idea has been explored in popular films and cartoons. Now, though, an inventor
has come up with a design for a mini-helicopter which he says can be used to travel around cities
and ease road traffic.
The Smartcopter was created by Philippe Bertillon, who was looking for an eco-friendly alternative
to crowded public transport and congested roads. “As the population in busy cities continues to
grow,” Bertillon says, “the traffic also increases, and everybody is trying to use the same routes at
the same times.” This personal helicopter has been designed, then, to transport us around cities in
a more environmentally friendly way than relying on driving or waiting for a bus.
The Smartcopter has touchscreen digital control panels as well as automatic take-off, autopilot
and auto-landing functions. It weighs just over 1000 kg and can carry two people from city to city in
no time. In fact, the designer believes that with a maximum speed of 193 km per hour, the aircraft
could fly from London to Paris in a little under two hours. Furthermore, this light aircraft can be
ready for take-off in one minute, which means that busy executives can arrive at their meetings on
time. However, it may be difficult to find a space large enough in cities for the Smartcopter to land.
Bertillon’s original idea was based on his desire to increase our use of green energy. He is
concerned that cities across the world have recently experienced increased levels of fog and
pollution caused by CO2 emissions. He says, “I see the Smartcopter as an urban aerial vehicle. It is
powered by electricity and recharged by the sun using solar cells. It is similar in flight to a standard
helicopter, but smoother thanks to its eco-friendly engine design.” Bertillon is convinced, then, that
his little aircraft can certainly play its part in the fight against global warming.
However, some people might argue that Bertillon’s unique flying machine will never become a
regular form of transport. They claim that using solar energy to power the machine is only effective
if you live somewhere sunny, but it may not be so efficient in cloudier climates, such as in the
UK. Despite this, Bertillon maintains that such a small, lightweight aircraft with a flying distance of
480 km could be a very desirable purchase.
But will the Smartcopter concept really work? There would have to be more regulation and potential
owners would need a pilot’s licence. Furthermore, the practicalities of having a large number of
these aircraft in the air have not been fully explored. Bertillon suggests that the maximum altitude
for the Smartcopter could be as high as 4000 m, which might present difficulties for air traffic
controllers.
So, although the Smartcopter sounds like a great idea, many issues will need to be overcome
before it ever gets off the ground.
434
Exercise 5
Read the following article about solo dining.
Write a summary of how restaurants are changing to make people who are eating out alone feel
more welcome.
Solo Dining
When eating out in a restaurant, customers have traditionally booked a table for two or more people and a table
for one was unusual. Solo dining used to mean eating a takeaway alone in the car or taking a room service
meal in a hotel room. This was better than the thought of dining alone in a proper restaurant feeling lonely.
Some of that fear of booking a table for one no doubt dates back to childhood, when sitting alone in the school
cafeteria made you look unpopular. However, today, a growing number of people live alone. In London, nearly
a third of homes are now occupied by just one person, while in New York and Paris it is more than half. And in
cities such as Stockholm, 60% of residents live on their own.
There are many more single people, who have much more money to spend on food and living expenses, so it
has become more socially acceptable to dine alone. With more people choosing to dine out alone, restaurants
around the world are trying to become more welcoming to solo diners. Some restaurants are fitting more bar
seating, so these valued customers can sit by themselves but still be near to other diners. It is becoming more
common for restaurant owners to train their waiting staff to be more attentive to customers sitting on their
own. It is important to remember, too, that solo diners choose to eat out simply to enjoy the food, and not
because the occasion is a celebration with family or friends. Therefore, restaurants can attract these customers
by offering tasting menus of up to eight small courses.
Restaurant reviewers and experts advise solo diners to ask for the things they want. Restaurants might have
a table in a quiet corner for single customers who do not want any conversation. Solo diners might prefer to
read books and magazines while they enjoy their food. A good restaurant wants to make solo diners happy by
meeting all their needs. One Canadian restaurant owner encourages solo diners by offering a free lunch to any
customer who has booked a table for two, only to find themselves alone because their guest has not come. He
believes that if he takes care of his customers, they will show loyalty and return to the restaurant again.
Another restaurant owner felt that while the restaurant already had seating in front of the open kitchen, the
chefs were not showing enough interest in the customers. As a result, there are innovative restaurants where
solo diners sitting by the kitchen can now enjoy a performance. The show usually allows chefs to give cooking
demonstrations, to show their skill and speed in preparing dishes. The restaurants even provide free tastings
at different stages of the cooking process. There are even kitchens where chefs hold conversations with single
customers, offering tips and advice about the best way to cook their dishes. As part of this service, a restaurant
might also offer to take a customer’s email address, in order to send them information about ingredients and
recipes. The most thoughtful and original restaurant owners will do whatever it takes to make solo dining a
memorable experience.
435
Exercise 5
Read the following article about new ways of designing public spaces which aim to control people’s
behaviour. Write a summary of the ways in which designers are attempting to control behaviour
in public spaces.
Hostile architecture – keeping the unwanted away

A new style of public bench can be found on the streets of many big cities around the world
nowadays. It is known as the Camden bench, named after the area in London where these sculpted
grey concrete seats were originally installed. The benches have graffiti-resistant surfaces to keep
them clean, and, like many seats at bus stops, they also feature a sloping surface, apparently to
deter both sleeping and skateboarding.
Needless to say, skateboarders have not been put off, and they are now attempting to make the
most of these benches by teaching themselves to skateboard along them, and jump off. ‘These
benches have been designed to stop people enjoying public spaces, so we’re showing that we can
still skateboard on them, and do something we enjoy doing, without having to spend any money,’
said one teenager who I talked to outside a busy station yesterday.
Although these benches are not as obvious as the stainless steel spikes outside new buildings
that have been spotted in many cities recently, they are part of a new generation of urban planning
designed to influence public behaviour, which is becoming known as ‘hostile architecture’.
Architectural historian James Wheatley says that hostile architecture can be traced back to urban
design and public space management in the 1990s. It seems that nowadays, it is only acceptable
for people to use public space if they behave in a respectable way, or if they are consumers, paying
for something. ‘So it’s OK, for example, to sit around as long as you are drinking a cappuccino
that you’ve bought from the café nearby, but not if you are skateboarding, playing loud music or
disturbing others,’ he said. He pointed out that it is increasingly common for public benches to be
divided up with armrests to prevent people from lying down on them, and for studs to be built into
ground-level window ledges so that people can’t sit comfortably on them. Another example is bus
shelters with transparent sides, which discourage anti-social behaviour.
Many people are critical of this type of design, believing that urban planning should be inclusive
and should encourage everyone to use public spaces rather than trying to keep certain people
away. In fact, recently, one supermarket was even persuaded to remove some spikes from the area
in front of the store, after thousands of people signed an online petition, objecting to them.
A lot of town centres are designed to be people-friendly. But it is also clear that when designing a
new development, planners ask themselves the question: “Who do we want to use this space, and
who do we not want?”
Other examples of hostile architecture are less visible. In some locations, cameras with speakers
are installed, enabling a security guard to tell someone to move away or to stop whatever unwanted
activity they are currently doing, even if it is just sitting with a group of friends on a wall in front
of a building. Sound deterrents are also becoming increasingly common, such as the so-called
‘mosquito’ device, which emits an irritating, high-pitched noise that makes people move away
quickly.
436
Exercise 5
Read the following article about exams and revision. On the opposite page, write a summary about the
different things that students can do to ensure exam success.
EXAM SUCCESS
Some people read textbooks in the bath when revising for exams, while others surround themselves
with notelets covered in facts. There are many ways to revise, but there is no magic formula
guaranteeing exam success. There are a few shortcuts that can make a big difference, but the
exact approach can only be decided by the person who is sitting the exam.
According to Dr. Viv Harman, a specialist in educational assessment from a local university, the first
and most basic point is to make a solid revision plan. She explains, “Research on undergraduates
shows that those who have a working style based on breaking down tasks into small, manageable
parts end up with better degrees.”
Revision should never simply be seen as soaking up knowledge. Pupils should try to get involved in
what they are studying so that they become genuinely interested in the topics. If you are interested
in something, you are more likely to remember it. The number of subjects that students have to
study nowadays is considerable. It is a lot to expect that a young person should find every topic of
every subject fascinating. Some students say that they struggle to find even half the subjects that
they have to learn of any interest at all.
Parents often worry when their children say that they want to revise with a friend. They fear that
when the friends get together, they will start talking about anything other than their studies. But
parents should not necessarily stop their children from revising with a friend, if they are explaining
concepts to one another. This can be one of the best ways to understand a complicated subject.
Explaining something to someone else can often help to clarify your own thinking. If parents try
to intervene too strongly, they may end up turning revision into a battleground. The best way for
mothers and fathers to help is by being supportive. During the final few hours before an exam, they
should do everything to help students to feel relaxed.
Thirty years ago, teachers often complained that they did not have much information about how
examinations were marked, and so they found it difficult to help students do the right thing in an
examination. Nowadays, exam boards publish a lot of information about what they expect. They
even publish their mark schemes, and so everyone knows exactly what the examiners want to see.
Anyone who is sitting an exam needs to have a good knowledge of the mark schemes. Teachers
should pass these on to students because they help to show exactly what the difference is between
an A and a C grade.
Students regularly ask their teachers how much revision they should do. Geoffrey Till, author of the
booklet ‘How to Succeed in Exams’, advises students to start revising early. “For most students,
the hardest thing is getting started. It’s best to study about 10 minutes a night and build up to doing
more revision later,” he says. Many students find that it is advisable to have an intensive study
period followed by a short break. Different people can concentrate for different lengths of time, but it
is important that each student knows what works best for them.
Most students try their best, but they can also take some comfort in remembering that history is full
of famous people who did not do well in exams, but who achieved great things in later life.
437
Exercise 5
Read the following article about new ideas to solve the problem of too many cars in city centres around
the world.
Write a summary about the different ideas that city planners are suggesting.
TRAVELLING AROUND CITIES

