tr

[.
r,
:r,l& !:

'i
x t
"*i@*
rl
. n.l..r,
o ii
!t)l*-,. ; ,'f\

]iffit-;
Bhartiya Grarnin Punarrachana Sanstha,s ii

Iitu:rr}:ai s" ]sd" Cr;li*ge For xilowlen \I/edatra {s} ffxurnhai - 4{}os$? i,ii

Atfilited to sNDr Mumbai

H:;x:[:riversity

PROCEEilTNTG
of

ffi hl i: DeY f\d,$qT'l Chl,*, g-. CCh,n FE $?E N C E

Cn

ffiffiffiffiffiffi ffiffie$ffi&KHf,3ru
ffi ffiffiHfufu ffiBffiWffiTffi}Wffiffiru
;{-iidffi ffiBffiWffiTffi}Wffifi

ffiru mx**ffiffiruT

ffi t\tr ffi$.fi-t fr-a

p&uR"fl ". fi$

 llONAt. Clolj i lilt jlNCt: - 20I 7
l',lA :
l

IiO\,AL - ISlihr - .227g"g15g - MI'}ACT FACTOR - 3.524 (\\,\\\,.siilicror.com) IINC;LtSH pAId-!. - II :

ffin Ilefinitions of Creatfive Frocesses, {

Product and Pqtgntial

(

p.r& D ir ccror Sc i,<,o r.ll:,.|.:::l,]i; :il:: "n. \,irsh ri,a,trao c.ha'arr a

(
\'1ahlu'lsitrra C)pcn t;ni, crsitr. Nashil<.
i
Anurarlh:r IJhosale
I'll [) ii.cst:ttrclt i::cllou. Sc]to.i ol'( onlinLrirrr: I:rlrrcl.rtion.hshu,antrao [ ]ra'u,irrr

\lrtharasirtrrr ( )1-ri-.11 ['nir cr.sitr- \ashili

Intrnductio rr

i Iighe r r'ritt|rttiol't occLtllies a spccial positiorr in the cclucational sy,,stern

of apy lration beca*iier it is *t
lhe ailex of'the t'tttirL'cclltc:ttiottitlstntcttirc anclthus irr[]Lrcuccs all ler,cls .fhror,rglt
o1'eclr.rcatior-r. icie,:; arci

beci]use it cot"tslitirle:, lhe top lllost stallc ol'lir|ntirl r.:clLrcirtirtn :rrrcl ntore iutportarntly becanse it i:l concc|nccl

sr''lttilersizc arlci i:,'rt:1', collce 'l

llIs attci icleas o1'ail Iiinds. ircir crcativc fhcLrlties are also deveiopeci acie qrratel-r,.

tiotlal s;r'stelll lllu:it accept responsiLrilitl, lbr sLrpporting and cleveloping creativit-v. i

flc {'irr ition

"l'here
}tr,r'c I'rt:en recerlt integratir;c eflbrts to tlc'scribe ancl delineate the ftelcl
of crentivit,r,'r-cseariclr
t:

(:l

ille corrcept thal c'l'i:lrtit'itY tt.tztv rcl.:r to a prerson(or persons). processes. proclncts. ancl also the enviro,Irr-ltttl r
pt'ess (Rhodes. I 9fi I i 1 c)87). I Ior'i'evcr. it is inrportant to consicler hou,the ternr creatiyitv h3s conrc to 6r: (:

rrnclerstctod anci r1,:ll irt:cl.

'l-ire
histr 'r icril backgrotrlld of the ternt creativit), has a significant bearing on attcr-ppts c
to cleilrc rirc
cotlstrtict. The tltlsl:;igniticant issrtes that Lrnclcrpin creativity clellnitions concelr \Vestern tl
\/e1ses I.,aste'^

't i;erspcctir,'es. anrlclt.:irtivity ris clivine intcrr,ention. Creativjt),as the originalltrocluct of an inclit,ic.lr_ral is;a C:
"

l-rt'edotl-litlittely Wirstcrrt pct'sltective.-l'he earlicsl pcrceptions of creativiN rvere dominateclbv the s;l.o^, or r5c:
,-|I

