Name: Daquera, James Warren A.

BIT- AT- 4A SOCSCI 111

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTELLIGENCE AND

MINDSET

MOTIVATION AND EMOTION (ENVY)

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

This sample research is done by Francis E. Johnston. The study of human growth and
development is an integral part of the scientific study of human biological structure, function
and diversity. Consequently, the research upon which our knowledge is based must be firmly
established in the methodology of science and must reflect that set of attitudes and
approaches which has come to be known as the scientific method. Just as with any research,
the success or failure of a growth study depends ultimately upon the quality of the research
design. As used here, research design involves all steps which lead from the formulation of an
initial question, through the development of a series of procedures which will provide an
appropriate data base and the analysis of that base, to the interpretation of the analysis and
the extension of the interpretation from the immediate to the general. Each step is crucial and
none can be ignored or treated lightly. Good research requires detailed planning, careful
consideration of alternatives, and strict attention to the rules of both logic and objectivity.

Keywords
Research Design Longitudinal Design Growth Study Protein Energy
Malnutrition High Hemoglobin Level 
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTELLIGENCE AND MINDSET

Intelligence mindset refers to one's belief that either intelligence is a malleable trait that

can improve with effort a “growth” mindset or is a relatively stable trait a “fixed” mindset.
According to proponents of mindset theory, holding a growth mindset is beneficial (e.g., greater
academic persistence) while holding a fixed mindset is detrimental. Is there a relationship
between one's intelligence mindset and one's intelligence? Proponents of mindset theory
suggest that the answer is yes, and that this relationship differs by gender, with more intelligent
females holding more of a fixed mindset (aka, the “bright girl effect”). However, investigations of
all three factorsmeasured intelligence, intelligence mindset, and gender have only been
conducted with children and adolescents. Therefore, we tested whether, among adults, women
have more of a fixed mindset than men, and whether women with higher intelligence are more
likely to hold fixed mindsets. We found no evidence for women holding fixed mindsets more so
than men. We found very limited evidence for a “bright woman effect”: Three-way interactions
between age, gender, and intelligence predicting mindset emerged, however, the relationships
were not consistently driven by brighter women (young or old) holding more of a fixed mindset
than their less intelligent female counterparts or men. Furthermore, we did not find evidence to
support the notion that holding more of a growth mindset results in greater academic
persistence. We conclude that neither gender nor intelligence is consistently associated with
mindset.

Highlights
•
Contrary to prediction, women do not have more fixed mindsets than men.
•
Little evidence that more intelligent women hold fixed mindsets.
•
Growth mindset does not predict highest level of education attained.
MOTIVATION AND EMOTION (ENVY)
The study focuses the envy in every people,
Envy Definition
Envy refers to the often-painful emotion caused by an awareness of an advantage enjoyed by another
person. It is a complex, socially repugnant emotion made up of a mix of inferiority feelings, hostility, and
resentment. Envy is different from admiration, which is delight and approval inspired by another person.
Admiration can foster a desire to emulate another person’s success, whereas envy breeds a competitive
desire to outdo and even bring the envied person down in some cases. Envy may seem like greed, but
greed involves an insatiable desire for more and more of something, rather than a desire for a particular
thing possessed by a particular person. Envy is also different from jealousy. Envy involves two people
and occurs when one lacks something enjoyed by another. Jealousy typically involves three people and
occurs when one fears losing someone, usually a romantic partner, to a rival. Thus, we say that Cassius
envied Caesar’s power and prestige, whereas Othello was jealous because Desdemona appeared
interested in Cassio.
Whom and What Do People Envy?
Envy is a universal emotion, but it is not the inevitable response to another person’s superiority. People
envy those who are similar to themselves on attributes such as gender, age, experience, and social
background. These similarities enable people to imagine what it would be like if they had the envied
person’s advantage. However, envy results when, in fact, the chances of having the desired attribute
seem slim, despite this similarity. Also, people envy those whose advantages are on self-relevant
domains. If Salieri envied Mozart, it was because Salieri’s self-worth was linked to doing well as a
composer, and Mozart’s superior musical talent diminished Salieri’s own abilities on a domain that
mattered dearly to him.
Hostile Nature of Envy
Advantages enjoyed by other people can have powerful consequences for the self. Other people’s
superiority grants them better access to culturally valued resources in school, the workplace, and in
romantic relationships or, indeed, in any domain where the best outcomes are determined by
competition. Therefore, when another person enjoys a relative advantage in an important domain of
life, a blend of negative feelings characteristic of envy often naturally follows. A major part of these
feelings is hostile because hostility can serve as a necessary spur for self-assertion. In the long run,
submissive reactions probably lead to losing out in the game of life.
It is important to recognize the hostile nature of envy. This hostility explains why envy is associated with
so many historical cases of aggression (such as the horrific bloodletting between the Tutsi and Hutus in
Rwanda), as well as innumerable literary and biblical accounts of murder and sabotage (such as the
assassination of Caesar in Shakespeare’s play and the slaying of Abel by Cain). Laboratory studies show
this link as well. Envy, for example, has been shown to create the conditions ripe for malicious joy, or
Schadenfreude, if the envied person suffers a misfortune.
Suppression of Envy and Its Transmutations
People resist confessing their envy, perhaps more so than any other emotion. After all, envy is one of
the seven deadly sins. People are taught to rejoice in the good fortunes of others. To admit to envy is to
announce that one is feeling both inferior and hostile, which is shameful. Envy is also extremely
threatening to the self, which means that people often fail to acknowledge it privately as well.
Consequently, envy is likely to be suppressed or transmuted into other more socially acceptable
emotions, tricking both observers and the self alike. Although the first pangs of the emotion may be
recognizable as envy, because of the threat to the self that is inherent in the emotion, people feeling
envy may give it a different label for public and private consumption. They usually find ways to justify
their hostility by perceiving the advantage as unfair or the envied person as morally flawed. What begins
as envy can then become transformed into indignation and outrage. Over time, even the desired
attribute itself may become devalued, as an attitude of sour grapes takes over. Because people feeling
envy sense that open hostility violates social norms, they usually avoid acting on their hostility in direct
ways. They tend to take the route of backbiting and gossiping and are primed for secret pleasure if
misfortune befalls the envied person. Sometimes, their behavior will suggest the opposite of their
feelings (such as effusive compliments), so that observers (and perhaps the envying people themselves)
will not attribute their actions to envy.
Envy and Unhappiness
Envy is thought to be a potent cause of unhappiness. Part of the reason is that feeling envy means that
one is determining self-worth by how one compares with others. This is a likely road to discontent,
because for most people, there will always be others who compare better. Ultimately, envy can poison a
person’s capacity to enjoy the good things in life and snuff out feelings of gratitude for life’s many gifts.
People who are envious by disposition appear especially likely to perceive an unflattering comparison as
showcasing their inferiority and may become especially bitter and resentful. Such tendencies are hardly
conducive to happiness and smooth interactions with others. Physical as well as mental health may
suffer. Thus, people are well advised to find ways to curtail their envy by focusing on reasons for feeling
grateful and, in general, avoiding judging themselves using standards derived from social comparisons.
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Brooke N. Macnamara, Natasha S. Rupani,
The relationship between intelligence and mindset,
Intelligence,
Volume 64,
2017,
Pages 52-59,
ISSN 0160-2896,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2017.07.003.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016028961630280X)
Keywords: Mindset; Intelligence; Implicit theories; Age; GenderBrooke N.MacnamaraNatasha S.RupaniCase Western Reserve
University, United States
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