Units and Conversions

Training Material & Work Book

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Copyright

Title book: Units and Conversions (Training Work Book)

Author book: Powerol Service Training

© 2012,

This book contains material and technical information related to Mahindra Powerol Products.
Any unauthorized reprint or use of this material is prohibited. No part of this book may be reproduced
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system without express written permission from
Mahindra Powerol
Table of contents

Chapter 1 Measurement Definition, Units and Conversions 1

List of Basic Mechanical Units 2

Length 4
Area
Volume
Pressure
Weight
Temperature
Notes for Working & Exercise

Chapter 2 – General Tools

Spanners
Sockets, Handles
Ellen Keys - Types
Feeler Gauges
Torque Wrench
Vernier Caliper
Screw Gauge
Dial Bore Gauge
Dial Gauge
Screw Drivers
Pliers – Nose, Internal, External cir-clip

Notes for Working & Exercise

Chapter 1 - Units and Definitions

List of Units & Measurements

Basic units

Group Quantity Unit Symbols/

measured Abbreviation
Mechanical length meter / Inches/ Feet etc m/In/ft
Mechanical time second / Minutes / Hours/ Days s/m/H
Mechanical mass kilogram/ Grams/ Pounds Kg/g/p
Mechanical Angle Radians / Degrees "rad"/Deg
Electrical electric current ampere A
Electrical electric potential Voltage V

Derived Units

Group Quantity Symbols/

measured Unit Abbreviation
Mechanical Newton Meters/ foot
Torque pounds Nm/Ftp
Mechanical Energy Joule J
Electrical Energy  Kilo Watt Hour KWh
Electrical /
Mechanical Power  Kilowatt/ Horse Power KW / HP
Mechanical Area Square Feet/Square Meter Sq. ft/ Sq. m
Mechanical Volume Cubic Meter/Cubic feet. Cum/Cu. ft
Kilogram/ square
Mechanical Pressure centimeter Kg/sq cm
Mechanical Velocity Meters/ second M/sec
Electrical kVA Kilo Volt ampere KVA
Electrical Resistance Ohms Ω
Mechanical Force Newton N
 1.1 List of Basic Mechanical Units

Linear Measurements (Length)

Length is used to measure distance between

two points.
It is defined in meters / inches etc.

cent kilo Mic

inc yard imet met met ron
h feet s ers ers ers miles s
1
0.00 0.00 0
0.0 0.02 0.02 002 0001 0 254
1 83 8 2.54 54 54 6 0 00
1
2
0.00 0.00 0
0.33 30.4 0.30 030 0190 0 304
12 1 3 8 48 48 5 0 80
3
6
0.00 0.00 0
91.4 0.91 091 0571 0 914
36 3 1 41 44 44 5 0 41
0. 0.00 3
39 0.0 0.01 0.00 0006 9 100
4 33 1 1 0.01 001 3 4 00
39 3.2 1.09 100 1 0.00 0.00 3 100
.3 81 4 1 0625 9 000
7 3 0
7
 0
3
9
3
7
0 100
39 328 0 000
37 0.8 109 100 100 0.62 0 000
0 3 3.6 000 0 1 5 0 0 The size of a surface.
6
The amount of space inside the boundary
2
of a flat (2-dimensional) object such as a
9 triangle or circle.
9
These shapes can also have the same
2 160
area of 9 blocks shown above.
62 524 0 000
Triangle
99 9.3 174 160 160 0 000 Area = ½
Square
2 3 9.76 000 0 1.6 1 0 0 ×b×h
Area = a2
0.00 b = base  
a = length
h=
0. 0.0 0.00 0.00 000 of side
vertical
00 000 002 0.00 002 002 1.6E- height

1 82 7 25 5 5 08 1 25 Parallelogr
Rectangle am
0.
Area = w Area = b ×
0 ×h   h
w = width b = base
3. 3
h = height h = vertical
93 9 height
70 3.2 9.11 0.00 3 Trapezoid
(US)
1E 808 344 0.00 000 7 Circle 
Trapeziu
Area = π ×
- 4E- E- 0.00 000 000 6.25 0 m (UK)
r2  
Area =
05 06 08 01 1 1 E-10 1 1   Circumfere
½(a+b) ×
nce =
h
2 × π × r
h=
Area Measurements r = radius
vertical
height
Area
Sector
Area = ½ ×
Ellipse
r2 × θ 
Area  
r = radius
= πab
θ = angle
in radians
Note: h is at 
angles to b:
  Sq.
 Inches 4 33 06 214 639
61.02 0.03 0.0013
1 0.00694 1 0.2640.219 0.00100
4 53 086
0.13 0.0049
144.07 231 3.785 1 0.830 0.00379
37 537
278.3 0.16 0.0059
1296 4.5611.205 1 0.00456
1 10 682
1728. 28.31 0.0370
1550 7.4816.209 1 0.02833
11 9 584
6275753 46632 764.1 201.8 167.5 26.9
1 0.76451
15503876 107613.5 .12 60 71 55 84
60996
1.55x10+9 10761349 264.0 219.1 35.2
1000 1.308 1
+9
4.016x10 27878758 .08 52 66 96

Pressure Measurements

Definition: Pressure is a measure of the force

Volume Measurements
applied over a unit area. Pressure often is

Volume is the quantity of three-dimensional expressed in units of pascals or pounds per

space occupied by a liquid, solid, orgas. square inch. In equations, pressure is denoted

Common units used to express volume include by the symbol 'P'.

liters, cubic meters, gallons, milliliters,

teaspoons and ounces. Many other units exist.