The number of cars on planet Earth has passed the one
billion mark. Many of these cars travel around cities and
cause huge traffic problems, particularly at peak times
during the working week.
Most city planners are trying to find a solution to these problems and are searching for alternatives
to the car for transporting large numbers of people. They consider that, for too long, roads have been
designed for use by moving cars. Now they want to change that idea, so that roads are mainly designed
to move people.
China is now the world’s biggest market for new cars. Increasing development and wealth have resulted
in a million new vehicles coming onto the roads every month. In the capital city, Beijing, the city planners
have put forward an old-fashioned solution to this problem – bicycles.
Planning officers want to increase the number of bicycles by 25 per cent. Twenty years ago, four
out of five residents in the Chinese capital pedalled to work using one of the world’s best systems
of bicycle lanes. However, the modern preference for cars has made the two-wheeled transport so
unfashionable that hardly one fifth of the population uses the bicycle lanes today. These lanes have
become dangerous for cyclists, because they are now either blocked by parked cars or used by other
cars which are attempting to escape from the traffic jams on the main roads.
Despite the fact that many Chinese people now consider the bicycle to be an inferior form of transport,
the authorities are planning to create more bike parks near bus and underground stations. They hope
that half the city’s population will travel to work by public transport in the near future. The planners
would also like to introduce a bicycle rental system. Under this system, people will be able to hire a
bicycle outside a train station and finish their journey to work by bike.
Other cities in the world are considering alternative methods of transport. In Jakarta, Indonesia, drivers
are not allowed to come into the city by car on certain days of the week, in order to reduce the number
of private cars on the roads. The planners are also looking at the idea of charging motorists a fee if
they drive alone into the city. They hoped this would encourage the idea of sharing journeys in private
cars. This has been partly successful, but some enterprising people called ‘jockeys’ have created small
businesses by arranging to accompany the driver in the car for a small fee. The driver and the ‘jockey’
meet at an agreed place outside the city centre and then ride together into town.
There is general agreement among city planners throughout the world that greater efforts should
be made to ensure that different means of transport are better linked. For example, bus routes and
timetables could be linked with train schedules and stops. Planners think people need to know more
about alternative methods of transport. They have asked for money to develop a publicity campaign to
persuade car drivers to use different ways to get to work.
City planners are also asking for a change in working practices. Many workers get up very early in
order to beat the traffic and arrive at work on time. This daily routine is exhausting. Workers arrive too
tired to do their best. Planners are asking employers to consider a change from set working hours to
flexitime, a system which allows employees to arrive at work and leave work at times outside the peak
travelling hours. Companies are also being encouraged to allow their employees to work from home for
at least part of each week.
438
Exercise 5
Read the following article about young people and clothes.
Write a summary about why the choice of clothes is important to young people AND possible
negative effects of these choices.
YOUNG PEOPLE AND CLOTHES
Nowadays, many people try to express their identity through personal possessions, such as the
latest technology that they own or the car that they drive. Owning these status symbols is perhaps
one of the most obvious ways of creating an impression.
It is true that you should not judge a book by its cover, but people still do. In the case of human
beings, that cover is often their choice of clothing, and people look at the way that others dress to
form an opinion of their character.
Young people in particular use clothing as a means of demonstrating their opinions, values and
identity. In addition, they believe that clothes can have a positive effect on their communication with
others in their peer group.
“Young people care about clothes because they say a lot about their personality,” says Bridget
Osborn, a fashion industry expert. “For young people, the clothes they wear are so important.
Clothes can affect their mood and how they face the day. If young people put on something special,
even when it’s not a special day, then this can change their outlook.” In reality, many young people
have different clothes for different occasions, wearing school uniform at certain times and casual
clothes at others.
The clothes that young people wear can sometimes give people the wrong impression. For example,
if their clothes are wrinkled, stained or mismatched, it might send a message that they do not really
care about their appearance, or even their school. On the other hand, if every piece of clothing on
their body is brand new and expensive, and they make sure to let others know it, some people may
take this to mean that they are too materialistic. If they like to wear a pair of fun shoes, a tie with a
large pattern or a multi-coloured hat, it could be that they like to show their wild side. This type of
person wants to demonstrate that they are different from other people.
However, many young people tend to be too focused on the brand that they are wearing and spend
more than they can afford. Certain companies use well-planned advertising strategies to influence
young people and control their ideas. This can make them fall into the trap of thinking that they have
to buy certain clothes even if they are not sure about them.
Young people might dress in a certain way in order to be more accepted by a group that they want
to belong to. For example, it is not unusual to see a group of friends outside school all dressed in
the same style. However, there is a danger that those outside the group will feel excluded. This can
lead to people, both inside and outside the group, developing stereotypical views only on the basis
of clothes.
There is no doubt that clothes and fashion are big business today. You only need to walk around
a shopping mall to see the number of shops that are competing to sell the latest products. What
young customers finally decide to buy may well say a great deal about them as a person.
439
Exercise 5
Read the following article by a cookery teacher in Dubai.
Write a summary of the advantages for young people if they learn how to cook.
COOKING IS FUN FOR YOUNG PEOPLE

“I grew up in a family where cooking was an Teaching children at the school has been a great
important part of life. I have always been really experience for me. I find it amazing to watch
choosy about my food. I never liked to see children being able to produce flavoursome
vegetables on my plate and if they did appear, meals using vegetables, eggs and fish, then
I used to find naughty ways of making them setting the table and serving the food.
disappear. I was lucky, however, that I always
had plenty of fish and seafood in my diet. It is also lovely to see the friendships that are
Vegetables eventually became an important established between the children, enjoying their
part of each meal when I went to college and culinary masterpieces with one another in a fun
spent more time cooking for myself. and friendly environment.
You might be interested to know that the human In the kitchen, children who cook learn different
body has two periods of accelerated growth skills that they will keep forever. They all have
during our lives, and both happen when we different backgrounds and habits. However, in a
are young. The first one is when we are born kitchen, everybody is important, and it doesn’t
and during the first few months of our life. The matter if you are tall or short, male or female,
second period is adolescence when we need to athletic or academic; cooking is for all ages and
develop the muscles and bones for adulthood. levels. They develop team skills and learn to
A regular intake of calcium and iron is essential appreciate that each individual’s contribution is
during this period. vital for the group.
With this in mind, encouraging our children If children cook, there is no doubt that they
to eat food with high calcium and iron content have a better diet, which will benefit their health
is the responsibility of the parents. It is during for the rest of their lives. My primary goal as a
this period that we should encourage children teacher is to encourage my students to develop
to start cooking, to try different recipes and these good habits from an early age. Maybe
make nutritious food part of their daily routine. some of my students will take this further and
It is easier for children to eat something that decide to follow a career related to cooking. This
has been prepared with their own hands, and is an industry which is growing all over the world
discover how a simple vegetable changes and we need well-trained cooks everywhere.
when it becomes part of a delicious soup, stew
or salad. This is what we have experienced at If children enjoy cooking, it is really easy to
our cookery school. We have taught children encourage them. Why not take them for dinner
who didn’t like certain foods, and then gradually or even buy them their own cooking utensils?
after some classes they began cooking for Preparing breakfast together at the weekend is
themselves and enjoyed dishes that they would a good time to get them started and it’s a great
not previously have eaten. way to spend quality time as a family.”
440
Exercise 5
Read the following article about red squirrels. On the opposite page, write a summary of the reasons
why their numbers have declined AND of the actions being taken to keep red squirrels safe.
SEEING RED
The future is at last brighter for one of the most appealing and rarest of creatures. Only
a few years ago, the chance of survival of red squirrels was poor. A disease known
as the ‘squirrel pox virus’ reached the north-west corner of England. Although the red
squirrels lived in a protected area near the coast, the disease killed more than three
quarters of the population.
The disease was brought into the country by grey squirrels during the 19th century. The grey squirrels were
larger, fitter and stronger, and soon expelled the reds from their age-old breeding grounds. The greys were
able to steal the nuts and other food which the smaller red squirrels depended on for their survival. They
also had a natural immunity to the squirrel pox virus. As a result of their contact with the reds, they soon
passed on the disease but remained unaffected by the disease themselves.
The red squirrels suffered badly. The thick forests behind the sand hills where they lived provided them
with some protection from the grey squirrels, but not against this deadly virus. A particularly hard winter
one year reduced their number still further, until no more than about 100 survived. This was the reds’ last
habitat in the whole of England.
The future of these squirrels remained desperate for many months. Since then, however, the little reds have
fought their way back. The latest figures reveal that their numbers are up to almost 60% of levels before the
squirrel pox virus. Estimates vary between 500 and 1000. Even the winter, with its bitter cold and heavy
snow, has not reduced the size of the population. Even more exciting is the news that they are leaving the
coast and moving into new territory. There are reports that red squirrels have been sighted in woodlands
some 80 kilometres away.
None of this would have been possible without the perseverance and dedication of the local Wildlife Trust,
a group of volunteers devoted to the protection of the environment. They constantly monitor red squirrel
movements and populations, check on the habitats of grey squirrels and prevent them from spreading into
areas where reds are present. Now, the group’s pioneering work has led to a new project designed to protect
red squirrels across the North of England.
The project, named simply ‘Red Squirrels Northern England’ (RSNE), aims to establish areas where red
squirrels can be kept safe. Over a five-year programme, volunteers are attempting to keep the reds in 17
safe areas, where 80% of their population will live. These are large forests of pine trees, where reds can
safely feed on seeds and nuts.
It is estimated that there are now about 500 red squirrels across the region. At the same time, the number
of greys also continues to rise, so that it remains necessary to control the spread of the squirrel pox virus.
Volunteers tirelessly patrol all the woodlands in the region and ensure that the two populations are kept
apart. Local landowners have cooperated with the Wildlife Trust, and have worked out ways to attract
red squirrels to their woodlands and keep out the greys. The project has been successful so far, and it has
managed to prevent any renewed outbreak of the deadly virus.
441
Exercise 5
Read the following article about the increasing amount of artificial light that humans are creating. On
the opposite page, write a summary about the negative aspects of light pollution in our world.
TURNING NIGHT INTO DAY

