Company Profile

i. Mission

To build the strongest power grid and maintain the best power
utility practice in Southeast Asia, with the collective efforts of a world-
class professional workforce.

ii. Vision

Contributing to social and economic development of the nation

and satisfying our stakeholders’ needs, by efficiently developing and
adequately monitoring the power grid to produce reliable electricity
transmission service.

iii. Organizational Chart

ASSISTANT CHIEF TECHNICAL OFFICER

3
AVIATION

RELIABILITY AND TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT DEPARTMENT

4
OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT

QUALITY AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT

5
OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE

NORTH LUZON

SOUTH LUZON

6
VISAYAS

MINDANAO

7
DISTRICTS

MAINTENANCE AND TESTING DIVISION

OPERATIONS PLANNING DIVISION

8
iv. Core Values

Integrity. We abide by a high level of professionalism, sincerity,

positivity, and brotherly compassion to serve.

Competence. We uphold a strong heritage, which continues to inspire

us to perform to our utmost.

Passion. We maintain an unmatched passion to serve, and a passion for

excellence in all we do.

v. Product Services Description

NGCP’s main responsibility involves the improvement, expansion,
operation and maintenance of the nationwide transmission system as well
as of the sub-transmission system which have not yet been disposed by
TransCo.

Power Delivery - Linking power plants owned by NPC and independent

power producers (IPPs) to the country’s distribution utilities and electric
cooperatives which in turn deliver electricity to end-users.

System Operations - Centralized operation and control of high-voltage

transmission facilities, grid interconnections and ancillary services.

Metering Services - Operation and maintenance of metering facilities.

NGCP is also engaged in providing technical services, particularly

system studies and operation and maintenance of customer facilities.

vi. Stakeholders
The NGCP consortium, which holds the 25-year concession
contract and the 50-year franchise to operate the power transmission

9
network, is comprised of Monte Oro Grid Resources Corp. led by Henry
Sy, Jr., Calaca High Power Corporation led by Robert Coyiuto, Jr., and the
State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC) as technical partner.

 Mr. Zhu Guangchao is the Vice Chief Engineer and Director

General of International Cooperation Department of the State Grid
Corporation of China (SGCC), Vice Chairman of Redes Energeticas
Nacionais SA, Lisboa, Protugal, and Board Director of Hongkong
Electric Company. He previously served as the Managing Director,
President and CEO of the State Grid International Development
Limited, Deputy Director General of the State Grid Corporation of
China Philippine Office, Deputy Director General of Finance
Department of SGCC, President of Tai'an Power Supply Company,
and Vice President of Rizhao Power Supply Company.
 Mr. Henry Sy, Jr. is the Vice-Chairman of SM Investments
Corporation, Vice-Chairman and CEO of SM Development
Corporation and Vice-Chairman and President of Highlands Prime,
Inc. and SM Land, Inc. He also sits as Director of SM Prime
Holdings, Inc. and Banco de Oro Unibank, Inc.
 Mr. Robert Coyiuto, Jr. currently holds the following positions:
Chairman of the Board and CEO of Prudential Guarantee and
Assurance, Inc., Chairman of the Board of PGA Cars, Inc., Vice
Chairman of First Life Financial Co., Inc., President of Oriental
Petroleum & Minerals Corporation, Chairman of the Board and
CEO of PGA Sompo Japan Insurance, Inc., Director of Canon
(Philippines), Inc., and Director of Universal Robina Corporation.
 Mr. Jose Pardo is the Chairman of the Philippine Stock Exchange
(PSE), Electronic Commerce Payment Network, Inc. (ECPay),
OOCC General Construction Corp., and Philippine Savings Bank.
He also sits as a director for ZNN Radio Veritas, Bank of
Commerce, JG Summit Holdings, Inc., and Bank of Commerce
Investment Corporation. He is also a prominent figure in the

