Tribology International 151 (2020) 106417

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Tribology International
journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/triboint

An investigation into surface texture effect on hole-entry hybrid spherical

journal bearing performance
Adesh Kumar Tomar *, Satish C. Sharma
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Tribology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: In recent years, use of textured surfaces has gained lot of momentum for improving the performance of tribo-
Span angle pairs. This article studies the influence of spherical shape micro-textures on the performance of hole-entry
Restrictor hybrid spherical journal bearing. Different arrangements of micro-textures (i.e., fully texture and partially
Surface texture
texture) are used to study the performance behavior. The governing modified Reynolds equation for spherical
Finite element formulation
journal bearing and flow equation of capillary restrictor are solved using Finite element method. Additionally,
stability parameter of bearing system is numerically computed for different values of bearing span angle. The
obtained results reveals that by application of spherical micro-dimple on bearing surface provides enhanced
value of stability parameter, whereas frictional loss decreased corresponding to non-textured hybrid spherical
journal bearing.

attaining accuracy of higher order up to micro level. Accordingly,

1. Introduction
Since 1996, many researchers have focused their studies dealing with
the role of texture surfaces on the lubricating performance behavior of
fluid film bearings. The common theme of all these studies is perfor­
mance enhancement of lubricated contacts. Surface texturing is not a
new idea to improve the contact performance for example special sur­
face pattern enables the shark movement more efficiently in the water
[1] and frog walks quite easily on the wet surfaces [2]. Surface texturing
concept comes from the surface roughness. Surface roughness is a
random process, whereas the surface texturing is well organized or
defterministic in nature [3,4]. Micro-texture is fabricated on the bearing
surface as continuous (micro-groves) and discrete pattern (micro-­
dimples). Micro-dimples acts as innumerable micro-fluid film bearings,
which generates additional hydrodynamic action. These micro-textures
provide additional load support to bearing. Micro-dimples act as reser­
voirs of the lubricant and supply oil to smear at the tribo-contact
interface. Further, these reservoirs entraps wear debris/foreign parti­
cles and prevent the damage of the surface as wear debris may abrade
the rest of bearing surface [5–7]. In the last few years, due to the
development of various precision manufacturing technologies such as
chemical etching [6], laser surface texturing [8,9], vibro-machining
texturing [10], novel dressing technique [11], micro-sterlithop-
graphy [12] etc. facilities to produce textured bearing surface
number of studies is reported in the literature. The following paragraphs
reviews some of the salient studies undertaken in the recent times.
The pioneering work in the field of surface texturing was stated by
Hamilton et al. [13]. In their study, they investigated the performance of
the rotary-shaft seals and observed that micro irregularities on the sur­
faces of mechanical seals generates hydrodynamic pressure, which re­
sults in improved the load capacity. Some year later, this theory has been
confirmed by Anno et al. [14,15] and found that the development of
micro-dimple on the surface of the mechanical seal and hydrodynamic
thrust bearing is an efficient method for enhancing the load carrying
capacity. Later on, the notable work on the surface texturing was made
by Etsion group in 1996 [16]. They theoretically studied the mechanical
seals using hemispherical dimples. It was concluded that the suitable
values of texture size and texture density is quite an important issue.
Tonder [17] and cupillard et al. [18] also reported that the development
of the micro-texture on the sliding surface generates additional localized
pressure and thus enhanced the loading capacity. Tala-Ighil et al. [19,
20] incorporated finite difference method to examined the influences of
the texture location and different shape of texture patterns on the
lubricating behavior of hydrodynamic circular journal bearing. They
reported the positive influence of the partially texture arrangement on
the bearing performance as compared to the fully texture arrangement.
Further, they found that the parallelepipedical texture shape provides a
more pronounced positive effect on the bearing performance rather than

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: atomar@me.iitr.ac.in (A.K. Tomar), sshmefme@me.iitr.ac.in (S.C. Sharma).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106417
Received 27 February 2020; Received in revised form 17 April 2020; Accepted 9 May 2020
Available online 27 June 2020
0301-679X/© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A.K. Tomar and S.C. Sharma Tribology International 151 (2020) 106417

� �
Nomenclature �
Sij Sij c p R2
s
Cij Fluid film damping coefficients, N s/mm Wr Wr =ps R2
FX ; FY ; FZ Fluid film reaction components, N ðXj ; Y j ; Zj Þ ðXj ; Yj ; Zj Þ =c
Fr ; Fa Radial fluid film reaction, Axial fluid film reaction, N t tðc2 ps =μR2 Þ
Wr Externally applied radial load, N
Tf Tf ð1 =ps cR2 Þ
L Length of bearing, mm
p; pc ; pmax p=ps ; pc =ps ; pmax =ps
M; Mc Journal mass, critical journal mass, Kg
Q Oil flow rate, mm3/s δ rd=R
R Radius of bearing (mm) ab θ1 =γ
� �1=2
D Diameter of bearing (mm)
ωth ωj Mc=F
Sij Fluid film stiffness coefficients, N/mm
Tf Frictional torque, N-mm xl ; zl xl=r ; zl=r
d d
c Radial clearance, mm ε e=c
d Diameter of supply hole, mm μ μ=μr
hd Dimple Depth, mm
Ω ωj ðμR2 =c2 ps Þ
h; hmin Nominal film thickness, Minimum film thickness, mm
Ob ; Oj Bearing center, Journal center Greek symbols
p; ps ; pc Fluid film pressure, Supply pressure, pressure at holes, N/ γ Span angle
mm2 λ Aspect ratio, ðL =DÞ
rd Dimple radius, mm ωj Rotational speed of the journal (rad-s 1)
t Time, s
Matrices
Cs2 Restrictor design parameter
½F� Global fluidity Matrix
xl ; zl Dimple local Cartesian coordinates
fpg Global nodal pressure vector
θ1 Bearing land width
X,Y,Z Cartesian coordinate system fQg Global nodal flow vector
θ; ∅ Spherical coordinates Ni ; N j Shape functions
Xj ; Yj ; Zj Journal center coordinates fRH g Global hydrodynamic vector terms
fRXj g; fRYj g; fRZj g Global journal center velocity vectors
Dimensionless parameters
Cij Cij ðc3 =μR4 Þ Subscripts and superscripts
d d=D Non-dimensional terms
⋅; ⋅⋅ First order/second order derivative with respect to time
h h=c
j; b Journal, Bearing
hd hd=c
ðFX ; FY ; FZ ; FÞ ðFX ; FY ; FZ ; FÞ =ps R2 Abbreviations
max., min Maximum, Minimum
ðFr ; Fa Þ ðFr ; Fa Þ =ps R2
Arr Arrangement
Q Qðμ =c3 psÞ
� � � �
ω c3 ω c3
M; Mc M μRj 4 ; Mc μRj 4