If humans were really comfortable under the light of the moon and stars, we would happily go around at
night without any artificial light. We would be able to see the world in the same way as the many species that
exist in darkness are able to see it. The fact is that we are daytime creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the
sunlight.
In order to create a longer day, even extending to 24 hours, we have lit up the night. We have changed it to
suit our purposes by filling the darkness with light. This kind of action disturbs human and natural life and
comes with disadvantages as well as benefits. By artificially increasing the amount of light in our world, we
have produced light pollution.
Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design, which allows
artificial light to shine outwards and upwards into the sky, where it is not
wanted, instead of focusing it downwards, where it is needed. Most of
us live in towns and suburbs, which suffer from too much light coming
from homes, offices, factories and roads. In these areas, we are often
unable to control the light that invades our homes and private lives.
In most cities, the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars. Many
of us have grown up seeing nothing more than a hazy sky, and we have
never enjoyed the wonderful sight of a clear night sky, full of beautiful
stars.
Humans have selfishly lit up the night assuming that it had no effect on any living creature. Nothing could be
further from the truth. The number of species that are busy in the darkness is astonishing. By increasing the
amount of artificial light, we have confused and harmed many creatures. Some birds now sing at unnatural
hours in the presence of artificial light. Sea turtles, which much prefer dark beaches to build their nests, find
fewer and fewer suitable places.
Like most other creatures, we need darkness. It is as essential to our well-being as light itself. By reducing
the amount of darkness each day, we are upsetting the regular timing and rhythm of waking and sleeping.
This means that we rarely get enough sleep at the right time.
It was once thought that light pollution only affected astronomers, who needed to see the night sky in all its
glorious clarity. In fact, some of the earliest efforts to try and control light pollution, in Flagstaff, USA, were
made to protect the view from the Lowell Observatory, situated high above the city. In 2001, Flagstaff was
declared the first International Dark Sky City. Now, more and more cities and even whole countries have
committed themselves to reducing unwanted artificial light.
Finally, we must not ignore the amount of energy that is wasted throughout the world as a result of our desire
for extra light. It is arguable that, of all the different types of pollution, light pollution is perhaps the easiest to
reduce. Simple changes in lighting design and installation produce immediate changes in the amount of light
lost in the atmosphere and, often, provide immediate energy savings.
442
Exercise 5
Read the following article about how the human body and brain have changed over thousands of years.
Write a summary about the possible reasons why humans have become shorter AND why their
brains have become smaller.
WHY ARE WE SHRINKING?

