The rates of outdoor make up air in the table below can be used as a guideline in design of ventilation

systems.

Air Shifts Airflow Outdoor

per hour (l/s per m2 Airflow
Type of Building and Room
(1/h) floor area) (l/s)

Sheep 3 per animal

Horses 40 per animal

Hens 3 per animal

100 per
Animals Cows
animal

Chickens 2 per animal

Pigs, sow 60 per animal

Piglet 15 per animal

15 - 20 per
Apartments
person

Assembly halls 5 - 10 14 per person

10 - 15 per
Auditoriums
person

Production 8
Bakeries
Pastry room 6
Service 2-3
Banks Archive 1
Staff 2-3
Baths 5-8 15
15 - 25 per
Barber Shops
person
15 - 25 per
Bars
person
15 - 25 per
Beauty Shops
person
15 - 20 per
Bowling Alleys
person
10 - 15 per
Cafeterias 4
person
Cinemas/Theatre 7 - 15 per
5 - 10
s person
Sterile room 15
Laboratory 15
Chemist's shops
Packing room 4
Store 1
10 - 15 per
Churches 2
person
15 - 25 per
Clubhouses
person
15 - 25 per
Cocktail Lounges
person
15 - 20 per
Computer Rooms
person
10 - 15 per
Court Houses
person
15 - 30 per
Dance halls
person
Dental Clinics, 15 - 20 per
Offices person
Department
0.3
Stores (cfm/Sq.Ft)
10 - 15 per
Dining Halls
person
10 - 15 per
Drug Shop
person
Engine rooms 4
Exhibition halls 10 - 20
15 - 20 per
Fire Stations
person
Garages 5-6 >1
General 25 per person
Therapy 9
Hospitals Operating
14
theatre
Autopsy 9
15 - 20 per
Reception
Hotels person
Room 3
Industries 20 - 30 per
Factory
person
Carpenter
2-5
work shop
Car repair
4
shop
Car repair 60 - 80 per
shop, exhaust car
 outlet
Mechanical
3-4
work shop
Welding 12 - 15
Assembly 4-5
10 - 15 per
Jails
person
10 - 15 per
Jewelry Shop
person
10 - 15 per
Libraries
person
Lunch Rooms, 10 - 15 per
Luncheonettes person
Municipal 10 - 15 per
Buildings person
10 - 15 per
Museums
person
Smithies 6-7
Small 20 - 40
Large 10 - 20
< 7 m2 15
> 7 m2 20
Industrial in
25 - 30
general
550/m2
Gas ovens
outside wall
300/m2
Electric ovens
outside wall
400/m2
Grill table
outside wall
Kitchens
Frying pan 300
Boiling pan
100
100 l
Boiling pan
200
200 l
Coffee
60
machine
Refrigerated
7 - 10
cabinet
Cooling and
0.3 - 0.5
freezer room
Store 2-4
Laundries 10 - 15
Lavatories 5 - 10 10
15 - 25 per
Night Clubs
person
Malls 10 - 15 per
 person
15 - 20 per
Motels
person
15 - 20 per
Module 3-8
person
Landscape 20 per person
Conference 15 - 30 per
room person
10 - 15 per
Lecture room
person
Offices
15 - 20 per
Dining hall
person
Staff,
changing 8 - 12
clothes
Dining room 8 - 10
Resting room 15 per person
15 - 20 per
Police Stations
person
15 - 20 per
Post Offices
person
Precision 15 - 20 per
Manufacturing person
15 - 20 per
Restaurants 5 - 10 10
person
Retail Stores
0.3
(cfm/Sq.Ft)
10 - 15 per
Schools Classroom 4-5
person
Shops 20 per person
10 - 15 per
Shopping Centers
person
Sports halls 3-4
10 - 15 per
Supermarkets
person
Swimming pools 5 - 10
15 - 25 per
Taverns
person
15 - 20 per
Town Halls
person

 1 dm3(litre)/s = 10-3 m3/s = 3.6 m3/h = 0.03532 ft3/s = 2.1189 ft3/min (cfm)
= 13.200 Imp.gal (UK)/min = 15.852 gal (US)/min

Dust Concentration

Common dust concentrations exposed to filters in ventilation and air-condition systems

  Rural and suburban districts - 0.45 to 1.0 mg/m3 air
 Metropolitan districts - 1.0 to 1.8 mg/m3 air
 Industrial districts - 1.8 to 3.5 mg/m3 air

Types of Filters

Washers

 Large
 Air velocity through washer 2.5 m/s
 Water pressure required for spray nozzles 140 - 170 kN/m2
 Water pressure required for flooding nozzles 30 - 70 kN/m2