spherical and cylindrical shapes. Sinanog �lu et al. [21] examined the
effect of a saw and trapezoidal texture profile using neural network
method on the lubricating behavior of hydrodynamic journal bearing. It
was found that a trapezoidal textured profile provides enhanced loading
capacity versus to saw textured profile. A study by Qiu et al. [22] studied
the performance of parallel slider bearing considering different shapes
of the textures such as spherical, triangular, circular, elliptical, ellip­
soidal and chevron-shaped textures. In their comparative study, they
found that the ellipsoidal shape of the texture provides the higher
loading capacity with respect to the other surface texturing shapes. Rao
et al. [23] used narrow groove theory to study the performance of the
hydrodynamic journal bearing and partially texture slip slider. It was
reported that the proposed model of the bearing reduce the frictional
losses and substantially enhanced the load carrying capacity. Kango
et al. [24] analyzed the effect of full wave and sinusoidal roughness on
the performance parameter of hydrodynamic journal bearing system.
They found that full wave profiles offers the improved load carrying
capacity in comparison to the sinusoidal roughness profile.
The configuration of the bearing system is modified to harness better
tribological performance of the fluid film bearings. Spherical hybrid
journal bearings are a class of fluid film bearings consisting of geomet­
rically spherical contact, which makes its analysis a bit involved one.
These type of bearings provide self-aligning property along with an
ability to support axial as well as radial loads due to its spherical
geometrically contact. Besides this these bearings provides smooth
operation, less noise and extended life. As far as the author knowledge,
the studies available in the open literature are very limited related to the
spherical journal bearing. The pioneering work in this class of bearing
was stated by Chiang et al. [25]. In their study, they used perturbation
method and examined the performance of the spherical squeeze bearing,
however the solution was valid for small radial displacements. Later on
Goenka et al. [26] made a prominent contribution, they theoretically
investigated the performance of hydrodynamic spherical journal
bearing and found trends similarly as the case of circular journal
bearing. Further, it was reported that spherical bearings have the
feasibility to carry both radial and axial loads and can be a possible
alternative of conventional circular journal bearing configuration.
Meyer [27] presented a modified governing Reynolds equation for
spherical bearing and obtained the pressure generated in hemispherical
shell of the spherical bearing. Dowson et al. [28] examined the perfor­
mance behavior of the spherical thrust bearing, considering the fluid
inertia effect. They observed that fluid inertia effect enhanced the
loading capacity of the spherical thrust bearing system. A notable work
was reported by Rowe and Stout [29], who examined the performance

2
A.K. Tomar and S.C. Sharma
behavior of spherical hydrostatic bearing system. They determined the
optimal design parameters and the manufacturing technique of hydro­
static spherical bearing configuration. Hannon et al. [30] developed a
modified Reynolds equation in generalized form using spherical coor­
dinate system to analyze the tribological behavior of self-acting bearing
configuration. A study by San Adres [31] examined the performance
parameters of orifice compensating hydrostatic spherical journal
bearing incorporating computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique.
They also presented the momentum and mass flow equations for the
barotropic liquid. O’Donoghue [32] investigated the performance of the
fitted hydrostatic spherical bearing configuration and determined the
optimal design parameters for the bearing system. Xu C et al. [33]
employed the Perturbation method to study the performance behavior
of hinge hydrostatic spherical bearing. In their study, they solved the
governing Reynolds for newly developed model and determined the load
carrying capacity. Leung et al. [34] examined the performance of
Fig. 1. (a). Schematic of capillary compensated hole-entry hybrid spherical journal bearing. 1(b). Textured spherical journal bearing. 1(c). Enlarged Section view of
the textured spherical journal bearing. 1(d). Geometry of spherical dimple. 1(e). Distribution of micro-textures for different texture arrangements.
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Tribology International 151 (2020) 106417
spherical hydrodynamic journal bearing incorporating finite bearing
theory. Gupta et al. [35] investigated the surface roughness effect on
lubricating behavior of hydrodynamic spherical journal bearing. They
reported that the surface roughness have adverse effect on bearing
performance and resulted in decrement in the load carrying capacity. A
latest study carried out by Yacout et al. [36] analyzed the tribological
behavior of hydrostatic spherical thrust bearing configuration consid­
ering surface roughness effect. In their study, they presented the optimal
design parameters of the bearing system based on minimum friction
losses and the lubricant flow requirements. Cui H et al. [37] analyzed the
performance of the aerostatic spherical bearings and determined the
optimum design parameters based on static characteristics.
The design modifications incorporated on account of surface
texturing in fluid film bearings greatly affects the performance of
bearings. The lubricated performance of tribo-contacts due to use of
surface texturing may reduce frictional losses, enhance load carrying
A.K. Tomar and S.C. Sharma
Fig. 1. (continued).
capacity, improvement in reliability and reduction in energy consump­
tion. However, the number of studies dealing with the surface texturing
are primarily restricted to hydrodynamic plain journal bearings
configuration. No study has yet been reported in open literature that
deals with textured hybrid spherical journal bearings. Further, no work
has been published so far to report the stability analysis of these class of
bearings. Thus, the work outlined in this paper has been necessitated to
gain insight into the effect of textured bearing surfaces concerning
spherical hybrid journal bearings.
Here we theoretically study the effect of texture surfaces on the
lubricating behavior of hole-entry hybrid spherical journal bearings. The
different arrangements of surface texturing has been used to study the
bearing performance in terms of hmin ; Q; Tf , rotor dynamic coefficients
and bearing stability parameter for the various values of bearing span
angle ðγ ¼ 90�;115� and 135�Þ. The numerically computed results suggests
that the value of frictional losses decreased and the value of stability
parameter enhanced with application of the micro-texture on the
bearing surfaces of spherical hybrid journal bearing. This paper is ex­
pected to be beneficial to academia as well as to the designers.
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Tribology International 151 (2020) 106417
2. Problem formulation
The simplified layout of hole-entry hybrid spherical journal bearing
configuration operating through capillary restrictor is illustrated in
Fig. 1. The bearing is mathematically modeled by considering the micro-
texture as spherical shaped micro-dimples to investigate the behavior of
textured hybrid spherical journal bearing. The lubricant is supplied in
bearing with the two rows of supply holes via capillary restrictors. In this
present paper, a comparative analysis has been conducted by consid­
ering different surface texture arrangements i.e., Partial Texture
Arrangement-I ðφ ¼ 0 ​ to ​ 180�Þ, Partial Texture Arrangement-II
ðφ ¼ ​ 180�to ​ 360�Þ and Fully Textured ðφ ¼ 0 ​ to ​ 360�Þ. Further, the
effect of span angle on the bearing performance have also been analyzed
by varying the values of the bearing span angle. In this paper, micro-
texture has been introduced on the front of the supply holes to model
the textured spherical surfaces (shown in Fig. 1(c)). Fig. 1(e) shows the
distribution of micro-texture for different surface texture arrangements
used in the present study. For Partial Texture Arrangement-I ​ ðφ ¼
0 ​ to ​ 180�Þ, the micro-textures have been provided in the upper half
portion of the bearing surface and for Partial Texture Arrangement-
IIðφ ¼ 180�to ​ 360�Þ, the micro-textures have been provided in the lower
A.K. Tomar and S.C. Sharma Tribology International 151 (2020) 106417

Fig. 1. (continued).

