TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DUY TÂN

KHOA TIẾNG ANH

BỘ MÔN: ANH VĂN BIÊN PHIÊN DỊCH

Biên soạn: NGUYỄN MẠNH QUANG

GIÁO TRÌNH

LÝ THUYẾT DỊCH ANH VĂN

(TRANSLATION THEORY)

LƯU HÀNH NỘI BỘ

Đà Nẵng, năm 2019

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LESSON ONE:
ASPECTS OF TRANSLATION
I. Introduction
1. Translation Theory Identification
Translation theory is involved in a certain type of relation between languages and is
consequently a branch of comparative linguistics. Translation may be set up and is
performed between any pair of languages or dialects "related" or "unrelated" and with any
kind of spatial, temporal, social and other relationship between them.
Relations between languages can generally be regarded as two-directional, though not
always symmetrical. Translation, as a process, is always uni-directional: It is always
performed in a given direction, "FROM" a source language (SL) "INTO" a target one (TL).

Translation theory's main concern is to determine suitable translation approaches for a

widest possible range of texts or text-categories. It also provides a framework of principles,
limited rules, "tricks" for the sake of translation or interpretation, and a background for
problem solution. In some cases, it can demonstrate procedures and the various arguments
for and against the use of one translation rather than another in a particular context. It
should be noted that translation Is concerned with choices and decisions, not with the
mechanics of either the SL or the TL.
2. Definitions
1. Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (source language) by
equivalent textual material in another language (target language). (J.C. Catford)
2. Translation is a process of transferring a message from this language into another
language in the way the author intended the text. (Peter Newnmrk)
3. Translation is the process of conveying messages across cultures and their languages.
(Dr Ian Tudor)
The term "textual material" in the definition (1) shows a fact that not the entirety of a source
language text is replaced by target language equivalents. At one or more levels of language,
there may be simple replacement by non-equivalent target language material.
Eg: If we translate the English text "What time is it?" into French as "Quelle heure est-il?",
there is a replacement of source language (English) grammar and lexis. There is also
replacement of source language graphology by target language one, but the target language
graphological form is by no means a translation equivalent of the source language
graphological form.
Moreover, at one or more levels, there may be no replacement at all, but simple transference
of source language material into a target language text.
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The central problem of translation practice is that of finding target language translation
equivalents. A central task of translation theory is that of finding the nature and conditions
of translation equivalence.
II. Types of Categories
Types of categories of translation may be defined in terms of extent, levels, and ranks of
translation.
I. Full vs Partial Translation
This distinction relates to the extent (in a syntagmatic sense) of source language text which
is submitted to the translation process. The text may be a book, a simple volume, a chapter,
a paragraph, a sentence, a clause, etc. It may also be a figment, not co-existence with any
formal literacy or linguistic unit.
In a "full" translation, the entire text is submitted to the translation process; that is every
part of the source language text is replaced with target language text material. In a "partial"
translation, some part or parts of the source language text are left non-translated: they are
simply transferred to and incorporated in the target language text
Eg: * "Full" translation:
There has been a dramatic rise in house prices this year.
Đã có một sự gia tăng về giá nhà ở trong năm nay.
(Or: Năm nay giá nhà ở đã tăng mạnh)
* "Partial" translation:
Chẳng còn nghi ngờ gì nữa. No doubt/ Undoubtedly/ Apparently...
(Not: There is no doubt or: There is not doubt any longer)
Thế kỷ 21 sẽ chứng kiến một thực tế giảm đà sinh sản....
Birth will decrease in the 21st century...

In "partial" translation, the process of transferring source language lexical items into a
target language text is more complex than appears at first sight, seeming to remain "non-
translated".
2. Total vs restricted translation
This distinction relates to the levels of language involved in translation.
In "total" translation, all levels of source language text are replaced with target language
material. Strictly speaking, "total" translation is a misleading term, since, though total
replacement is involved, it is not replacement with equivalent at all levels.
In "total" translation, source language grammar and lexis are replaced with equivalent target
language grammar and lexis. This replacement entails the replacement of source language
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phonology/ graphology with target language phonology/ graphology, but this is not
normally replacement with target language equivalents.
Eg: a. Poverty is no sin -> Đói nghèo không phải là tội lỗi.
b. Have you ever been to Nha Trang ? Anh đã bao giờ đến Nha Trang chưa?
In "restricted" translation, source language is replaced with equivalent one at only one level
(phonologically/ graphologically) or at only one of the two levels of grammar and lexis.
Eg: New York- Niu - Ooc
3. Phonological Translation
In this translation, the main thing is source language phonology is replaced with equivalent
target language one, but there are hardly other important replacements.
Eg: hippie - híp pi karate ka-ra- tê
In phonological translation, sometimes grammatical or lexical changes may result
accidentally. For example, an English plural such as "cats" may become a "singular cat"
when the target language has no final consonant clusters.
4. Graphological Translation
Source language graphology is replaced with equivalent target one without other
considerable replacements.
Eg zero - dê rô
Both phonological and graphological translation must be included in a general theory of
translation because they help throw light on the conditions of translation equivalence, and
hence on the more complex process of "total" translation.
5. Transliteration
This is a complex process involving phonological translation with the addition of
phonology - graphology correlation at both ends of the process, i.e. in source and target
language. First, source language graphological units are replaced with corresponding source
language phonological units. Then these source language phonological units are translated
into equivalent target language phonological units. Finally the target language phonological
units are replaced with corresponding target language graphological units.
Eg: Washington Oa-sinh-tơn
London Lon-don/ Luân đôn
Scandal Xi-cang-dan
6. Free, Literal, and Word-for-Word Translation
A "free" translation is always unbounded while "word-for-word" translation generally
means what it says. "Literal" translation lies between these extremes. It may start from a
"word-for-word" translation, but changes in conformity with target language grammar (e.g.
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inserting additional words, changing structures, etc). This may make it a group-group or
clause-clause translation.
Eg
a. It's raining cats and dogs.
1. Nó đang mưa các con mèo và các con chó, (Word -for- word)
2. Trời đang mưa như chó và mèo cãi nhau. (Literal)
3. Trời mưa tầm tã/ mưa như trút nước. (Free)
5. She is second to none.
1. Cô ấy là thứ hai đến không ai. (Word -for- word)
2. Cô ấy không là thứ hai đối với bất kỳ ai. (Literal)
3. Cô ấy không bao giờ chịu thua/ lép vế ai.. (Free)
By these, only (3) - the free translation - is interchangeable with the SL text in a situation
where the addressee/ listener/ reader is looking forward to being able to understand from his
language.
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TASK 1
QUESTIONS
1.What is translation? (At least 2 definitions)
2. What is the central problem of translation/translation theory? Give some examples for
illustration.
3. How many types of translation are there? Give one example for each type.
4. According to you, what is generally the most popular way of translation? What is the
most effective way? The most familiar way particularly by students?
5. Build up some more examples for type 6.
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LESSON TWO:
METHODS AND PRINCIPLES OF TRANSLATION
I. Methods of Translation
1. Word-for-Word Translation
This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation with the TL (target language)
immediately below the SL (source language) words. The SL word order is preserved, and
the words arc translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context. Cultural
words are translated literally. The main use of word-for-word translation is either to
understand the mechanics of the SL or to construct a difficult text as a pre-translation
process.
Eg: Honda told to put brakes on new car prices.
(Honda da bao de phanh veto/ len moi xe cdc gia) (?)
Mẹ tròn con vuông (Mother round child square) (?)
2. Literal Translation
The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents, but the
lexical words are again translated singly out of context. As a pre-translation process, this
indicates the problem to be solved.
Eg: Bao giờ cho đến tháng Mười- When will October come? (?)
I used to be crazy about her - Tôi đã từng điên khùng về cô ấy (?)
3. Faithful Translation
A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original
meaning within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It "transfers" cultural
words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical "abnormality" in the translation.
It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text realization of the SL
writer.
Eg: Bao giờ cho đến tháng Mười- When will the tenth month come? (?)
Love me, love my dog - Yêu tôi yêu con chó của tôi (?)
4. Semantic Translation
This method must pay more attention to the aesthetic value (that is, the beautiful an natural
sound) of the SL text, compromising on "meaning" where appropriate so that no assonance,
word-play or repetition jars in the finished version. Furthermore, it may translate less
important cultural words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural
equivalents, and it may make other small concessions to the readership. The distinction
between "faithful" and "semantic" translation is that the first is uncompromising and
dogmatic while the second is more flexible, admits the creative exception to 100% of
fidelity and allows for translator's intuitive empathy with the original.
 7