Dry Filters

Felt, cloth, cellulose, glass, silk etc. without adhesive liquid

Flat Panel type - disposable Filters

 Air velocity 0.1 - 1.0 m/s

 Resistance 25 - 250 N/m2
 Efficiency 20-35%

Continuous roll - self cleaning Filters

 Air velocity 2.5 m/s

 Resistance 30 - 175 N/m2
 Efficiency 25%

Bag Filters

 Efficiency 40-90%

HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air) Filters

 Efficiency 99.97% for 0.3 micron particles and larger

ULPA (Ultra Low Penetrating Air) Filters

 Efficiency 99.9997 for 0.12 micron particles or larger

Viscous Filters

Panel type - cloth with viscous fluid coating - washable or disposable

 Plates about 500 mm x 500 mm

 Air velocity 1.5 - 2.5 m/s
 Resistance 20 - 150 N/m2

Continuous roll - continuously moving, self cleaning

  Air velocity 2.5 m/s
 Resistance 30 - 175 N/m2

Electrostatic Precipitators

 Cleaned automatically
 Air velocity 1.5 - 2.5 m/s
 Resistance negligible
 Efficiency 30-40%

Absolute

 Dry panel with special coating - disposable or self cleaning

 Air velocity 2.5 m/s
 Resistance 250 - 625 N/m2

Standard European Filter Classification

Clas
Filter General properties Effect Applications
s
Protects against
insects and fibers.
Window units
Limited effect
Heat exchangers
against larger
EU1 Air heaters
pollen (<70%)
Fiber filters in
Ineffective against
textile industry
smoke and blacking
particles
In general: Effective against Heating and
- produced in synthetic larger pollen cooling units in
fibers (>85%) and larger electrical
- efficient for particles EU2 atmospheric dust. transformers
Basis > 4-5 mm Limited effect garages
filters - air speed < 2.5 m/s against dust and industrial halls
- start pressure drop blacking particles offices in industry
approximately 50 Pa
- final pressure drop Effective against Heating and
approximately 150 Pa larger pollen cooling units in
(>85%) and larger electrical
EU3 atmospheric dust. transformers
Limited effect garages
against dust and industrial halls
blacking particles offices in industry
Limited effect In addition to EU3
EU4 against dust and kitchens and spray
blacking particles paint work shops
Fine In general: EU5 Effective against Churches, sport
filters - produced in glass pollen and finer halls, department
fibers atmospheric dust stores, schools,
- efficient for particles Considerable effect hotels
> 0.1 mm against smoke. Food stores
- air speed < 2- 3 m/s No effect against
 tobacco smoke
EU6 As EU5 As EU5
As EU6
Effective against and food industry,
EU7 pollen and blacking laboratories,
- start pressure drop
dust theatres, hospital
approximately 50-100
rooms, data rooms
Pa
- final pressure drop Very effective Operating theatres,
approximately 200 against particles production rooms
-250 Pa and blacking. for fine optics and
EU8 Very effective electronics.
against microbes. Hospital
Effective against examination
tobacco smoke. rooms.
EU9 As EU8 As EU8
In general: EU1
- produced in glass 0
fibers in combination EU1
with separators of 1
paper, plastic or
EU1
aluminum
2
- efficient for particles
Micro EU1
> 0.01 mm
filters 3
- air speed < 0.5 - 1.0
m/s
- start pressure drop
approximately 250 Pa EU1
- final pressure drop 4
according life span
and economy

Air flow, air velocity and required air-duct area is indicated below:

 
  1 ft/min = 5.08x10-3 m/s
 1 ft3/min = 1.7 m3/h = 0.47 l/s
 1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2 = 144 in2
 The diagram below indicates velocity and dynamic pressure in air ducts.
 

 Pressure loss and air flow velocity for some common duct sizes and air flow
volumes can be taken from the table below:
 Pressure Loss (inches water gauge per 100 feet duct)

Air velocity (ft/min)

Duct Size (inches)

Air Volume (cfm)
4 5 6 8 10 12 16

0.65 0.21 0.09 0.02 0.01

100
1146 733 509 286 183

0.8 0.32 0.08 0.02 0.01

200
1467 1019 573 367 255

1.19 0.28 0.09 0.04 0.01

400
2037 1146 733 509 286

0.34 0.14 0.03

800
1467 1019 573

0.12
1600
1146

 The air velocity should not exceed certain limits to avoid unacceptable noise
generation

Friction loss in standard air ducts are indicated in the diagram below.
  1 m/s = 196.85 ft/min
 1 m3/s = 3600 m3/h = 1000 dm3(liter)/s = 35.32 ft3/s = 2118.9 ft3/min =
13200 Imp.gal (UK)/min = 15852 gal (US)/min
 1 mm H2O = 9.81 Pa = 9.807x10-6 N/mm2 = 0.0987 10-3 bar = 1 kp/m2 =
0.09678 10-3 atm = 1.422 10-3 psi (lbf/in2)

Example - Air Duct and Friction Loss

The friction loss in a 500 mm main duct in comfort system with air flow 1 m3/s can be estimated as
indicated below to 0.05 mm H2O/m (~ 0.5 Pa/m).
The air velocity in the duct is 5 m/s.