half portion of the bearing surface, whereas for fully texturedðφ ¼ 2.2. Fluid film thickness equation
0 to 360�Þ, the micro-textures have been introduced in the entire
portion of the bearing surface. The lubricant film thickness for a textured spherical journal bearing
in dimensionless form may be expressed as [8,26,31]:
2.1. Reynolds equation h¼1 X j sin θ cos φ Y j sin θ sin φ Z j cos θ ðNon textured surfaceÞ
(3)
The modified governing Reynolds equation for oil flow in bearing
clearance gap of a textured hybrid spherical journal bearing considering
h¼1 X j sinθcosφ Y j sinθsinφ Z j cosθþhtexture ðFor textured surfaceÞ
steady state, incompressible, laminar flow and Newtonian lubricant is
expressed as [25,33,35]; (4)
� � � � 3 ��
1 1 ∂ h3 ∂p 1 ∂ h ∂p ωj ∂h ∂h Where, htexture is the lubricant film thickness for the spherical shaped
sin θ þ ¼ þ (1)
R2 sin θ ∂θ 12μ ∂θ sin2 θ ∂φ 12μ ∂φ 2 ∂φ ∂t texture on the bearing surface and can be defined as [8]:

The following parameters are used for non-dimensionalization: ��

hd δ
2 �
�
�1=2
2
htexture ¼ þ δ x2l þ z2l
2 2hd
μ ¼ μμr ; p ¼ pps ; h ¼ hc; Ω ¼ �ωj �; t ¼ � t �& angular coordinates �� 2 ��
c2 ps μR2 δ hd �1=2
μR2 c2 ps
When x2l þ z2l <1 (4a)
2hd 2
ðθ; φÞ are dimensionless terms (angles in radian)
�1=2
htexture ¼ 0 When x2l þ z2l �1 (4b)
Using the above parameters, equation (1) may be expressed in
dimensionless form as:
� 3 � � 3 � 2.3. FEM formulation
1 ∂ h ∂p 1 ∂ h ∂p Ω ∂h ∂h
sin θ þ 2 ¼ þ (2)
sin θ ∂θ 12μ ∂θ sin θ ∂φ 12μ ∂φ 2 ∂φ ∂t
The solution of modified governing Reynolds equation of the
spherical bearing system is computed by finite element analysis using

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A.K. Tomar and S.C. Sharma Tribology International 151 (2020) 106417

Fig. 2. Mesh convergence study.

Galerkin’s technique. FEM provides the accurate results by modeled the By applying the usual globalization technique, the elemental
irregular domain of the bearing. The lubricant flow domain in clearance matrices are calculated and these matrices are assembled for obtaining
gap of textured hybrid spherical journal bearing is discretized by 4- the equation of global system as
noded isoparametric elements. By incorporating Lagrangian interpo­ � � � � � � � � � � � �
lating function, the lubricant film pressure acting over an element has F ij fpg ¼ Qj þ Ω RHj þ X_ j RXj þ Y_ j RYj þ Z_ j RZj (6)
been interpolated and approximated as follows
2.4. Restrictor flow equation
ne
X
p¼ pj Nj
j¼1 The lubricant flow rate in clearance gap of bearing system via
capillary control flow device is given by the following governing flow
Where, Nj refers to the shape function and pj is the value of the nodal equation [38–41].
pressure at jth node of an element.
QR ¼ Cs2 ð1 pc Þ (7)
For minimizing the residual, the Galerkin’s orthogonality condition
has been applied and the elemental equations is obtained for textured
Where, pc refers to the pressure at the hole location and Cs2 refers to the
hybrid spherical journal bearing as defined below.
capillary restrictor design parameter.
� �e � �e � �e � �e � �e � �e
F ij fpge ¼ Qj þ Ω RHj þ X_ j RXj þ Y_ j RYj þ Z_ j RZj (5)

The eth element in the above equation (5) are given as below:
ZZ 3 � � Table 1
� �e h ∂Ni ∂Nj 1 ∂Ni ∂Nj Geometric and operating conditions of hole-entry hybrid spherical journal
F ij ¼ sin θ þ dθdφ
12μ ∂θ ∂θ sin θ ∂φ ∂φ bearing [8,16,26,29,38,41].
Ae
Parameters Value/Range
Z �� 3 � � 3 � �
� �e 1 h ∂p Ω h ∂p Radius of bearing (R) 50 mm
Qj ¼ sin θ h ηφ þ sin θ η Ni dΓ e Clearance (c) 50.2 μm
sin θ 12μ ∂φ 2 12μ ∂θ θ
Γe Land width ratio ðab Þ 0.25
ZZ Supply pressure ðps Þ 8.96 MPa
� �e 1 ∂Ni Span angle ðγÞ ​ 90�; ​ 115�; 135
�
R Hj ¼ hsin θ dθdφ
2 ∂φ 0.0591
Ae Diameter of supply holes ðdÞ
No. of rows of supply holes 2
ZZ
� �e No. of supply holes per row 12
RXj ¼ Ni sin2 θ cos φ dθdφ Micro-texture shape Spherical
Ae Radius of Spherical dimple ðδÞ 0.08
ZZ Depth of spherical dimple ðhd Þ 1
� �e
Ni sin2 θ sin φ dθdφ Area density of dimple ðSd Þ,ðγ ¼ 90 Þ 0.02445 � 100%
�
RYj ¼
Angle between two dimples ð∅1 Þ 30
�
Ae

ZZ External radial load ðWR Þ 0.4–1

� �e
RZj ¼ Ni sin θ cos θ dθdφ Lubricant viscosityðμÞ 0.0345 Pa-s

Ae
Speed parameterðΩÞ 1
Concentric design pressure ratio ðβ* Þ 0.5
Where, ηφ and ηθ are the directional cosines, and i, j ¼ 1, 2, …ne are the Restrictor Capillary
local nodal number. Ae represents the domain and Γ e is eth element
boundary.

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A.K. Tomar and S.C. Sharma Tribology International 151 (2020) 106417

2.5. Boundary conditions rotor dynamic coefficients of the bearing model and discussed in the
following section.
The solution of the global system of equation (Eq. (6)) for computing
the fluid film pressure requires the following boundary conditions. 2.6.3.1. Fluid film stiffness and damping coefficients. For a spherical
journal bearing configuration, the dimensionless stiffness coefficients
(i) Nodes situated on the exterior boundary of bearing consists null and damping coefficients may be defined as
values of the pressure as exposed to the ambient condition.
∂F i �
(ii) Nodes located at holes have same value of pressure. Sij ¼ i; j ¼ x; y; z; and q ¼ X j ; Y j ; Z j ;
(iii) The pressure gradient in the circumferential direction is null over ∂q
the trailing edge at the positive field, i.e., p ¼ ∂p= ∂φ ¼ 0 ∂Fi �
Cij ¼ i; j ¼ x; y; z and q_ ¼ X_ j ; Y_ j ; Z_ j (10)
(iv) The lubricant flow supplied to restrictor is equal to input flow in ∂q_
the bearing system for maintaining the continuity in the fluid
flow. Here, i, q and, qare
_ the force direction, journal center displacement
and velocity components respectively.