One formula used to convert psi to bar is: 

Conversion of Volume
Volume is Height by Width by Length
To convert Volume,
remember that volume is
height by width by length:
 
Volume = Height × Width × 
Length
1 psi 
= (32.174 lbm /1 lbf s2)x(0.45359237 kg /1
lbm)x(144 in2/1 ft2)x(1 ft /0.3048 m) 
x(1 m s2 /105 kg) 
= 0.06894747 bar 
So 1 bar = 14.503795 psi 
The Math behind it. 
As psi is an imperial unit and bar is metric unit,
we some constants 

So, you need to convert once for the 1 lb = 0.45359237 kg 

height and once again for the width and once 1 ft = 0.3048 m 
more for the length. It is that easy:  1 ft2 = 12 in x 12 in = 144 in2

Cubi And we have to rearrange some units 

US IMP 1 bar = 105 Pa = 105 Nm-2
Cube c Cubic Cubic
litres gallo Gallo And N = kg ms-2
inches Feet Yards Meters
ns ns so 105 Pa = 105 kgm-1s-2
s
1 0.0160.0040.004 0.00 0.0000 0.00001
Also note when applying newton's second law
using imperial units we need to use a gravity
constant 32.174 lbm /1 lbf s2
Metric 
m x a = F 
1 kg x 9.81 ms-2 = 9.81 N 

Imperial units 
m x a = F  Left: A spring scale measures
1 lbm x 32.174 fts-2 ≠ 32.174 lbf need to use weight, by seeing how much the
gravity constant gc
object pushes on a spring (inside
m x (a/gc) = F  the device). On the Moon, an
1 lbm x (32.174 fts-2 / (32.174 lbm /1 lbf s2) = 1 lbf
object would give a lower reading.
Right: A balance scale measures
m of m of
kg/cm² atm KPa bar psi N/m² mass, by comparing an object to
water Hg.
98.0 14.22 0.735 9803 references. On the Moon, an
1 10.0 0.967 0.98
39 5 5 3
object would give the same
9.80 0.09 0.073
0.1 1 0.097 1.422 9803
4 8 6 reading, because the object and
10.33 101. 1.01 14.70 0.760 1013 references would bothbecome
1.034 1
6 333 3 3 2 27
0.007 lighter.Weight
0.01 0.102 0.01 1 0.01 0.145 1000
5
14.50 0.750 9999
1.02 10.20 0.987 100 1
9 2 3
0.703 6.89 0.06 0.051
0.07 0.068 1 6894
2 4 9 7
13.59 133. 1.33 1332
1.36 1.315 19.34 1
6 294 3 85
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000
1
0102 102 0099 1 001 145 008
"Heaviness". The downward force caused
by gravity on an object.
Weight Measurements
This bar of gold has a mass of 1 kg, and
The weight of any simple object is a weighing scales would normally show 1
vector W and is defined as: kg (if they are here on Earth and not
moving).
W := m g              (1)
Even though weight and mass are
Where m is the mass of the object and g is the
different things, weight often uses the
vector representing the local gravitational
acceleration. See reference 1 for a discussion units of mass. For example grams,
of how to define “mass”. In any given reference kilograms and, tonnes (Metric) or ounces
frame, we define g as: and pounds (US units)

g := the acceleration of a freely-falling particle kilogram Quintal Tonnes Tonnes

lbs
s s (Metric) (English)
& Value of g = 9.81 m/s2 = 32.2 ft/s2
0.0043 0.00043 0.00049
1 0.43562
6 6 9
0.00114
2.2956 1 0.01 0.001
4
 0.11443
229.56 100 1 0.1
7
2295.5 1.14436
1000 10 1
9 2
8.7384 0.87384
2006 873.846 1
6 9 Angle Measurements

Temperature Measurements

Definition: Temperature is a measurement of
the average kinetic energy of the molecules in
an object or system and can be measured with
a thermometer or a calorimeter. It is a means
of determining the internal energy contained
The amount of turn between two straight
lines that have a common end point (the
vertex).

within the system.

Type
of Description
Angle
an angle
Acute
that is less
Angle
than 90°
Heat vs. Temperature
an angle
Right
that is 90°
Note that temperature is different from heat, Angle
exactly
though the two concepts are linked.
an angle
Temperature is a measure of the internal
that is
energy of the system, while heat is a measure Obtuse
greater than
of how energy is transferred from one system Angle
90° but less
(or body) to another. The greater the heat
than 180°
absorbed by a material, the more rapidly the
atoms within the material begin to move, and an angle
Straigh
thus the greater the rise in temperature. that is 180°
t Angle
exactly
an angle
Reflex that is
Angle greater than
180°