10
 public sector having held top posts at various agencies, most
notably the Department of Finance and Department of Trade &
Industry.
 Dr. Francis Chua is the Chairman Emeritus of the Philippine
Chamber of Commerce and Industry Inc. (PCCI). He is also the
President of DongFeng Automotive, Inc., and a member of the
Board of Directors of the Philippine Stock Exchange and the Bank
of Commerce. Dr. Chua is the Consul General (ad honorem) of the
Honorary Consulate General of Peru in Manila since 2006.
 Mr. Shan Shewu is the Director General of the Philippine Office
of SGCC, Board member of State Grid International Development.
Since 2008, involved in the international operations of overseas
power companies of SGCC, particularly serving as Assistant Chief
Technical Officer, Board Director, and Chief Executive Adviser of
NGCP; Chief Technical Officer and Vice Chairman of the Strategic
Partnership Committee in Redes Energéticas Nacionais, SGPS,
S.A., a listed company and the national electric and gas
transmission corporation of Portugal, and as Executive Director
and Co-general manager of the Transmission & Distribution
Department of Hong Kong Electric Company.
 Mr. Liu Ming worked as the Chief Representative of the State
Grid Corporation of China's Africa Office, in charge of power &
energy corporation in 21 countries of Africa, Technical Director of
Market Exploration of the State Grid Corporation of China's
Australia Office, and held various key posts in the State Grid
Corporation of China's Head Office, handling administration,
dispatching, and operations & maintenance.
 Mr. Liu Xinhua is an engineer with a master's degree, he was
one of the topnotchers in the CPA Board Exam of China. His
previous work experiences covered the areas of accounting,
finance, and corporate administration.

11
 Mr. Anthony Almeda is the Chairman and CEO of ALALMEDA
Land, Inc. and Director of various corporations including Blue
Ocean Acquisitions, Inc., CUTAD, Inc., BS Square Commercial,
Inc., PACIFICA 21 Holdings, Inc., Leisure & Resort World, Inc.,
BIGBOX 21, Inc., and MIGUELUNDA Educational Corporation.
 Atty. Paul Sagayo, Jr. is a partner at Sagayo Law Offices and is
currently a professor at San Beda College of Law. He was
previously connected with Dechavez Bugayong Concepcion &
Sagayo Law Offices, Tacardon Sagayo & Yulo Law Offices, and
Romero Lagman Valdecantos & Arreza Law Offices.

12
 Picture taken before the lecture for Introduction, Safety, and Security.
NGCP San Manuel Substation (Conference room)
January 28, 2019

Picture taken at SM (Sirok Mangga) after the lecture and tour at switchyard.
NGCP Nagsaag Substation
January 28, 2019

13
Note: Pictures at NGCP is limited due to tight security. Taking pictures with equipment is
prohibited.

14
Company Profile

San Roque Power Corporation (SRPC) is responsible for the operations and
maintenance of the power-generating facility of the San Roque Multipurpose Project for
25 years effective May 1, 2003. SRPC is a corporation organized and existing under
Philippine laws and registered with the Philippine Securities and Exchange Commission
on October 14, 1997. It is a stock corporation incorporated in the Philippines, in
accordance with the Corporation Code of the Philippines and the Foreign Investments
Act of 1991. The company is owned by Marubeni Corporation and Kansai Electric
Power Company Ltd. with an equal sharing of 50%.

Mission, Vision, and Core Values

15
Governance

SRPC upholds the principles of good governance to protect its corporate value,
the productivity and morale of its workforce, and the integrity of its resources.

The Company has put in place basic principles of good governance:

 The existence of an effective and efficient Board of Directors and Executive

Management Team;

 A clear management decision-making process that involves the employees;

 The internal control systems as provided in the Company standards and

procedures;

 Regular reporting to the shareholders and other stakeholders of the

Company;

 A mechanism for identifying and managing risk through effective oversight

and internal control and safety management; and

 A clear remuneration policy.

The SRPC Board of Directors (Board) is responsible in providing strategic

guidance and effective oversight over the Company’s management, including the control
and accountability systems.  The Board is in charge of appointing the President and CEO
and other officers, and ensures that strategic plans and programs of the Company are
executed. The Board is responsible in approving corporate strategy and providing
appropriate resources in carrying out the same. The Board is also responsible in
approving major capital expenditures and in monitoring financial and other reportorial
requirements.

