POWER

ECADVM30
SERIES

TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES

o Discuss Power Series
o Solve Power Series and apply those series mathematically

MIKALE RIZTON M. ABLIDAS, MSECE

FACULTY, ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Power Series
 

Power Series
A power series is a polynomial with infinitely many terms. An expression
of the form:

Like a polynomial, a power series is a function of x. That is, we can

substitute in different values of x to get different results.

An expression which can be written in the form:

 ∞ 𝑛 2 3
𝑎 𝑥 𝑥+ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑥 +… Where an is constant and n
∑ 𝑛 =𝑎 0 +𝑎1 2 +𝑎 3
is discrete
𝑛=0

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022

Power Series
Geometric Power Series
Recall the formula for the sum of a geometric series:

 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟+ 𝑎 𝑟 2+ 𝑎 𝑟 3 +…= 𝑎
1−𝑟

Let a=1 and r=x, gives the formula

  1 2 3 Try when x=0 and when x=1

=1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 +…
1−𝑥

Using a=1 and r=-x gives

 1 2 3
=1 − 𝑥+ 𝑥 − 𝑥 + …
1+ 𝑥

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022

 Power Series
Using a=x and r=2x gives

  𝑥 2 3 4
= 𝑥+2 𝑥 + 4 𝑥 + 8 𝑥 + …
1 −2 𝑥

Example 1
Find a formula for the sum of the following series

 𝑥2 +2 𝑥5 + 4 𝑥 8+ 8 𝑥 11 +16 𝑥 1 4 +…

Solution 1
∞
𝑛  𝑎 +3 𝑛+ 2 2 3 𝑎
=∑ 2 𝑥 𝑎𝑟+ 𝑎 𝑟 + 𝑎 𝑟 +…=
𝟑 1−𝑟
𝒙 𝑛= 0

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022

 Power Series
Example 2
Find a power series representation for each of the following functions

𝑥
−a. 3 𝑥
 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟+ 𝑎 𝑟 2+ 𝑎 𝑟 3 +…= 𝑎
1 1−𝑟
b. 2
+ 𝑥

Solution 2
∞
𝑥 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝒏 𝒏+𝟏
a. = 𝒙+𝟑 𝒙 + 𝟗 𝒙 +𝟐𝟕 𝒙 +…= ∑ 𝟑 𝒙
3𝑥 𝒏= 𝟎
∞
1 𝟐 𝟒 𝟔
b.
2
=𝟏 − 𝒙 + 𝒙 − 𝒙 + …= ∑ ¿ ¿
+𝑥 𝒏=𝟎

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022

Power Series
 

Taylor Series
Consider again the power series

This gives us a simple formula for the sum:

  2 3 1
1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 +…=
1−𝑥
Taylor series – a power series that adds up to a known function

Is it possible to express functions into power series?

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022

 Power Series
1 2 1 4 1 6
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 =1− 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 +…
2! 4! 6!

1 3 1 5 1 7
𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 +…
3! 5! 7!

  −1 1 3 1 5 1 7
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥= 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 + …
3 5 7

  1 2 1 3 1 4
ln ⁡(1+ 𝑥 )= 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 +…
2 3 4

All of the functions – the exponential, the sine, the cosine, the
logarithm, the inverse tangent, all of them are really just polynomials.

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022

 o Kreyszig, E. (2011). Advanced
engineering mathematics (10th ed.).
Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
o Zill, D. G., and Wright, W. S.,
(2014). Advanced engineering
mathematics (5th ed.). Burlington,
MA, USA: Jones and Bartlett Learning
o https://intranet.missouriwestern.ed
References
u/cas/wp-
content/uploads/sites/17/2020/05/
Elementary-Row-Operations-for-
Matrices-Updated-2013-1.pdf

MRMA 1st sem / 2021-2022