}IIGFIIIR. IiDUCAT}ON AND SI(II,L DEVTiLOPMENT IN 2ISTCEXTUNV.:g

 NzII iOSiAl. CON ITERENCF- - 20 I7

llrylll$|.217g$s8 - IMPACI'mcroll comr IilJ(;usH p^.\til-- II

ct i:itl ior t itr CieneSiS, iirottr hcie . tlrr- concept olcreation as originality arrcl r-rtility arose i,urri irr ljuencecj slLLrs.-

lr:ill)('rrr',i'i'.ssi()ll(rl'l)cl ,rorassell'-glorvth(l.Lrbart.l999) Ihcltaracligrnatirrri:;',;'oachthathas

LIrtllli:rt1i'ri,]l'cllli\ilvlust- lrt-tostexclusit'elvatloptedtltis\\tstcrnltcrsltectiric(.tir'i'ctLiivitl,asnoveltr
I

'
lirttLttlt r \iilcll & I{utlccl. ' i 8) 1-hc cLrnsc.lLlcncc lirr titc c()r'rccirt o1'crciitir itr \\irs iir rl it \\irs cpps jti-
cirti llr-'r,,ri,.l tttcitsL.tt'clttelt: rirreitetrsiOn";rlcr.lrcrlhlLt:rlSrulrl.,r.cntitii.t:iocliir.
Ittt,;nc.tlrc(it'cclilriri:g;-1 , "'tluccthe cntl'ri1115j5r,l'rliriite intcrrcriiiorrtr_r tltcl,i,_,1t,-.,,t.uorls.instcarl

ailti ltcltr-icrL irlspiratiort (Altrcrl ct I{'.tn, , r, I \)()9. t']. I -i ). i-ittlc b,t lirrie . cre utir c acts bcc;iit'rg lssociatctl 1i,itlt

tilti illtlverlcnt sougltt to clr-rciriuic tl L,- ir'loSl Lra:;ie conrltoncitl t,l'clc:tlivc titoLrghl 1-.rotlrrction: liLrcncy

I
rt'orliuI"[ennanandhisassociates(e.11..'Icnlan&()clcn. Ig-17.]9-iq).CjLiiiibrr-l1e.g..19-rl)a:rcl-l'orraitcc

cxntlriltcd the rclationships belwcett creativitr,'. intclligcnce, anclpcrsonalitl,([3are1,& Irr1.n5apr.2L)06).

Iloivcreativityisdefinediscnrcialtohor..,'thcconstructisstLrcliccl.Yet''ri,hatcrculivitr is,anclwhaliris
I-tot. ltiLrigs as thc mytliical albatross zu'ctt-tnd the necl< oI'scientilic rescarcft op creulivii,r,'" ( l)1.gr 1.1;. 30f)0-l0t)1 . p.
97). As a psvchological concept, crcativitl, has resistecl unecluivocal clcflnition or clcr'ollcrationalisztion
(Par'lihLrrst.1999; Plucker e1al..2004; Rturco.2004). Nlost lcsealchers agree that creati\,it\ njr,rv
bc clellner,l ivith
tcilirt rl t0 thc tctrls ner.v arld usefirl (MLrmtbrcl. 200i ). I Iow'cver. rccent researr:l-i has i6tlicirlccl t5at. ip srlrry

cilrlcs. pcer-rt:r'ieweclcreativity studir::;.kl not

lrroviclc a clef rrtrtiotr ol'the constrLtct (l)lLrc1,,cl r't.aI..200.1).
r\longsicle the growing consensLrs behincllhe ncrv ancl use firlcicfltrir,on ol'creirtir,iir,^ there is a aiscr
collclrrrcnce regarcling the arcas to v,'irich definitions havc becn attribr-rtecl. iLhocles ( I t)() 1i i 987) :;ugue stccl
thnt clcitr-ritions relate to foui'ateas: the person(s)''t'ho cre;rles. the cognitive processcs inr,ql',',:cl ip tlie crcatigl

ot'iclt:lts. the press or enviromrrer-ltal rt rl'lurenccs. ancl lastll, lftg procluct that resr-rlt ll.oni cl eiilivc activirl,. l itis
4Ps apprc-'ach appears to ltave gaiLrecl reltrtivel.v rvide conserrsr:s (i{unco.2004). I'lo\\, r -'r;rjirchers irrtcrpr.et