To convert ºC to ºF To convert ºF to ºC
9/5ºC + 32 = ºF 5/9 (ºF - 32) = ºC

Ampere Measurements
Definition: The ampere is the base SI unit of
electrical current.
The ampere is defined as the amount of
electrical current required to maintain a force of
2 x 10-7 newtons per meter between two
infinitely long parallel wires of negligible cross
section held one meter apart.
Ampere
Current can be measured by a galvanometer,
via the deflection of a magnetic needle in the
magnetic field created by the current.
Unit information
Unit system: SI base unit
Unit of... Electric current
Symbol: A
The symbol for ampere is a capital letter A.
The contraction "amp" is also often used.
Force Definition: Force is a quantitative
description of the interaction between two
physical bodies, such as an object and its
environment. Force is proportional
to acceleration. In calculus terms, force is the
derivative of momentum with respect to time.
Contact force is defined as the force exerted
when two physical objects come in direct
contact with each other. Other forces, such as
gravitation and electromagnetic forces, can
exert themselves even across the empty
vacuum of space.
Voltage Measurements
Definition: Voltage is a representation of the
electric potential energy per unit charge. If a
unit of electrical charge were placed in a
location, the voltage indicates the potential
energy of it at that point. In other words, it is a
measurement of the energy contained within
an electric field, or an electric circuit, at a given
point.
Voltage is a scalar quantity. The SI unit of
voltage is the volt, such that 1 volt = 1
joule/coulomb.
Potential Energy Definition: Potential energy
is that energy which an object has because of
its position. It is called potential energy
because it has the potential to be converted
into other forms of energy, such as kinetic
energy.
Example: If you lift a mass m by h meters, its
potential energy will be mgh, where g is the
acceleration due to gravity.
Some of the basic electrical units and
definitions are mentioned below:
Passive: Capable of operating without an
external power source. Typical passive
components are resistors, capacitors, inductors
and diodes (although the latter are a special
case).
Active: Requiring a source of power to
operate.    Includes transistors (all types),
integrated circuits (all types), TRIACs, SCRs,
LEDs, etc.
DC: Direct Current. The electrons flow in one
direction only.  Current flow is from negative to
positive, although it is often more convenient to
think of it as from positive to negative.  This is
sometimes referred to as "conventional"
current as opposed to electron flow.
 
AC: Alternating Current. The electrons flow in
both directions in a cyclic manner - first one
way, then the other.  The rate of change of
direction determines the frequency, measured
in Hertz (cycles per second).
Frequency: Unit is Hertz, Symbol is Hz, old
symbol was cps (cycles per second). A
complete cycle is completed when the AC
signal has gone from zero volts to one
extreme, back through zero volts to the
opposite extreme, and returned to zero.  The
accepted audio range is from 20Hz to
20,000Hz.  The number of times the signal
completes a complete cycle in one second is
the frequency.
Voltage: Unit is Volts, Symbol is V or U, old
symbol was E . Voltage is the "pressure" of
electricity, or "electromotive force" (hence the
old term E).  A 9V battery has a voltage of 9V
DC, and may be positive or negative
depending on the terminal that is used as the
reference.  The mains has a voltage of 220,
240 or 110V depending where you live - this is
AC, and alternates between positive and
negative values.  Voltage is also commonly
measured in mill volts (mV), and 1,000 mV is
1V.  Microvolt (uV) and nanovolts (nV) are also
used.
Current: Unit is Amperes (Amps), Symbol is I .
Current is the flow of electricity (electrons).  No
current flows between the terminals of a
battery or other voltage supply unless a load is
connected.  The magnitude of the current is
determined by the available voltage, and the
resistance (or impedance) of the load and the
power source.  Current can be AC or DC,
positive or negative, depending upon the
reference.  For electronics, current may also be
measured in mA (milliamps) - 1,000 mA is 1A.  are a logarithmic measure of voltage, current
Nanoamps (nA) are also used in some cases.
Resistance: Unit is Ohms, Symbol is R or Ω .
Resistance is a measure of how easily (or with
what difficulty) electrons will flow through the
device.  Copper wire has a very low resistance,
so a small voltage will allow a large current to
flow.  Likewise, the plastic insulation has a very
high resistance, and prevents current from
flowing from one wire to those adjacent. 
Resistors have a defined resistance, so the
current can be calculated for any voltage. 
Resistance in passive devices is always
positive (i.e. > 0)
Capacitance: Unit is Farads, Symbol is C. 
Capacitance is a measure of stored charge. 
Unlike a battery, a capacitor stores a charge
electro statically rather than chemically, and
reacts much faster.  A capacitor passes AC,
but will not pass DC (at least for all practical
purposes).  The reactance or AC resistance
(called impedance) of a capacitor depends on
its value and the frequency of the AC signal. 
Capacitance is always a positive value.
Inductance: Unit is Henrys, Symbol is H or L
(depending on context). Inductance occurs in
any piece of conducting material, but is wound
into a coil to be useful.  An inductor stores a
charge magnetically, and presents a low
impedance to DC (theoretically zero), and a
higher impedance to AC dependent on the
value of inductance and the frequency.  In this
respect it is the electrical opposite of a
capacitor.  Inductance is always a positive
value.  The symbol "Hy" is sometimes used in
(guess where :-) ... the US.  There is no such
symbol.
Impedance: Unit is Ohms, Symbol is Ω or Z.
Unlike resistance, impedance is a frequency
dependent value, and is specified for AC
signals.  Impedance is made up of a
combination of resistance, capacitance, and/ or
inductance.  In many cases, impedance and
resistance are the same (a resistor for
example).  Impedance is most commonly
positive (like resistance), but can be negative
with some components or circuit
arrangements.
Decibels: Unit is Bel, but because this is large,
deci-Bels (1/10th Bel) are used),  Symbol is
dB. Decibels are used in audio because they
or power, and correspond well to the response
of the ear.  A 3dB change is half or double the
power (0.707 or 1.414 times voltage or current
respectively).  Decibels will be discussed more
thoroughly in a separate section.
 Finding Torque
Torque is the force that causes an object to
rotate. Torque consist of a force acting on
distance and is measured is pound-feet (lb-ft).
Torque may exist even though no movement
occurs.
power source and the ampere reading from
equipment, make the following calculation:   
POWER (WATTS) = 120 * 2.5 ;  ANSWER: 
300 WATTS
To Find Volt-Amperes (VA)