Eg: Then the lime returns as it once appeared - Rồi con tạo xoay vần.
A serene feeling pervaded my soul. - Một cảm giác thanh tịnh lẻn vào hồn tôi.
5. Adaptation
This is the "freest" form of translation, used mainly for plays (comedies) and poetry. The
themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture is converted to the TL one,
and the text is rewritten.
6. Free Translation
This method reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of
the original. Usually, it is a paraphrase much longer than the original, a so-called "intra-
lingual translation", often prolix, pretentious, and seemingly non-translated at all.
Eg: Shall we go for a blow? Chúng ta đi dạo mát/ hóng gió nhé?
Have a good trip! Chúc thượng lộ bình an!
7. Idiomatic Translation
This produces the "message" of the original again but tends to distort the nuances of
meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original.
Eg:
As rich as Rockerfeller ? Giàu như Thạch Sùng
I'm afraid it's job news.- Tôi e rằng đây là tin buồn.
The boy wants to go and see Mr John. - Cậu bé muốn đi vệ sinh.
8. Communicative Translation
This method attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a
way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the
readership. This translation is rather often news on radio or in newspapers. Sometimes
communicative and semantic translation may coincide with each other.
Eg:
Lái xe khi bạn không tỉnh táo là rất nguy hiểm- You shouldn't drive without concentration /
No awareness is dangerous for driving,
He was denied the door. - Anh ấy đến nhưng không được tiếp.
II. Principles of Translation
Although this is not a theoretical work, students may follow some guidelines on hoi to help
themselves to evaluate their own work. Below are some general principle, which arc
relevant to all translation.
1. Meaning
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The translation should reflect accurately the meaning of original text. Nothing should be
arbitrarily added or moved, though occasionally part of the meaning can be "transpose". For
example, "he was limp with fatigue" might become " An ta met men no thong dung Len
no".
Ask yourself:
1. Is the meaning of original text clear? If not, where does the uncertainty lie?
2. Are there any underlying implications?
Eg: "Correct me if I'm wrong" suggests "I know I'm right".
3. Is the dictionary meaning of a particular word the most suitable one?
Eg: Might "khả năng" in Vietnamese be "ability" in English in an idea like this:
"Khả năng anh ta đến được"? (You can have a lot of English words in a dictionary for this
meaning: capacity, ability, possible, possibility, can...)
4. Does anything in the translation sound unnatural or forced?
Eg: She did it with the reluctance - Cô ấy làm việc với sự miễn cưỡng. (?)
Diplomatic turn "khúc quẹo" ngoại giao (?)
2. Form
The order of words and ideas in the translation should match that in the original as closely
as possible. This is particularly in the form and order of words. When in doubt, underline in
the original text the words on which the main stress falls. In English, emphasis or main
stress can be obtained through inversion of word order and using different structures such as
No sooner...than..., It is/was ... that (who)..., Only by..., etc.
Eg: It is the ideal condition of the "equal start" which only our most progressive forms of
modern education try to regain.
Đó là điều kiện lý tưởng của sự khởi đầu bình đẳng mà chỉ có hình thức giáo dục hiện đại
tiến bộ nhất của chúng ta cố gắng đạt lại. (?)
- It hadn't been until the early century that geothermal energy was found.
Nó đã là không cho đến đầu thế kỷ này mà năng lượng địa nhiệt được phát hiện (?)
3. Register
Languages often differ greatly in their levels of formality in a given context (say, in a
business letter). To resolve these differences, the translator must distinguish between formal
and fixed expressions, (Eg: Please find enclose/ Please do not fold.../ We would like to
express our gratitude to...)
Consider also:
a. Would any expression in the original sound too formal/ informal, cold/warm, personal/
impersonal if translated literally?
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b. What is the intention of the writer or speaker? (to persuade/ dissuade, apologize,
criticize?) Does it come through in the translation?
4. Source language influence
One of the most frequent criticisms of translation is that "It doesn't sound natural"
This is because the translator's thoughts and choice of words are too strongly moulded by
the original text. A good way of shaking off the SL influence is to set the text aside and
translate a few sentences aloud from memory. This will suggest natural patterns of thought
in the first language (target language), which may not come in mind when the eyes are fixed
on the SL text.
5. Idiom
Idiomatic expressions are notoriously untranslatable. These include similes, metaphors,
proverbs, sayings, jargons, slangs, colloquialisms and phrasal verbs. If the expressions
cannot be directly translated, try any of the following:
- Retain the original word, in inverted commas:
Eg: nhac "pop”, Doi Moi" Process.
- Retain the original expression, with a literal explanation in brackets:
Eg: Rồng đến nhà tôm. (A superior comes to visit his inferior)
Rừng vàng biển bạc. (prosperous wealth)
- Use a close equivalents:
Eg: Sông có khúc, người có lúc. (Every dog has its/ his day)
Muộn còn hơn không (Better late than never)
- Use a non-itliomalic or plain prose translation:
Eg: A bit over the top. (Hơi quá)
Honesty is the best policy. (Trung thực là đáng quý)
Note: The golden rule is if the idiom does not work in the target language, do not force it
into translation.
6. Style and Clarity
The translator in general should not change the style of the original. But if the text is
sloppily written, or full of tedious repetitions, the translator may, for the reader's sake
correct the defects.
Eg:
1. He ate, and drank, and talked, and asked during the meal.
(ông ấy vừa ăn uống luôn miệng nói, hỏi suốt cả bữa ăn)
2. Hãy biết thương, biết yêu lấy đồng loại của mình!
Let’s love our human fellows!
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TASK 2
QUESTIONS:
1. How many methods can be either used in translation? What are they?
2. Which method of translation appears the most popular?
3. What is communicative translation? Give examples for illustration.
Exercise 1: Suggest suitable Vietnamese translation for the underlined words in the
passages below:
1. "Why did you believe him when he said he wasn't married?"
"Because", replied Pamela, "he was so good - looking and well - dressed, and had such a
nice voice".
All that glitters is not gold", Mary reminded her.
2. Why are you writing science fiction?", asked a friend of an author," instead of the
historical novel you used to write?".
"Because", replied the author, "science fiction has become very popular and, obviously, I'm
making hay while the sun shines".
3. Some people are always up in the clouds or down in the depth. They swing from one
extreme to another. Others are stolid and indifferent, never much thrilled by success and
never greatly put out by failure.
4. He always plays up with his boss.
5. To gather materials for lecture, 1 had to plough through several books and documents.
6. The conditions giving rise to easy profits over the last 3 years no longer hold good.
7. The rise and fall of share prices can be seen in the nature of a thermometer oil market
confidence.
8. The management decision sparked off a series of damaging strikes.
9. Thank you for your hospitality. In turn, we look for to having you as our guest when you
visit our country.
10. The chairman's recent visit to Brazil has paid unexpected dividends in the shape of a
profitable new contract.
Exercise 2: Below is a selection of titles of books, films, TV programs and advertising
slogans. Suggest how the titles or slogans could be rendered in Vietnamese and English
(You feel free to use your imagination).
1. A Taste of India (Title of an illustrated book on Indian cooking)
2. Heineken - Refreshes the parts - Other beers cannot reach (Advertisement)
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3. Johnie Walker - Born 1820, and still going strong. (Advertisement for Johnie Walker
Whisky)
4. CANADA - The Big country for big Value holidays. (Tourism Division of the Canadian
Commission)
5. The Bad, the Good and the Ugly (Title of a Western film - cowboy film - with Clint
Eastwood as a man who got the entire sum of money stolen).
6. Tat Den (A novel composed by Ngo Tat To)
7. Ngay Mai Troi Lai Sang (A Vietnamese film)
 12

LESSON THREE:
CONTEXT FOR TRANSLATION
I. Introduction
It is obvious that all languages must occur somewhere and all languages are intended to be
read or heard by someone. Even an internal monologue is addressed to someone: the
SPEAKER. So, all words are shaped by their certain elements in a real situation of
happening, just as a planned sports event either took place, or is taking place, or will take
place, i.e. in a context.
II. Definition
Context is the one which occurs before (or) after a word, a phrase or even along utterance
or text.
The context often helps in understanding the particular meaning of the word, phrase etc. For
example, the word "loud" in "loud music" is usually understood as meaning "noisy"
whereas in "a tie with a loud pattern", it is understood as "unpleasantly colorful".
The context may also be the broader social situation in which a linguistic item is used. For
example, in ordinary usage, "spinster" refers to an older unmarried woman but in legal
context, if refers to any unmarried woman.
In translation, context is understood as the "WIIAT", "WHERE" and "TO WHOM of our
communication. "What" we are writing or speaking about (subject matter), "Where" the
language occurs (place and publication), and "To whom" it is addressed. All three are
relevant in translation. How can we translate just one simple English sentence properly like
this one" Be seated" into Vietnamese if we don't know where and to whom it is addressed,
or a passage like this "We had 200 rifles"? "Rifles" could be rendered unnaturally if we
ignore in what it is about.
In sum, besides style (register), context matters most in helping us know which words lo
choose, when translating without any worry about misunderstanding from both sides of
conveying and receiving information.
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TASK 3
Exercise 1: Below are some short passages or fragment of language. Suggest a possible
context or source for each. Context can be: a TV weather report, a tourist, brochure, news
reports, medical articles, a novel, a history or a text book, an advertisement, a book or film
review, a letter, etc...
1. Store is cool, dry place. Keep well out of reach of children.
2. Effective and preventive against dandruff.
3. Articles such as the following shall not be carried in passenger's baggage without prior of
and arrangement with carrier:
Compressed gases (flammable, non-flammable, and poisonous)
4. Mary! Gone to shop. Key under mat.
5. John! Susan phoned. Train delayed. Now arriving 10 p.m.
6. Admit guests only.
7. National Football League stars kick off tomorrow.
8. Enclosed please find a cheque for $50.
9. ... situated at the crossroads of Northern, Central, and Southern VN, Da Nang offers
magnificent coastline beautiful beaches...
10. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced...
11. Your major construction project with our top quality products:
Round bars (<p 12 ~ 32mm)/reformed bars (<f> 10 ~ 32mm); wide rods (<p 6, S, 10mm)
12. During the afternoon, the wind will strengthen from the west bringing scattered
thundershowers to coastal part of Da Nang and Quang Nam.
13. ... VN has established the National Committee for Drug Prevention with the task of
suppressing drugs... -
14. Disconnect the antenna cable from the back of your TV set. Connect the antenna cable
to the ANTENNA in terminal of your VCR...
15. The author and publisher would like to thank all the teachers in the UK and Italy| who
discussed this book in the early stage of its development.
16.... We have pleasure in informing you that we are opening a new branch of our business
on March 1st at Ben Thanh market.
 14