HIGIIER EDUCATION AND SKII-L t)EVIiLopnIuN'r IN 2l sr cEi"l i'i ;:iy - 39

i
 |1,\ [] C-)NA i. CO].] irLrl(l:1.,lCtl - 20 I7

]_{9f1!_l$i:: - 3.524 (,v,u*,sLi1acror corr,) IINGLIS[II+3:kI]"

ltc sarttltlecl is i'r'11 i.lil'f'erent ll'or-n the rcsearcher rvho sees rrsetrrlni:ss as rclating onlr'lo lire crl-ret'iilcnl or

us jnil tlrlcls or irltlgl::r.

lirtiicct.al.. 19()l: I'ulccinicli. 1962).'f irose rvi-urernpha,sizcthcrolcot'lhecnvironnr.:ntuiil li;crrsorrthe

havc rcachcd u gcrtr:LAl agreernent that creativitv involvcs tite procluctior-r o1'novcl. rrselirl pr'o(lLicts"

irlo,,1 r-ict u' iI I bt .it.ici l eCl creltti\'(-.

'f heories
ol'I r'entive Processes and Proclucts
I)( ircrtii irv as Analogical 'I'hinl<ing

r:reitlii'e thinii.ing ll loly'oak ancl'fhagarci. lc)95; Kreitlcr. 1q901 ;\nologics are characterizecl irl,tuo dispat'irte

o1'sintilttr aspecls. Analogies can bc basecion thc sintilarity betr.r,een ob.jecls at the lorvest: tlte srrlilarity

abic to trap isortrt-,rphic svsterns o1'relations" []lolvoal< and'l'hagarcl. 1995, p. 34]. The rLsc olanaloc.ies
tvpicall,v iuvolvi:s; lbiir steps: selecting a sourcc analogy,bl,retrievir-rg inlcrnnatior-r aboLrt it li.ortr u-tcr-r-u.x\,. ntilp-
ping the source :rnalog to the targct and generating inlerences about the targetl er,'aluating ancl acloptinLr th.:se

ittle rcttccs :J ttccolurt tbr the dilltrences betnee-r-r the targct urci s<lurce clomains: and linall-v. lc-anring So111.-
- tiring lltore e.encril fi'om the success or firilr,rre ttl'the analog_v.

2) I)e Iionri's'fheorl': Creativirl* as l,:rteral Thinl<ing

'l'lte
tenn 'luieral tl-rinliinc' r,vas coined b,v cle Bono fcle Bono. 1 969 | to clescribe a thinking Irroccss ti
i_
: ' tirat progresses outsicie habitLral charmre ls of thinking. J'hcse charrnels are shaped, according to clc Llono. bv I
I.IIGII Ii,R IiDUCATION AND SKILL DFIVELOPNIEI{T IN 2lSTCI1NTT]RY.40

-_--dd0sfr&"*.'.'-
 NA I i0NAL CONFTJRENCE - 20 I 7
R-OY"\L - ISSN - 2278-8158 - INIPACT FACI'OR - 3.521(\\\\\v.siiri,crorconr)
EI\{;[ 1 rH i,.{I{T - Il
irlcotlritlg inlil'mation- sirnilar to the way water shapes lancl. As wate r
shape s kurcl. in a iiiic ,;rinne i.i,corr,i.u

lltc irrtcnrul lbrccs ol'tltat s)'stenl. tlic tlincl is also a sel['orgiurizing s1,stcnt. -[-lre
ntinci-chairncl..r ilireci r]rc ilou

s\ stl't Il oi'i:liirnncl:;.

31 (irrillir.rl's -r
rreorr': C'cati'itr as Di'r:rgent'r'rrinriing
i-)ivcl5tctlt tirinl<ing is clellnccl irs the ability'to d^,crsit1,(r1-r.csps;r:cs to iL, (),ci.r-.u(icLi
lrrocluce ar

tiriril;.ir:g tcsis irave [recn useci in tlre past 30 \,ears io i]sses "i.5c
the cr.eatiyc poteurial ol.ilcliyir iLin is. i.c:r,pr)11ScS

c)()llYel'gellt thirll<ing- the logicai rnode oI'thouglrt, to converge

cn a single solutiop. or icle ir.
il) l\''Icdnich's I'heory: Creativity as Ilemote
Associations
'l he tr<-rst
lanrous associative theory o1'creativity is Mednick's theory
or-rtlire ti i, his ..Associativc
Ilasis of thc Creativc Process" [Meilticli. 19(r2'l ancl operationalizecl
in the "Ilcrrote As,sr]ciiitir, J"cst" itrowr-r
'l
as th.: Rz\[' he basic clelllcllts ol'Mcc]trick's theory arc icleas.
or other nreanirrglirl cognirilc e lerrerts.l\sso-
ciatiirll illcitils tlctivatioll t)lone elentcnt ers a result oian actiVation o1'anothcr.
N4cclni,.:i\":; :iLiggcsts thr,-:c

vii'ttsiy Ltt'lt'clatcci. clclllellts; sinrilarity - the tqio as:iociative elenrr:r-rts. or the stir-nr.rli tlrlrr cvoliecl these ele-