To calculate torque: 1. Same as above.  VOLT-AMPERES

(VA) = VOLTS x AMPERES   
T=FxD
ANS:  300 VA
T = torque (in lb-ft)
F = force (in lb) To Find kilovolt-Amperes (kVA)
D = distance (in ft)
1.     SINGLE PHASE
• Example: What is the torque produced by a
70 lb force pushing on a 3' lever arm? KILOVOLT-AMPERES (kVA) =

T=FxD VOLTS x AMPERES / 1000

T = 70 x 3
T = 210 lb ft         Using the previous example: 

Finding Full-load Torque 120 * 2.5 = 300 VA      

Full-load torque is the force needed to produce
the rated power at maximum RPM of a motor.
The amount of torque a motor produces at
rated power and full speed can be found by
using a horsepower-to-torque conversion chart.
To calculate motor full-load torque:
300 VA / 1000 = .300 kVA
2.     TWO-PHASE
 Given:  We have a Sun server with an
amp rating of 4.7 and requiring a 208-240
power source.  We'll use 220 volts for our
calculations.

T = HP x 5252 / rpm KILOVOLT-AMPERES (kVA) =

T = torque (in lb-ft) VOLTS x AMPERES x 2 / 1000

HP = horsepower
5252 = constant         220 x 4.7 x 2 = 2068
rpm = revolutions per minute        2068 / 1000 = 2.068 kVA

• Example: What is the Full-load torque of a 3.     THREE-PHASE

30HP motor operating at 1725 rpm?
 Given:  We have a large appliance with
T = HP x 5252 /rpm nameplate data of 50-amp 208 VAC
T = 30 x 5252 / 1725 receptacle.  For this calculation, we will use 21
T = 157,560 / 1725 amps. Do not calculate the value of the plug or
T = 91.34 lb-ft receptacle.  Use the value on nameplate.   

To Find Watts (for DC)         KILOVOLT-AMPERES (kVA) =

1.     When Volts and Amperes are known VOLTS x AMPERES x 1.73 / 1000

        POWER (WATTS) = VOLTS x AMPERES 208 x 20.5 x 1.73 = 7,376.72         

7,376.72 / 1000 = 7.377 kVA
 We have an appliance with a nameplate
shows 2.5 amps.  Given a normal 120 Volt
 To Find Kilowatts
 Finding Kilowatts is a bit more
complicated in that the formula includes
a value for the "power factor".  The
power factor is a nebulous but required
value that is different for each electrical
device.  It involves the efficiency in the
use of the electricity supplied to the
system.  This factor can vary widely
from 60% to 95% and is never published
on the equipment nameplate and
further, is not often supplied with
product information.  For purposes of
these calculations, we use a power
factor of .85.  Most generators have a
power factor of .80. Whatever the
number, it places a slight inaccuracy
into the numbers.  Its OK and it gets us
very close for the work you need to do.  calculations, we use a power factor of .80
1.     SINGLE PHASE
use 21 amps. Do not calculate the value of the
plug or receptacle.  Use the value on
nameplate. 
KILOVOLT-AMPERES (kVA) =
VOLTS x AMPERES x POWER FACTOR x
1.73/ 1000
  208x20.5x1.73 = 7,376.72   
7,376.72 * .85 = 6,720.21   
6,720.21/1000=6.27 kW
To Convert Between kW and kVA
 The only difference between kW and
kVA is the power factor.  Once again, the
power factor, unless known, is an
approximation.  For purposes of our
which most generators use.  The kVA value is
always higher than the value for kW.   

        Given:  We have a medium-sized         kW To kVA         kW /  .80 = SAME

appliance that draws 6.0 amps.  VALUE EXPRESSED IN kVA
        kVA To kW       kVA *  .80 = SAME
        KILOVOLT-AMPERES (kVA) = VALUE EXPRESSED IN kW

VOLTS x AMPERES x POWER FACTOR / 1.3 List of Basic Electrical Units

1000
VALUE 1-PHASE 3-PHASE
        120 * 6.0 = 720 VA      
720 VA * .85 = 612      I X V X 1.73 X
WATTS (W) I X V X PF
612 / 1000 = .612 kW PF