The human species may have passed its physical peak. Scientists have found that modern-day people are about
10% smaller and shorter than their hunting ancestors from 200,000 years ago. Most of this decline in size,
however, has only happened in the past 10,000 years, and has been accompanied by a corresponding 10%
decline in brain size.
These findings have emerged from studies of fossilised human remains, including skulls, discovered across Africa,
Europe and Asia. Early humans evolved as hunters, a lifestyle which required strength and stamina. Humans
with powerful chests and large brains emerged about 35,000 years ago. During this period and throughout
the emergence of more developed societies, size remained constant. This is shown by the discovery of tools,
weapons, and even musical instruments from that time, and by the fossil records themselves. It is not until the
last 10,000 years that the sizes of the body and the brain have changed substantially. The question is why these
changes should have happened so recently.
One theory is that the decline in size is linked to agriculture, which
began about 9,000 years ago and was perhaps the greatest
change in lifestyle that humans experienced in pre-historic times.
Recent research shows that declines in size were found in 19 out
of 21 societies that switched from hunting to farming. This would
seem to reverse popular opinion that when societies switch to
farming there is usually an increase in the size of people as food
becomes more plentiful.
Research also suggests that the decreased size in populations across
the globe was linked to a probable shortage of micronutrients,
such as the vitamins and minerals that are essential to growth.
There would have been an inadequate supply of these in the
human diet even though calories were plentiful. One example of
this was in China where early farmers relied largely on cereals such
as rice and maize – both of which lack a vitamin called niacin,
vital for growth. The heavy reliance on rice and maize also caused
nutritional diseases, which limited normal growth in children.
Other researchers, however, are less certain about the role of agriculture and consider that the change was more
as a result of different lifestyle demands. These researchers tend to link the decreased height more with social
inequality, where a dominant class took more than their fair share of the produce, leaving others short of food.
Even if agriculture was in part responsible for the physical changes, it would not explain why human brain size
has also decreased. The male human brain has become smaller over the past 10,000 years. Compared to our
ancestors, it now averages 1,350 cubic centimetres, a decrease in size equivalent in volume to a tennis ball.
There is speculation that part of the answer must lie in the huge amount of energy required to maintain large
brains – in humans, it accounts for about 20% of the energy used by the whole body. Researchers claim that
our brains have got smaller because of the need to save energy for the increased number of tasks that we are
required to do in the modern world. Evolution would have made the brain smaller but more efficient – a similar
process to the changes in computers and technology that we see today. We may have smaller brains than our
ancestors, but that does not mean that we are less intelligent.
443
Exercise 5
Read the following article about going to study abroad. Write a summary of advice given to
students about their behaviour before they go to another country and when they get there.
Your summary should be about 100 words (and no more than 120 words).
The art of studying overseas
Going overseas to study is like starting a relationship with a new friend. First, everything about it seems amazing.
Then you discover the faults. Then you find these faults charming and, without realising it, you start to adopt
them yourself. By the time you get back, your expectations, attitudes and priorities will all have changed. That is
one reason why it’s so difficult to settle down back home again after you’ve travelled to another country to study.
Studying abroad can be a lonely experience, especially in the first few weeks. You do therefore need to make the
effort to get out and about, and to attend foreign student meetings and parties. You should also get in touch
with that stranger from home, who has been recommended by your cousin as a good friend, and who just
happens to be living and studying in the same town as yourself.
It definitely helps if you prepare before you go. Contact students in your institution who have been to the
country you are going to, and listen to their advice. Get a few of their friends’ phone numbers, and don’t be shy
about calling them. Ask them about packing. Will you need something special for the climate? Or something
formal? Remember that you are unlikely to start wearing unusual clothes just because you’re in a different
country. Also, other countries do actually have shops. You also need to know what the food is like. And it can be
useful to find out about eating habits before suggesting dinner at a restaurant with your newly-found friends.
Try to plan what you want to achieve while you are away – in terms of both studying and sightseeing. You should
not work so hard that you never leave your study bedroom, and you must try to set aside time for travel. You don’t
want your experience of the country confined to the college library and cafeteria. On the other hand, don’t worry
if you don’t get to see everything in the tourist brochures, although if you’re studying in Paris, by the time you get
home you should know where the famous Eiffel Tower is.
No plan made before you arrive in the new country should be too rigid. The key is to go with an open mind and
seize opportunities as they arise. Spending hours every morning in a different museum won’t necessarily deepen
your understanding of the culture. Of course, museums are ideal places to take your visitors from home, but
visits from home can be disrupting and can stop you from settling in. It may be comforting to see a familiar face
in your first few homesick weeks. However, you don’t want your friends to use your presence abroad as an excuse
for a holiday, or to think you are there for a holiday.
Above all, don’t be discouraged. Learning a language and coping with different ways of doing things is hard
work, so don’t worry about trying to get the top grade. But don’t give up easily either. You can remain
self-confident even if your fellow students are more fluent in the local language.
Finally, once you get home, think of ways to keep up the links with wherever you were studying – by joining a
relevant student society, for instance. Like any relationship, if you are going to keep it going at a distance, you
will need to work at it.
444
Exercise 5
Read the following article about sleep and teenagers. On the opposite page, write a summary of
the reasons why teenagers do not get enough sleep.
Your summary should be about 100 words (and no more than 120 words). You should use your
own words as far as possible.
Sleepy Teenagers
Scientific research shows that teenagers are sleepier than younger
children or older adults. Teenagers’ sleep is shallower and does not
refresh them as well as the sleep that younger children get. When
allowed to sleep as much as they would like, teenagers average 9 to
10 hours per night, but few of them manage as much as this. Indeed,
high school students often have to wake up as early as 6.30am to arrive at school on time. In order to
get even nine hours of sleep with such a schedule, it would be necessary to go to bed at around 9.30pm,
which is not likely.
Teenagers usually oversleep at weekends and during holidays. Teenagers also tend to have much more
irregular sleep schedules. The times when they go to bed and wake up on weekdays are very different
from the times at weekends. This constant changing of the number of hours spent sleeping can lead to a
significant disruption of the sleep pattern.
It is estimated that up to 40% of high school and college students are short of sleep. This figure may
be an underestimate. There are many reasons for the lack of sleep. It is at this age that academic work
increases. Young people engage in many more social activities such as sports and school clubs. In addition
to doing their homework, they may also have to work long hours to earn money for college. Many
college students have to be full-time students and full-time workers due to financial difficulties. When
young people are getting insufficient sleep, the motivation that is needed to do well in the classroom can
be affected. Indeed students with below average grades typically report getting less sleep than students
with better grades.
The adolescent years are filled with challenges. Teenagers take on more adult roles yet in many ways
they still have the same needs they had when they were children. They experience the rapid physical and
emotional changes of becoming young adults; they want independence and the freedom to come and go
whenever they please but in reality they are still dependent on their parents. While living at home, they
are still required to obey the rules of the house. Many have concerns about their future such as going to
college, getting a job and having enough money to buy the latest clothes and mobile phones to impress
their friends. All of these worries and concerns can interfere with their sleep.
Sleep is often a lower priority for adolescents. This is especially true during the school week when school,
homework, sports, after-school activities, volunteer work, jobs and socialising seem much more important
than sleep. Not many teenagers can appreciate that the brain works better with the right amount of sleep.
If they did, then they might realise that the extra sleep was worth it.
There are a number of concerns related to insufficient sleep that go beyond the effects it has on the
memory and the way in which the brain works. Over-tiredness results in a higher risk of accidents,
especially motor vehicle accidents. Laboratory studies have shown that significant sleep loss results in
careless driving – not a good thing for teenage drivers just learning the rules of the road.
445
Exercise 5
Read the following account of an attempt to save the wild Asian tiger. On the opposite page, write a
summary of the reasons for the decline in the number of tigers AND the steps being taken by
the World Wildlife Fund to stop the decline.
As estimated numbers last year dropped to fewer than 3000, we are now dangerously close to losing the
wild tiger in many parts of Asia. However, the managers of the World Wildlife Fund have devised an
ambitious plan to help double the population by 2022.
In spite of a global ban, the illegal hunting of tigers and the trade in their body parts continue, partly
because of their use in traditional medicine. The fall in the number of tigers has been a cause for concern
for several years, but recent estimates suggest that numbers are now declining even more rapidly. More
and more tigers are being killed, particularly to satisfy the constant demand for their skins. Unless action
is taken immediately the wild tiger may soon cease to exist in many parts of Asia.
Illegal hunting is the most serious issue currently facing tigers, but it’s not the only thing that threatens
their survival in the wild. Extensive habitat destruction due to logging, agriculture and the development
of new human settlements have forced tigers into ever smaller areas. This makes them easier for
hunters to find, and also brings them into conflict with communities who sometimes kill tigers to protect
themselves and their livestock. Meanwhile, rising sea levels caused by climate change threaten to
destroy vast areas of tiger habitat in the coastal regions of India and Bangladesh.
Save This deadly combination of factors could soon see tigers disappear completely from the
wild in many parts of Asia. However, there is still a chance to help them survive and
the recover. The Amur sub-species, for example, was down to a population of just 40 in the
1940s. Fortunately, as a result of the joint action of the governments of Russia and China,
Tiger as well as the efforts of conservation groups such as the World Wildlife Fund, the species
is still with us today, although in very low numbers of around 400.
Recently, the managers of the World Wildlife Fund have launched an ambitious plan to double the tiger
population by the year 2022, which is to be called “The Year of the Tiger”. They have already improved their
extensive tiger conservation efforts by increasing the number of their anti-hunting patrols and by making
the staff of these patrols better trained and equipped. The main focus is on twelve key landscapes, which
some of the world’s top tiger experts have identified as offering the best chances of increasing the world’s
tiger populations. In these areas the main objectives are not only to protect
the adult animals, but also to make their habitats safe for their young and
ensure a continued supply of prey for tiger families to feed upon.
This far-reaching plan to double tiger populations by 2022 represents

the best chance to preserve these magnificent animals. To achieve their
aim, the World Wildlife Fund managers also need to increase the support of
governments and the general public. Additional money is required in order to
make the vital work possible, and, thankfully, a major charity has promised to
double any gift received online in the foreseeable future. This means that, thanks
to this generous offer, a gift of one hundred dollars could put an extra anti-hunting patrol into the field
for a month, and any similar financial assistance will go twice as far towards giving the wild tigers the
support which they so urgently need.
446
Exercise 5
Read the following article about children who do not go to school but who are educated at home. On
the opposite page, write a summary about the advantages of home education.
Your summary should be about 100 words long (and no more than 120 words). You should use
Home Education
When people think their brothers and sisters, creating a more
about the education peaceful and harmonious home atmosphere.
of children, they However, there may be a reduction in children’s
usually think about contact with their peers and they may lose the
schools. However, ability to make friends of their own age.
for a considerable
number of children around the world education It is also claimed by believers in this system
does not mean going to school, it means being that the children find it easier to socialise with
taught at home in the family. It is legal to home adults because they are not part of the formal
educate in many countries, although in culture that characterises school life. This has
Germany, Greece, Hong Kong and Brazil it is long-term advantages because it means that
illegal. if children encounter problems they are not
forced to seek advice solely from people as
Parents who choose to home educate argue young as themselves. They can turn to older
that many people have forgotten that, for young family members for a more mature perspective
children at least, home education was the on the problems they are facing.
preferred option for anyone who could afford
it up to quite recently. They argue that children Travelling to and from school is tiring and time-
learn better in the comfort of their own homes. consuming. Children educated at school often
They are also free to interact with their parents arrive home exhausted with little energy left to
and other adults in a way that allows them to complete their homework and no time to relax.
explore areas that interest them, at their own Home educated children do not need to waste
pace. their time on travel and are free to use their
time and energy more productively.
Supporters of home education say that children
are not restricted by the subject matter of a Not everyone agrees with all of the advantages
narrow curriculum or by the content of school that are claimed by home educators and many
books. This has the effect of making them actively oppose it as a system. One very serious
enjoy the process of learning. Yet the range area of concern is the fact that it is difficult
of subjects taught, other people argue, may to check on the progress of children who are
depend on the sometimes limited knowledge home educated. There have been examples of
of one parent. Another problem may be that unsuccessful home education where children
children learn only one point of view on any have not been learning effectively. Education
topic. authorities have been unaware of these cases
and therefore unable to help the children
Home educators believe that school creates concerned.
an artificial and highly stressful social situation
that young children in particular find difficult No doubt the debate about whether it is better
to deal with. Home educated children are free to home educate or send children to school will
from stress and appear to get on better with continue for many years to come.
447
Exercise 5
Read the following article about the changes in whales’ behaviour as a result of increased noise in the
oceans.
On the opposite page, write a summary about the main causes of the noise problems AND how
the whales have had to adapt their behaviour. Your summary should be about 100 words (and
no more than 120 words). You should use your own words as far as possible.
WHALES LEARN TO Scientists have attached temporary recording