The Board is composed of seven directors and a board secretary, three officers
from Marubeni Corporation, three from Kansai Electric Power Company, and one
independent member who serves as the chairman with non-executive functions. This
arrangement ensures the check and balance in all policy decisions and business

16
transactions in the Company. The independent member of the Board is not a member of
the Executive Management Team and is not an employee of any of the shareholders.
The members of the Board are carefully selected based on their integrity and
competence in business and in the power industry.

The directors of the Board elect the President and CEO and appoint the board
secretary and the vice presidents. The directors are elected during the regular meeting
of the shareholders and have a one-year term of office until their successors are elected.

The President and CEO is also one of the members of the Board and heads the
Executive Management Team that is responsible in ensuring that the Company is
managed according to the Company’s vision and mission. The other members of the
Executive Management Team are two Senior Vice Presidents, one for Operations and
Site Administration and another one for Technical Matters; and five Vice Presidents each
for Operations and Maintenance, Finance, Corporate Affairs, Compliance, and Human
Resources and Administration. This team formulates the strategies, policies, plans, and
programs of the Company based on the key result areas that maintain the balance
between being a world-class energy producer and a socially responsible corporate
neighbour.

Sustainability Framework

SRPC’s overall Sustainability Framework demonstrates our belief that our

Company and our operations are intrinsically linked with the communities and the
environment where we operate.

The diagram shows a continuum of complementary processes that emanate from

our core business of power generation, with its sustainability goal of Operational
Excellence. This innermost ring depicts our commitment to excellence as we deliver
reliable power to customers, and our understanding that this commitment enhances our
corporate value.

The next ring depicts the continual process of maintaining the balance of
different Company priorities. It demonstrates the dynamic interdependence of our
responsibilities to our shareholders, employees, host communities, and the environment

17
vis-à-vis the similarly interdependent aspects of our business, including electric power
generation, environment protection, poverty alleviation, and human resource
development.

The outermost ring identifies the effects of this interaction: Distributive impact,
Environmental Stewardship, Family Solidarity, and Community Empowerment. Our
continuous delivery of these four benefits enhances the value of the Company in the
community where we operate.

Sustainability Roadmap Greening Goals

Operations and Maintenance

 Timely and accurate operational response. Right mix of water utilization for
power generation and irrigation.
 Optimum service life of equipment, spare parts, and software of the turbine and
generator.
 Adequate stock levels of Generator-Excitation System and Governor System.
 Available and reliable communication systems.
 Reliable, up-to-date control systems and programmable logic controllers.
 Available and reliable dam monitoring instrumentation.
 Timely implementation and completion of civil and structural projects.
 End-user compliance with IT security measures.

Safety
 Sustained, proactive safety culture.
 Safe, proactive contractor base.

Corporate Affairs
 Environmental protection through responsible stewardship.
 Sustained social acceptability.

Finance and Accounting

 Compliance with tax regulations.
 Accuracy of voucher processing.

18
  Timely check availability.
 Optimized potential of sufficient cash.

Human Resources and Administration

 Formal, integrated talent management and succession plan.
 Accurate and timely processing and delivery of items requested.
 Optimized supplier base.

ACHIEVEMENTS

2017 Scroll of Honor Award from Philippine Red Cross

2016 Commendation for Best Practice in Sustainability Reporting in the Philippines from
National Center for Sustainability Reporting, Jakarta, Indonesia

2015 International Socrates Award in Recognition of its Professional Achievement in

relation to Humanitarian Goals, Environmental Awareness, and Business Innovation from
Europe Business Assembly

2015 Award of Merit for achieving 1, 568, 588 Safe Man-Hours without Lost Time
Accident from Safety Organization of the Philippines, Inc.