2.     TWO-PHASE VXIX (V X I X 1.73 

KILOWATTS (kW) PF / X PF)
 Given:  We have a larger appliance with 1000 /1000
a running amp rating of 4.7 and requiring a
208-240 power source.  We'll use 220 volts for (kW X 1000
kW X 1000
our calculations. AMPERES (I) )/
/ V X PF
V X 1.73 X PF
        KILOVOLT-AMPERES (kVA) =
KILOVOLT (I X V) / (I  X V X 1.73)/
VOLTS x AMPERES x POWER FACTOR x AMPERES (kVA) 1000 1000
2 / 1000 (Rotor
(Rotor Poles X
        220 x 4.7 x 2 = 2068 FREQUENCY (Hertz Poles X
2068 x .85 = 1757.8 or f) RPM)/
RPM)/ 120
1757.8 / 1000 = 1.76 kW 120
3. THREE-PHASE (Hertz X
120)/ (Hertz X 120)/
 Given:  We have a very large appliance RPM (n)
Rotor Rotor Poles
that shows a requirement for a 50-amp 208
VAC receptacle.  For this calculation, we will Poles
 NUMBER OF Hertz X HP = horsepower
(Hertz X 120) /
ROTOR POLES 120 RPM
(P) RPM General Tools
Actual
POWER Actual Watts Spanners
Watts I X 1.73 X V 11PC UNIWRENCH SPANNER SET
FACTOR (PF)
IXV
Spherical box end design can open various kinds of nuts,
(I X V X (I X E X 1.73 X
HORSEPOWER (HP) such as spline, 12 points, square, 6 points, even the 6 point
PF)/ PF)/
746 X  EFF 746 X EFF 50% rounded off nuts.

(kW X Kit contents 8,10,11,12,13,14,15,17,18,19

AMPERES (when (kW X 1000)/ mm
kW is known) 1000)/ V X 1.73 X PF
V X PF RoHS NA
Compliant
(kVA X
AMPERES (when (kVA X 1000)/
kVA is known) 1000) V X 1.73
/V
 
I = current in amperes
V = voltage in volts
W = watts
SWO 8" ADJUSTABLE
kW = power in kilowatts
apparent power in kilo- Facts The 6" is 78% wider than a standard 6"
kVA =
volt-amperes adjustable and 68% lighter than a standard 12"
output power in with a similar opening
HP =
horsepower The 8" is 62% wider than a standard 8"
motor speed in adjustable and 50% lighter than a standard 12"
RPM (n) = revolutions per minute with a similar opening
(RPM) Capacity, jaw max 39 mm
synchronous speed in Description, Product 216
ns = revolutions per minute Diameter, bore nom 8
(RPM) Diameter, outside 39

Rotor Jaw opening 1-1/2

= number of poles Length 200 mm
Poles (P)
Length, Inches 8"
frequency in cycles per
Hertz (f) = Material Chrome vanadium
second (CPS)
steel
T = torque in pound-feet
RoHS Compliant NA
EFF = efficiency as a decimal
Weight 305 kg
power factor as a
PF =
decimal
CONTRACTOR 1ST 16PC MMCOMBI  3/4" COMBI WRENCH CRV MIRROR FIN
SPANNER SET
AF size, Imperial 3/4
16 metric combination spanners, chrome
Length 250 mm
vanadium steel, chrome plated, fully polished RoHS Compliant NA
All in a heavy duty storage pouch Weight 230 g
Kit contents 1 x 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
17, 19, 21, 22, 24, 27, 30,
32mm
RoHS NA
Compliant 19MM FLEX/HD RATCH COM/WRNCH

Three layers of nickel plate and one layer of

chrome plate prevent the wrench from
corrosion
The torque and hardness are guaranteed to
BRIT EXP COMBI WRENCH 13 MM
meet or exceed ANSI or DIN specifications
Forged in chrome vanadium steel and finished Capacity, jaw max 19 mm
in a high chrome, these spanners feature a Length 250 mm
12point OGV® ring at 15° and an open end RoHS Compliant NA
angled at 15° from the handle axis Weight 256 g
Length 170 mm
RoHS Compliant NA
Size 13 mm

Sockets & Handles

26PCE METRIC SKT SET (24-8464)
BRIT EXP COMBI WRENCH 19 MM
Manufactured from chrome alloy steel
Forged in chrome vanadium steel and finished Set includes quick release ratchet handle,
in a high chrome, these spanners feature a universal joint, 50mm, 75mm and 150mm
12point OGV® ring at 15° and an open end extensions, ½in female x 3/8in male adaptor
angled at 15° from the handle axis and 16 and 21mm spark plug sockets
Length 230 mm Driver size 3/8 "
RoHS Compliant NA Kit contents Hexagon sockets 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
Size 19 mm 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 24mm
Pieces, No. 26
of
RoHS NA
Compliant
SPHER NONSLIP 1/2 SQ SKT SET

Features: 17 Non Slip Sockets 10-32mm

CONTRACTOR 1ST 1/2" SQ 11PC MM SKT
SET
½" square drive 72 teeth ratchet with quick
release button, black PVC handle
Chrome vanadium steel sockets, chrome
plated
Kit contents 1 x 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19,
22, 24mm Bi-hex sockets. 1 x 72
teeth ratchet handle.
RoHS NA
Compliant
CONTRACTOR 1ST 3/8" SQ 11PC MM SKT
SET
3/8" square drive 72 teeth ratchet with quick
release button, black PVC handle
allowing you to work on fasteners up to 70%
rounded off
t will also drive sockets 1mm smaller, metric
fasteners for example a 19mm socket will drive
an 18mm fastener
17 Spherical Sockets 10-32mm, allowing you
to work on 12 point, Spline, Square, 6 Point,
Star Drive, and 6 point up to 50% rounded off
Accessories include an Ergonomics 72 teeth
quick release ratchet, extensions, Universal
joint, Bit adapter, 19 bits and an LED light
Description 17 Non Slip Sockets 10-32mm
, Product allowing you to work on fasteners
up to 70% rounded off. It will also
drive sockets 1mm smaller, metric
fasteners for example a 19mm
socket will drive an 18mm
fastener. 17 Spherical Sockets 10-
32mm, allowing you to work on 12
point, Spline, Square, 6 Point, Star
Drive, and 6 point up to 50%
rounded off Accessories include a
Driver size 1/2 "
Kit 1 x 1/2" Drive 72 Teeth Ergonomic