LESSON FOUR:
REGISTER
I. Introduction
Context is understood as the "What", "Where", "To whom", then register is the "How".
How do we express ourselves in a given context? And from a translator's point of view,
when reading a message or a piece of information, how can we determine its intention and
the way it is written to choose a suitable translation method and identify particular
problems?
This matter of register links with the concept of' style in language, that means there is more
than one way to express the same thought, idea, belief, opinion, emotion feeling or attitude
of mind by means of different words through different modes.
1. Different words or expressions:
To convey the same message "SIT DOWN", there are various ways with different words or
expressions:
Take a seat!/ Do sit down!/ Be seated!/ Can't you find a chair?/
Some of you are still standing! Would you mind sitting down? , etc.
2. Different modes: How is the message transmitted from source to audience? Is it spoken
or written? broadcast? printed?
Eg: "Thank you" is usually used in spoken English.
But "Please convey our thanks..." is mainly used in written English, and an advertisement
for a certain consumer goods reaches the public by way of broadcasting on radio or TV.
3. Different ways of expressing language styles:
How is the message expressed? Is it formal or informal? Is it officialese or official? Is it
neutral or colloquial? In fact the choice of way expressing message is governed by a set of
social conventions which are called "levels" (or "scales”) of formality. That is to say the
language used in the message should match the context given (after Alan Duff).
Eg: Message "NOT TO EAT HERE" can be expressed in the following scales of formality:
a. Officialese: (characteristic of legal document, laws or governmental codes...)
-> The consumption of any nutriments whatsoever is categorically prohibited.
b. Official: The consumption of nutriments is prohibited.
c. Formal: -> You are requested not to consume food in this establishment.
d. Neutral: Eating is not allowed here.
e. Informal: -> Please don't eat here.
f. Colloquial:-> You can't feed your face here.
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g. Slang: Lay off the nosh.

h. Taboo: -> Lay off the fucking nosh.
In sum, REGISTER gives colour to language. To ignore it in translation is to
translate the words rather than the meaning. Though it would hardly be realistic to expect
students to master all these levels of formality during translating, they should know the
formal-neutral level is appropriate for translating news articles, editorials; social reports...,
and the formal style is suitable for translating business letters, report, projects, plans, etc...,
especially when target language is English, i.e. when they are translating a text from
Vietnamese into English.
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TASK 4

Exercise 1: Explain the use of the words "GOD MOTHER", "OLD LADY", "OR
WOMAN", and "OLD BIRD" in the following passage and translate it into Vietnamese.
After my father died, my sister went to live with her god mother who was an old lady at a
big house in our parish - A nasty old woman she was. But she took to Grace. When the old
bird died at the beginning of this year, Grace found she had been left twenty thousand.
Exercise 2: Use various ways of conveying the same message in different words and say as
precisely as possible in what context you expect to see or hear the words or expressions
(who is speaking? to whom? where are they? or where would the words be seen?)
a. No smoking b. I'm sorry
Exercise 3: Because all translation is selection: we choose from a range of possible
expressions the one most appropriate to the context. Even the simplest expressions may be
rendered in many different ways (as shown in the examples).
Translate the following in as many different ways as you can.
“ Gia đình chúng tôi dự tính đi nghỉ hè một tuần ở Provence vào cuối tháng 3. xin vui lòng
gởi cho chúng tôi cuốn sách hướng dẫn về khách sạn Sen-Isle và một bảng giá phòng”
Exercise 4: To convey a message, several expressions can be used. Which of the following
is mainly spoken or written?
A. "Thank you"
1. We should like lo acknowledge our thanks to/ for... .
2. It was most kind of you.
3. How kind!
4. I can never repay you!
5. Thanks a lot!
6. Please convey our thanks to...
7. We thank you for your consideration.
8. Many thanks!
9. I'm extremely grateful...
10. And in conclusion, n word of thanks to....
11. I should like you to know how gratitude I am for...
12. What a lovely surprise!
13. Finally, I should like to express my gratitude to...
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14. A billion thanks!

B. "I do not agree"
1. Far be it from me to criticize, but...
2. To such a proposal, in all conscience, I could never agree.
3. Have it your own way.
4. I think it would be unwise
5. With all due respect.
6. You may have a point, but...
7. You are wrong.
8. The argument is...
9. There are, however, certain points with which I take issue.
10. This is simply not so.
11. I beg to differ.
12. I don’t agree!
 18

LESSON FIVE
WORD ORDER AND REFERENCE
1. Word Order
A common excuse for incoherence is "I know what I want to say, but I can't seem to find
the words", as if it was somehow the faults of the words for getting lost. In fact, it is most
often when we do not know what we want to say that we cannot find the words. But when,
even, we can "find" the words, we still have to put them in correct order and that order can
make a great deal of difference to what we "want to say".
What we mean is both what we say and how we say. English is not only a language noted
for the flexibility of its word order. A word out of place can easily alter the meaning or lead
to ambiguity.
Take these two simple examples:
a. Niall Quinn, the 6 ft 4 Arsenal center - forward, almost scored within seconds of taking
the field in the 79th minute. But the chance fizzled away off Quinn's left boot.
b. Leisure parks, gardens and wildlife center were also popular with tourists in Britain last
year, while their visits to museums, galleries and historic buildings slumped. One of the
worst places affected by fewer visitors was the Royal Academy.
In the first, the words almost are correctly placed. If they had been shifted, the meaning
would have changed. The word "almost" for instance, is in its correct position, if it had been
shifted slight by forward, the meaning would have been quite different: "scored almost
within seconds".
In the second, the word "worst” should have come after "places", not before. But although
its words order may not be flexible, English is peculiarly elastic in its inflections, that is, in
the stressed and emphases in speech and writing which help point to the meaning.
Eg: I like it/I do like it / It works
This is a feature of the language which can easily be overlooked, particularly in writing,
where the emphasis is not often marked. Yet in translation, it is vital to the meaning of the
sentence.
II. Reference
Paired with word order in the title is reference. This concerns mainly the "bones"- the
factual content - of the writing.
What does the writer mean, what is he or she referring to, when using words such as the
ones "THIS/ THAT/ WHICH/ IT/ HERE"?
Is it something stated or something implied? Are there any words left out? any gaps that
need to be filled in translation? And perhaps most important at all, how-can the same
references best be made in the target language?
 19

The question matters because it relates directly to one of the weakness most commonly
encountered in translation, implied in the often heard criticism: "IT DOESN’T SOUND
RIGHT". If the translation does not sound right, it is usually because the sequence of
thought, and the choice of words - of the original has been too closely followed. The
meaning may get through, but the style, the spirit, and the ways of thinking remain those of
the source language. Take just one example: consider what the effect would be if a student
doggedly translate all the "IT" in this fragment about the Australian desert.
Example 1: "Only the aborigines living in their traditional manner can survive in it unaided.
Unlike the white man, they made no attempt to dominate it. They do not try to tame its
animals or to cultivate its land, but to them it yields enough to keep a man’s sound in his
body. In return, the aborigines worship it".
Example 2: "Mới đây đến các huyện Nga Sơn, Tỉnh Gia ( Thanh Hóa), tiếp chuyện với
nông dân, ai cũng ca thán bực bội và lo lắng về chuột...” From “ Náo động chuột đồng” The
People Daily)
It is not, of course, suggested that the translation could not follow the English word for -
word and yet "sound right", but that the pattern of the English should be followed only after
considering the alternatives, not before.
This, then, is the common aim of all the activities, to encourage the students to think from
English INTO and IN their own language."
 20

TASK 5

Exercise 1: In each of the passages below, the opening words of certain sentences are
underlined. Translate these sentences in whatever seems the most natural way in your own
language. You do not necessarily have to begin with the same word as it is used in English.
Where possible, offer 2 translations, using different word orders.
1. That the Vikings discovered America is accepted by all but a few scholars who insist that
Irish priests got there before them.
2. So colossal is human egotism that people who have met an author are constantly on the
look - out for portraits of themselves in his work.
3. From the spring of 1665 the Great Plague had raged in London. Never since the Black
Death in 1340 had Pestilence spread such ravages.
4. "To these islands", wrote the Arab geographer Idoisi in the twelfth century "com the
ships of Oman to gather coconuts and cut wood and build their vessels..."
5. Small as she was, she made quite a good horse - woman.
6. Twice within his life time had world wars taken place.
7. Awaiting ahead of us in one of the biggest challenges we have ever faced.
8. Only when all attempts at negotiation had failed, did the men decide to go on strike.
9. Robert Pierre I find difficult to admire.
10. Only by united opposition could we eliminate world terrorism.
11. So suspicious did he become that he didn't believe anyone.
12. Of all the vices to which my colleagues in journalism are most opposed, none is more
hateful to them than hypocrisy.
13. Important though language is, both as a channel of communication and as equipment for
thinking, the really special feature of the human brain is its use of language to question our
place in nature. Intensive intellectual curiosity is a hall - mark of mankind.
14. Never before had I been asked to accept a bribe.
15. On no accounts are visitors allowed to feed the animals.
NOTE: The word order of the sentences above is strongly determined by the opening
words. Some of the commonest of these words are IT, THAT, HOW, WHEREVER WHY,
WHERE, ALWAYS, NEVER, ONLY, NO, and adjectives, and personal names.
Before translating them, in order to understand these passages thoroughly, you are asked to
suggest how the same thoughts might be reworded in English first.
Eg: That the Vikings discovered America is accepted by all but a few scholars...
 21

-> It is accepted by all but a few scholars that the Vikings...