devices to the backs of whales. These instruments
SHOUT ABOVE THE NOISE have recorded the calls of the whales and the
background noise as well as the animals’ depth
and direction of travel. The researchers have
Whales are having to shout to make themselves analysed the sounds made by the whales against
heard. Scientists have found that their calls have the different levels of background noise. All the
become ten times louder over the past fifty years whales have had to make calls up to twelve times
as they compete with the roar of ships’ engines louder than the surrounding noise in order to
and propellers. be heard. In the research, two whales that were
recorded in very high-noise surroundings were
These findings come as the seas around the world shouting all the time, sometimes reaching 150
have become noisier and more crowded with ships decibels. Sounds in the ocean are not directly
of all types. Some experts fear that the constant comparable to those in the air, but a jet aircraft
noise of ships will drive many whales away from taking off would register about 140 decibels.
the open seas for ever. Other areas have been
affected by the construction of oil rigs and the The need to call out more loudly means that
sound of the equipment searching and drilling for whales are no longer calling as often as in the past.
oil. Similarly, when you are in a noisy room, you talk
louder to be heard – but if it is too noisy you just
A marine biologist states, “The rumbling noises stop trying.
from ships have similar frequencies or sound
levels to those used by whales. Another problem The sea is a naturally noisy place, with wind,
is the increasing number of wind farms which also currents, rain and thunderstorms all contributing.
make constant low-frequency sounds. As a result, There is a large amount of natural noise, but
whales are trying to adapt either by making much it varies with loud and quiet periods, whereas
louder noises or by calling at higher frequencies.” shipping noise is more constant. As the marine
biologist confirms, “There are so few whales
Whales are well known for their ability to remaining that finding each other above the noise
communicate using low-frequency noises. Sound could be crucial to keeping the species alive.
waves in the oceans are hardly deadened at all Human noise is doubling every decade so we
by the water and so larger species such as blue could soon be seeing a very severe impact on the
whales, which call at the lowest frequencies, might whale population.”
communicate over hundreds of miles. Large whale
species, already endangered, now find it difficult There is one slightly embarrassing finding for
to communicate over long distances to find mates. research scientists; their ships are responsible
The fear is that noise created by human activity for some of the greatest noises in the ocean.
could easily ruin the mating calls and songs and Ironically, the sonar devices used on these ships
the species could die out. are among the loudest sounds that whales might
hear.
The whales are not just getting louder; their
messages are getting simpler. This is similar to
the way that humans react when they are forced
to shout. Whales also now spend more time and
energy on communicating because they often have
to repeat their messages.
448
Exercise 5
Read the following article about Manisha Kaur, a female boxer in Manipur, India, who has established
a boxing academy for young people. On the opposite page, write a summary about the
difficulties teenagers face in Manipur AND how Manisha is a role model for them.
The School of
Hard Knocks
The sun had hardly begun to rise behind the hills, that persuaded the Olympic authorities to include
and already a group of young boxers from the women’s boxing for the first time in the 2012
boxing academy were practising by punching the Olympic Games in London.
early morning air. Dressed in red and black
tracksuits, the teenage boys and girls were skipping Yet Manisha’s life is not simply about winning
and moving with great focus and determination. medals. In addition to her success inside the boxing
ring, she is just as important as a role model and
Soon they were all out of breath with their efforts. inspiration in many other ways. The story of her
During a short break, a fourteen-year-old girl said: success and of how she overcame her own personal
“We used to play football in the village, but now I problems is truly exceptional. She is an example to
like boxing. I want to be like Manisha Kaur.” the young people through her strength of character,
something which she has inherited from the women
Manisha Kaur is the name that these young people of the state of Manipur. Recently, for example, it has
mention all the time. One of the world’s most been the women who have led campaigns to try and
successful female boxers, Manisha set up this improve life in the area for all the citizens. Like
academy in the state of Manipur several years ago these women, Manisha is admired by the young
with the simple wish of helping young people in this people for her defiance and forcefulness.
region. They have very few opportunities to achieve
success in life in their home area and one of the Like most of the young people at the academy,
main reasons is the high rate of unemployment. Manisha came from a very simple background. Hard
work as much as real talent was the reason for her
Manisha started the academy with her own money success. She was totally dedicated and trained twice
but now she receives help from different as hard as anyone else. All of these characteristics
organisations. The academy provides accommodation are what make Manisha a heroine in the eyes of the
and coaching to around fifteen young people. They young people who live and train at her academy.
pay very little to attend or maybe even nothing at all.
Manisha says: “At the academy I try to provide them Fourteen-year-old Sheila Sapna came from a remote
with equipment, but most importantly I want to help village and will be staying at the academy for a year.
out by giving them the feeling of a family relationship, She said that she was impressed by the fact that
which many of them do not have. This is so Manisha had been so successful and she wanted to
important to young people, as they often feel be like her. “Women here can withstand anything,”
isolated from the rest of the community.” she says. “Not just the physical aspects, but also the
mental pressure, too.”
Manisha’s own boxing achievements are exceptional.
In addition to the many national titles that she has Manisha’s husband adds: “This academy is like a
collected, she has won the world women’s boxing lifeline to young people. Our aim here is to raise
championship five times and the Asian championship the spirits and improve the opportunities available
on two occasions. She was a member of the group to them.”
449
Exercise 5
Read the following article about responsible travel. On the opposite page, write a summary about
what responsible travellers do when on holiday.
Responsible Travel
More people have the opportunity to travel now foreign guide could ever do. The local guide will
than at any other time in history. At one time, a also earn an income from the traveller.
journey of thirty kilometres from one village to
another was difficult and unusual for almost Rather than being surrounded by hundreds of
everybody. It was when affordable air travel people from back home, responsible travellers
became available to many people that the idea of prefer smaller groups. They don’t like being
going abroad on holiday became a reality. Large herded in large crowds and they understand that
numbers of people saved money to go on holidays travelling in smaller groups makes local people
organised by travel companies which took care of and cultures more accessible.
all of the arrangements and made the experience
easy and trouble-free. It could be argued that very People who choose to travel responsibly want to
little thought was put into the effect that such mass get more out of their visits, and give something
tourism was having on the countries which were back to the special places and people that they
visited. Nowadays, people are aware of many encounter. They want deeper and more
different environmental issues and a movement interesting travel experiences. They value seeing
which encourages responsible travel has grown up. things as they are, rather than seeing things which
Responsible travel places importance on have been created for the tourist. At the same
respecting local people and the environment. time they understand that some cultural
experiences are best kept private, and that their
visit would be an intrusion. They believe that
travelling with respect earns them respect.
Responsible travel is about rediscovering how to

experience nature, to feel it, smell it and learn
about it rather than just look at it. Travellers prefer
to get out and walk rather than sit in a big bus,
and they are determined to leave no negative
Most of what we do in our lives contributes to physical evidence of their visit. They also
carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and global understand that income from tourism can be a
warming. Air travel, although currently a relatively powerful incentive for conservation. They believe
small contributor (less than 5%), is the fastest that their trips can make positive contributions
growing source of CO2 emissions. We must all take towards conserving natural environments.
action to reduce our CO2 emissions across our
entire lives, and this includes accepting that we
must fly significantly less than we do now. When
people do fly to their destination it’s even more
important that the holiday is a responsible one.
Responsible travel brings the traveller closer to