Nlctlniclt's clcvelopcclthe l{cmoter\ssociation l'est ro assess an incliviclual"s

5ie r.1rch1,si:-,LrciLii.e. F-ac1r itcr-, in

HIGHEREDUCATION AND SKILL DEVELOF

 N,'\i'iONA t- C(-)Ii lrl,Rl,NCE - 20 I7

ROYAL - lStil.,r- 1278-815tJ - Il\'{PACT IrACl'OR - 3.5241*,rrrv.s.iilactor.corn) ENG[,ISfl PAIt'l'- I]

the test cousists o1-tlrree wotcls sllch as "cookies". "si){tecn"; "healt". J'ire tasli is to f-ittd zittcrthel'u,'cnd tllat is

relatcrd to all tirluc (in this case tire word is "sweet").

5) Ii o r::r t I r: r''s Th co n' : C rtra tir,ity as B isoci:t ti ott s

Ilisociliron atcrrncoineclb,vi(ocstlcr'. 19(r(:i"isrrthinkinqr)1'ocessinvvhichone conthittrjst\\()

lolc ir-r the proccss oi Bisociation. ht tlte incubation phflse of a problenr-solving plocess. corttbinrtitttrs o1'
thci'.rg1'lt n-ratric,,::. r.iri: tirnlcci orr val'ioLrs levels cl['consciot.rs]rerss.
(r) Nerr L'li rrntl Simon's'['heor]': Crcirtivitl'as Searclt
Ne*,ellunti Siirnorr rieu'the cognitivc svst('nr.rs a goal sceking s.vstenr cot"inecteci to tire i,t-t1:;itic

-l-he
slate o1'the u,ori,i unrl parlicular actions titiit rr,ill trring tltcse clrangcs about. abor,'e asstutrptions aboLrt titr:

rrrcchanisnr rtl'tlrr couititive :r) sten.l leaci Ncrveil ancl Siuron to clevelc'! the N4eans-Entls Anitlr,si:; tnotlcl t,1- i
I

on thc N4r:ans-Errtl:r riual),sis ntocicl. GPS is a s)'stetn that searches se lectivelytlrrough apossiblr r ct'.v l:Lr{.tc

a cicsire-cl sitrrirtir ,ir.

'.['ircon,: I{euristic Search rvith criteria for intcrestingncss
7) I-cn:l I's Cireativitl' as

Accorciir-r,-i io i.,cnat. he r uistic search cau accorurt ibr nrany cognitive activities inclurcling crreal ive pt'c,l;lctr-t

ou,n donrain ol'ei]'rplir:abilitv oLrtsicie of rvhich it is meaningless or useiess. he clair-t-ts that man1, her.tt'istics iiru
''',
. 's
-

r, o'o icle nticzrl. or. ar ll:rr,;t ,;inrilar across clomair-ts. Several contplrter pl'ograms use ireuristic sezircir to arrivc ;tt ittttova-

I]*GHIIR iiDUCATION AND SKILL DEVItrLOPMBNT IN 2lSTCENTURY.42

 NA I'IONAL CONF-I]IIENCE - 20I7

IIllAL :$SN:3278-8158 - INIPACI'I,AC'fOR - 3.524 (\\:\\\\ s.iit.,,cri,i co,,,) E1\i(;;,i,. Itr pAl{T._ II
tive soltrliot-]s orconceptr, Letlat describes, DENDRAI-. a heLrristics-biscd
conrputerpr-()rri.l,uir irinrccl.rt e'Ll-

t)l rj\i l)ii.\ i . ploclLrcccl resrr i \ dn/ specilic tleltl tlrat rrere inlei-csting e r en firr r:xir ri,i. rri;ccl chen.iists.
':;:illccess.
I)l:rN I I{,'\l Lenatr,i. i ies in the lirct thiil il. 1":u
clozcir hc,-Lristics rcprcsent a nlrir"iriccd sct o l'borh