-> All but a few scholars accept the fact that the Vikings...
-> The discovery of America by the Vikings is a fact accepted by...
Then, you should suggest, if possible, 2 translations, only one closely matching the English
word order, the other free, but be sure to maintain the key thought as well as the key details
of the text.
 22

LESSON SIX:
RULES OF TRANSLATION

I. THE SEVEN BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS

Every English sentence consists of 2 parts: S (Subject) and P (Predicate). Subject nominates
a personal name, a thing, an animal, an event. Predicate presents something about its
subject. S must be something considered Noun (s). or Pronoun (s) or their equivalent. P
must contain a verb of finite form.
According to the structural form of Predicate, English sentences can be arranged and
classified into 7 patterns as follows.
1. N + Vi (+ Adverbial) (Vi: intransitive verb)
Eg: The birds are flying to the south.
2. N + V (Be) + Adverbial
Eg: They will be late.
3. N + V (link - V) + Adjective
Eg: The sky became cloudy
4. N + V (link-V) + N
Eg: His father used to be a footballer.
5. N + Vt + N (Object) (Vt: transitive verb)
Eg: Science requires accuracy.
6. N +Vt+ N (I.O) + N (D.O)
Eg: We told him the truth.
7. N + Vt + N(0) + N (C) (C: complement)
Eg: They appointed him manager.
II. THE RULE OF PROXIMITY:
"Proximity" means "nearness" in English.
Rule:
When modifying any item of language, the MODIFIER must be placed closely to that item
even though the MODIFIER is a single word, a phrase (P - group/ V- ing (ed) group/ Inf -
group) or a clause).
Eg: the morning paper/ a used car/ the statements above/ a large family to support/ a man of
talent/ the man whom you saw/ he didn't come because he was busy.
Consider the meaning of these when "ONLY" (modifier) is in various positions.
 23

Eg: Only Gary hit his cousin on the nose.

Gary only hit his cousin on the nose.
Gary hit only his cousin on the nose.
Gary hit his only cousin on the nose.
Gary hit his cousin only on the nose.
Gary hit his cousin on the only nose .
Also consider:
- We want a piano for a lady with mahogany legs. (A lady with wooden legs?)
- I saw some high mountains sitting in the train. (Mountains are sitting in the train?)
In English, mistakes caused by incorrectly placing the position of modifier are called
misplaced modifiers.
III. THE RULE OF PARALLELISM
Rule:
The speech elements of the same grammatical function must be performed in an only
similar structural form.
Similar structural form may be either a single word, a P-group, V-ing /ed group, Inf group,
or an S-group (clause).
More specifically, when sentence elements have the same grammatical function, a Noun
must be parallel to a Noun, an Adjective parallel to an Adjective.
1. The rule and conjunctions of coordinating form:
The rule of parallelism is strictly used when we are expressing a series of similar in which
we have to use conjunctions AND and OR.
Consider: He likes boating, hunting, and to fish.
My uncle is young, tall, and having black hair.
She likes to go to the movie, hearing chamber music, and play.
To have a definite time table and following it are essential, in school.
Please tell me where you want to go, why deciding to go, what to intend to do, and when
come back.
2. The rule and correlative conjunctions:
Correlative conjunctions are those such as BOTH ... AND, EITHER ... OR, NEITHER ...
NOR, NOT ONLY ... BUT ALSO, etc...
Structural forms after each element of the correlative conjunction must be the same.
Eg: Both the moon and the planet Mars don't have an atmosphere.
 24

N N
She came both in the morning and in the afternoon.
P-GROUP P-GROUP
The students will take either biology or physics.
N N
You can return the books to the library either on Monday or on Friday.
P-GROUP P-GROUP
Hai Phong is not only a port city but also an important industrial center.
N-GROUP N-GROUP
The air not only provides us with oxygen but also helps transmit sound.
FINITE V-GROUP FINITE V-GROUP
The visit to Ha Long Bay is neither long nor short.
ADJ ADJ
She neither did her homework nor helped with housework.
FINITE V-GROUP FINITE V-GROUP
(or: Neither did she do her homework nor did she help with housework)
(2 clauses in parallelism)
IV. Brief Method of Vietnamese-English Translation:
When translating a sentence from Vietnamese into English, we briefly follow these three
steps:
Step 1: Take the suitable basic sentence pattern of English.
Step 2: Choose the suitable modifier.
Step 3: Use the rule of proximity or parallelism (if necessary).
Eg 1: Phong trào chống chiến tranh hạt nhân đang lan rộng khắp thế giới.
-> Step 1: Pattern: S - V: The movement is spreading
-> Step 2: Modifiers: 2 P-Group: against nuclear war/ throughout the world
-> Step 3: Rule of proximity.
The movement against nuclear war is spreading throughout the world
Eg 2: Chính phủ vừa phê duyệt đề án xây dựng một sân bay mới.
-> Step 1: P altern: S - Vt -N(0): The Government has just approved the project
-> Step 2: Modifiers: Inf -Group: to build a new airport
 25

Step 3: Rule of proximity.

The Government has just approved the project to build a new airpot
Eg 3: Vệ tinh được đưa lên không gian hôm qua là một vệ tinh thời tiết.
-> Step 1: Pattern: S - V (link V) - N: The satellite is a weather one
->Step 2 : Modifiers: V-ed Group: sent into space yesterday
->Step 3: Rule of proximity:
The satellite sent into space yesterday is a weather one.
 26

TASK 6
Exercise 1 The following sentences are all of basic pattern. Identify and decide which
pattern each of them belongs to.
1. We call this Ocean the Pacific.
2. It rained very hard
3. No one invited them.
4. She looks moody
5. The accident taught him a lesson.
6. The place used to be a busy one
7. The Journalists were at the airport.
8 What we have known is limited
9. I can’t tell you where she was.
10. I wonder why he is late.

Exercise 2: Use the rule of proximity to correct these sentences.

1. I spent the whole afternoon talking about the books I had read with the librarian.
2. John and Mary talked while I studied in whispers.
3. The fire was put out before much damage had been done by the brave firemen.
4. The boys sat looking at the parade in the window.
5. I saw the consequences of volcanic eruption on TV.
6. The operation was performed before much harm was done by the doctor.
7. I continued to live at my uncle's home when I went to college to save money.
8. I sold a guitar to a beautiful girl with steel strings.
9. Peter gave the statue to a friend that was made of plastic.
10. The invention proved to be a valuable time saver which was not at first accepted.
Exercise 3: Use the rule of parallelism to translate these into English.
1. Hầu hết mọi người chơi quần vợt để luyện tập, giải trí và giao tiếp xã hội.
2. Năng lượng mặt trời có thể dùng trong liên lạc điện thoại, trong công nghiệp và thậm chí
trong giao tiếp xã hội.
3. Hằng ngày mấy chị em chỉ phải làm công việc đơn giản như bảo vệ cây cối, giữ gìn bàn
ghế nhà trường, giúp đỡ cha mẹ trong gia đình.
 27

4. Chức năng của Bộ tư lệnh Không quân là phản công đánh trả các cuộc tấn công của phi
cơ địch, yểm trợ bộ binh và tuần tra vùng trời của tổ quốc.
5. Bảo tồn thiên nhiên gồm có giữ gìn tài nguyên thiên nhiên và chống ô nhiễm môi trường.
6. Chúng ta cần một lãnh đạo đủ thông minh để quyết định chính xác, đủ can đảm để quyết
định táo bạo và đủ nhạy bén để quyết định nhanh chóng.
7. Viên tài xế không nhận lỗi, cũng không nhận sửa chữa thiệt hại.
8. Các chấu nhỏ cần thức ăn bổ dưỡng, ngủ nhiều và được thương yêu.
9. Ở buổi tiệc, cô ấy chẳng ca hát, chẳng kể chuyện vui cũng chẳng nói chuyện với ai.
10. Nơi công viên tôi thấy các cụ già đánh cờ, các bà mẹ đẩy xe chở các trẻ thơ và các sinh
viên đọc sách.

Exercise 4: Use the rule of parallelism to correct these sentences.