local cultures and environments by involving local Experienced responsible travellers know how
people in tourism. It does this in a fair way that difficult it can be to do the right thing. Whether
helps to ensure that the local people will give they travel independently, or through a leading
visitors an even warmer welcome. For example, a travel operator, the responsible traveller is quite
local guide will be able to teach the traveller different from the tourist who just wants to sit on a
about the culture of the region far better than a sunny beach in a country with a warm climate.
450
Exercise 5
Read the following article about the growing number of people who swim in ice-cold water. On the
opposite page, write a summary of the possible health benefits of this activity.
Some like it
cool
There seems to be something totally insane
about swimming in the middle of winter in the
icy cold seas of northern Europe. However, The winter swimmers usually start their season
the growing number of people who love this in September, when the water is still quite
activity are convinced that the benefits to warm after the summer months. This gives
their health are far greater than the brief their bodies a chance to become used to
discomforts. the increasing cold. Andrej Barthes, an
enthusiastic member of a large winter
Across northern Europe, where the winter swimming group, explains: “If you just start in
months last from October to March, many December, then there will be a big shock to
people believe that diving into freezing your body. We find it is better to begin in
water and swimming around helps to fight off September, when the water is warmer, at
colds and other illnesses. But is it really safe to about 17 degrees Celsius. It then gradually
expose the body to such unbelievably cold gets colder until, in the middle of winter, the
temperatures? Enthusiasts of this type of water is zero degrees or just above.” He
exercise claim that weekly swimming sessions adds: “I am convinced of the health benefits.
in freezing water repair and refresh the whole It helps me forget about the anxieties and
body. This view seems to be supported by worries I have in my job. It really becomes a
athletes and professional sportspeople, who habit that is hard to break.”
regularly take ice baths as part of their
physiotherapy treatment when recovering Despite all the claims from the enthusiasts,
from injuries. many doctors are undecided about the
medical benefits of dipping your body into
Craig Smith, a professional physiotherapist, icy water. In fact, they generally advise
says: “When receiving treatment, people against such activity if you suffer from heart
often mix ice and water depending on how disease or asthma. Moreover, even if you are
much discomfort they can tolerate... some totally healthy, you should not stay in the
like it colder than others. When you get into water for more than five minutes because it is
an ice bath for five to ten minutes, the icy too dangerous.
cold water causes your blood vessels to
tighten and drains the blood out of your legs. Whatever the view of the doctors, however,
After ten minutes your legs feel cold and there is evidence that swimming in icy cold
numb. Then, when you finally get out of the water can boost your mood and give you a
bath, your legs fill up again with ‘new’ blood, more optimistic outlook. Exposure to very
which invigorates the muscles with oxygen. cold temperatures has even been used to
This helps the cells in the body to work better.” treat some forms of depression.
451
Exercise 5
Read the following article about dancing. Write a summary about the physical and non-physical
benefits of dancing.
The Joys of
Dancing
In many countries an increasing number of people lead non-active lifestyles. Alongside this many
people live very stressful lives and need to take time to enjoy themselves. If people are to make
positive decisions about improving their health and well-being, they need to be able to choose from
a range of options.
Many people across the world seem to be choosing dance as a way of getting fit. Anyone can
dance and enjoy dancing – young or old. Dance also has a long history of successfully building a
sense of community across groups of people. It can be done as part of a group or practised alone
and can happen in a variety of places. At its simplest, dance involves moving rhythmically to music.
Flexibility is an important part of being healthy and dance requires a great amount of flexibility. Most
dance classes begin with a warm-up including several stretching exercises. Dancers must strive to
achieve the full range of motion for all the major muscle groups. The greater the range of motion, the
more muscles can flex and extend. Most forms of dance need dancers to bend and stretch, so
dancers naturally become more flexible by simply dancing.
Many styles of dance, including jazz and ballet, involve jumping and leaping high into the air. This
requires tremendous strength in the major leg muscles. Just think about the muscles that a male
ballet dancer develops by lifting his partner above his head! Of course dance is physical exercise,
and we all know that exercise increases endurance. This means that the muscles are able to work
hard for increasingly longer periods of time without getting tired.
It is not only our physical selves that can benefit because dancing is also a social activity. It provides
many opportunities to meet other people. Studies have shown that socialising with friends contributes
to greater self-confidence. Physical activity can also reduce stress and tension, and regular dancing
gives an overall sense of well-being. Rachael, who belongs to her school’s street dance club, said,
“I’ve loved street dancing from the start, there’s so much sprinting
and jumping involved, I’m much fitter. And when I feel angry, I
just start doing some moves and everything feels better. You can
take out all your anger in the dance, and then afterwards you feel
calmer in the classroom.”
Rachael’s response is not unusual. A teacher who runs dance classes said,
“When we get a new class, we’re often warned in advance that a
particular pupil has behavioural problems. However, in our classes, everyone
arrives on time and nobody misbehaves. I can’t count the number of times a parent
has told me street dance is the first thing their child is good at doing. Dancing gives
them something to look forward to and they become more enthusiastic about school
in general.”
452
Exercise 5
Read the following article about preparing for exams. On the opposite page write a summary of
what advice students are given in order to stay happy and healthy at exam time.
Your summary should be about 100 words (and not more than 120 words). You should use
Stay happy and healthy at exam time

Feeling nervous before examinations is a healthy sign that you take your studies seriously and want all
your hard work during the past two years to be recognised. On the other hand, it may be the case
that you realise you have spent too much of your time doing far too little. Either way, the best
method of overcoming nerves is to feel prepared. This means feeling confident that you have the skills
and knowledge to face whatever the exams may demand of you.
Ideally, you will have been preparing throughout your time at school by attending all your classes,
completing all your assignments and, possibly, keeping all your notes in order. All these things are
important, but you also have to prepare for the exams more directly. This means thinking about the
kind of topics that are likely to come up and the different ways they could be addressed. Look at the
syllabus to see what it contains and what you are supposed to know by the time you have finished
studying it.
Working your way through past exam papers will give you a better idea of what may occur, but make
sure that the syllabus has not been altered since the papers were written. The other way you need to
be prepared is to be sure in advance which exam you are taking at a particular time, and when and
where you are taking it.
However, apart from your academic preparation, it is even more important to look after yourself
both physically and emotionally. If you feel anxious, it is a good idea to talk to your teachers. They may
be able to offer reassurance as well as suggesting revision techniques.
Spending too much time alone in the period before the exams is unwise because you can become
unnecessarily worried. To avoid this, don’t completely give up your social life. Of course, you can also
be disturbed by what your school friends may say, so don’t be concerned by other people’s revision
timetables or by their claims to know what will be in the exams. They don’t know any more than you
do.
Avoid coffee and fizzy drinks. Feeling alert is helpful, but feeling over-excited is not. Feeling hungry is
not good either, so remember to eat breakfast even if you don’t really want it. Above all, you don’t
want to feel sleepy, so go to bed early and stop revising at least an hour before bedtime so that you
can close your eyes with a clear head.
Make the most of support offered by friends and family, and if you feel in need of extra support, by all
means take along a favourite toy or object with you to the exam room. Don’t be upset if your candidate
number happens to be your unlucky one or if your favourite clothes happen to be in the wash. You
should realise that although it is important to spend an hour or two filling pieces of paper with brilliantly
relevant details, filling the rest of your life with interesting experiences is far more important.
453
Exercise 5
Read the following article about a climb to the top of South-East Asia’s highest mountain.
Write a summary of the main difficulties that tourists face during the climb and the rewards
when they reach the top.
Peak Performance
Yet another storm is about to descend on the
jungle-covered slopes of Mount Kinabalu. It is a familiar
sound to our guide, Joseph Duzun, who is going to lead us
through the mist-covered forests of South-East Asia’s highest
mountain. Joseph has been guiding groups of tourists along this path for the past ten years. The area
receives about 80-100 tourists a day, most of whom undertake the tough two-day climb to Low’s Peak.
It is physically demanding because of its very steep paths.
The local people regard Mount Kinabalu as the home of the spirits and pay their respects once a year, with
offerings of chicken, rice and cigars. The locals believe that their ancestors inhabit the mountain’s highest
peaks.
We plan to set out in the cool, early morning from Timpohon Gate, the official starting point for the
trail, for the five-hour climb to our base camp at Laban Rata. We will spend our first night there, at
3300 metres above sea level.
Our guide, Joseph, appears suddenly out of the mist. He has a huge smile and is carrying an old canvas
backpack. He is wearing rubber boat shoes which are far better suited to the steep, snaking paths
than our high-tech, high-priced hiking boots.
The path towards Laban Rata is a journey into a lost world, with thick mists obscuring our way. We
finally stumble into the base camp in the late afternoon. We have aches and pains all over our bodies
but they soon vanish as we drink steaming bowls of fish soup and hot green tea in the restaurant. At
Laban Rata, the air is noticeably thinner and simply walking from the restaurant to the bedrooms, a
small distance of 50 metres, leaves us almost breathless. About twenty tourists decide to abandon the
final stage of the climb because several of them are suffering from altitude sickness. The thought of
getting out of bed the following morning at 3 am in the freezing dawn temperatures has also discouraged
many others from continuing.
It is necessary to leave our warm beds so early in order to reach the summit at 6 am for the sunrise.
We follow 40 other climbers making their way across the granite rock faces in the chilly darkness. At
6.10 am, at the summit of Low’s Peak, the long-awaited moment arrives. The first rays of sunlight
break brilliantly over the peaks, lighting the countryside of Borneo like a vast green carpet. The
spectacular sight of the shadow of Low’s Peak stretches across the lowland, all the way to the sea – a
distance of about 180 kilometres.
After congratulations and celebrations with delicious hot drinks, we reflect on the marvellous feeling
of achievement that we have on reaching the top. For most of us, the climb to the rooftop of
South-East Asia has been a massive effort. For Joseph Duzun, however, it is just another day at work.
454
Exercise 5
Read the following article about using social networking internet sites. On the opposite page, write a
summary of the main criticisms of social networking sites.
Social networking : our new best friend?