2 3 2 ∂F ∂Fx ∂F x 3
∂F x ∂Fx ∂F x x
6 ∂X ∂Y j ∂Z j 7 6 ∂X_ j ∂Y_ j ∂Z_ j 7
6 j 7 6 7
6 7 6 7
Sxx Sxy Sxz 6 ∂F ∂Fy ∂F y 7 Cxx Cxy Cxz 6 ∂Fy ∂Fy ∂F y 7
6 y 7 6 7
Syx Syy Syz ¼ 6 7; Cyx Cyy Cyz ¼ 6 7 (10a)
6 ∂X j ∂Y j ∂Z j 7 6 ∂X_ j ∂Y_ j ∂Z_ j 7
Szx Szy Szz 6 7 Czx Czy Czz 6 7
6 7 6 7
4 ∂F z ∂Fz ∂F z 5 4 ∂Fz ∂Fz ∂F z 5
∂X j ∂Y j ∂Z j ∂X_ j ∂Y_ j ∂Z_ j

2.6. Bearing Performance Characteristics Further, dimensionless stiffnessand damping coefficients ðSij ; Cij Þin
matrix form can also given as:
The expressions of performance characteristics for textured hole-
entry hybrid spherical journal bearing are described in this section.
Further,
2.6.1. Fluid film reaction ZZ ZZ 9
The fluid film reaction is evaluated by integration of fluid film Sxx ¼
∂p 2
sin θ cos φ dθdφ; Cxx ¼
∂p
sin2 θ cos φ dθdφ >
>
>
>
pressure developed in the clearance gap of hybrid spherical journal ∂X j ∂X_ j >
>
>
A A >
>
bearing. The dimensionless resultant fluid film reaction ðFÞ may be ZZ ZZ >
>
>
∂p 2 ∂p 2 >
defined as [26,33]. Sxy ¼ sin θ cos φ dθdφ; Cxy ¼ sin θ cos φ dθdφ >>
>
>
∂Y j ∂ Y _j >
>
A A >
>
2� >
1
=
ZZ ZZ >
(8)
2 2
F ¼ Fr þ Fa ∂p 2 ∂p 2 >
>
Sxz ¼ sin θ cos φ dθdφ; Cxz ¼ sin θ cos φ dθdφ > >
>
>
2 2 1 ∂Z j ∂ Z_ >
>
Here, radial reaction, Fr ¼ ðFX þ FY Þ 2
and axial reaction, Fa ¼ FZ >
=
j
A A >
>
ZZ ZZ >
>
Here, ∂p 2 ∂p 2 >
>
Syx ¼ sin θ sin φ dθdφ; Cyx ¼ sin θ sin φ dθdφ >
>
>
ZZ ∂X j ∂ X _ >
>
j >
>
FX ¼ psin2 θ cos φdθdφ (8a) ZZ
A
ZZ
A >
>
>
∂p 2 ∂p 2 >
=
A Syy ¼ sin θ sin φ dθdφ; Cyy ¼ sin θ sin φ dθdφ
ZZ
∂Y j ∂ Y _j >
>
A A >
>
FY ¼ psin2 θ sin φdθdφ (8b) ZZ ZZ >
>
∂p 2 ∂p 2 >
>
Syz ¼ sin θ sin φ dθdφ; Cyz ¼ sin θ sin φ dθdφ > >
>
A ∂Z j ∂z_j >
>
>
>
ZZ
A A >
>
ZZ ZZ >
>
FZ ¼ pcos θ sin θdθdφ (8c) ∂p ∂p >
>
Szx ¼ cos θ sin φ dθdφ; Czx ¼ cos θ sin φ dθdφ >>
>
∂X j ∂ X_ >
>
A A A
j >
>
ZZ ZZ >
>
>
>
∂p ∂p >
2.6.2. Frictional torque Szy ¼ cos θ sin φ dθdφ; Czy ¼ cos θ sin φ dθdφ > >
>
>
∂Y j ∂ Y_j >
The frictional torqueðTf Þ is obtained by integration the shear rate in A A
>
>
>
>
ZZ ZZ >
the lubricant flow field of the bearing configuration. The frictional ∂p ∂p >
>
>
>
Szz ¼ cos θ sin φ dθdφ; Czz ¼ cos θ sin φ dθdφ >
torque ðTf Þ in dimensionless form can be given as [28]. ∂Z j ∂z_j >
;
A A
ZZ � �
h ∂p 1 μΩsin θ (10b)
Tf ¼ þ sin2 θdθdφ (9)
2 ∂φ sin θ h At steady state condition, the nodal pressure deriva­
A � �
tives ∂∂Xp ; ∂∂Yp ; ∂∂Zp are required to evaluate the stiffness coefficients. The
2.6.3. Rotor dynamic coefficients j j j

The stiffness ðSij Þ and fluid film damping coefficients ðCij Þ are the global system equation is differentiated with respect to rotor position co-

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A.K. Tomar and S.C. Sharma Tribology International 151 (2020) 106417

Fig. 3. Flow chart.

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A.K. Tomar and S.C. Sharma Tribology International 151 (2020) 106417

� �
Table 2
derivatives ∂_p ; ∂p ∂p
are required at steady state to evaluate the
;
Validation of spherical journal bearing model. ∂Xj ∂Y_ j ∂Z_ j
� �
Eccentricity Resultant Load carrying capacity ðFÞ
value of fluid film damping coefficients. These derivatives ∂_p ; ∂_p ; ∂_p
ratio ∂Xj ∂Yj ∂Zj
Span angle ðγ ¼ π =4Þ Span angle ðγ ¼ π =2Þ
are obtained by differentiating the global system equation versus to the
Present Goenka et al. Present Goenka et al. velocity components of journal center q_ in ðXj ; Yj ; Zj Þ. The damping
Work [26] Work [26]
coefficients are computed by using the value of these derivatives.
0.25 0.0314 0.031 0.183 0.184
0.5 0.0939 0.09 0.477 0.456 2.6.4. Stability threshold speed ðωth Þ
0.75 0.318 0.308 1.161 1.11
0.9 1.161 1.114 2.741 2.614
The journal equilibrium position is assumed to be disturbed slightly
0.925 1.649 1.572 3.431 3.292 through small displacements (ΔXΔY, ΔZ) and velocities (ΔX,_ ΔY,
_ ΔZ)_ in
X,Y Z directions respectively. The increments in fluid film reaction
ordinatesXj ,Y j ,Zj respectively to compute the pressure derivative. By components on account of their perturbations may be given as [42].
using the value of these derivatives, the stiffness coefficients are
computed as expressed in Eq. (10). The nodal pressure

Fig. 4(a). Pressure distribution at mid-plane along circumferential direction in textured circular journal bearing.

Fig. 4(b). Fluid-film reaction ðFÞ versus eccentricity ratio ðεÞ.