2015 CSR Excellence Award Education Category (Reading, Mathematics and Science
Proficiency Program) from People Management Association of the Philippines

2015 Multipartite Monitoring Team Best Practices Award in Region I

from Environmental Management Bureau and Pollution Control Association of the
Philippines, Inc., Region VII

2015 Diploma of Service Award from Philippine Red Cross Pangasinan Chapter

2015 Certificate of Recognition – Sustainable Livelihood Program from the Department

of Social Welfare and Development-Region I

2014 Perfect Safety Record Award from Safety Organization of the Philippines, Inc.

19
2014 Special Recognition-CSR in the Community from the Sustainable Business Awards
Philippines

2013 Certificate of Recognition from the Department of Education Adopt-A-School

Program

2013 Perfect Safety Record Award from the Safety Organization of the Philippines, Inc.

2013 CSR Leadership Award to Mr. Tommy T. Valdez

from the CSR Excellence Leadership Recognition & World Marketing Summit Malaysia

2012 CSR Leadership Award to Mr. Ryukichi Kawaguchi (Silver Awardee)

from the Annual Global CSR Summit

2011 Certificate of Recognition from the Department of Environment and Natural

Resources – Region I

2011 Certificate of Merit for Best Community Program (Education)

from the Annual Global CSR Summit

2008 Safety Recognition Award from the Safety and Health Association of the
Philippines Energy Sector Inc.

2007 Safety Recognition Award from the Department of Labor and Employment-Bureau
of Working Conditions

2004 Likas Yaman Awardee for Environment Excellence from the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources

2003 Project of the Year from the Power Engineering International

20
 San Roque Power Corporation, January 28, 2019

San Roque Dam, January 28, 2019

“In nature, light creates color. In the picture, color creates the light.”

21
 On our way to San Roque Dam. January 28, 2019

A picture with my Plant Tour groupmates with Engr. Villanueva.

San Roque Dam, January 28, 2019

22
 Picture taken during lecture at SPRC level 5, January 28, 2019.

Picture taken at SPRC substation, January 28, 2019.

“Learning is not attained by chance, it must be sought for with ardour and attended to
with diligence.” –Abigail Adams

23
24
Pictures taken at San Roque Power Corporation
January 28, 2019

25
26
Company Profile

We are the first Filipino Company to succeed in penetrating the local toothpaste
industry, long dominated by multinationals, with our own brand of toothpaste, Hapee.
Since our formal inauguration in March 1988, we were able to maintain a consistent
quality standard on our toothpaste. Because of this, we have become patronized and
love by the Filipinos nationwide.

Our Products

We provide a variety of quality products for oral care, household and personal
care at an affordable cost. Some of our brands includes Hapee, Kutitap and Gumtect
toothpastes. Dazz dishwashing paste/liquid, and Licealiz for lice infestations.

Our Advocacy

We believe that businesses have the best opportunities to serve their

communities. This is why we take an active part in various activities that help promote
health, education, and the environment. Through these efforts Lamoiyan Corporation
hopes to contribute to the advancement and progress of the Filipino.

Our Affiliation
Chamber of Cosmetics Industry of the Philippines (CCIP)
Asean Cosmetics Association (ACA)
Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry (PCCI)
Buy Pinoy Movement
People Management Association of the Philippines (PMAP)

OUR VISION

We aspire to have a Lamoiyan product in every home.

OUR MISSION

We exist to improve the quality of life by bringing essential products within the
reach of the common people

27
OUR CORE VALUES

We achieve our mission and vision by living according to our corporate values.

 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY. 
We make our presence a blessing to society.

 PURSUIT OF EXCELLENCE. 
We do things better than before and better than competitors.

 INTEGRITY. 
We do things right.

 RESPECT FOR THE INDIVIDUAL. 

We value individuality by treating each other with fairness.

 lNNOVATE. 
We do our best to improve and introduce new products.

 TEAMWORK. 
We reach collectively goals that we cannot reach separately.

Work Culture (IT CAN BE)

In Lamoiyan Corporation, we create a work culture that encourages our

employees to embrace an IT-CAN-BE attitude.

INTEGRITY.
We are committed to doing things right in all our endeavors.

TRANSPARENCY.
We practice openness and honesty in all our business transactions.

COMMUNICATION.
We provide channels for mutual feedback throughout the organization.

28
APPRECIATION.
We recognize and reward our employees’ dedication and service to the company.

NEVER GIVE UP.

We courageously face our competitors until we have achieved our goals.