Social networks have millions of people signed up to their sites.
How are they changing our lives?
All over the world, millions of users have signed up to social networking sites, spending an average
of an hour every day communicating online. Social networking sites are the internet equivalent of a
continuous video-conference call between friends, in which users present their “face” to the world,
sharing as much detail as they want – with photographs, personal information, diaries and opinions.
Letters, phone calls and emails were once the normal methods of communication, but social
networking sites have now become the personal news service. People exchange ideas, invitations and
social chat with unlimited audiences.
Sociologists say that networking is changing our lives forever. We are in the middle of a social
revolution that is moving so rapidly that nobody can predict its impact in the years to come.
Facebook, for example, started as a college network for students at Harvard in the USA. It spread
quickly to other universities, and students swapped photographs, formed clubs and exchanged gossip.
When the students finished their studies, they carried their social networks with them to their places
of work and increased their circle of friends even more. It is very simple to join. You register for free
online, post a picture of yourself with some information (as little or as much as you want), then look
for friends.
The system is hugely popular but there are many critics, especially from the business world. Many
bosses and managers are frustrated at the amount of office time that is wasted by their staff, who
spend too much time on the networking sites. However, supporters of these sites insist that there is no
reduction in effort and productivity, that it is no different from people taking breaks or making cups
of coffee. There is also the prediction by certain researchers that before long there will be people who
find it almost impossible to break away from these sites. They will suffer from a form of social
networking addiction. On a wider scale, many believe that social networking will reduce real life
relationships, because we will exchange handshakes and hugs for the keyboard. This could also mean
that our physical health will suffer as a result of sitting for long periods in front of the screen.
One of the big advantages is that links are not cut if people move home or change jobs. You don’t
have to be sitting opposite each other in order to exchange information. As one 40-year-old woman
said, “I lost contact with my school friends, but today’s generation won’t.” The disadvantage of this,
as some people see it, is that personal links and close communities might disappear.
Critics are very forceful in their opposition. With so many millions of people posting personal
information on their social networking pages, there is the problem of not knowing exactly who they
are inviting into their lives. They are in effect offering private details to complete strangers. How
long will these social networking sites last? The experience of recent years has shown us that we
soon become bored with new technologies and move on to the next trend. Anyway, once you have
accumulated all of the friends you can manage, what do you do next?
455
Exercise 5
Read the following article about the way in which deserts are expanding across the world. On
the opposite page write a summary of the causes of the expansion of deserts.
Your summary should be about 100 words (and no more than 120 words). You should
You will receive up to 6 marks for the content of your summary, and up to 4 marks for the style
and accuracy of your language.
Deserts cover a third of the world’s surface and thirteen

per cent of the world’s population live in deserts. Today,
one of the major problems that the planet faces is the
expansion of deserts. This is a serious problem that
affects not only those countries in the direct path of the
expanding deserts, but also the rest of the world. To give
some idea of the scale of the problem, the last 50 years
have seen the Sahara desert spread southwards to cover
an extra 65 million hectares. Across the whole world, the area of useful land lost each year is more
than 6 million hectares.
The increase in desert land is caused by our planet’s changing climate. The world is becoming
warmer and drier, and this means there is less water to support plants and animals. However, the
natural rate of desert growth has been greatly increased as a result of the exploitation of the land
by humans. The causes of this increase are similar in many ways to those that bring about
deforestation, and once again the chief offenders are people working in agriculture.
People have been farming the land for thousands of years, cultivating the soil to grow crops and
rearing animals for food and transport. Traditionally, the land is “rotated”: in some years plants are
grown and in other years the soil is left to rest. However, to meet the demands for food of an
ever-growing population, it has been necessary to reduce the amount of time during which land is
left unplanted. As a result, the soil has become poorer, and, in some cases, unable to support plant
life.
Continual growing of crops in soil which has lost its nutrients is often combined with the need to
allow animals such as goats, cattle, sheep and camels to feed on plants. This increases the
problem by further weakening the soil and, in addition, the few remaining trees and shrubs are cut
down for fuel. This can have disastrous effects on the fragile desert ecosystem, removing all the
natural vegetation which covers the ground, and exposing what little soil is left to the wind, rain and
sun. Soil and plants have a two-way relationship in which neither can survive without the other.
Most plants need soil in which to root. This anchors them to the ground and stops them being
blown away, whilst also providing them with essential water and nutrients. Soil is dependent upon
plants for two main reasons. Firstly, plants provide most of the material from which new soil is
made, and secondly, plant roots help to hold the soil together and prevent it from being eroded by
the wind and rain. Without this covering of soil the land quickly becomes a further area of desert.
The bad effects of agriculture on the desert are not only found on its edges. The growing of crops
requires large amounts of water, something which is in short supply in dry lands. To try to overcome
this problem, farmers have developed irrigation systems to bring water from springs, oases and
underground sources elsewhere in the desert. In many cases this does not present a threat to the
environment, and centuries of experience have taught farmers how to extract water without causing
much damage to the environment. However, farmers are under increased pressure to produce
more and more food to feed the growing world population. As a result, in a very short space of time,
farmers have drained the water sources which took thousands of years to fill up naturally.
456
Article and report questions
457
&DPEULGJH,QWHUQDWLRQDO
([DPLQDWLRQV
-XQHV2&3:Your Principal has suggested that all books should be
removed from the school library and replaced by a larger suite of
computers. He has asked for students’ opinions to be published in the
school
magazine.Write an article for your school magazine stating your views.
Nov 2011 V1:Some people say that in the future there will be no schools
and students will learn online at home. Write an article for your local
newspaper giving your views about the issue. O/N12V22, M/J14V22
V2: Your school magazine is inviting students to write an article about

whether they think that television and newspapers spend too much time
reporting on famous people. Write an article for your school magazine
giving your views.
V3: Your school magazine is inviting young people to write an article about
whether it is better to continue living at home or to leave home when
starting university. Write an article for your school magazine giving your
views. Edexcel June14
June 2012 V1: Your school year group is doing a project on the
advantages and disadvantages of the car as a means of transport.
Write an article for the project giving your views about the issue.O/N/14V21
V2&3:Your school needs to buy expensive new equipment for the science
laboratories. The Principal proposes to sell the school sports fields to
raise the money for this.Write an article for your school magazine giving
your views about the issue.
V2: You have seen the following headline in a local newspaper: “Your
family and relatives are more important than your friends.” Write an
article for the newspaper giving your views.

458
V3: ‘It is better to work long hours for a high salary than to work shorter
hours for less money. Write an article for your school magazine giving
your views. Edexcel June 17
June 2013 V1: Your school magazine is looking for articles on the following
topic: “The ability to travel easily is a great benefit to our generation.”
Write an article for the school magazine, giving your views. Edexcel June
16
V2: Your school magazine is inviting students to write an article about

success and what it means to you. Write an article for your school
magazine giving your views about the issue.
V3: The government is proposing to build a new highway passing close

to the place where you live. The local newspaper has invited people to
express their views. Write an article for the newspaper, giving your opinion
about the proposal.
Nov 2013: V1: Many books have been made into films.
Some people say that it is better to watch the film rather than read the
original book.
V2: A big international supermarket chain is planning to build a new

store not far from where you live. Write an article for the local newspaper
giving your opinion of the plan.
V3: Some people think that going out to do your shopping will soon be
an activity of the past because everyone will buy what they need on the
internet. Write an article for your school magazine giving your views about
this issue.
June 2014 V1:Nov 2000
V2: June 2002& June 2014

459
V3 (Nov 2006): The government would like to hold the 2024 Olympic
Games in your country’s capital city. A national newspaper has invited its
readers to express their views.Write an article for the newspaper, giving
your opinion about the proposal.
Nov 14 V1: Your principal wants to install a drinks and snacks machine
in your school. Write an article for your school magazine, giving your
views on this proposal
V2: You have read in your local newspaper that developers would like to
build a zoo in your town. Write an article for the newspaper, giving your
views. Edexcel June 15
V3(Similar to Nov 12 V2) : Who has the greatest influence on 16- to 18-
year-olds – their parents or their friends? Write an article for your school
magazine, giving your views
June 15 V1: Your school magazine is looking for articles on the following
topic: ‘Your life can only be good if you have a lot of money.’
V2: Some people think that it is better to live in one place all your life, but
others think that it is better to experience life in different places.Write an
article for your school magazine, giving your views on this issue. O/
N10V23, Edexcel June 16
V3: Some people think that museums are a waste of money, but others
believe that they are important. Here are two comments from your friends
on the subject.Write an article for the school magazine, giving your views.
Nov 15 V1: Some people say that you learn more out of school than you
do at school.Write an article for your school magazine, giving your views.
V2: Some students think that they should not have homework, but others
believe that it is important.

