UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (COET).

DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING

SC112: CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS

NAME:MRISHO,ADAM H
REG NO:2019-04-08063
COURSE:BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
COURSE INSTRUCTOR: ENG: LWITIKO HUMPHREY KALENGA
GROUP:A5

PRACTICAL #03:STEEL:STRENGTH AND DUCTILITY PROPERTIES

PRACTICAL VENUE: CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY (CELAB)
 1. TENSILE STRENGTH OF STEEL
1.1 Objective
 The objective of this practical was to determine the tensile properties of
different types of steel.
1.2 Apparatus/ Equipments
 In this practical, the apparatus used was -Universal Testing Machine
-ruler,vernier caliper,hacksaw
machine
1.3 Materials
 In this practical mild steel, high yield hot rolled steel, flat bar and round bar
was used.
1.4 Procedures
 A steel bar was taken and then fixed into the universal testing machine. Then a
machine was switched on and it started to apply tension to the steel. The steel
was elongating until it reached a yield point, yield load was recorded. The
process proceed until steel fractured, the maximum load at fracture point was
also recorded;
1.5 Results
The Tensile Test

Reinforcement Steel General - Purpose

Mild Steel High Yield Flat Bar Round Bar
Hot Rolled
1 2 3 4 5 6
Nominal Diameter, dn mm 16 16 — 16
Nominal original area, Son mm2 201.06 201.06 80.00 201.062
Length m 0.340 0.388 0.340 0.340
Weight kg 0.536 0.584 0.164 0.536
Mass per meter Kg/m 1.576 1.505 0.482 1.576
Effective Area Soeff mm2 200.824 191.739 61.446 200.824
Deviation in area % 0.118 4.637 23.193 0.118
Original gauge length Lo mm 80 80 100 80
Final gauge length Lu mm 90 89 117 90
Elongation at failure mm 10 9 17 10
% elongation after fracture, Su % 12.5 11.25 17 12.5
Min cross sectional diameter mm 13 12 — 13
after fracture
Min. cross sectional area after mm2 132.732 113.097 — 132.732
fracture, Su
Percentage reduction of area % 33.985 43.750 — 33.985
So – Su × 100%
So
Maximum Load, Fu kN 157.2 140.4 23.8 157.2
Load, F within limit of kN 110.8 113.8 19 110.8
proportionality
Change in length, L mm 10 9 17 10
corresponding to force, F
Modulus of elasticity, E N/mm2 6262.200 6508.848 2278.423 6262.200
Yield Load, Fy kN 110.8 113 — 110.8
Yield stress, fy N/mm2 551.727 593.515 — 551.727
Tensile strength, ft N/mm2 782.774 732.245 387.332 782.774
Minimum ft/fy % 141.877 123.374 — 141.877

Nominal original area, Son

Mild Steel High Yield Hot Flat Bar Round Bar
Rolled
Son =πD2 Son =πD2 Son=L × w Son =πD2
4 4 =4mm × 20mm 4
Where D=16mm Where D=16mm =80 mm2 Where D=15.55mm
So= π ×(16)2 So= π ×(16)2 Nominal original So= π ×(16)2
4 4 area = 60.00 mm2 4
=201.06mm2 =201.06mm2 =201.06mm2
Nominal original Nominal original Nominal original
area = 201.06 mm2 area = 201.06 mm2 area = 189.91 mm2

Mass per meter

Mild Steel High Yield Hot Rolled Flat Bar Round Bar
Mass per meter =Weight, Mass per meter =Weight, Mass/meter Mass/meter
m m =Weight, m =Weight
length, length, length, l length
l l
Where, Where,
m=0.536kg m=0.584kg =0.164 =0.536
L= 0.34m L= 0.388m 0.34 0.34
= = =0.482kg/m Mass per
0.536kg 0.536kg m/L=0.482kg/m meter
- =1.576kg/m
0.34m 0.388m -

=1.576kg/m =1.505kg/m
Mass per meter Mass per meter =
=1.576kg/m 1.505kg/m

Effective Area, Soeff

 Mild Steel High Yield Hot Flat Bar Round Bar
Rolled
Density=Weight, m Density=Weight, m
Volume Volume
Density=Weight, m Density=Weight, m
Area × length,L Area × length
Area, Soeff= (m/L) Area, Soeff= (m/L)
Density Density
Where Where Effective area Effective area
m/L=1.576kg/m m/L=1.505kg/m = Nominal = Nominal
=0.001576kg/mm =0.001505kg/mm area area
=80.00 mm2 =201.06 mm2
Density = 7850kg/m3 Density = 7850kg/m3
= 7.85 × 10-6 = 7.85 × 10-6
Soeff= 1.576× 10-3 Soeff = 1.505 × 10-3
7.85 × 10-6 7.85 × 10-6
=201.06mm2 =191.739mm2
Soeff= 201.06mm2 Soeff= 191.739mm2