Chrome vanadium steel sockets, chrome contents Quick Release Ratchet Handle 1 x

plated 1/2" Drive Extension Bar 125mm 1

x 1/2" Drive Extension T-Bar
Contents 1 x 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19,
250mm 17 x 1/2" Drive Spherical
22, 24mm Bi-hex sockets. 1 x 72
Sockets
teeth ratchet handle.
RoHS NA 10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,

Compliant 21,22,ENCO
RoHS NA 1/4" Ratchet
Compliant 1/4" extensions 55,100mm
1/4" universal joint
1/4" T Handle
1/4" Bi Material screwdriver handle
1/2" 6 point sockets 10,11,12,13,14,15,16,
17,18,19,20,21,22,24,27,30,32mm
1/2" 6 point long sockets 14,15,17,19,22mm
1/2" spark plug sockets 16mm,21mm
SKT SET 22PCS 3/8 DR MM/12PT
1/2" Torx Sockets E12,E14,
E16,E18,E20,E24
Chrome Vanadium with satin finish
1/2" Ratchet
Driver size 3/8 " 3/8" - 1/2" Coupler
Pieces, 22 1/2" Universal Joint
No. of 1/2" extensions 130,250mm
RoHS NA 1/2" socket with 5/16" bit holder
Compliant
5/16" XZN tips 6,8,10,12
Size range Socket 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21 mm, Disc 5/16" slotted head bits 8,12mm
type ratchet handle (with satin 5/16" Phillips Bits PH3,PH4
finish, grip handle), 3" Extension
bar, 5/16" Pozidriv Bits PZ2,PZ3
5/16" Torx Bits T40,T45,T50,T55
5/16" Hex Bits 8,10,12,14mm

BRIT EXP 98 PC 1/4" - 1/2" SKT SET

The lid can be easily detached to convert the

set into a modular storage system for use in
roller cabinets
Allen Keys
Set Contains 1/4" 6 point standard sockets
4,4.5,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13mm
1/4" 6 point long sockets
6,8,10,11,12,13,14mm
Unique Ball type design for operation wi
1/4" Torx Bits T6,T8,T10 upto an angle of 30 degree. The burr-fre
1/4" Slotted head screwdriver sockets allows the user to apply maximum torqu
4,7mm applications.
These sets come in compact moulded p
1/4" Torx screwdriver sockets that firmly retain each key in size marked holes.
T8,T10,T15,T20,T25,T27,T30
1/4" Hex key sockets 3,4,5,6
1/4" Pozidriv screwdriver socket PZ1,PZ2
1/4" Phillips screwdriver sockets PH1,PH2
 HEX ALLE GRUB
9 Pieces ACROS N SCRE
Short Key S SCRE W
Allen Keys FLAT(m W SIZE
m) SIZE
A/F (B)
1.5 M1.6 M2 M3
2. M2.5 M4
2.5 M3 M5
3 M4 M6
4 M5 M8
Steel Rule:
5 M6 M10
6 M8 M12 M1
4 Precision steel rulers are basically your everyday
8 M10 M16 classroom rulers, except they are made out of steel and
10 M12 M18 M2 typically more accurate than the cheaper plastic or wood
0
counterparts. They usually have several different
Feeler Gauge measurement units on one ruler, so it can be confusing
A feeler gauge is a tool used to measure gap trying to figure out what exactly you're seeing if you've
widths. Feeler gauges are mostly used never used one before.
inengineering to measure the clearance
between two parts.

They consist of a number of small lengths of

steel of different thicknesses with
measurements marked on each piece. They
are flexible enough that, even if they are all on
the same hinge, several can be stacked
together to gauge intermediate values. It is
common to have two sets forimperial
units (typically measured in thousandths of an
inch) and metric (typically measured in
hundredths of a millimetre) measurements.
Torque Wrench

INTRODUCTION :
Torque Wrench is a calibrated tool
recommended for use in controlled tightening
of nuts and bolts to avoid