1. Belly prefers parties, to see plays and placing the piano.
2. He does the work and without mistakes.
3. He learns typing, how to keep books, and shorthand.
4. We are losing money at the companies, so we must either raise our prices or we must
close down.
5. Not only is the book expensive but also uninteresting.
6. He has been not only without food but also without drunk for several days.
7. Tom's job was driving trucks and to repair engines for a company.
 28

LESSON SEVEN:
NEWS TRANSLATION
1. SENTENCE TRANSLATION:
1. Finds of S and Main V:
a. Find of S (Subject)
+ S as a single word:
- The government has announced ...
- Roitơ dẫn nguồn tin từ Ben-phát cho biết...
+ S as a phrase:
- Five young facfories workers can be dismissed...
- Việc khôi phục quan hệ giữa hai nước không chỉ là...
+ S as a complex unit:
- The man and all of his friends escaped from...
- Người phụ nữ không có cảnh sát giúp đỡ đã tìm ra..
+ S as a clause:
- What the P.M implied is to stop...
- Làm sao bọn cướp trốn thoát được vẫn còn là...
b. Find of main V (verb): Main verb may be:
+ Right after its S:
- In fact, the Government regulations have been released everywhere.
- Nhật đã chấp nhận tăng chi phí phòng thủ.
+ Separated from its S: (by a phrase or a clause)
- William Clohan, who was fired last week as undersecretary of Education, said Tuesday he
believed he was ousted because of right wing pressure on the White House.
- Phái Taliban cầm quyền tại Áp-ga-ni-xtan đã bắt đầu vòng hai cuộc đàm phán hòa bình
với lực lượng đối lập tại A rập Xê út.
NOTE: A translator is asked to avoid getting mixed with other verbs in cases of ellipsis
(with WHO/ WHICH/THAT + BE).
Eg:
a. A woman said to be despondent over her husband's heavy drinking jumped into a canal
with her three children last Friday. (What is the main verb?)
 29

b. Phong trào không liên kết vốn xưa nay là chỗ dựa tinh thần không thể thiếu của các nước
đang phát triển, đã tham gia tích cực vào nỗ lực gìn giữ hòa bình và đấu trang giải trừ quân
bị.
2. Understanding Words by Context
a. Guessing a word's meaning:
Eg: - SKEGNESS - ENGLAND (REUTERS) - Two Alsatian dogs savaged a six year
old girl to death yesterday, police said.
- Chính phủ vừa ký quyết định số 51/2000- TTg về giao chỉ tiêu cổ phần hóa và đa dạng
hóa hình thức sở hữu doanh nghiệp nhà nước. Theo quyết định này, đợt 1 năm 2002 cổ
phần hóa 390 đơn vị, trong đó 61 đơn vị chuyển từ năm 2001 sang...
b. Looking for an explanation: (often following the unfamiliar concept)
Eg:
- Burning was suffering slightly from hypothermia, a lowering of the body.
- Viếng thăm Hội An, du khách có thể thưởng thức các âm điều của bài chòi, một loại hình
âm nhạc dân gian độc đáo của Trung Bộ Việt Nam, trong đó nhiều người thay phiên nhau
hát, nói về một chủ đề nào đó.
c. Finding help from the rest of the sentence:
+ The questions on the actions in the story can be answered or informed. |
Eg: London (AP) - A massive explosion and fire destroyed (WHAT?) the Italian Consulate
(WHERE?) in London's fashionable Belgravia district (WHEN?) early yesterday,
(RESULT), leaving nothing but a black hole.
+ Some more explanation can be added for help to understanding.
Eg: - Lamia, Greece (UP1) - The Lamia public prosecutor Saturday indicted the brother and
the two sisters of Eleni Karyoli (WHO IS ELENI?), the woman imprisoned in a cellar by
her family for 29 years.
-Mountain View, California (UPI) - A NASA probe of Venus Sunday detected the
unexpectedly high levels of two primeval gases on the planet, (WHY IS THIS
IMPORTANT?), a finding that may cause scientists to change their theories on the origin of
the solar system.
+ Where the news came From can be informed.
Eg: - Stockholm (AP) - 2 Saab Viggen jet fighters of the Swedish Air Force collided in
flight Thursday night and crashed in flames, killing at least one of the pilots, an Air Force
spokesman said yesterday. .
- (MORE IMPORTANT) - (Bắc Kinh) - Tin từ hãng Roitơ cho hay, thủ tướng Trung Quốc
Du Chung Cơ hôm thứ hai đã thông báo một “ thắng lợi có tính quyết định” về việc sắp xếp
 30

lại chính quyền (bộ máy) trung ương của Trung Quốc, nhưng ông cũng nói rằng đó mới chỉ
là bước ban đầu để tiến tới xây dựng một bộ máy chuyên nghiệp và hiệu quả hơn.
II. TRANSLATION OF HEADLINES:
A. News Headlines Are Usually in Special Language
1. Language of News Headlines: 3 particular characters
a. Headlines are in the present simple tense very often instead of the simple past/ past
progressive/ present perfect/ present perfect progressive/ past perfect/ past perfect
progressive.
Eg: Rio de Janeiro fire leaves 8,000 homeless/ Rock falls Mexico.
b. To - Inf is used for near future events.
Eg: - UN's Annan to visit New Zealand and Asia Pacific.
- Phi-lip-pin sẽ xem xét việc thiếu nhà ở- The Philippines to examine home lack.
Note: Sometimes V-ing can be used instead of To-inf for future events.
Eg: Europe combining troops to land Sierra - Leone next week.
c. ARTICLES, TO BE , AND are often left out and understood, and comma (,) is instead of
"AND".
Eg:- Đứa trẻ kệt trên vách đá đã dược cứu thoát- Boy on Cliff Rescued
- Volunteer, Terrorist Killed in Ambush - A volunteer and a Terrorist Were Killed in an
Ambush
Consider these:
a. Japan to Rush Food Aid to Khmers ->
b. Sleepwalker Put 2nd in Hospital ->
c. War Gaines Planned, Implemented
d. Islamic Press to Sue UK TV Firm
e. 600 Trapped by Fire for 4 Hours
f. Romulo: Big Power Involvement in Cambodia Dangerous ->
g. Cars, Schools Targets of New Save - Oil Plan ->
h. Woman Kills Husband, Self ->
i. Betrayed, Girl Down front Height
B. Different Types of News Headlines
1. Straight and Direct Headlines
These headlines mention the main topic of the article.
 31

Eg: Railroad Workers Strike in Argentina ->

- Bị tống giam vì tội mưu sát
Jailed for Murder
2. Headlines in Question Form
The form is used when:
a. The headline mentions a future possibility:
Eg: Oil Price to Rise?
b. There is some doubt the truthfulness or preciseness of the news.
Eg: Jones Planned/Plans to Kill Carter?
Police Allowed Jailbreak?
(Note: the tense used sometimes can be out of the simple present tense).
3. Headlines in or with Quotation Marks (when a statement is quoted)
Eg: "We Own Our Lives to Pilots"
"I Was Not His Slave!"
"Chúng tôi sẽ không dầu hàng" "We Won't Quit!"
4. Feature Headlines
In this, some words are put in quotation marks (" ") to call for reader's interest.
Eg: The Man Who "Reigned over" UK's Queen -> (implying a captain who leads a ship
named’ “Queen Mary")
5. Headlines with Idioms
Idioms may be either a proverb, a maxim, a saying, or a jargon, etc.
Eg: Carlo Ponti in Hot Water Again
Tránh voi chẳng xấu mặt nào ( No shame to avoid someone stronger)
 32

TASK 7
Exercise 1:
1. LONDON (REUTERS) - John Stone house, former British cabinet minister who faked
his own death by drowning, was freed from jail on parole yesterday after serving 3 years for
theft, fraud and deception.
Main idea: a. a drowning b. the freeing of a man from jail.
c. A theft d. an escape from prison
2. JOHANESBURG (REUTERS) - A 20 year old woman who was to have to marry
her step grandfather in Johanesburg Friday was told by a magistrate a few minutes before
the ceremony that the marriage was illegal.
Main idea: a. a marriage b. a magistrate's decision
c. an illegal ceremony.
3. BEIRUT - LEBANNON (REUTERS) - Iraq, in the hope or getting peace negotiations
started, announced today that the last of its soldiers has left Iran.
Main idea: a. peace negotiations b. Iranian Soldiers
c. an Iraq's announcement
4. LONDON (UPI) - The remote Scottish Island of Iona, the birth place of Christianity in
Britain and the resting place of 48 Scottish kings, has been bought for the nation for $1,5
million.
Main idea: a. Christianity in Britain b. 48 Scottish kings
c. the buying of an island.
5. LOS ANGELES (REUTERS) - Christopher Boyce, one of the so -called "dishonorable
school boys" who supplied US spy satellite secrets to the Iraqi, has escaped from a
minimum security prison at Lompoe.
Main idea: a. a dishonest school boy b. spy satellite secrets
c. an escape from jail.
6. CAIRO - EGYPT (AP) - 5 Muslim fundamentalists convicted the assassination of
president Anwa Sadat were executed early Thursday, hours after a clemency plea was
rejected by Honi Mubarak, Sadat's successor.
Main idea:
a.Ahe execution of 5 assassins
b. the conviction of 5 assassins
c. the replacement of Anwar Sadat by Honi Mubarak.
 33