460
V3: Some people think that family meals are important. Other people
think that eating together does not matter for the modern family. Write an
article for your school magazine, giving your views.
June 16 V1: Many people can get free music by downloading it from the
internet. Write an article for your school magazine, giving your views.
V2: Some people enjoy living in apartments but others prefer to live in
houses.Write an article for your school magazine, giving your views.
V3:There are plans to build a cinema in your town centre. However,

some local people would prefer a sports centre there instead. Your local
newspaper has invited its readers to express their views. Write an article
for your local newspaper, giving your views.
Nov 16 V1:It has been suggested that the times of the school day
should be changed, to start and finish one hour later. Write an article
for the school magazine, giving your views.
V2: Some learners think that it is only their teachers who are responsible
for their success at school. Write an article for your school magazine,
giving your views.
V3: Some people think that having sports lessons at school is a waste
of time.Write an article for your school newspaper, giving your views.
M/J12V22
June 17 V1: Nov 03 except it’s with a degree
V2: Some people think that practical subjects like cookery and woodwork
should not be taught in schools, and that only academic subjects are
important. Edexcel June 14 R, M/J12V22
V3: ( similar to june 2009, except without degree) In class, you have had a
discussion about playing computer games. Your teacher has asked you

461
to write an article for the school magazine on this subject. Write an article
for the school magazine, giving your views. J09V2, O/N0922
Nov 17 V1: There has been a lot of discussion on television recently about
the value of studying science. Your teacher has asked you to write an
article for the school magazine on this topic. Edexcel June 14 R
V2: (Similar to Nov 14 V4 & Nov 12 V2) Some people think that teenagers
should be allowed to make important decisions about their lives.Write
an article for your school magazine giving your views.
V3: In your English class, you have had a discussion about whether it is
better to go abroad or stay in your own country for a holiday.
462
(dexcel International Examinations
May 2006 : Your school has decided to spend some money on buying new
equipment. You have been asked to write a short report for your school
head teacher to say how you think the school should spend the money.
The choices are: a school minibus, more sports equipment & new
computers for the classrooms.
Nov 2006: The local government is considering creating a new sports

centre in the town/city where you live and has asked local people for their
opinions.
Nov 2007: Your school is planning to organise a celebration for all the
students at the end of the school year. You are the class representative and
your teacher has asked you to write a report about what event your class
would prefer.
June 2008: Your teacher has asked everyone in your English class to
recommend a book for you to study
together. Write a report for your teacher, recommending a book to study.
In your report you should:
• state why it is a good idea for your class to study a book together
• describe briefly what your recommended book is about
• give three reasons why you think your teacher should choose your
recommended book for your class to study together
Nov 2008(Similar to June 12) : Next year, some students from another
country will be visiting your town. Your teacher has asked you to write a
short report describing the town you live in for these students. In your
report, you should include information about the following:
• two reasons why you think your town is a good place to live
• two leisure activities they could participate in
• one cultural or historical monument they should visit
463
June 2009: In some countries children can leave school at the age of
16. In other countries children stay at school until they are 18 years
old. Write a report for your school magazine. In your report you should
include the following:
• the advantages and the disadvantages of leaving school at 16
• the advantages and disadvantages of staying on in school until you are
18
• your own preference.
Nov 2009: Your school has decided to support a charity* this year.
Write an article for the school newspaper.
• Give details of your chosen type of charity
• Say why your school should support it
• Suggest two ways that the school could raise money for that charity
Nov 2010: You have been studying the environment in class. Your
teacher has asked you to write a report (June 15, o/n13v23,O/N16V22)
of between 100–150 words, suggesting ways to help save the environment.
In your report you should include the following:
• why it is a good idea to save the environment
• something you could do to help the environment
• something your school could do to help the environment.
June 2011: You are writing an article for your school magazine on a recent
school exchange visit. In your article
• give details of your journey
• describe one thing you did with your host family
• say why you think such exchange visits are important.
464
June 2012: You have been asked to write an article about your town/city for
the school magazine. In your article you must
• state where your town/city is
• give two reasons why it is an interesting place to live
• give one change you would like to make to your city/town
June 2013: You have been asked to write a report for the school magazine
about the benefits of walking. (June 17 R)
• give one reason why some students no longer walk from home to
school
• give two benefits of students walking from home to school
• give one way of encouraging students to walk from home to school.
June 2014 R: You have been asked to write a report for the school
magazine about ways of using less water. In your report you must:
• give one reason why we should use less water
• give two ways of using less water in the home
• give one way the school could use less water.
June 2014: You have been asked to write an article for the school
magazine about keeping the streets clean. June 15
In your report you must:
• give two reasons why there is more rubbish on the streets
• give two solutions to the problem
• say how clean your city or town is
465
June 2015: You have been asked to write an article for the school
magazine about the benefits of playing sport. In your article you must:
• give one reason why sport is important
• give one reason why some students might not play a sport
• suggest two ways the school could encourage students to play a sport.
June 2016 R: You have been asked to write an article for the school
magazine on learning about other countries. In your article you must:
• give two benefits of visiting a country to learn about it
• give two benefits of watching TV to learn about a country
• state which method you prefer and why.
June 2016: Your school is choosing between cookery lessons and music
lessons for all students. You have been asked to write a report for the
Head Teacher. In your report you must:
• give two benefits of music lessons
• give two benefits of cookery lessons
• state which lessons you would prefer and give one reason why
CIE:J10V22
June 2017 R : Your school is having a film week. You have been asked to
write a report about your favourite film for the School Magazine.
In your report you must state:
• what motivated you to see the film
• two details about your favourite character
• two reasons why you would recommend the film.
June 2017: There is a plan to close the local library. You have been
asked to write a report for the School Magazine on this matter. In your
report you must:
• give two reasons why the library may be closing
• give two reasons why the library should remain open
• state how more people could be encouraged to use the library
466
Exercise 6
16 Your class recently went on a trip to a large recycling centre. Your teacher has asked you to write
a report on the trip. In your report say what you learned from the trip and suggest how it could be
improved if it is repeated next year.
Here are two comments from other students in your class:
The trip was too short – It made me much more

we didn’t manage to visit aware of the importance
every part of the centre. of recycling.
Write a report for your teacher.
used.
467
INFORMAL WRITING
468
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EŽŶͲŶĂƌƌĂƚŝǀĞ Questions
469
^ŚĞĞƚϮ
470
471
472
473
10
11
474
Narrative questions
475
476
477
478
The mixed type
479
480
481

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CONTENTS

. Practice Test 1 …………..……………. 61

. Past Paper Exams

. June 2019 Variant 1 ………………….. 119

. Theme 1………………………………... 203

. Quiz 1 ……………………………..…... 277

. Summary Questions ……………………….... 428

. Article and report questions ……………….. 457

. Informal writing questions …………….…… 468

PAST PAPER EXAMS JUNE

Cambridge Assessment International Education

ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE 0510/21

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Answer all questions.

This document consists of 13 printed pages and 3 blank pages.

1 How did Jennifer first find out about the job?

2 What did Jennifer have to do in order to accept the job offer?

3 When is food delivered to the research station?

4 What does Jennifer find most difficult about her job?

5 Which food did staff use to exchange for other things?

6 Why did Jennifer forget to wear glasses one day?

8 What does Jennifer miss?

10 For each question write the correct letter A, B, C or D on the line.

The discovery of an important little fish

Prepare some notes to use as the basis for your talk.

Make short notes under each heading.

13 Why it was difficult for scientists to study this new fish:

14 Read the article about intelligence.

How smart are you?

Write an email to a friend telling them about this.

In your email, you should:

• explain what you had to do to win the competition

• describe your meeting with the famous person

• say how you felt after meeting this person.

Your email should be between 150 and 200 words long.

Here are two comments from your classmates:

There are more important things to do at school.

I think I improve in my other subjects as a result.

Write an article for your teacher, giving your views.

Your article should be between 150 and 200 words long.

Cambridge Assessment International Education

ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE 0510/22

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Answer all questions.

This document consists of 13 printed pages and 3 blank pages.

Everyone knows I like new experiences. My brother and I have done

1 Who had the idea for Ellie to try skydiving?

2 What had Ellie planned to do before the day of her skydive?

3 Why did Ellie arrive late for her skydive?

If you could invent a new public holiday, what would it be?

10 For each question, write the correct letter A, B, C or D on the line.

Which person ...

Make short notes under each heading.

Write a summary giving advice on using a phone to take photographs.

Is it better to take photos with a camera or a phone?

Write an email to your friend about the fashion show.

In your email, you should:

• say what kind of charity you raised money for

• explain what you did to help to organise the show

• describe what happened at the show.

Your email should be between 150 and 200 words long.

It was brilliant! We all

Write a review for the school magazine, giving your opinions.