BE WILLING TO LISTEN.
We strive to learn more and grow as a company.

BE WILLING TO CHANGE.
We embrace changes that will transform us for the better.

BE A LEADER.
We develop and train ourselves to become catalysts of change in our society.

Lamoiyan Corporation is a 100% Filipino-owned Toothpaste Company

established in 1988 by Cecilio Kwok Pedro. The company was known to be the
manufacturer of “Hapee” toothpaste, consumer’s third choice next to Colgate and Close-
up in the Philippines. The CEO, Cecilio Kwok Pedro, is a Filipino-Chinese national who
grew up to be a business-minded person as expected in their blood.

Not only is Lamoiyan Corporation known for creating a Filipino brand of

toothpaste, but as well as its firm commitment in supporting the deaf community. The
company employed hearing-impaired people, and required employees to learn how to
communicate with the deaf. And since he is a devout Christian like her grandmother, Dr.
Cecilio Pedro established the Deaf Evangelistic Alliance Foundation (DEAF) which gave
scholarship to the deaf community and introduced them to Christianity, standing by the
company’s motto, “To make a difference for the glory of God.” The following were my
realizations. 

1. Equal Worker Treatment- There has been too much imbalance in our society,
and employing the hearing-impaired affirms the company's support towards
making them responsible citizens of the country by adding to the economic
activities of the country. More so, the said initiative is an avenue for Lamoiyan to

29
 uplift the lives of various individuals and at the same time contribute to its
workforce.

2. Entrepreneurial Values- The company continued to innovate and created a

difference to the community despite pressures from the market by combining
innovative business development and company resources.

3. Balance of Profit Maximizing objectives and Social Responsibility- The

company continues to balance profit maximizing objectives with its Social
Responsibility activities. As it is said, business organizations should not solely
focus on making profits but should contribute to the overall wellness of the
society they revolve upon.

HISTORY

1970’s - Aluminum Containers, Inc., owned by Dr. Cecilio Pedro, becomes the major
supplier of aluminum collapsible toothpaste tubes to Colgate-Palmolive Co. and the
Philippine Refining Company (PRC) now Unilever Group.

1985 - The companies began to use plastic laminated tubes instead of aluminum
collapsible tubes. Mr. Pedro was left a stockpile of aluminum tubes with nothing to do
with them.

1988 - Reluctant to dispose of the factory’s equipment. Dr. Pedro decides to reopen his
factory as Lamoiyan Corporation, the first Filipino company to penetrate the toothpaste
industry. With only less than 20 employees, the company produces world-class brands
Hapee and Kutitap at affordable prices.

Hapee toothpaste, the toothpaste brand of Lamoiyan Corporation, sponsors the

1988 Philippine Olympic Delegation. Lamoiyan Corporation is recognized as the official
toothpaste of the Olympics to Seoul, South Korea.

1990’s - Lamoiyan Corporation gains respect of consumers to garner several awards

such as Most Outstanding Toothpaste Manufacturer (1990, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997, and
2002), TOYM for Business Leadership (1991), Company of the Year by Agora Awards

30
(1992), Apolinario Mabini Award for Employer of the Year (1993), and Most Outstanding
Program for Equal Employment (1993).

2004 - The company decides to expand its business to neighbouring countries such as
China, Vietnam, and Indonesia.

2008 - Lamoiyan Corporation celebrates its 20th Anniversary with the theme

“Partnership, Passion, and Prayer.

2012 - Hapee toothpaste exports to the Middle East, Papua New Guinea, Russia, and
Hong Kong. It looks forward to “bigger and greater heights” as it celebrates its 25th
Anniversary next year.

31
 Picture taken during a short briefing and lecture.
Lamoiyan Corporation, January 29, 2019

Picture taken after the lecture and tour inside the factory.
Lamoiyan Corporation, January 29, 2019

32
“Be curious, not judgemental.” –Walt Whitman

Lamoiyan Corporation, January 29, 2019

Lamoiyan Corporation, January 29, 2019

33
34
Company Profile

Company Overview

Makban Geothermal Power Plant, a geothermal power plant project in Luzon,

generates electricity. The company is based in Calauan, the Philippines. Makban
Geothermal Power Plant operates as a subsidiary of National Power Corporation.