9
 A.K. Tomar and S.C. Sharma

Table 3
Percentage variation in the performance characteristic parameters of hybrid spherical journal bearing.
½Ω ¼ 1; β* ¼ 0:5; Wr ¼ 0:7�

BPC Span angle ( γ ¼ 90∘ ) Span angle ( γ ¼ 115∘ ) Span angle ( γ ¼ 135∘ )

Non-Texture Fully texture Partially Texture Partially Texture Non-Texture Fully texture Partially Texture Partially Texture Non-Texture Fully texture Partially Texture Partially Texture
Arr.I Arr.II Arr.I Arr.II Arr.I Arr.II

hmin 0.807 0.804 0.792 0.819 0.883 0.879 0.872 0.889 0.912 0.909 0.905 0.916
% Change 0.000 0.372 1.859 1.487 9.418 8.922 8.055 10.161 13.011 12.639 12.144 13.507
Q 0.718 0.795 0.760 0.754 0.548 0.596 0.574 0.570 0.429 0.460 0.446 0.443
% Change 0.000 10.724 5.850 5.014 23.677 16.992 20.056 20.613 40.251 35.933 37.883 38.301
Tf 7.806 7.573 7.648 7.602 8.376 8.151 8.203 8.184 8.561 8.342 8.385 8.375

10
% Change 0.000 2.985 2.024 2.613 7.302 4.420 5.086 4.842 9.672 6.867 7.417 7.289
Sxx 0.959 1.248 1.150 1.062 0.940 1.200 1.126 1.042 0.811 0.942 0.939 0.871
% Change 0.000 30.136 19.917 10.740 1.981 25.130 17.414 8.655 15.433 1.773 2.086 9.176
Syy 1.051 1.337 1.218 1.200 0.989 1.225 1.118 1.103 0.823 1.000 0.922 0.905
% Change 0.000 27.212 15.890 14.177 5.899 16.556 6.375 4.948 21.694 4.853 12.274 13.892
Cxx 7.337 6.936 7.227 7.051 11.941 11.479 11.752 11.666 15.897 15.361 15.652 15.602
% Change 0.000 5.465 1.499 3.898 62.750 56.454 60.174 59.002 116.669 109.364 113.330 112.648
Cyy 7.010 6.690 6.902 6.801 11.758 11.317 11.554 11.517 15.771 15.242 15.512 15.497
% Change 0.000 4.565 1.541 2.981 67.732 61.441 64.822 64.294 124.979 117.432 121.284 121.070
ωth 2.849 3.012 2.959 2.908 3.781 3.917 3.866 3.836 4.745 4.878 4.822 4.803
% Change 0.000 5.721 3.861 2.071 32.713 37.487 35.697 34.644 66.550 71.218 69.252 68.585

BPC¼ Bearing Performance Characteristics.

% change ¼ (BPC– BPC|Reference bearing)*100/BPC|Reference bearing, Reference Bearing: Non-textured Hybrid spherical journal bearing.½Ω ¼ 1; γ ¼ 90∘ ; β* ¼ 0:5; W r ¼ 0:7�
Tribology International 151 (2020) 106417
A.K. Tomar and S.C. Sharma Tribology International 151 (2020) 106417

Fig. 5. Minimum fluid film thicknessðhmin Þ with radial load ðWr Þ.

8 9 2 38 9 2 38 9
< ΔFx = Sxx Sxy Sxz < ΔX = Cxx Cxy Cxz < ΔX_ = separating the imaginary and real parts of the equation. The dimen­
ΔFy ¼ 4 Syx Syy Syz 5 ΔY þ 4 Cyx Cyy Cyz 5 _ (11) sionless critical mass of hybrid spherical journal bearing configuration is
: ; : ; : ΔY ;
ΔFz Szx Szy Szy ΔZ Czx Czy Czz ΔZ_ obtained by the following relation

Assuming ωs is the instability whirl frequency and ΔX; ΔY; ΔZ may Seq
MC ¼ (14)
be expressed asΔX ¼ XO e , asΔY ¼ Y O e , ΔZ ¼ ZO e . Assume Seq is
iωs t iωs t iωs t ω2s
the effective bearing stiffness coefficient and the following equations Threshold speedðωth Þ for the bearing is an important parameter in
may be derived order to determine the stability of the bearing system. After obtaining
2 � �
Sxx Seq þ i�ωs Cxx ΔX þ Sxy þ iωs Cxy �ΔY þ ðSxz þ iωs Cxz ÞΔZ
3 the value of the critical mass as given in Eq. (14), the value of threshold
� speed ðωth Þ is computed by the following mathematical relation:
4 Syx þ iωs Cyx ΔX þ Syy Seq þ iωs Cyy ΔY þ Syz þ iωs Cyz ΔZ 5 ¼ 0
� �
ðSzx þ iωs Czx ÞΔX þ Szy þ iωs Czy ΔY þ Szz Seq þ iωs Czz ΔZ � �1=2
MC
(12) ωth ¼ (15)
FRES
For the nontrivial solutions of the above equation, the determinant of The higher value of stability threshold speedðωth Þ than that of journal
the equation is equal to zero. rotational speed indicates that the hybrid spherical journal bearing
� �
� Sxx Seq þ iωs Cxx Sxy þ iωs Cxy Sxz þ iωs Cxz � system is becomes stable.
� �
� Syx þ iωs Cyx
� S yy S eq þ iω C
s yy S yz þ iω C
s yz
�¼0
� (13)
� Szx þ iωs Czx Szy þ iωs Czy Szz Seq þ iωs Czz � 3. Numerical solution scheme

The non-dimensional effective fluid film bearing stiffness ðSeq Þ and The model presented in this study involves high mathematical
the instability whirl frequency ðωs Þ may be computed from Eq. (13) by complexity due to the spherical geometry and the combined solution of

Fig. 6. Lubricant flow rate ðQÞ with radial load ðWr Þ.

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A.K. Tomar and S.C. Sharma Tribology International 151 (2020) 106417

the modified Reynold equation along with restrictor flow equation with
suitable boundary conditions. Using finite element technique, the
simultaneous solution has been obtained of the modified Reynolds
equation of capillary compensating hole-entry spherical journal bearing.
Newton Rapson method is used to handle the nonlinearity arises in the
modified system equations. A MATLAB code is developed for obtaining
the fluid film pressure value generated in the lubricant field. The ac­
curacy of the computed solution using finite element approach is greatly
dependent on the mesh density. Therefore, mesh convergence test is
required to select the appropriate size of the mesh. Fig. 2 depicts the
110�ð213 ​ by ​ 67Þ nodes and for γ ¼ 135�ð213 by ​ 79Þnodes are the
optimal size of the mesh for numerical simulation. The geometrical and
operational conditions for the hole-entry textured hybrid spherical
journal bearing are selected from the available literature and shown in
Table 1 [8,16,26,29,38].The flow chart of the iterative solution scheme
executed in this work is depicted in Fig. 3. The iterations for the
establishment of journal center equilibrium position is continued until
the below convergence criteria is not attained.
h� � � � i12
=

j j
i 2 i 2
ΔX j þ ΔY j
mesh convergence analysis of the textured hybrid hole-entry spherical � 100 � 0:001
h� �2 � �2 i12
journal bearing. As can be observed in Fig. 2 that there is no change in
=
i i
Xj þ Y j
the value radial load for span angle γ ¼ 90� beyond 11,000 elements. It
has been found that forγ ¼ 90� ð213 ​ by ​ 55 ​ Þ nodes, for γ ¼

Fig. 7(a). Fluid film pressure contours for hybrid spherical journal bearing.

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A.K. Tomar and S.C. Sharma Tribology International 151 (2020) 106417

Fig. 7(b). Fluid film pressure distribution at the mid-plane along circumferential direction.