[3tltil ;'r'o!.r'lriils \\'ero gLriclcti i-rr ir :,tr o1'lr lbu irLrnrlrecl lr,-'iiristic r.Liics r,f i lrr-ictl lcrrcr.alitr.
8) I'crl<ins's -l'hcttrl'; (.rcatlvifr as a Scrrrr.'h irr rr "[ilolrtlilic si):rr:r,,
['crliillsfPerliirrs- 199-5.]99-ilrj ,icrrstlte crcrtlircpl'()ccssassculchrlrrori!.hl:r:ij rr(:i.i,1'll.ssibilirics

irctrristic lbt's;carclr in a Klondil(e sltacc is to start ai a ce rtain p-roiirt. te :,i srrnre poir.rts rrr-gLir,..l it^ :rrci tlrc, i.nu'c

bc:19111t1"1'hclor-lrploblcllsarc:ther-aritr ploblcnr"lheisolationproblenrariscs.thcr,:rsi-;,roblcrr-llre
piatciiLt problcrtr.

9) llol'stanclter's Theorl,: creati'itv as Yariations or] a'r'hcmc

flolistanclter's thcot'y o1'creatir itr'fi Iol'stanclter. 198-5 ] cirarvs on a "sir;ple bu1 i'*rci.l', clisti.ctior.r
bctvvecu an object ittlcla ntincl's cottcel;t of rhe ob.iect. i'{ol.srancltcr
nrclapiror.icalil,r iui.r.:r corlccpts as."ir
nlelallic blacli box with a panel otr i1. contaitting a ror.r, ol'plastic hrolrs
rvitli litrlc pointer.s ii, tlicrrr. lclJi,g
i,o,
w4tat c:ach otle"s setting is". 'lo nlai<e the nretapiror ol'ar ']<nobbecl nrachine nlore r-rselrri lr,r rur:clelirrl corl-
ccpts' [ilc concept of 'linob' shotrlci be stretcheci to allovr,lbr
new knobs to emer.ge. clepcirtlirrr:.n t5e scttil]g
of clther ktrobs, or even clepentling olt other concepls currently'
in the active cloniain ol'crrrrr":trpts. Ljsing tlre

variett io,s .rn a therne

changing the setting
b1' ri;robs or b' ex te,cliirg ,-legre es . r' I i uccku, th i.o irilir
'r-rhc
Iecogrlizitlg lter'r' hnobs. Creatir iri' 'elliolrs' rhe thct tlrtrt concepls
hlrve a natr-u-al tclrclcp(j,\ oi sii,prng.' tl.or-r
one i n t"o ano ti rer. lollow,ing an ilnprr:ci i cta [.r I c patlt.

10) Gestalt-Scho'l,s'l'hcor\,: Lireativitl. as IJreaking Se rs

[iestalt is ciefineclas etn overall clLralitl, o['it content ol'cclusciolrsness tirat trap:iccirclr; its par1s. I,., the

HICHEIT EDUCAI'ION AND SIilLL DEV0LOPI\,IENIT'Iiq *-

2 ts', Cri{ltUtiy - 13
 -:-
N/'l lO)' r\i- Cloil i L llF.NCI-. - 20 I 7
Iloyl\t, - ISi;N - Z'2'78-,91,5ft - TMPACT tfAC'I'OR. - -3.524 {rvuu'siiiat'tor'.com) Iil\GLISIl P;\li'T' - II

inrliViclr-rarl par ts".

'i Ite wholi-r is r,nore than the slllu olils pans, ancl thai aclclitictnal qualiry tran he trattsposed'
I

lhc tcnll insiglrt 1o rei'e r to lire tl-lot-t-tellt the cestalt chltllrles'

r.r.thc \.cckcr.i:,L,ni (icstait ps.,,chologisrs r-rsc

ii',.r i :it'tietlti'c.

ll) llrilcri,s'f heor',': Creativitl, irs [,xploring rrnd'l'ranslitrrniltg:l Conceptttill Spacc