SPECIAL TOOLS:
To understand the special tools working we
must understand what is least count.[
Least count is the highest degree of accuracy of
measurement that can be achieved through a particular
instrument & is indicated on the scale.(Eg: least count of
below rule is O.5mm.)
over/under stressing . Tritool Torque
Wrenches are preset / adjustable click type
torque wrenches which are available in ratchet
and non ratchet types. These torque wrenches
are compact, light weight and rigid to suit the
rugged working conditions prevailing in Indian
industries particularly the automobile sector. 
We are pleased to inform you that our Torque
Wrenches are being very successfully used by
many heavy industrial organisations in India
like Essar Steel Ltd., Larsen & Toubro Ltd.,
Bharat Earth Movers Ltd. etc. Besides these all
Vehicle and Automobile manufacturers are
extensively using our Torque Wrenches. 
 The upper caliper in the image (at the
FEATURES:
Tritool Torque Wrench is a fast acting
precision spanner cum instrument of an
entirely new design for tightening of bolts and
nuts to the required Torque. The Torque
Wrenches are available in a
 The lower caliper in the image has an
set of 12 models covering Torque requirements
from 3 to 2500 Nm.  adjusted without removal of the tool from the
Tritool Torque Wrenches are calibrated to an
accuracy of ± 3% on Electronic calibrators and
our Equipments are traceable to National
Physical Laboratories, an important
prerequisite for ISO 9000. Each and every
Torque Wrench is accompanied with its
Calibration Certificate. These are also
traceable to National Standards and we
guarantee our Torque Wrenches against any
premature failure. These Torque Wrenches are
also available in special production models to
suit exact Torque requirement and critical
applications that do not have direct access.  Outside caliper
Vernier Caliper
A vernier scale is an additional scale which
allows a distance or angle measurement to be
read more precisely than directly reading a
uniformly-divided straight or circular
measurement scale. It is a sliding secondary
scale that is used to indicate where the
measurement lies when it is in between two of
the marks on the main scale.
Types of Vernier Caliper
The inside calipers are used to measure the
internal size of an object.
right) requires manual adjustment prior to
fitting, fine setting of this caliper type is
performed by tapping the caliper legs lightly on
a handy surface until they will almost pass over
the object. A light push against the resistance
of the central pivot screw then spreads the legs
to the correct dimension and provides the
required, consistent feel that ensures a
repeatable measurement.
adjusting screw that permits it to be carefully
workpiece.
Outside calipers are used to measure the
external size of an object.
The same observations and technique apply to
this type of caliper, as for the above inside
caliper. With some understanding of their
limitations and usage these instruments can
provide a high degree of accuracy and
repeatability. They are especially useful when
measuring over very large distances, consider
if the calipers are used to measure a large
diameter pipe. A vernier caliper does not have
the depth capacity to straddle this large
diameter while at the same time reach the
outermost points of the pipe's diameter
 Divider caliper
In the metalworking field divider calipers are
used in the process of marking out suitable
workpieces. The points are sharpened so that
they act as scribers, one leg can then be
placed in the dimple created by a center or
prick punch and the other leg pivoted so that it
scribes a line on the workpiece's surface, thus
forming an arc or circle.
Oddleg caliper
Oddleg calipers, Hermaphrodite calipers,
or Oddleg jennys, as pictured on the left, are
generally used to scribe a line a set distance
from the edge of a workpiece. The bent leg is
used to run along the workpiece edge while the
scriber makes its mark at a predetermined
distance, this ensures a line parallel to the
edge.
In the diagram at left, the uppermost caliper
has a slight shoulder in the bent leg allowing it
to sit on the edge more securely, the lower
caliper lacks this feature but has a renewable
scriber that can be adjusted for wear, as well
as being replaced when excessively worn
Parts of a vernier caliper:
1. Outside jaws: used to measure external
diameter or width of an object
2. Inside jaws: used to measure internal
diameter of an object
3. Depth probe: used to measure depths of
an object or a hole
4. Main scale: scale marked every mm
5. Main scale: scale marked in inches and
fractions
6. Vernier scale gives interpolated
measurements to 0.1 mm or better
7. Vernier scale gives interpolated
measurements in fractions of an inch
8. Retainer: used to block movable part to
allow the easy transferring of a measurement
Micrometer Screw-Gauge
Introduction to micrometer screw guage
reading:
A screw pitch gauge also known as a
micrometer is a precision instrument. It is used
for measuring diameter of circular objects
mostly wires, with an accuracy of 0.001cm. It
consists of a hollow cylinder mounted on a U
frame. The hollow cylinder leads to a ratchet
which is meant for fine adjustment. The U
frame consists of a flat end known as stud and
a screw on the other side. This screw can be
moved inside the nut by fitted in the U frame by
rotating the hollow cylinder called the thimble.
This is called the main scale. The hollow
cylinder or the thimble is graduated into 50 or
100 equal parts. This is called the circular
scale.
Micrometer screw-gauge is another instrument
used for measuring accurately the diameter of
a thin wire or the thickness of a sheet of metal.
It consists of a U-shaped frame fitted with a
screwed spindle which is attached to a thimble.
Screw-gauge
The screw has a known pitch such as 0.5 mm.
Pitch of the screw is the distance moved by the
spindle per revolution. Hence in this case, for
one revolution of the screw the spindle moves
forward or backward 0.5 mm. This movement
of the spindle is shown on an engraved linear
millimeter scale on the sleeve. On the thimble
there is a circular scale which is divided into 50
or 100 equal parts.
When the anvil and spindle end are brought in
contact, the edge of the circular scale should
be at the zero of the sleeve (linear scale) and
the zero of the circular scale should be
opposite to the datum line of the sleeve. If the
zero is not coinciding with the datum line, there
will be a positive or negative zero error as
shown in figure below. 
Zero error in case of screw gauge
While taking a reading, the thimble is turned
until the wire is held firmly between the anvil
and the spindle.
The least count of the micrometer screw can
be calculated using the formula given below:
Least
count 
= 0.01 mm
Types of error in micrometer screw gauge
reading
Every micrometer prior to its use should be
thoroughly checked for backlash error or zero
error.
Backlash error: Sometimes due to wear and
tear of the screw threads, it is observed that
reversing the direction of rotation of the
thimble, the tip of the screw does not start
moving in the opposite direction immediately,
but remains stationary for a part of rotation.
This is called back lash error.
Zero error: If on bringing the flat end of the
screw in contact with the stud, the zero mark of
the circular scale coincides with the zero mark
on base line of the main scale, the instrument
is said to be free from zero error. Otherwise an
error is said to be there. This can be both
positive and negative zero error.
Calculating micrometer screw gauge reading: 
Total observed reading = main scale reading +
(circular scale division coinciding the base line
of main scale) x least count
True diameter = observed diameter – zero
error
Example, main scale reading = 2mm or 0.2cm
Circular scale reading = 56, so 56 x 0.001 =
0.056cm
So observed reading = 0.2 + 0.056 = 0.256cm
Dial Bore Gauge
A dial or vernier bore gauge measures a bore
directly. The gauge has three symmetrical
anvils that protrude from the gauge body that
are connected to the dial or micrometer
mechanism. As the knob is rotated it moves
the anvils in or out with respect to the
measurements. The knob usually has a
slipping mechanism to take the feel out of the
device and increase reliability between
measurements. The measurement given is the
mean diameter of the three anvils, and is
usually good to 0.001 mm (3.9×10−5 in).[1]
 manually or by an electric motor or
other motor.