7. TOKYO (AP) - A Japanese - Chinese from Manchuria, separated from his family since
the end of World War II, meet his parents in Osaka Thursday in a tearful reunion that
coincided with the 33rd anniversary of Japan's surrender to the Allied Force.
Main idea:
a. The reuniting of a man with his parents.
b. The end of World War II
c. The 33rd anniversary of Japan's surrender.
8. ANNECY - FRANCE (AP) - 3 French explorers emerged from underground Sunday,
exhausted after spending a week trapped on a tiny, frigid ledge about 1,800 feet below the
earth's surface.
Main idea:
a. The return of 3 French explorers.
b. The deaths of 3 French explorers.
c. A holiday below earth's surface.
9. NEW YORK (REUTERS) - Alger Hiss, the former Stale department official who was
convicted of per 28 years ago in one of the most controversial trials in American history,
has filed a court suit in an effort to clear his name.
Main idea: a. the filing of a court suit b. an effort to save face.
c. a controversial trial d. the conviction of Alger Hiss
Exercise 2:
1. TEL AVIV - AP: Iraq and Syria have reportedly agreed to merge under a single leader
and combine their armies on Israel's northeastern border, Israel said Sunday.
Merge: a. attack b. disagree c. join d. discuss
2. HANOVER, WEST GERMANY - UPI: An East German couple, flying low to evade
radar controls, escaped to the West Thursday in a crop - dusting aircraft, police reported
Friday.
Evade: a. use b. find c. avoid d. try
3. BEDFORD, MASSACHUSETTS - UPI: 3 men, attempting to be the first to read Europe
by balloon passed Newfoundland, drifted out over the North Atlantic and reported
"everything's going just fine".
Drift: a. float in the wind b. be pulled by a vehicle
c. move on wheels d. fall
 34

4. SAN SALVADOR - EL SALVADOR - AP: The family of Israel's Honorary Consul

plead Thursday for his release by unknown kidnappers because he is in poor health and
needs medicine.
Plead: a. make a strong threat b. make a funny statement
c. make a statement of support d. make a deeply-felt request.
5. MANILA - UPI: The Philippines will issue an ultimatum today to the Vietnamese
Refugee boat Tung An to leave for Hong Kong or to be forcibly towed to international
waters, well-informed sources said yesterday.
Ultimatum: a. polite request b. final order
c. formal invitation d. announcement of help
Tow: a. pull c. guide b. help d. shoot
6. NEW YORK - REUTERS: New York's buses and underground trains were rolling again
yesterday after an estimated 11 day strike that caused traffic chaos and cost the city an
estimated $1.11 billion in lost revenue and production.
Chaos: a. control b. manners c. confusion d. method
7. NEW YORK - (UPI): Marathon swimmer George Kauffman had planned to swim around
the island of Manhattan twice, but after completing the first circuit, he decided once
enough.
Circuit: a. a path of electrical current b. time around c. part d. plan
8. CALCUTTA - REUTERS: Seventy four people were drowned near Calcula when their
bus skidded off the road into deep waters, an official spokesman said here yesterday.
Skid: a. crash b. slide uncontrollably c. jump d. take itself
Exercise 3: DRILL ON HEADLINES
I. Match the suitable headline to its body of news.
1. WASHINGTON - AP: The US National Highway Safety Administration reported
yesterday it was investigating possible safety related defects in about 600.000 General
Motors automobiles.
2. BANGKOK - UPI: A dead piglet was hung outside the Ministry of Interior yesterday
morning, in what was believed to be a protest gesture against all alleged broken promise to
big raisers made by the Deputy Interior Minister.
3. NASHVILLE - TENNESSEE - AP: A double amputee inmate walked away from the
minimum security section on the Tennessee State Penitentiary using artificial legs furnished
by the State.
4. WASHINGTON - REUTERS: A Government Population expert back from China said
that he was convicted that some American estimates of a billion Chinese were too high.
 35

5. TOKYO - REUTERS: A court yearly ordered the Japanese Government and three drug
companies to pay damages totaling 3,250 million yen ($17 mil.) to 119 victim of a nervous
disease and 14 of their relatives.
 36

FURTHER PRACTICE
Simple Sentences
1. The university awarded scholarships to 43 overseas students, based on their academic
record and the recommendation of their faculties.
2. Our science correspondent sees this new invention as the answer to many of our
problems.
3. Residents of the suburbs enjoy good social amenities without the noise and bustle of
living in the town centre.
4. Materialism is an excessive interest in money and material possessions.
5. The only way to eliminate world terrorism is by united opposition.
6. Depending on their circumstances, university students live on a grant from the
government, an allowance from their parents or income from part - time jobs.
7. For a teacher of her experience and ability, discipline was not a problem.
8. Lying in the cradle are two rosy - cheeked babies.
9. Here and there are scattered old newspapers.
10. An ambitious person is committed to improving his status at work.
11. Medical students are usually encouraged to watch operations in the operating theatre, as
part of their training.
12. The air in the centre of town was thick with fumes from the hundreds of cars in the
traffic jam.
13. All the secrets of the universe as well as of the human body, are being slowly revealed
with its full of interests.
14. Like the glass panes in a greenhouse, certain gases in the earth's atmosphere permit the
sun's radiation to heat the earth but retard the escape into space of the infrared energy from
the earth.
15. In many traditional societies, marriage typically involved transfers of property from the
parents to their marrying children or from one set of parents to the other one.
Compound Sentences
1. By choosing n single sex school to determine your child's success in life, not only are you
being misinformed, but you are also stilling his/ her right to learn to interact.
2. There are necessarily inequalities in the roles, but the people are supposed to be
guaranteed equality under the law.
 37

3. Vietnam is now the world's second biggest exporter of rice after the United States, and in
the past fifteen years, Vietnam has gone from suffering food shortages to being self
sufficient.
4. Anger is often viewed as an indication of weakness, and easily getting angry in public is
considered ill-mannered and uneducated.
5. Good personal relations based on mutual trust and esteem plays a particular role in doing
business.
6. Our bodies and minds are programmed to run to a particular schedule and our mental and
physical abilities change dramatically during a day.
7. Exercise should not be seen as a demanding task; it can be as easy as a quick walk.
8. Lillie minds are lamed and subdued by misfortune; but great minds rise over it.
9. Govern your passions or they will govern you.
10. The sky was clear; the winds had gone down; the full moon was setting radiantly in the
west.
11. Man is guided by reason; beasts by instinct.
12. Nuclear accidents can devastate vast areas; therefore, nuclear power plants should have
strict safely controls.
13. The Japanese have the longest life expectancy of any other people, for their diet is
extremely healthful and their health care lops of all.
14. In the last twenty years, Americans have laid their habit of smoking in good decrease,
but some of other eccentric ones are even on the way up.
15. The accident at the nuclear power plant at Three Mile Island in the United States created
fears about the safety of this energy source, and the disaster at Chernobyl in the Soviet
Union confirmed them.
Complex Sentences
1. At the age of 55, Desiderius Orban was forced to embark on such a new life at an age
when most people think of’ retirement.
2. Remember, when it's hot, wear light and light-coloured clothing to reduce your own
dependence on cooling appliances, take a cold shower or go for a swim.
3. It is hoped that recent advances in medical research will enable us to eradicate many of
the diseases which currently kill a large number of people in 3rd World countries
4. Though it is becoming increasingly easy to move from place to place, our inability in
communicating with one another, giving rise to numerous misunderstandings and making
real contact between people of different nationalities impossible.
 38

5. Electricity is such a part of our everyday lives and so much taken for granted nowadays
that we rarely think twice when we switch on the light or turn on the radio.
6. For few Vietnamese students who are really fortunate to study abroad, especially on
scholarships, it is usually a matter of honour since the competition for merit - based
scholarships is almost always stiff.
7. Since the world is getting smaller day by day, knowing our neighbors as well as our
immediate surroundings is no longer sufficient if we are to be contributing members of the
global community.
8. It is odd that some Vietnamese students studying abroad may not realize that every
situation beyond formal education in the classroom, no matter how trivial or even negative,
can be an educational experience, broadening one’s humanity and serious understanding of
the world.
9. Exercise can be both enjoyable and healthy, as it controls the appetite, gives a great
feeling of well - being, reduces susceptibility to many diseases, and helps eliminate stress.
10. As computers take on more roles in every thing from business and transportation to
medicine and national defense, society is becoming more vulnerable to the risk of computer
failures and errors.
Câu đơn
1. Cuộc đời đại học có thể xem là một thời kỳ khá quan trọng trong quá trình phát triển tâm
lý con người.
2. Sress là một hiện tường thường gặp trong đời sống hằng ngày.
3. Chính phủ nước Đức đã đồng ý giúp 52 triệu đô la Mỹ nhằm ủng hộ nỗ lực của Việt Nam
để xóa bỏ nạn đói, giảm nghèo nàn và trồng rừng.
4. Dự án đầu tư trong nước đã gia tăng cả về quy mô và lĩnh vực.
5. Tỉnh Trà Vinh phía Nam đã đầu tư hàng tỷ đồng để xây dựng 23 thư viện, hàng chục
phòng đọc và 150 trạm thông tin ở các xã.
6. Trong chín tháng qua, giá trị sản xuất công nghiệp của Hà Nội đã đạt được 511 tỷ đồng,
tăng 19,5% so với cùng kỳ ăm ngoái.
7. Du lịch là đòn bẩy thành công cho nhiều nước trong thời kỳ phát triển kinh tế.
8. Đà Nẵng cần có thêm nhiều khu nghỉ mát đạt tiêu chuẩn quốc tế để có thể thu hút thêm
du khách và đáp ứng nhu cầu giải trí của họ.
9. Các phương tiện giao thông hiện nay đã thải ra một lượng lớn các khí độc trong đó có
ozon.
10. Trong vài thập kỷ gần đây, vấn đề ô nhiễm môi trường của trái đất không những đã làm
cho các nhà khoa học mà ngay cả từng người dân của mỗi nước hết sức quan tâm và lo
ngại.
 39