Aboitiz & Company

Aboitiz & Company (ACO) was founded by Paulino Aboitiz in the late 1800s as an

abaca trading and general merchandise business in Ormoc, Leyte and later ventured
into inter-island shipping to transport its goods across the Visayas. It was formally
incorporated in 1920 and serves as the private holding company of the Aboitiz family
today. 

When Don Ramon Aboitiz, Paulino’s second son, took over management of the
company, he established a strong foundation of growth and expansion. From a small
mercantile operation, ACO has grown and diversified to various companies engaged in
distinct services in key industries that are contributing to nation-building. 

The journey of ACO from a small family business to being one of the largest and
most respected business groups in the Philippines is a testament to its solid foundation
built on trust, fairness, integrity, and quality.

With five generations of family and professional management behind its business
success, Aboitiz echoes the time-honoured philosophy of Don Ramon, the legacy of
excellence nurtured and strengthened over the past century.

The Aboitiz Way

The Aboitiz Group has been in business for more than a century. Over five
generations, we have nurtured, strengthened, and upheld our core values and beliefs.

This system of values and beliefs is what we refer to as The Aboitiz Way, the
distinctly unique and strong culture ingrained in our organization.

35
 It is a culture that we deeply value and clearly understand that drives our
behaviour and performance, and ultimately, is the key to the success of our enterprise.
Our actions and decisions are anchored on our time-honoured values of integrity,
teamwork, innovation, and responsibility. These are what guide us while pursuing our
mission to create long-term value for all our stakeholders. We focus on achieving our
purpose to drive change for a better world by advancing business and communities. And
we are committed to making Aboitiz a truly sustainable enterprise that we can entrust to
future generations.

A Better Future

In everything that we do, we are able to create a better future to our customers,
our host communities, and our nation.

Mission

We in Aboitiz Power consider it our responsibility to provide reliable and ample

power supply when needed, ensure that the supply of electricity is provided at a
reasonable and competitive price and lastly, accomplish the first two duties with the
least possible adverse effects on our environment and our host communities.

Core Values
Our Core Values guide every decision we make, every action we take.
Our Core Values of Integrity, Teamwork, Innovation, and Responsibility define
who we are and these values drive everything that we do in the organization.

INTEGRITY

We believe in integrity. We deliver on what we promise, practice fair processes,

are accountable for our actions and their consequences.

TEAMWORK 

We believe in teamwork. We apply a multi-disciplinary approach to achieve our

business goals. We work independently while promoting cooperation and mutual
respect.

36
INNOVATION

We believe in innovation. We constantly look for better ways to provide efficient

system, quality service and products.

RESPONSIBILITY

We believe in responsibility. We adhere to good corporate governance, advocate

sustainability and caring for our environment, care for all our stakeholders, ensuring
they take a fair share of the value creation we are involved in.

Our Businesses

In 1994, ACO listed Aboitiz Equity Ventures (AEV) on the Philippine Stock
Exchange to fund emerging growth opportunities. ACO’s other shareholdings in privately
held companies are in construction and shipbuilding. The company has since fully
divested its shipping and transportation business.

ABOITIZ EQUITY VENTURES

AEV is the public holding company of the Aboitiz Group with major investments
in power, banking and financial services, food, infrastructure, and land. Staying focused
on its mission to create long-term value for all its stakeholders, AEV is recognized as one
of the best-managed companies in the Philippines and in the region.

ABOITIZ CONSTRUCTION

Aboitiz Construction (formerly Metaphil) specializes in project management and

projects involving large civil works, industrial piping works, electro-mechanical works,
and steel fabrication.

TSUNEISHI

Aboitiz also partnered with Tsuneishi Group of Japan for ACO’s Tsuneishi Heavy
Industries (Cebu), Inc., which builds merchant ships of up to 180,000 deadweight tons
using the same high-quality technologies and standards as those in Tsuneishi Japan.