Pliers – Nose, Internal, External cir-clip

Dial gauge
A dial gauge  or indicator   consists of  are both cutting and gripping pliers used
components such as bezel, indicating pointers,
tool post and clamp, magnetic tool holder and
sensor button. Dial indicators are available in
many physical sizes and ranges. For most
alignment applications the smaller sized
indicators should be used to reduce
indicator bar sag. Dial indicators should be
chosen that have a range of 0.100 inch and
accurate to 0.001 inch.
Needle-nose pliers (also known as long-nose
pliers, pinch-nose pliers, or snipe-nose pliers)
by electricians and other tradesmen to bend,
re-position and cutwire. Their namesake long
gripping nose provides excellent control and
reach for fine work in small or
crowded electrical, while cutting edges nearer
the pliers' joint provide "one-tool" convenience.
Given their long shape, they are useful for
reaching into cavities where cables (or other
materials) have become stuck or unreachable
to fingers or other means.

Indicator readings, and many other types of

readings, are expressed in several units. A
reading of 1/1000" is equivalent to 0.001 inch
and is commonly expressed as 1 mil.

Exercise & Work Book

1. Screw Driver
1. 1 Inch = …………………Meter
A screwdriver is a tool for driving screws or
bolts with special slots, and sometimes for 2. 1 Inch =…………………..Thou
rotating other machine elements with the 3. 1 Inch =…………………….Micron
mating drive system. The screwdriver is made
up of a head or tip, which engages with a 4.
screw, a mechanism to 3m= …………………….
apply torque by rotating the tip, and some way
to position and support the screwdriver. A
typical hand screwdriver comprises an 3m
approximately cylindrical handle of a size and
shape to be held by a human hand, and an (Area of Square with unit)
axial shaft fixed to the handle, the tip of which
is shaped to fit a particular type of screw. The
handle and shaft allow the screwdriver to be
positioned and supported and, when rotated, to 5.
apply torque. Screwdrivers are made in a
variety of shapes, and the tip can be rotated 4m = ………………………….
 d) Ampere……………………

(Area of Circle with unit) e) KW…………………………..

f) kVA…………………………
6. 1 Psi = ……………………bar
7. 9/5 ºC +........... = ºF g) Nm………………………….
8. An angle that is greater than 90° but less than
180° is called……………………..Angle. h) Gram………………………
9. An angle that is 180° exactly is
called……………………..Angle. i) HP…………………………..
10. Write the Units :-
a). Frequency ……………. j) Hertz……………………….
b). Voltage ………………..
c). Current ……………….. 15. Full form of AC & DC?
d). Resistance ……………
e). Capacitance …………. a) AC …………………………………
f). Impedance ……………
b) DC ……………………………….
11. Is the torque produced by a 90 lb force pushing
on a 2' lever arm? 16. Define the following

a) Acute Angle

12. T=FxD

T Stands for =……………………….. b) Right Angle

F Stands For =………………………...

D Stands For = ……………………….

13. The only difference between KW & kVA

is ______
14. Units related to :-
c) Obtuse angle
a) Ohms …………………….

b) Meter……………………..
d) Straight Angle
c) Volt………………………..
 ………………………………………………

……..

18. Types of Vernier Caliper

e) Reflex Angle

a) …………………………………..

b) ……………………………………
f) DC

c) …………………………………….

19. What is the formula of least count of

micrometer –
g) AC

Ans

………………………………………………

..

20. What is the Value of WATTS(W) for 1-

Phase & 3-Phase?

h) Voltage

Ans……………………………………………

…………………………………………………

…………………….

i) Resistance
21. If torque value is 570 lb ft by 3’ lever

17. Feeler gauge is used arm then what will the force ?

for…………………………………………
Ans :-
……………………………………………
…………………………………………………
……………………………………………
…………………………………………………
……………………………………………
……………………
……………………………………………
22. What is the full – load torque of a 50 HP ………………………………………………

motor operating at 2000 rpm? …

Ans:- 29. What is the use of Dial Bore Gauge?

…………………………………………………
Ans:-
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
……………………
…………………………………………………

23. 50 kw =…………………….kVA …………………………………………………

24. 50 kVA=………………………..Kw …………………………………………………

…………………………………………………
25. 20 Psi =………………………..bar
……………………………………………

26. 20m
30. W=mg
20m 14 m

W stands for =……………………..

m stands for =……………………….

Find the Area of above figure.

g stands for =…………………………

27. Current is measured by -

Ans :-

…………………………………………

28. What is the use of Dial Gauge?

Ans:-

……………………………………………

……………………………………………

……………………………………………

……………………………………………

……………………………………………