4. Validation of theoretical model
For checking the adequacy of the presented model, the stage wise
validations have been carried out with the already published theoretical
and experimental results. The source code developed in MATLAB soft­
ware has been modified, considering similar geometrical and opera­
tional parameters as used in the reference studies. In the first stage, the
validation of the developed methodology has been done for hydrody­
namic spherical journal bearing. The validation of the load carrying
capacity between the present numerical model and already published
results of Goenka et al. [26] is shown in Table 2. The results computed
from this study shows good agreement to the available result of Goenka
et al. The maximum variation among the two results is found to be order
of 6%. As earlier mentioned that the study related to the textured
spherical hybrid journal bearing is not exist in the literature. Thus, in the
second stage the validation of the present model has been carried out
with the available result of textured hydrodynamic circular journal
bearing. Therefore, the modifications have been done in the developed
source code for circular journal bearing. The pressure distribution curve
has been obtained from the modified program for textured hydrody­
namic circular journal bearing to validate with available result of
Brizmer et al. [8] as presented in Fig. 4(a). In third stage, the experi­
mental validation has been done for circular journal bearing configu­
ration compensating with capillary restrictor. The validation of load
carrying capacity of the present model to the result of Metman et al. [40]
is presented in Fig. 4(b). The result obtained from the current developed
model shows good agreement to the available result of Metman et al. and
maximum difference of 5% has been observed. The deviation among the

Fig. 8. Frictional TorqueðTf Þ with radial load ðWr Þ.

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A.K. Tomar and S.C. Sharma Tribology International 151 (2020) 106417

Fig. 9(a). Variation of fluid film stiffness coefficient ðSxx Þ with dimple Fig. 9(c). Variation of fluid film stiffness coefficient ðSyy Þ with dimple
radius ðδÞ. radius ðδÞ.

results of present and reference studies may be due to dissimilar adopted
numerical technique and mesh size. The authenticity of the present
model has been justified by these validations and therefore present
model is used for examined the tribological behavior of hole-entry
hybrid textured spherical journal bearing compensating via capillary
restrictor.
5. Results and discussions
In this study, the effect of micro-texture on the performance pa­
rameters of hybrid hole-entry spherical journal bearing has been
investigated. Further, the effect of the change in the values of span angle
restrictor is taken as a reference bearing.
5.1. Minimum fluid film thickness ðhmin Þ
Fig. 5 shows the effect of the texture surface on minimum film
thickness ðhmin Þ in hole-entry spherical journal bearing. As can be
noticed in Fig. 5 that the hmin value reduces with increment in the
externally applied radial loading. The reason of this behavior can be
related to equilibrating the increment in value of external radial loading.
Additionally, it may also be noticed that the Partial Textured
Arrangement-II offers the larger value of the hmin . Whereas, the Partial
Textured Arrangement-I offers the lowest value of hmin . This is due to the

2 3
6 7
6 7
6 7
6hmin0 ! > h � � > h � � > h 0 !7
6 min
Non
min
Fully
min 7
6 Partial Partial 7
4 @ Texture texture Textured @ Texture 5
Arr: II Arr: I ðfor
� � �
γ¼90 ; 115 ; 135 Þ

on the bearing performance parameters have also been investigated. A
MATLAB source code was developed for numerical simulation of the
static as well as dynamic behavior of the presented model as mentioned
in the earlier sections. For better physical insight, the performance
characteristics for textured and non-textured surface of the bearing have
been compared as shown in Table 3. The non-textured hole-entry hybrid
spherical bearing having span angleðγ ¼ 90 Þoperating with capillary
�
variable pressure generation in the clearance gap of the bearing system.
Moreover, it may also be noticed that the hmin value gradually improved
for larger bearing span angle. Furthermore, at Wr ¼ 0:7 the percentage
deviation in the min. fluid film thickness for span angle ð ​ γ ¼ 90�Þis
order of 0.37%, 1.86%, 1.49% for Fully Textured, Partial Texture
Arrangement-I and Partially Texture Arrangement-II respectively,

versus to the reference bearing. Whereas, the percentage variation in

Fig. 9(b). Variation of fluid film stiffness coefficient ðSxx Þ with dimple Fig. 9(d). Variation of fluid film stiffness coefficient ðSyy Þ with dimple
depth ðhd Þ. depth ðhd Þ.

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A.K. Tomar and S.C. Sharma Tribology International 151 (2020) 106417

Fig. 9(e). Fluid film stiffness coefficient ðSxx Þ with radial load ðWr Þ.

Fig. 9(f). Fluid film stiffness coefficient ðSyy Þ with radial load ðWr Þ.

Fig. 10(a). Variation of fluid film damping coefficient ðCxx Þ with dimple
radius ðδÞ.
Fig. 10(b). Variation of fluid film damping coefficient ðCxx Þ with dimple
depth ðhd Þ.

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A.K. Tomar and S.C. Sharma Tribology International 151 (2020) 106417

Fig. 10(c). Variation of fluid film damping coefficient ðCyy Þ with dimple Fig. 10(d). Variation of fluid film damping coefficient ðCyy Þ with dimple
radius ðδÞ. depth ðhd Þ.

hmin for hybrid spherical journal bearing having span angle ð ​ γ ¼ 135�Þ
for non-textured, Fully Textured, Partial Arrangement-I and Partial
½Qðγ¼90� Þ > Qðγ¼115� Þ > Qðγ¼135� Þ �ðfor
Texture Arrangement-II at Wr ¼ 0:7 is found to be order of 13.01%,
all types of surface texturing arrangementsÞ

12.64%, 12.14% and 13.51% respectively, versus to the reference

bearing. The numerically computed result shows the following useful
trend
� �
hminðγ¼135� Þ > hminðγ¼115� Þ > hminðγ¼90� Þ ðfor all types of surface texturing arrangementsÞ
5.2. Lubricant flowðQÞ
The variation in the requirement of Q against radial loading for
textured hybrid spherical journal bearing is presented in Fig. 6. As can
be noticed in Fig. 6 that lubricant flow rate ðQÞ is increases for the fully
texture spherical journal bearing corresponding to the non-texture
spherical journal bearing. Such behavior can be due to the fact that
the surface texture acts as micro-reservoir of the lubricant. Fig. 6 also
clearly demonstrates that the Q is reduces for larger bearing span angle.
5.3. Maximum fluid film pressure ðpmax Þ
Fig. 7(a) illustrates the pressure contours of texture hybrid hole-entry
spherical journal bearing. As can be clearly noticed in Fig. 7(a) that pmax
value is increased for the Partial Texture Arrangement-I with respect to
the other surface texturing arrangements. It may also be noticed that the
pmax is increased for higher value of external radial load. Such behavior
can be attributed to the increment in the fluid film pressure in clearance
gap for support the external loading. Further, the reduction in the pmax
value has been observed as bearing span angle is increased. Such
behavior can be attributed to increment in bearing land area with in­
crease in the bearing span angle. For the brevity of the article, the dis­
tribution of the fluid film pressure at Wr ¼ 0:7; for bearing having span
angleðγ ¼ 90�Þ at the axial mid-plane along the circumferential direction
is shown in Fig. 7(b). As may be noticed in Fig. 7(b) that the highest