37
AboitizPower believes in the power of balance.

In everything that we do, it may be in producing electricity from our generation

facilities, to retailing, and delivering them right into the switches of your homes, we do it
with balance. Our mission is to provide energy solutions that are reliable, reasonable
and responsible. By balancing these qualities, we address our country’s energy trilemma
of energy security, affordability, and sustainability.

Organizational Structure

38
Conglomerate Map

39
Picture taken after the lecture with, Engr. Villanueva, Engr. Fernandez, and the lecturer.
Cleanergy Center, Aboitiz Power, January 29, 2019

Picture with my Plant Tour groupmates after the lecture.

Cleanergy Center, Aboitiz Power, January 29, 2019

“You don’t have to be great to start, but you have to start to be great.” –Zig Ziglar

40
 Picture at the entrance. Illustration of the process of Makban Geo

CLUTCH PLAY. Turning everyday motion Make your own Wind turbine and test it.
to electricity.

Pictures taken at Aboitiz Power

January 29, 2019.

41
“Nothing will work unless you do.” –Maya Angelou

42
43
Company Profile

Mission

To establish the benchmark for professional waste management with the best
available technologies without compromising the quality of life of the individuals and
nature.

Vision
To achieve international best practice, Standards working in a highly regulated
and controlled environment.

Basic Information

The Clark Special Economic Zone (CSEZ), located some 80 kilometers north of

Metro Manila, Philippines is comprised of a 4,400-hectare Main Zone and a 29,213-
hectare Sub-Zone. Currently, it is being developed into a model metropolis built around
the Diosdado Macapagal International Airport.

Its master plan has provided Clark’s reconstruction as a residential

neighbourhood, mixed-use business district, recreational and entertainment center,
support and aviation-related facility, parkway and rail link, industrial estate and the site
of a world-class international airport.

The Clark Development Corporation (CDC), a government agency tasked to

manage the Zone, solicited proposals from various waste management companies for
the handling of the solid waste generated by its locators companies. The bidding was
won by a German Consortium composed of Birkhahn + Nolte GmbH and Heers
& Brockstedt Umwelttechnik GmbH.

The German Consortium later formed the company “Metro Clark Waste
Management Corporation” (MCWM) wherein 30% is owned by the Germans and the
remaining 70% is owned by various Filipino investors.

44
 The contract basically calls for the establishment of an integrated waste
management facility, to be operated for twenty-five (25) years, with focus on landfilling
for final disposal. The CDC gave a total land area of 100 hectares, to be used for the
following:

• Landfill facility 70 has.

• Recycling facilities 10 has.
• Infrastructure 5 has.
• Environmental buffer zone 15 has.

It has a designed maximum capacity 20,000,000 tons with an operational

capacity 1,000 – 3,000 tons daily.

Some highlights of the integrated waste management center are the

following:

• Entrance station with weighbridge

• All-weather roads inside the Center
• Disposal site in accordance to European standards
• Leachate storage and treatment ponds
• Runoff water collection system
• Retention basins

• Recycling and waste treatment facilities

• Environmental buffer zones / re-greening zones
• Administrative buildings
• Materials recovery facility
• Workshop

The disposal site itself will be built in phases/cells depending on the amount of
waste collected. We have already completed the construction fo the 4th cell (3
hectares), which is now operational. Subsequent cells to be constructed will be
anywhere from 3 to 10 hectares each, depending on the demand.

Technical information

45
 The SANITARY LANDFILL (SLF) in Sub Zone D, Clark Special Economic Zone,
Sitio Kalangitan, is build based on international accepted standards, which exceed the
standards as stipulated in RA 9003 substantially.

The protection layer which insures that no liquids (leachate) from the landfill
could harm the soil or the groundwater is basically based on a redundant liner system
out of natural and artificial materials with extreme low permeability. Further the local
geology with very dense clay material protect the groundwater, which can be found in
the area of the landfill about 60m below the surface.

The technical protection layers are built out of a 0.75 m thick clay liner
(implemented highly compacted) and a 2.5 mm HDPE (high density polyethylene) plastic
liner.

MCWM opted to use German technology manufacturing and installation of the

HDPE liners.