Deviation in Area
Mild Steel High Yield Hot Rolled Flat Bar Round Bar
Deviation in area Deviation in area Deviation in area Deviation in area
= Son – Soeff ×100% = Son – Soeff ×100% = Son – Soeff ×100% = Son – Soeff ×100%
Son Son Son So
= 201.06 – 200.82 = 201.06 – 191.739 = 80 – 61.446 × =201.06 – 200.82 ×100%
×100% ×100% 100% 201.06
201.06 201.06 80 = 0.118%
= 0.118% = 4.637% = 23.193% Deviation in Area =
Deviation in Area = 0.118% Deviation in Area = 4.64% Deviation in Area 0.118%
=23.193%

Elongation at Failure
Mild Steel High Yield Hot Rolled Flat Bar Round Bar
Elongation at failure Elongation at failure Elongation at failure Elongation at failure
=Final gauge length – =Final gauge length – =Final gauge length – =Final gauge length –
Initial gauge length Initial gauge length Initial gauge length Initial gauge length
= Lu – Lo = Lu – Lo = Lu – Lo = Lu – Lo
= 90mm – 80mm = 89mm – 80mm = 117mm – 100mm = 90mm - 80mm
=10mm =9mm =17mm =10mm
Elongation at Elongation at failure=9mm Elongation at Elongation at
failure=10mm failure=17mm failure=10mm

% Elongation after Fracture, Su

Mild Steel High Yield Hot Rolled Flat Bar Round Bar
Su = Lu – Lo × 100% Su = Lu – Lo ×100% Su = Lu – Lo × 100% Su = Lu – Lo ×100%
Lo Lo Lo Lo
 = 10 × 100% = 9 × 100% = 17 ×100% = 10 × 100%
80 80 100 80
= 12.5% = 11.25% = 17.00% = 12.5 %
% Elongation after % Elongation after % Elongation after % Elongation after
fracture = 12.5% fracture = 11.25% fracture = 17% fracture = 12.5%

Min. cross section area after fracture, Su

Mild Steel High Yield Hot Flat Bar Round Bar
Rolled
Su = π × d2 S u = π × d2 Su = π × d2
4 4 4
Where Where Where
d= 13mm d= 12mm d= 12mm
= π × (13)2 = π × (12)2 — = π × (13)2
4 4 4
= 132.732mm2 = 113.097mm2 = 132.732mm2
Min. cross section Min. cross section Min. cross section
area after fracture Su area after fracture Su area after fracture Su
= 132.732mm2 = 113.097mm2 = 132.732mm2

Percentage reduction in Area

Mild Steel High Yield Hot Rolled Flat Bar Round Bar
% Reduction of area % Reduction of area % Reduction of area
= So –Su × 100% = So –Su × 100% — = So –Su × 100%
So So So
= 201.06 – × 100% = 201.06 –95.72 × 100% = 180.91 –113.1 ×
201.06 201.06 100%
= 38.96% = 52.39% 180.91
Deviation in Area Deviation in Area = 40.45%
= 38.96% = 52.39% Deviation in Area
= 40.45%

Load, F within Limit of proportionality

Load, F within Limit of proportionality is any load between 0 to yield point; in our case we
will use Yield load.
Mild Steel High Yield Hot Rolled Flat Bar Round Bar
110.8kN 113kN 19kN 110.8kN

Change in length, L corresponding to force, F

 Mild Steel High Yield Hot Rolled Flat Bar Round Bar
= Elongation = Elongation = Elongation = Elongation

=10mm =9mm =17mm =10mm

Modulus of elasticity, E
Mild Steel High Yield Hot Rolled Flat Bar Round Bar
Strain = ΔL Strain = ΔL Strain = ΔL Strain = ΔL
L L L L
Where Where Where Where
ΔL = Elongation ΔL = Elongation ΔL = Elongation ΔL = Elongation
L = Original Length L = Original Length L = Original Length L = Original Length
Strain = 10 Strain = 09 Strain = 17 Strain = 10
80 80 100 80
Strain = 0.125 Strain = 0.1125 Strain = 0.17 Strain = 0.125