11. Theo kết quả điều tra gần đây nhất của cơ quan môi trường Liên Hiệp Quốc (UNEP),
hàng năm hành tinh của chúng ta đã bị mất đi khoảng 15 triệu ha rừng, đặc biệt ở Châu Phi,
Châu Mỹ La Tinh và Châu Á.
12. Sau hơn hai năm triển khai xây dựng cụm công nghiệp nhựa kỹ thuật Đức Hòa Hạ,
Long An, đến ngày 21/8, Hiệp hội Nhựa thành phố Hồ Chí Minh đã đầu tư gần 600 tỷ đồng,
trong đó vốn đầu tư hạ tầng kỹ thuật hơn 100 tỷ đồng.
13. Theo phóng viên Thông tấn xã Việt Nam tại Băng Cốc, từ ngày 16 đến 21/9, tại Thái
Lan đã diễn ra các hoạt động trong khuôn khổ phiên họp thứ 7 về hợp tác trên biển giữa Hải
quân nhân dân Việt Nam và Hải quân Hoàng gia Thái Lan.
14. Tổng công ty đầu khí Việt Nam vừa trích quỹ phúc lợi 300 triệu đồng trợ giúp tỉnh Cà
Mau xây khoảng 45-50 căn nhà tặng hộ nghèo đang gặp khó khăn về nhà ở.
Câu kép
1. Sinh viên là những người trẻ, khỏe, có tri thức, có nhiệt huyết và là niềm hy vọng mang
lại cho dân tộc, cho đất nước nhiều điều tốt đẹp.
2. 80% dân số Việt Nam sống ở các vùng nông thôn và 70% sống bằng nghề nông.
3. Rừng của chúng ta không những đáp ứng đủ nhu cầu về gỗ trong nước mà còn mang lại
một số lợi tức đáng kể cho nhà nước thông qua việc xuất khẩu sản phẩm bằng gỗ.
4. Cây cối là những yếu tố quan trọng trong việc ngăn ngừa hạn hán và lũ lụt, vì vậy cần
phải thiết laapjmootj hệ thống kiểm soát để ngăn chặn cây bị đốn bừa bãi với số lượng lớn.
5. Tha thứ giải thoát bạn khỏi lòng hận thù và cho phép bạn có một cuộc sống dễ chịu hơn.
6. Kỹ thuật đã tạo ra rất nhiều tiện nghi cho con người nhưng chúng cngx gây lắm điều rắc
rối.
7. Stratford-upon-Avon là một thành phố buôn bán nhộn nhịp có dân số là 23.000 người, có
nhiều đường phố, nhà cửa còn nguyên vẹn không hề thay đổi kể từ thời trung cổ đến nay.
8. Cả thế giới đang phát động một cuộc chiến toàn diện chống bệnh AIDS nhưng chưa chắc
một phương thuốc chữa lành bệnh này sẽ được tìm ra trước ăm 2010.
9. Người Việt Nam rất tư hào về đất nước của họ, vì thế họ hăng hái giúp du khách tìm hiểu
về nền văn hóa phong phú của Việt Nam.
10. Một số người ưa chuộng cuộc sống ở thành phố lớn, trái lại một số người khác tìm cách
tránh xa nó.
11. Tiếng cười vui vẻ lạc quan giúp ích nhiều cho việc tiêu hóa và tuần hoàn máu, vì vậy,
một trong những bí quyết của những người trường thọ trên thế giới là sự lạc quan, vui sống.
Câu Phức
1. Tình yêu, tình bạn- đặc biệt là trong sinh viên, không thể thiếu chất lãng mạn bỡi nếu
thiếu sự lãng mạn thì những tình cảm đó khó duy trì được lâu.
 40

2. Một khi bạn học được cách bỏ qua những điều khó chịu trong cuộc sống, bạn sẽ cười
nhiều hơn, suy nghĩ sâu sắc hơn và đối xử tốt hơn với mọi người xung quanh.
3. Mặc dù có những nỗ lực rất lớn về môi trường trong những năm qua, khói xe vẫn tiếp tục
làm nghẹt thở các thành phố trên khắp thế giới.
4. Tổ chức y tế thế giới cho biết bệnh tật do nước không hợp tiêu chuẩn vệ sinh chiếm 80%
số ca trẻ sơ sinh tử vong ở các nước đang phát triển.
5. Chỉ khi cúp điện chúng ta mới nhận thấy chúng ta lệ thuộc vào điện nhiều đến mức nào
để có được một cuộc sống thoải mái
6. Kể từ khi tôi bắt đầu sưu tập tem thư, tôi nhận thấy kiến thức của tôi về địa lý và lịch sử
thế giứi đã tăng lên đáng kể.
7. Một sự hiểu biết lịch sử thế giới sẽ giúp chúng ta nhìn nhận đầy đủ hơn những giá trị
chung mà nhân loại đạt được qua nhiều thế kỷ.
8. Chỉ khi nào thế giới này hết sạch vũ khí hạt nhân thì nhân loại mới có thể sống mà không
phải lo sợ một sự hủy diệt toàn cầu.
9. Người ta nói rằng những ai đã quen với cuộc sống ở thành phố luôn có thể sẽ thấy rằng
sở thích của họ đối với vẻ đẹp thiên nhiên đã bị cùn mằn đi.
10. Rất có thể là những câu hổi trong kỳ thi sắp tới sẽ khó hơn nhiều so với những câu
chúng ta đã làm lần trước.
 41

DUY TAN UNIVERSITY END OF TERM 4 TEST

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
Subject: Translation Theory
Time limit: 100 mins
(Only Dictionaries Allowed)
Student's name: Class: Code:
1. THEORY: (3pts)1
1. Circle the most correct definition of translation as follows: (1 pts)
A. Translation is a process of exchanging information across cultures and languages
B. Translation is a process of transferring a message from this language into another
language in the way the author intended the text.
C. Translation is the replacement of textual material in target language by equivalent one in
another language.
D. Translation is the conveyance of messages across cultures and their languages.
2. Pick out then circle the method of translation used for this message (l pts)
I thinks there is a sort of coolness admits all the heat, and the mildness in the brightest of
the sunshine.
-> Tôi cảm nhận có chút gì đó mát mẻ trong nóng ấm hiền hòa, trong ánh vàng rực rỡ
A. Communicative method B. Free method
C. Semantic method D. Literal method
3. The rule of parallelism states that the speech elements of the same grammatical function
must be:
A. placed closely to the item modified by a modifier.
B. performed in any optional structural form.
C. as various as possible.
D. performed in a structural form which is the same for all elements.
II. PRACTICE : (7 pts)
1. State four ways of conveying the same message "I'M SORRY" in different words
2. Suggest a possible context for each of these fragments of language (ex: what can it be?”
Where or when it be seen or heard?) : (2pts)
a. Children under 15 not admitted
b. Get well soon!
 42

c. ARRIVING THURSDAY 8 A.M DANANG STOP HOPE SEE YOU AT AIRPORT -

JOE.
d. The lucky fist prize winner is ticket No 40. No 40 wins the first prize! Congratulations!
3. Offer 2 translation by different word orders to these sentences in whatever seems the
natural ways in Vietnamese: (2pts)
a. On no accounts are nuclear weapons massively produced.
b. That the Vikings discovered America is accepted by all but a few scholars who insist that
Irish priests got there before them.
c. It hadn't been until the early century that geothermal energy was found.
d. Rio de Janeiro fire leaves 8,000 homeless.
4. Translation into English (2pts)
Phong trào không liên kết, vốn là chỗ dựa tinh thần không thể thiếu của các nước đang phát
triển, đã tham gia tích cực vào các nỗ lực gìn giữ hòa bình và đấu tranh giải trừ quân bị, vì
một thế giới hòa bình và tiến bộ.
Notes: Phong trào không liên kết: The Non-Aligned Movement,
vốn là : originally
không thể thiếu : indispensable (adj)
giải trừ quân bị: disarmament (n)
 43

DUYTAN UNIVERSITY ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

EXAMINATION PAPER (R2)
Subject: Translation Theory Time Limit: 70 mins
(Only Dictionaries Allowed)
Class: ...Code:
1. THEORY: (4pts)
Circle the most corrections among these:
1. The method which pays more attention to the aesthetic value of the SL text is the one of:
A. Faithful translation B. Communicative translation
C. Semantic translation D. Free translation
2. In translation, context is understood as the:
A. WHAT + WHERE B: WHERE + TO WHOM
C. WHAT + WHY + WHERE D. WHAT + WHERE + TO WHOM
3. When modifying any item of language, the MODIFIER ..............be placed closely to that
item.
A. may B. should
C. won't D. must
4. The language of news headlines requires:
A. briefness B. involvement of key information
C. simple present tense very often D. all of A, B and C
II. PRACTICE: (6pts)
1. Use 4 ways of conveying the same message "I DON'T AGREE' in different words (Ipts)
2. Offer 2 translations for each of these. (3pts)
A. 'Pantene Hair is Hair so Healthy H shines" (advertisement for Pantene Pro V Shampoo)
2. Offer a suitable and attractive headline to each of these pieces of news - in - brief:
(2pts)
A. ..................................
A double amputee inmate walked away from a minimum security section on the Tennessee
State Penitentiary using artificial legs furnished by the State.
B.........................................
A man apparently enraged because of a frisbee in his parked car shot and killed a 15 -year-
old boy who threw the plastic toy, police said.
 44

3. Translate the following into English: (2 points)

A- Chỉ khi nào thế giới này hết sạch vũ khí hạt nhân thì nhân loaijmowis có thể sống mà
không phải lo sợ một sự hủy diệt toàn cầu.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
B. Một khi bạn học được cách bỏ qua những điều khó chịu trong cuộc sống, bạn sẽ cười
nhiều hơn, suy nghĩ sâu sắc hơn và đối xử tốt hơn với mọi người xung quanh.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................

