DEPARTMENT OF DISASTER AND MILITARY MEDICINE

BURNS. FREEZING
• BURNS - TISSUE DAMAGE CAUSED BY LOCAL
THERMAL (THERMAL), CHEMICAL, ELECTRICAL OR
RADIATION EXPOSURE. THE MOST COMMON ARE
THERMAL BURNS.
 BURNS. CLASSIFICATION.
• 1 - ON THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF
RECEIVING GUARDIANSHIP:
• PRODUCTION,
• HOUSEHOLD,
• WARTIME
 BURNS. CLASSIFICATION.
• 2 - BY THE NATURE OF THE ACTING FACTOR:
• THERMAL, 90%
• CHEMICAL, 7%
• ELECTRIC, 3%
• RADIAL. 0.5%
 BURNS. CLASSIFICATION.
• 3 - BY LOCALIZATION:
• FUNCTIONALLY ACTIVE PARTS OF THE BODY (LIMBS),
• FIXED PARTS OF THE BODY (TORSO),
• FACE,
• SCALP,
• UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT,
• PERINEUM.
 BURNS. CLASSIFICATION.
• 4 - BY DEPTH OF LESION:
• I DEGREE
• II DEGREE
 BURNS. CLASSIFICATION.

•III DEGREE
 CHARACTERISTICS DEPENDING ON THE DEPTH OF
THE LESION:
Superficial Partly deep With skin lesions on its entire
(First degree) (II degree) thickness
(III degree)
Reason Sunburn or minimal Hot liquid, flame action Chemical, electrical, flame, hot iron
flame exposure

Skin color red marble Pearl white and / or charred, the

skin looks translucent and
parchment
The surface of the Dry without blisters Blisters with soaking Dry with thrombosed blood vessels
skin
Sensitivity painful painful Lack of sensitivity with pain
sensitivity at the edges of the
injury
Healing 3 - 6 days 2 - 4 weeks depending Skin transplantation is required.
on the depth of the
lesion
 DETERMINATION OF THE AREA OF BURNS
• PALM RULE
• II GLUMOV'S METHOD WAS PROPOSED IN 1953 AND WAS CALLED
THE "PALM RULE". ACCORDING TO HIM, THE AREA OF THE BURN IS
COMPARED WITH THE AREA OF THE VICTIM'S PALM, EQUAL TO 1%
OF THE ENTIRE BODY SURFACE.
 DETERMINATION OF THE AREA OF BURNS
• DETERMINATION OF THE AREA OF BURNS BY
THE METHOD OF WALLACE (RULE OF "NINE").
 PREMEDICAL HELP

• STOP THE ACTION OF THE THERMAL AGENT ON THE SKIN.

• COOL THE SCORCHED AREAS.
• APPLY AN ASEPTIC BANDAGE.
• START ANTI-SHOCK MEASURES.
 FROSTBITE
• IT IS A DAMAGE TO TISSUES, PARTS OF THE BODY UNDER
THE INFLUENCE OF LOW TEMPERATURE OR THE WHOLE
BODY (FREEZING) .
• THE MAIN CAUSE OF TISSUE DAMAGE IS PERSISTENT
CHANGES IN BLOOD VESSELS CAUSED BY THEIR
PROLONGED SPASM, WHICH IS A PROTECTIVE REACTION
OF THE BODY TO HYPOTHERMIA.
 FROSTBITE
• REASONS:
• LOW AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (FROM 0 ° AND BELOW)
• TIGHT AND WET CLOTHES AND SHOES,
• PHYSICAL FATIGUE,
• HUNGER, ALCOHOL INTOXICATION,
• FORCED PROLONGED IMMOBILITY AND AWKWARD POSITION,
• PREVIOUS COLD INJURY,
• WEAKENING OF THE BODY AS A RESULT OF DISEASES,
• SWEATING FEET,
• CHRONIC DISEASES OF THE VESSELS OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES AND THE CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM,
• SEVERE MECHANICAL DAMAGE WITH BLOOD LOSS.
 DEGREES OF FROSTBITE
• DEPENDING ON THE DEPTH OF DAMAGE TO BODY
TISSUES, THERE ARE FOUR DEGREES OF FROSTBITE:
• I DEGREE - THERE IS SWELLING, WHITENING OF THE
SKIN, CYANOSIS IN WET AREAS (FOR EXAMPLE, IN
WET SHOES), IN A WARM ROOM, IT REDDENS,
SWELLS, THE VICTIM FEELS TINGLING AND PAIN;
• II DEGREE : BLISTERS WITH TRANSPARENT CONTENTS
ARE FORMED ON THE SKIN, THERE IS SEVERE PAIN;
 DEGREES OF FROSTBITE
• III DEGREE : THERE ARE BLISTERS WITH BLOOD
CONTENTS, IN THEIR PLACE COMES NECROSIS
(LOSS OF SENSITIVITY). HEALING TAKES A LONG
TIME, THEN SCARS ARE FORMED.
• IV DEGREE : NECROSIS OF DEEP TISSUES AND
BONES DEVELOPS.
 PREMEDICAL CARE
• TAKE THE VICTIM TO A WARM, DRY PLACE, REMOVE SHOES AND CLOTHES,
WRAP WARMLY, DRINK HOT TEA OR COFFEE, MILK AND BEGIN TO
IMMEDIATELY WARM THE FROZEN PARTS OF THE BODY.
• WARMING UP CAN BE STARTED ONLY IN THE ABSENCE OF THE THREAT OF
RE-FREEZING, WHICH CAN LEAD TO MORE COMPLEX CONSEQUENCES.
• IT IS RECOMMENDED TO WARM UP WITH WARM BATHS FOR 20-30
MINUTES. THE WATER TEMPERATURE SHOULD BE BETWEEN 37 ° C AND 40 ° C
(BODY TEMPERATURE). IF THE LIMB IS DIRTY, IT IS NECESSARY TO WASH IT
THOROUGHLY WITH SOAP.
 PREMEDICAL CARE
• AFTER BATHS OR RUBBING, THE DAMAGED PART OF THE
BODY SHOULD BE DRIED (WIPED), COVERED WITH A STERILE
BANDAGE AND WARMLY WRAPPED.
• FROSTBITTEN AREAS OF THE BODY SHOULD NOT BE
LUBRICATED WITH FAT AND OINTMENTS.
• AT ANY DEGREE OF FROSTBITE IT IS NECESSARY TO
ADDRESS TO THE DOCTOR.