SEAN SITHOLE T PHYSICS CALA COMPONENT B

LEARNING AREA : PHYSICS

LEVEL : FORM 6

SYLLABUS TOPIC : MATTER

SUB TOPIC : TRANSFER OF THERMAL ENERGY

CALA TYPE : PEN AND PAPER

CALA TITLE : THERMAL CONDUCTION, CONVECTION AND RADIATION

COMPETENCES : DESCRIBING, EXPLAINING, DESIGNING, CRITICAL THINKING AND SUGGESTING

NAME : SEAN SITHOLE T CLASS : UPPER 6

SCHOOL : MAZOWE HIGH SCHOOL DATE :

CALA BACKGROUND

It has been observed that the Mazowe school furniture desks and mostly chairs are being broken at an
alarming rate which is making the school bear unnecessary costs and expenditure in repairs, there is
need to look at the design, the quality of the material used to make the chairs, desks especially the
strength, stiffness, elasticity and ultimately the breaking stress. The quality is based on the mechanical
properties of the material used. The strength of the material needs to be tested to come up with the
best material which can sustain tensional torsional compressional and any other human induced forces
subjected byt the learners and is cost effective.

PART A

1.) PROBLEM DEFINITION - To investigation of how the Young Modulus, E of different materials
relates to the are of cross section of material, the extension and initial length of material and
the force applied to the material.

2.) RESEARCH METHODS – I have decided to use an experiment to investigate the relationship

Variables to be considered
a.) Young Modulus, E – dependent
b.) Area of cross-section, A - independent
c.) Extension of material, e - independent
d.) Load applied, F - independent
e.) Initial length of material, l – independent

The Young Modulus,E is found by the equation

SEAN SITHOLE T PHYSICS CALA COMPONENT B

I) Materials for experiment

 Universal Tensile Tester(UTM)
 Iron, Steel, Wood, Plastic as samples
 Micrometer-screwgauge
 Stop watch

II)Diagram of experiment

III)MEASUREMENTS

 Measure the Initial Length of specimen using metre rule

 Measure the extension using the metre rule
SEAN SITHOLE T PHYSICS CALA COMPONENT B

 Measure the diameter of specimen by using micrometer screw gauge(Take several

measurements at different points of specimen, sum the values up and find average
value of diametre)
 To determine the cross sectional area of specimen use the formula Area = Value of pi *
radius 2
 Use the UTT metre to determine value of the load applied on specimen
 Use the in built time module on the UTT metre to determine the amount of time it
takes for break

IV)PROCEDURE

 Vary the cross ssectional area of the material by using different thicknesses of the same
material. Keep the initial length, type of material, load at constant. Calculate the Young
modulus.
 Vary the initial length of material by using sizes of the same material. Keep the load,
extension and area of cross section at constant. Calculate the Young modulus.
 Vary the extension of material. Keep the load, area of cross section and the initial
length at constant. Calculate the Young modulus.
 Vary the load applied by moving the cross head upwards or downwards to increase or
decrease the force.Keep the type of material, extension, and the initial length at
constant. Calculate the Young modulus.
 Measure the amiunt of time it takes for each material to break i.e reach maximun
tensile stress.

PART B

DATA COLLECTION

PARTICULARLY FOR THE MATERIAL STEEL

Original Original CS Original Tensile Ductility\(in/

Diameter\in Area\in2 length\in Column1 Strength\psi in)
0.20029616
0.505 7 2.000 180000 0.1120

The rest is on
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SEAN SITHOLE T PHYSICS CALA COMPONENT B

Deflection\ Strain\(in/
Load/lb Length\in in in) Stress\psi E est\psi E/psi
0 2.000 0.000 0.0000 0
2,850 2.001 0.001 0.0005 14229 28457858.66
5,710 2.002 0.002 0.0010 28508 28557710.8
8,560 2.003 0.003 0.0015 42737 28457858.66
11,400 2.004 0.004 0.0020 56916 28358006.53
28457858
17,100 2.006 0.006 0.0030 85374 28457858.66 .7
20,000 2.008 0.008 0.0040 99852 14478559.67
20,800 2.010 0.010 0.0050 103846 3994085.426
23,000 2.015 0.015 0.0075 114830 4393493.969
24,200 2.020 0.020 0.0100 120821 2396451.256
26,800 2.030 0.030 0.0150 133802 2596155.527
28,800 2.040 0.040 0.0200 143787 1997042.713
33,650 2.080 0.080 0.0400 168001 1210707.145
35,750 2.120 0.120 0.0600 178486 524223.7122
36,000 2.140 0.140 0.0700 179734 124815.1696
35,850 2.160 0.160 0.0800 178985 -74889.10174
34,050 2.200 0.200 0.1000 169998 -449334.6104
28,000 2.230 0.230 0.1150 139793 -2013684.736

GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION

Stress-Strain Graph of Steel

200000
180000
160000
140000
120000
Stress\psi

100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
0.0000 0.0200 0.0400 0.0600 0.0800 0.1000 0.1200 0.1400
Strain\(in/in)
SEAN SITHOLE T PHYSICS CALA COMPONENT B

PRECAUTIONS

-Avoid placing your fingers in-between the moving crosshead

IMPROVEMENTS

-The use of a tensile tester software module to accurately plot the graph of the materials

PART C

I have chosen steel as the material l have suggested as the proper material to be used on the developing
of furniture. L recommend steel because it is strong under both tension and compression making it a
excellent material for the use on the legging of chairs and desks as it will not break easily.

For the wood, l recommend the use of oak wood as it a very strong type of wood especially for furniture.
The overal tests l performed indicated that oakwood is very durable and has a high young modulus
compared to the other specimens. This implies that the material is less prone to stretching and
deformation under applied forces.

The overal desgn of the chairs and desks have to be slightly changed. I suggest that the leggings should
have theirs angles in respect to the base changed a bit in order to establish a wider base. This would
increase the durability of the material of the legging.

Steel is an expensive material on the market but its overal material properties are the best for the
furniture. Oakwood is found in local plantations and at a cheap price.