Note: het sach : hoc dUOc cach: bo qua :

Hết sạch: to be clean out of
Học được cách: know how to...
bỏ qua: ignore, pass by
đối xử với: treat (sb) / behave towards ( sb)
 45

DUY TAN UNIVERSITY ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

EXAMINATION PAPER
Subject: Translation Theory Time Limit: 80 mins
.Class: Code:
(Only Dictionaries Allowed)
I. THEORY: (4pts)
Circle the most corrections among these:
1. According to Peter Newmark, translation is:
A. a process of transferring a textual material in one language into another equivalent
one in another language.
B. the process of conveying messages across languages and their cultures.
C. a process of transferring a message in the way the author wanted.
D. a process of transferring a message from this language into another language in the way
the author intended the text.
2. When register is understand as the "HOW", context is the:
A. WHAT + WHERE + WHO B. WHAT + WHERE + WHEN
C. WHY + WHICH + TO WHOM D. WHAT + WHERE + TO WHOM
3. "I'm afraid isn’t job news" =-> "Toi e rang day la tin buon" is:
A. Word - for - word translation B. Idiomatic translation
C. Free translation D. Communicative translation
4. Brief method of Vietnamese - English translation suggests:
A. a choice of appropriate sentence pattern.
B. use of the rule of either promixily or parallelism.
C. a choice of suitable modifiers.
D. all of A, B.C.
II. PRACTICE: (6pts)
1. Offer 2 translations in different orders of words to each of these messages. (2pts)
A. Twice within his life time had world wars taken place.

B. So suspicious did he become that he didn't believe anyone.

-> a
 46

-> b
C. Only when all attempts at negotiation had failed, did the men decide to go on strike
-> a
-> b . .
D. Small as she was, she made quite a good horse-woman.
-> a
->b
2. Use 4 ways of conveying the same message "THANK YOU" in different -words (l pts)

3. Use the rule of parallelism to correct these sentences, (l pts)

A. He learned typing, how to keep books, and shorthand.
->
B. Not only is the book expensive but also uninteresting.
->
4. Translate the following into English. (2pts)
A. Người ta nói rằng những ai đã quen với cuộc sống ở thành phố có thể sẽ thấy rằng sở
thích của họ đối với vẻ đẹp thiên nhiên bị giảm sút đi một cách đáng kể.
B. Một sự hiểu biết sâu sắc về lịch sử thế giới sẽ giúp chúng ta nhìn nhận đầy đủ hơn những
giá trị chung mà nhân loại đã đạt được.
 47

DUY TAN UNIVERSITY ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

&&&
MID-TERM TEST
TRANSLATION THEORY Time Allotted: 45 mins
(Only Dictionaries Allowed)
Class: Marks:
Circle ONLY ONE most correction among these clues for each sentence:
1. According to Peter New Mark, translation can be seen as:
A. A process of conveying an idea which the author intended in the text.
B. A process of making a message comprehensible within two different languages in
exactly what the author means.
C. A process in which two languages are used to transfer some message into another one
referred by the author of the text.
D. An alteration of a language into another one in an aim of making the author's intention
quite clear to understand.
2. Word order in translation is something:
A. optional B. of much care C. unimportant D. fixed
3. Perhaps the most familiar way of translation of students of English is ....................
translation.
A. literal B. free C. word-for-word D. faithful
4. Register of a translation mostly depends on:
A. meaning B. constructure C. A +B D. context
5. "Ngày mai trời lại sáng” (title) can be translated as:
A. A Nicer Day Will Come B. Future Is Brighter
C. Hope for a Better Day D. Another Day Coming
6. Idioms can be translated only when it is:
A. forced B. possible C. impossible D. necessary
7. Context often helps bring in ______ to a translation text.
A. reliability B. colour C. preciseness D. none of A,B,C
8. Reference should be noticed to avoid:
A. repetition B. misunderstanding C. boredom D. ambiguity
9. Some common principles to all translation are:
 48

A. register + meaning + form B. register + form

C. context + reference D. meaning + form + context
10. "WHY" is not included in register or context because it is:
A. irrelevant B. indefinite C. obvious D. unlimited
11. "A Billion Thanks!" -> "Vo cung cam on!" is ................. translation.
A. word-for-word B. free C. semantic D. literal
12. "Amateur" from English into "A-ma-to" in Vietnamese is seen as:
A. Partial translation B. Word-for-word translation
C. Phonological translation D. Graphological translation
13. The message "SIT DOWN" can be expressed in:
A. Take a seat B. Be seated C. A + B D. Why not sit?
14. Method of translation seems as ............... as register.
A. easy B. boring C. important D. complex
15. Communicative translation seems a bit like............... one.
A. literal B. free C. semantic D. faithful
16. The translator, for reader's sake, .............. correct(s) minor errors by the author.
A. should B. may C. never D. must
17. "Neu Con Co Ngay Mai" (title of a famous novel by Daniel Steel about some strong
hope for future) can be suggested for translation into English as:
A. If There is Still Tomorrow B. If Only Tomorrow Would Come
C. When Tomorrow Is Waited for D. If The Future Can Be Better
18. Spoken and written languages are ..............different.
A. never B. sometimes C. always D. optionally
19. ................register is often used between 2 close friends.
A. Official B. Colloquial C. Both B & C D. Informal
20. "As it were!" should be best translated into Vietnamese as:
A. Ấy là nói vậy B. Như thực tế vốn là vậy
C. Mong sự thật là vậy D. Vì chuyện đúng là như vậy.
 49

DUYTAN UNIVERSITY END-OF-TERM IV TEST (EXTRA TERM)

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
Translation Theory
Time Limit: 60 mins
Student's name: Class: Code:
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE (7,5pls)
Pick out then circle the letter containing the best solution to the following sentences.
1. According to Peter Newmark, translation is a process of transferring a message from
this language into another language in the way the ______ intended the text.
A. writer B. author C. translator D. reader
2. The translator in general should not change the ............of the original.
A. language B. style C. purpose D. content
3. If the idiom does not work in the target language, do not ................it into translation.
A. enter D. force C. put D. send
4. The .......... style is suitable for translating business letter, reports, projects, plans, etc.
A. informal B. neutral C. colloquial D. formal
5. The ...................often helps in understanding the particular meaning of a word, a phrase,
etc.
A. dictionary B. method C. register D. context
6. The method which pays more attention to the a esthetic value of the SL text is
.......translation .
A. adaptation B. literal C. free D. semantic
7. Communicative translation attempts to ...............the exact contextual meaning of the
original.
A. render B. contain C. damage D. take
8. The ordering of words and ideas in the translation should match the originals as
as.............. possible.
A. closely B. soon C. clearly D. much
9. "Ngay Mai Troi Lai Sang" can be best translated as:
A. A Nicer Day Willcome B. Tomorrow Is Better.
C. Future Is Brighter D. Let Hope For A Better Day
10. In translation, context is understood as the:
 50

A. WHAT B. TO WHOM C. WHERE D. All of A,B,C

11. The passage "NO PARKING!" is often seen at:
A. everywhere B. parks C. public places D. stations
12. The rule of parallelism suggests that structural forms after each element of the
correlative conjunction be...............
A. different B. optional C. the same D. parallel
13. When modifying any item of language, the modifier must be placed ...............that
item.
A. before B. far from C. closely to D. near
14. 3 basic steps in translating a sentence from Vietnamese into English include:
A. taking the suitable basic pattern B. choosing the suitable modifier
C. Both A and B D. guessing new words.
15. The language used in the message should ................the context given.
A. match B. differ from C. serve D. be against
II. PRACTICE (2,5p(s)
16. State FOUR ways of conveying the message "THANK YOU" in different words.
17. Correct the sentences:
a. He wanted to know why I left for Hue, when to leave and with whom leaving.
->
b. They decided to buy a gift for Ba that is very expensive.
->
18. Translate into English:
Một khi bạn học được cách bỏ qua những điều khó chịu trong cuộc sống, bạn sẽ cười nhiều
hơn, suy nghĩ sâu sắc hơn và đối xử tốt hơn với mọi người xung quanh.
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