Itlcus" brLrt tor.s(rl-Irij r.cLrsorr haci not be,,:r-r irlocir,rcecl bclirrc.,Atrrtlr ct'eati'c iclea is one thtrt cannot be so

hiu6ligitts thc in-ipoltai'rcc oi',:or-rsrraints iit creativit)'- tlitr tlraltc crciltivit-y

possible'
(

Form'
Ilii:l.g':i 'f heCrrl : CrtrativitV as a Proctss of '[iunctio; l'-ollo$'s
l2)
's c)c)2 i distinction r-:eru,cen ciiVergcr-rt nncl conr,ergent
thinking' Irinke's theory
F irrlie i I: rilie et al.. 1

tri'liurction ibllor'vs fbrur'. One begitls \i'ith a

cicirls u,ilh cli...c.u,c*l irsight r,r,hicir isr clescr ibccl as i1 pr'(rcuss

lbr rltat strltctLlrc' As Finlie notes: "ln cliYcrgctrt

:riructLrrc a,ci sr,,cli:, i,r hqc'l pgvel uses or novel inrplications

b-v Finiie as
'pre-inventive fonn'' To tletetr-rlit'rc tlte
ourr u:ies as a sii:itirrr:. point 1'or clivergent insight is clefinecl

liictors that aili:ct ,ii'erscnl insight - in parlicr-rlar rolc o1- pre-inventive tbrms - Finke carried oltt lt se1 o f
were represe ntecl ir1- a collectiorl of l 5 dralvings of ntostl.'' tirrec-
e x'crir-.c,ts i* ,",, irlcl pre-in'cnti'c lbrnrs ..,;l

clirge 1si6p1l gi:,rt'tl,.1rical shapes such as ar spheres" [a]i-spficres' cltbes' cl'li;'de1s' wires' tttbes airil 1iiecls'
'l
he rcsr-rltins irr\/cIltiol.ls were l'atecljr-iclges on a '5-poitll
scale tbr their apparent originality' it rvas cousiclerer]

.l el'r'ltti\ c ittr eltl:r,tt

IN 2ISTCENTURY - 44
HIGH}1R EDL}CATION AND SKILL OEVtT,OTMENT
 Nr\l-l (.tNA L- CON FERENCE - 20 I 7
ROYAL - ISSN -2278'8158 - IMPACT FACTOR - 3.524 (*,rurv.s.iifactor.com) ENGLISH PART - tl
I-l) WallastTheota: Creativitv as a Process of Preparation,Incubation. iilrrrtrinatinn ancl
Elaboration
\\irrlllt:..clrar.r'ittgtttt1-.oiitcare':,, :lr'irre, 1913] andothelintrospectivct'eporlslirrr rr,.rlatecl atheon,
oi'tltu cl'cltii\'c ilt()ccss baseclon Irccessarv siaS, , In \\'allas thcr-';n,tltc act o1-crcllion br!lirr:, irr the prcpara-
lion :;trtsc tihcre tlte existcnce ol'a problcnr. rr , L irnc_\ ol u ncccl i-s iclcntilletl: the eler"t-rcr-rts irtvolvecl in titr:

u,itlt all tlte necessan dctails or'. re rr l-re55iH1'^ tirc irlclt nta\ cvclt be ,.iurplr,\\rong.llii lrrliiiticxtal stage.

sL-AI'clle I's l11 511oogs1 r'cilnccl trtocicl:. o1-thc cr cnts tlult ()ccut'ilLrrirr!. cucit o1-tlrc litLr':;tiL1l, :..

1,1) CJrcativitr, :rs a Se cond Order Cihirngc

'i'lre
etlrthors ol'the bool< cltatrqe l\\'atz,iaw ick e t al. 1 979 ] rrraitc an irrici'csring clist i;rcti'rr bi:tn,cen tu o

t,"1-les ir['sYstcttr chzinecs: frrst ot'clerchanqes inr.rticir s) stcut c()ll']poncui:; arc ntoclitieti ai. iirc irt,lical ler,,cj ttl'

SVStltttt lbr rvitich the cltt't'ertt svstent . ither a sub-conrltoneut or a sub-cateu.on,). Altitorr3lr not rel'criing

tlirecl ll' to creativit;-" the exetnrplcs l i ' ,'rr in the book sr-r-qgest a ciosc link be tu een solliIions incorporating
sccotrtl orclcr cltangcs iutcl crcative si i lr i, iol1s.