Stress = Tensile load Stress = Tensile load Stress = Tensile load Stress = Tensile load
Effective area Effective area Effective area Effective area
= 157.2 ×103 N = 140.4×103 N = 23.8 × 103 N = 157.2 ×103 N
200.824 mm2 191.739mm2 61.446 mm2 200.824 mm2
Stress = 782.775N/mm2 Stress = 732.245N/mm2 Stress = 387.332 N/mm2 Stress = 782.775N/mm2
Elasticity = Stress Elasticity = Stress Elasticity = Stress Elasticity = Stress
Strain Strain Strain Strain
=782.5N/mm2 =732.245N/mm2 =387.332N/mm2 =782.5N/mm2
0.125 0.1125 0.17 0.125
=6262.1997 =6508.848N/mm2 =2278.4233 =6262.1997
E = 6262.2N/mm2 E = 6508.848N/mm2 E = 2278.423N/mm2 E = 6262.2N/mm2
Tensile Strength, ft
Mild Steel High Yield Hot Rolled Flat Bar Round Bar
ft = Maximum Load, Fu ft = Maximum Load, Fu ft = Maximum Load, ft = Maximum Load, Fu
Effective Area Effective Area Fu Effective Area
Where Where Effective Area Where
Fu = 157.2×103 N Fu = 140.4 × 103 N Where Fu = 157.2×103 N
Aeff = 200.824mm2 Aeff = 191.739mm2 Fu = 23.8 × 103 N Aeff = 200.824mm2
= 157.2 × 103 N = 140.4 × 103 N Aeff = 61.446mm2 = 157.2 × 103 N
200.824 mm2 191.739 mm2 = 23.8 × 103 N 200.824 mm2
= 782.774 N/mm2 = 732.245N/mm2 61.446mm2 = 782.774 N/mm2
ft = 782.774 N/mm2 ft = 732.245N/mm2 = 387.332 N/mm2 ft = 782.774 N/mm2
ft = 387.332 N/mm2

Minimum ft/fy
Mild Steel High Yield Hot Rolled Flat Bar Round Bar
ft = 782.774 N/mm2 ft = 732.245 N/mm2 Since there was no yield ft = 782.774 N/mm2
fy = 551.727N/mm2 fy = 593.515 N/mm2 load then there will be no fy = 551.727N/mm2
ft = 782.774×100% ft = 732.245 ×100% ft/fy ft = 782.774×100%
fy 551.774 fy 593.515 fy 551.774
ft/fy = 1.41877 ×100% ft/fy = 1.2337 ×100% ft/fy = 1.41877 ×100%
ft/fy = 141.887% ft/fy = 123.374% ft/fy = 141.887%

1.1 Conclusion of results

According to the experiment carried to all type of steel that is Mild Steel, High Yield Steel,
Flat Bar and Round Bar all type of steel meet the British standard hence all type of steel can
be used in construction.

BEND AND RE-BEND TESTS

1.2 Objective
 The objective of this practical was to determine the Capacity of the Material
for Deformation.
1.3 Apparatus/ Equipments
 In this practical, the apparatus used was Bending Machine.
1.4 Materials
 In this practical, mild steel and high yield steel was the materials used.
1.5 Procedures
 A steel bar was taken and then put onto the Bending tensile machine. Then a
machine was switched on and it started to rotate tension. The fixed obstacles
caused a steel bar to bend to the required angle.
1.6 Results
D=k×a
Where,
K = 2 for mild steel
K = 3 for high yield steel

Data Table
Material Sample Dimensions of Diameter of Support Bendin Re- Remark
specificatio indicatio bar former width g angle, bendin s
n n αo g
angle,
α8
Thicknes Widt D = k × D, D + 3a,
s O, a, h mm a mm mm
mm
High Yield Normal 16 - 3 × 16 48 96 180o - Pass
High Yield Welded 16 - 3 × 16 48 96 180o - Fail
High Yield Notched 16 - 3 × 16 48 96 180o - Fail
Mild Yield Normal 16 - 2 × 16 32 80 180o - Pass
Mild Yield Welded 16 - 2 × 16 32 80 180o - Fail
Mild Yield Notched 16 - 2 × 16 32 80 180o - Fail

1.7 Discussion of Results

In this test, normal high yield steel, normal mild steel, had been bent to 180o and has
not fractured and hence they can be used for construction.