2 3
6 7
6 7
6 � � > Q0 ! > Q0 ! > Q� �7
6Q 7
6 Fully Partial Partial Non 7
4 Textured @ Texture @ Texture texture 5
Arr: I Arr: II ðfor
� � �
γ¼90 ; 115 ; 135 Þ

Such phenomenon may be attributed to the fact that the larger bearing
span angle offers larger bearing land area, which results in decrease in
lubricant flow rateðQÞ. The percentage variation in Q at Wr ¼ 0:7 having
bearing span angle ðγ ¼ 90�Þis order of 10.72%, 5.85%, 5.01% for Fully
Textured, Partial Texture Arrangement-I and Partially Texture
Arrangement-II respectively, versus to the base bearing. Whereas, the
percentage change in Q for non-texture, Fully textured, Partial texture
Arrangement-I and Partial Texture Arrangement-II bearing having span
angle ðγ ¼ 135�Þ ​ at Wr ¼ 0:7 is found to be order of 40.25%, 35.93%,
37.88% and 38.30% respectively, with respect to the reference
bearing. From the numerically computed result, the following useful
trends for ðQÞ have been noticed as
pmax value is observed for the Partial Texture Arrangement-I as compared
to the other arrangements. Further, it is noticed that in this study
cavitation phenomena has not been observed as the value of supply
pressureðps Þ is quite larger than the cavitation pressure. This behavior is
consistent with the observation of previous published studies [43,44].
5.4. Frictional torque ðT f Þ
Fig. 8 depicts the influence of texture surface on the frictional torque
ðT f Þ versus to the radial load. In general, the frictional torque ðT f Þ in­
creases with increment in the external radial loading. Fig. 8 clearly
demonstrates the similar trend and further, the value of T f is increased

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A.K. Tomar and S.C. Sharma Tribology International 151 (2020) 106417

Fig. 10(e). Fluid film damping coefficient ðCxx Þ with radial load ðWr Þ.

Fig. 10(f). Fluid film damping coefficient ðCyy Þ with radial load ðWr Þ.

Fig. 11. Stability threshold speed ðωth Þ with radial load ðWr Þ.

17
A.K. Tomar and S.C. Sharma Tribology International 151 (2020) 106417

for larger bearing span angle. The possible reason for such a behavior surface texturing on the fluid film stiffnessðSxx Þ versus the radial
related to increase in the bearing land area for larger bearing span angle. loading. From Fig. 9(e), it can be noticed that Sxx value is enhanced by
Additionally, it may also be seen that texture surfaces on the bearing introducing the texture on the bearing surface. This behavior may be due

2 3
6 7
6 7
6 7
6T f� � > T f0 ! > T f0 ! > T f� �7
6 Non Fully 7
6 Partial Partial 7
4 texture @ Texture @ Texture Textured 5
Arr: I Arr: II ðfor
� �
γ¼90 ; 115 ; 135 Þ
�

decreases the Tf value. This may be due to the fact that micro-texture
surface reduces the value of shear stress owing to increment in the
value of nominal lubricant film thickness. AtWr ¼ 0:7 for ðγ ¼ 90�Þ; the
percentage deviation in the value of T f is found to be order of 2.99%,
2.02%, 2.61% for Fully Textured, Partial Texture Arrangement-I and
Partial Texture Arrangement-II respectively, versus to the reference
bearing. Whereas, the percentage change in Tf for hybrid spherical
journal bearing having span angle ðγ ¼ 135�Þat Wr ¼ 0:7 is found to be
order of 9.67%, 6.87%, 7.42% and 7.29% for non-texture, Fully
Textured, Partial Texture arrangement-I and Partial Texture
Arrangement-II respectively, in comparison to the reference bearing.
From the numerically computed result, the following useful trends for Tf
have been noticed as
to the reason that micro-texture behaves as micro-bearings and which
results in improved value of the fluid film rigidity. The fully textured
arrangement offers the highest value ofSxx . Whereas, Sxx value is
reduced for larger bearing span angle. At Wr ¼ 0:7, the percentage
deviation in Sxx of the bearing having span angle ðγ ¼ 90�Þfor Fully
Textured, Partial Texture Arrangement-I and Partial Texture
Arrangement-II is found to be order of 30.14%, 19.92%, 10.74%
respectively, in comparison to the reference bearing. Whereas, for
spherical bearing having span angle ðγ ¼ 135�Þ at Wr ¼ 0:7 is observed to
be order of 15.43%, 1.77%, 2.09%, 9.18% for non-texture, Fully
Textured, Partial Texture Arrangement-I and Partial Texture
Arrangement-II respectively, as compared to the reference bearing.
Fig. 9(f) presents the influence of the texture of Syy against radial load.
From Fig. 9 (f), similar trends has been observed as the case ofSxx . The

2 3
6 7
6 7
6 7
6Sxx� � > Sxx0 ! > Sxx0 ! > Sxx� �7
6 Fully Non 7
6 Partial Partial 7
4 Textured @ Texture @ Texture texture 5
Arr: I Arr: II ðfor
� �
γ¼90 ; 115 ; 135 Þ
�

2 3
6 7
6 7
6 7
6Syy� � > S 0 ! > S 0 ! > S � � 7
6 Fully
yy yy yy
Non 7
6 Partial Partial 7
4 Textured @ Texture @ Texture texture 5
Arr: I Arr: II ðfor
� �
γ¼90 ; 115 ; 135 Þ
�

highest value of Syy has been noticed for full textured hybrid hole-entry
� �
T fðγ¼135� Þ > T fðγ¼115� Þ > T fðγ¼90� Þ ðfor all types of surface texturing arrangementsÞ
spherical journal bearing. Similarly, as case ofSxx , Syy values reduces for
larger bearing span angle. At Wr ¼ 0:7 for ðγ ¼ 90�Þ; the percentage
difference in the Syy value for bearing system is found to be order of
5.5. Fluid film stiffness coefficients
27.21%, 15.89% and 14.18% for Fully Textured, Partial Texture
Arrangement-I and partial Texture Arrangement-II respectively, versus
Fig. 9(a–b) depicts the influence of the micro dimple radius and
to the reference bearing. Whereas, for bearing span angle ðγ ¼ 135�Þat
depth on the value of fluid film stiffness coefficientðSxx Þ. From Fig. 9(a) it
Wr ¼ 0:7, percentage variation in the valueSyy found to be order of
may be noticed that the value of Sxx increases up to a certain limit with
21.70%, 4.85%, 12.27%, 13.89% for non-texture, Fully Textured,
an increase in the dimple radius. The optimum value of non-dimensional
Partial Texture Arrangement-I and Partially Texture Arrangement-II
dimple radius ðδÞ is obtained to be as 0.008. As shown in Fig. 9(b), the respectively, in comparison to the reference bearing. The numerically
value of fluid stiffness coefficients increases with increase in the dimple simulated results shows the following useful trends for fluid film stiff­
depth. Further, it may also be observed that the full texture arrangement ness coefficients as
provides the enhanced value of fluid film stiffness coefficients. The
variation in the value ofSyy for different values of dimple radius and
dimple depth is presented in Fig. 9(c–d). Similar trends have been
observed for Syy as for the case ofSxx . Fig. 9 (e) presents the effect of