I 5) Schank's f'hcorv: Crcu r ir itr :ls :r Mcchanic:rl Proccss

Ijch;rril< lSchrutli, l988,l 995l tries to ', i.'rv creertivit),ils il conrlllltatronni nrechanigrl
l.li'uccss..,\rurring
l hat bcll intl tlie cre ative process an algorithrll ntLrst exist in principle. Ite tries ro characte i i.rc slt,:I algorirhrtrs

rrsiltgt a special collstl'Lrct called expitutxi;i)n pattems (or XPs). Schanh cleals r.r,ith a paflicLiir.-111. i11d o1-creittir,-

ity: thc crcatiott of'tto'vel explanatiotrs. An XP is er standarcl extrrlanation for an errcnt that lrls lrt.cp usecl uraly

iirncs bclore. Creativity, Schank argues. perhaps nreans r1o nl(-)re than the application of ir:cir,iiclr-re or a ruie

is tlic csscttcc olcrcativity. because cxplauations al'c prcdictjorrs abor-it hrtr,,, things will hr,.iir-1.'i'hc cicative

r\ccorcling to Scltank, tite nrost iu'rportant part o1'the creative proces:i is to r-rotrcc iliut soi-nethinl-l is
\\,1'otlg

HIGHIiIT EDIJCA'I'IOIi ,.\ND SKILL DI|VELOI'M[,N'I II\ 21SI CEN'T':JIT!'- 45

 Nr\l-10\ ..'- --' .: \Ci:-l(li7
ltO-i'.rl- - i! ' - 1278-8158 - tl\{PACT XiAC'l'Oli - 3.5241,i",r'* slilitctor.con) ENGt.ISFI },AIl'f - II
i6 r \\ i i,,lrr:'g tlleor-y: Creativity ;rs 'Nothing Spe'ci:ll'
I
'-- ::-:, . ., :irrrtli.ing. ilccotdiltg to Weisberg. begins lr,ith rvhitt \\.'l litto\\r. bLrt also goes be)'ol.l(l tht: past.

Cottclusion
[-liis st:l:ctirrrr revicu,s variclr-rs theories oi'creatrr,'itv ancl crcativit\ ellhal]celllct-tt tlrcthods sIlgllcsled b)/

'[o
irrcl iclirtcci cogr riiivc [)r'ocessc:;. its rcstingr- its 1-rossible nrcciraniz:rtion. ar,cl horv it catt trc ctthliltceci tittd leY

lrri\ it\ iinrl rlrt'tir,.'ttr"r oi-crcativity antJ the thrrorl'prescrttcd itrtltis u'ttt'k.
Rt.l'cl'cncr'"
1) \\r'itrils. I1u. Irhilip r\clc1,(2001)."A scierrtillc cr',:ati'"it,v test lirt'sccot-tciiti'r scirtlol

:ri1(icltrs".lnt..l.Sci.l:cluc.2002. Vol.24(4).p.189-403. research lepol1" i ay'lor & I:'r'ancis group'

?-) I IilllAktaltis & Onter'[:.rgin (2008). "'l-ire e1{ect ol':,':icrttiilc proccss sl'ills cdr-rcatititt t'rtt

:,:tr-tilct.rts scientilic creativitv. science attitr,rclcs & acaclett'tic aclrier,'c'l-uents". Asia-Pacilir: Iiln rrn
r.ru science leanrir-rg & ttrirchirrg. Vol.g.lsslre 1 . Alticlc '1. p.1-2I .

j) Itorri I-lorou,itz (I 9qq). "Creativc Protrlem Soh,ing in Engineelitt-u Desigrt''" I)h.D- tht'-sis.'[he

\cIr,rr,.: ol'Te l-Ai ir L rrir e |siti.

1) l(epru pal ( 1 986). "N4anuai 1br a nerv lcst ol-creativitr,". Agra ps1'chological rcscarclt ccll

Liri,rri kothi. Bc-langanj. Agra.

,)/ iiorit;r pa1 ( 1 986). "A ner,v test of creativitl' (verbal)". Agra psychological research ccll tir','ari

liotlii. Belangani, Agra.

6) ituch V1.8.(1988-92), "Fifth sltrvev o1'[rdr.rcatioual research". Ne'uv Delhi. NCER-|, \trl.i
i I'as:ii B.l(. "Creativit,v- & it.tnovation". p. 1 70-2 i 5)

HIG}IIiR II,DUCATION AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT IN 2lS CENTURY. 46

,i }:r,;rr', I : ... r: :ii"rj..:ir.;rJl+..'tl, t:,1..,.-..:;',-.ii -.-" ,"

 **--r i

,I

\Al-Il)\:\L- CONI- ERENCE - 20I7

IgB!-]!!L"78-8158 - INIPAC'r FACI'oR - 3.524 (\\,\\\\.s.jiii,clor.co,n) .tti{{;t,r5i-t pAIi'f - Ii