18
A.K. Tomar and S.C. Sharma Tribology International 151 (2020) 106417

5.6. Fluid film damping coefficients
Fig. 10(a–b) presents the variation in the value of fluid film damping
coefficientðCxx Þ for various values of dimple radius and depth. As shown
in Fig. 10(a–b), the value of fluid film damping coefficient ðCxx Þ reduces
with increase in the dimple radius and dimple depth. Similar behavior
has been reported in the already published studies for the case of circular
bearings. The variation in the value of Cyy for different values of dimple
geometry is presented in Fig. 10(c–d). Similar trends have been observed
for the values of Cyy as for the case ofCxx . The influence of the surface
texturing on damping coefficient ðCxx Þversus radial loading is presented
in Fig. 10(e). From Fig. 10(e), it can be seen that Cxx value is decreased
by the introducing micro-texture on the spherical journal bearing. The
application of the micro-texture on the bearing surface reduces the
bearing land area. Therefore, micro-texture on the bearing surface re­
duces damping capacities of the spherical journal bearing. Additionally,
the enhanced value of Cxx may also be noticed for larger bearing span
angle. Such behavior can be owing to reason that higher bearing span
angle offers larger bearing area and enhanced the damping capabilities
to damp out the oscillations. At Wr ¼ 0:7, for bearing span angle ðγ ¼
90�Þ, the percentage deviation in the Cxx value in comparison to the
reference bearing is found to be order of 5.47%, 1.50%, 3.90% for
versus to radial loading. The trend in value of Cyy has been observed
similarly as the case of Cxx . By providing the surface texture on the
bearing, the reduction in value of Cyy has been noticed. The percentage
deviation in Cxx for bearing system having span angle ðγ ¼ 90�Þ at Wr ¼
0:7 is found to order of 4.57%, 1.54%, 2.98% for Fully Textured,
Partial Texture Arrangement-I and Partial Texture Arrangement-II
respectively, in comparison to the reference bearing. Moreover, for
bearing span angle ðγ ¼ 135�Þ, the percentage variation at Wr ¼ 0:7 in
Cyy value corresponding to the reference bearing is found of the order of
124.98%, 117.43%, 121.28%, 121.07% for non-texture, Fully Textured,
Partial Texture Arrangement-I and Partial Texture Arrangement-II
respectively. The bearing cross-coupled rotor dynamic coefficients
have also been obtained. However, the cross-coupled rotor dynamic
coefficients have not presented owing to brevity of the manuscript. The
numerically simulated results show the following useful trends for fluid
film damping coefficients as
5.7. Stability threshold speed margin ðωth Þ
The effect of surface texturing on the stability threshold speed
against radial loading is shown in Fig. 11. The application of the texture

2 3
6 7
6 7
6 7
6ωth� � > ωth0 ! > ωth0 ! > ωth� �7
6 Fully Non 7
6 Partially Partially 7
4 texture @ texture @ texture texture 5
arr: I arr: II ðfor
� �
γ¼90 ; 115 ; 135 Þ
�

Fully Textured, Partial Texture Arrangement-I and Partial Texture
Arrangement-II respectively. Whereas, the percentage change at Wr ¼
0:7 in the value of Cxx for the bearing having span angle ðγ ¼ 135�Þis
observed of the order of 116.67%, 109.36%, 113.36%, 112.65% for non-
textured, Fully Textured, Partial Texture Arrangement-I and Partial
Texture Arrangement-II respectively, corresponding to the reference
bearing. Fig. 10(f) depicts the influence of surface texturing on Cyy
on bearing surface affects the rotor dynamic coefficients of the bearing
system. Therefore, stability threshold speed ðωth Þ for the hybrid hole-
entry spherical journal bearing gets affected. The fully texture
arrangement in hybrid spherical journal bearing configuration offers the
highest ωth value. Further, variation in ωth may also be noticed as there
is change in the bearing span angle. The reason of such behavior that
there is variation in the rotor dynamic coefficients of the bearing system
as the bearing span angle altered. The percentage difference in the value

2 3
6 7
6 7
6 7
6Cxx� � > Cxx0 ! > Cxx0 ! > Cxx� �7
6 Non Fully 7
6 Partial Partial 7
4 texture @ Texture @ Texture Textured 5
Arr: I Arr: II ðfor
� �
γ¼90 ; 115 ; 135 Þ
�

2 3
6 7
6 7
6 7
6Cyy� � > C 0 ! > C 0 ! > C � � 7
6 Non
yy yy yy
Fully 7
6 Partial Partial 7
4 texture @ Texture @ Texture Textured 5
Arr: I Arr: II ðfor
� �
γ¼90 ; 115 ; 135 Þ
�

19
A.K. Tomar and S.C. Sharma
of ωth at Wr ¼ 0:7 for the bearing having span angle ð γ ¼ 90�Þ versus
reference bearing is found to be order of 5.72%, 3.86%, 2.07% for Fully
Textured, Partial Texture Arrangement-I and Partial Texture
Arrangement-II respectively. Whereas, at Wr ¼ 0:7 for the bearing
having span angle ð γ ¼ 135�Þ is found to be order of 66.55%, 71.22%,
69.25%, 68.59% for non-textured, Fully Textured, Partial Texture
Arrangement-I and Partial Texture Arrangement-II respectively, as
compared to the reference bearing. The following trends for stability
threshold speed have been obtained from the numerically computed
results
� �
ωthðγ¼135� Þ > ωthðγ¼115� Þ > ωthðγ¼90� Þ ðfor all types of surface texturing arrangementsÞ
6. Conclusions
In this study, a numerical mathematical model based on finite
element analysis is presented to investigate the combined effect of the
different arrangements of the spherical shape micro-dimple texture and
the bearing span angle. The salient observations from the results pre­
sented in this study are listed as below:
(1). The value of minimum fluid film thicknessðhmin Þ is sensitive to the
texture surface. The Partial Texture Arrangement-II yields the
enhanced value of hmin as compared to the other texture ar­
rangements. Thus, the chances of metal-to-metal contact reduces.
(2) The improvements in the values of fluid film stiffness coefficients
ðSxx and Syy Þ were observed to be significantly higher (30.13%
and 27.26% respectively) for a fully textured arrangement at
Wr ¼ 0:7 and γ ¼ 90�. Whereas, the damping coefficients
ðCxx and Cyy Þ decreased with texture surface consistent to the
trends indicated in previous published studies for circular
bearings.
(3) The dynamic behavior analysis in terms of stability threshold
speed parameter were developed for spherical hybrid hole-entry
journal bearing. It was revealed that a marked improvement
(71.22%) in the value of ωth is observed for a fully textured
arrangement.
(4) With increase in bearing span angle, the land area of the bearing
increases and hence the value of friction torqueðT f Þ increase.
However, provision of the textured surface reduces the value of
T f . More land area gives rise to the improved value of damping
coefficients and therefore, the improved value of the bearing
stability is observed.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Adesh Kumar Tomar: Methodology, Software, Validation, Writing -
original draft. Satish C. Sharma: Supervision, Visualization, Writing -
review & editing.
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