7) BindhLi T.S' ct Viial'alckshmi N. S. (201 3). "Changing thc Paraclignr: I)c,.,r-:j1pins
Nc*, r,111-

clerstandings olCreativitv in Ilighcr Eclucatior.r"" lJniversit),News^ 51(.15) .iyne l-l-_l(r

201 3.p.9- I I .lS SN -05 (t6-2257 ( A \\'cciril' .lourtral of i ii,rher I:clLrcatir.rn ,,\^:..coc iation of lrr-
rlian Univcrsiticsl

8) Sangranl Keshri N4ohalttr'& r\shoii I.,untar Paricla. Keshab "scierrtiflc Clre-

C hanclra .irrra.
atirit.v&Problenl Sol,ingAbrliticsol( reatirc& non-(-r'eatir,,c Sluticlrrs:.\ jirr,5".l_lrrrytrsit)
Neu,s. .+5(
34) .\Lrurr I' -I r-I(, l( )( ) l'. lr rr- I -1 I s S\ -(.)-i65-12-i 7
9) l3aclerMehdi (1971) "\'litnLLul lirr'\'u'bal rcstot'crcmirctitirrliirrg('l't u"r^|iirtionei i)sr-
chologi cai (-orporat io,t. Kachcr.i uitrri- .,\!lr l.

lo) t3zrclcrN4ehcli (1()lil-\'[littLtill lirrnurr-\'erb:rl rcsrol-crealir,,cthini<iirl(l('l:)"'.Nlitionul

i)svchoI o g' ca I tlorltorlrr i on. Kac Icri u iIar. -\;:ra.
I

1t) []aqerMe:hcli (1971 )-

"Uonsunral,lc hoolilcr oi'('l('\\r)" (l-.irsli:;iriljinr-ilt. Nirtional [)s, r:irr-
logical Corporation. iiaclrr.r-i uhar,,\gra.
1l) 13aqcrN4ehcii (1971 )" "('onsrrnrrL,lc booklet ot'(-i'L'l:)'
lLrirlliishiilinriit. ).rrriie,al l)srcit._
Iogical (lorltonrrion. I( arc lter.i sltar. .,\ r-, i.ri.

1_1) Sushila krrnrali (-1014). "t:il.:crir cn,,,:s oi'Sir i hinkinq I lar-s srr.urccr, ol iitt iicvcloltntcrri ol.
paralleithinkin.q- latcralthirtiiingrintlscncri-ricrclLlilitr,in [rir:ir
scitr.tol.slirricpt:,". i)]t.l).ihcsis.
Deparimcnt o1- Ecl Lrcat i o r. I., unikshcr r.rl L n i.,cr.s i t-r,- F, i rrr_r l,slrtr.a.
r i

l4) Lif'e Skill Eclucatiorr (201 i)^ SCtrlil" prurc j0.

1.5) 'iennil'cr It.N. (201 I ). "A qtralitiLtive sluclr olearil,-carcer special ccluc:iriln 1ircu111, pcr.ccp-
tions ofpreparation artcl inclr:ction''. l].S. I Iniversiqv olKiursas.l999. ]\,l.lj.l:.cl
Uiriversitv ol'
I(ansas.2f)00.
l6) Bono de (19c)2)."Serit)Lrs cleati.,,ii),'". [-{arpercollins pLrblisirers. Neu,yur]t.
17) Ilatey Mark (2012). "'l'he N4easLtrerrcnt o1-Clreativit,v: I;rom Delhitiorral
Cr;nse.sus t,1hc
Introcltrctiort of a Ner,., i leuristic lrrantervork''. C reatir itv Rcsi,:arch .lou
l. ?-.{( 1 ) tt. 55 -55.
'i-ti:
lE) PlLrcker. Beghetto anclGayle (20t)4;. "\,Vh1,Isn't Creati,",ity NIore
Inr;ror.tan,. to L.ctucatir:nal
Psychologlsts? Potenr;irls. Pitfirlls" arril Irutrrre Dir.ections in Cieativitl,l{t.,s,,rat.Llt,,.
L-.chrcational
Psvchologisl. 39(2).p. 8 j -96.

HI GHER ED U CATI ON AND SKII,L DEVELOP}{NF{fTI,{' i'iCEN'{'U :

RY 4 7