The drainage system for the leachate is built out of a HDPE pipe system (which
can sustain more than 80m waste load) and a real gravel filter, which would insure that
all incoming leachate could be forwarded to the Leachate Treatment Plant.

The Leachate Treatment Plant for the facility is built as ration ponds with the
additional utilization of a specialized ‘reed bed’ treatment plant.

Built in phases, the first phase with about 3 hectares area was implemented in
2002 whereas in 2018 the total utilized landfill area is about 20 hectares.

Key Personnel

Chairman of the Board: Michael L. Escaler

President and CEO: Rufo Colayco
Technical Director: Holger H. Holst
VP Finance: Victoria Gaetos
VP Operations: Michael Siebeneiger
VP Administration: Victor O. Hontiveros

46
 Picture taken during the lecture.

Picture with my Plant Tour groupmates after the lecture.

Pictures taken at Metro Clark Waste Management Corporation

January 30, 2019

47
48
 Pictures taken at the Sanitary Landfill.
Metro Clark Waste Management Corporation
January 30, 2019

49
50
Company Profile

“We should always pursue our business with honor and never waver in our
commitment to the principles of professionalism, integrity and patriotism.”
– Amb. Ramon V. del Rosario, Founder

PHINMA Energy Corporation, formerly known as Trans-Asia Oil and Energy

Development Corporation, is an integrated power Solutions Company engaged in power
generation and electricity supply, renewable energy, and resource exploration and
development.

It is the flagship energy arm of Philippine Investment Management, Inc.

(PHINMA), and has been in the business for 47 years.

The Company’s main businesses are power generation and electricity supply. It
has a combined capacity of almost 500 megawatts from its own power plants and
partnership ventures. It also purchases the capacity of other power generation facilities
to meet the demands of its customers. It sells electricity through bilateral contracts and
through the Wholesale Electricity Spot Market (WESM).

PHINMA Energy is a pioneer in electricity supply and trading in the WESM, and
has been a licensed Retail Electricity Supplier (RES) and Wholesale Aggregator since
2006. As a RES, the company can participate in the Retail Competition and Open Access
(RCOA) and serve the needs of contestable customers and electric cooperatives through
its customized power solutions.

PHINMA Energy also holds investments in various exploration service contracts

granted by the Philippine Government to private parties to give them exclusive rights to
undertake energy resource exploration, development and production activities over
certain areas. In the event of commercial production, the private parties receive a share
of proceeds to recover their investments and generate profit.

PHINMA Energy also engages the communities where it operates through CSR
programs, with advocacies focused on education for youth empowerment,

51
environmental stewardship, livelihood development and enterprise sustainability, and
community welfare and resiliency.

VISION

To be the investment and electricity supply partner of choice, leveraging our reputation

on a culture of excellence.

MISSION

Providing reliable, competitive and customer-focused electricity services;

Utilizing indigenous energy resources and clean energy technologies;
Helping build the nation through innovative, well-managed enterprises
Anchored on the ideals of integrity, professionalism and patriotism.

VALUES

PHINMA Energy manages its business pursuits based on the ideals of INTEGRITY,

PROFESSIONALISM, and PATRIOTISM as envisioned by its founders, and act as a
responsible corporate citizen that would improve the welfare of all its stakeholders.

INTEGRITY

We conduct ourselves in an honest, ethical, and transparent manner.

We always seek to do what is right, even in the face of adversity and uncertainty.
We do not tolerate fraud in all its forms, including corruption, bribery, and abuse.
We do what we say we will do and we accept full responsibility for our decisions and
actions.

PROFESSIONALISM

We deliver the results expected of us by understanding and giving importance to the

requirements of our customers and stakeholders. We foster a positive work environment
by treating everyone with utmost respect and welcoming different viewpoints that allow
us to create better ideas, products, and services.

52
PATRIOTISM

We proudly express our love for the Philippines through active participation in
Nation-building, respect for and adherence to its laws and regulations, commitment to
protect the environment, and an unflinching belief in the skill, spirit, and resiliency of
Filipinos as a people and as world-class professionals.

Board of Directors

Oscar J. Hilado has been Chairman of the Board of Phinma Corp. since 2003 and has
been a director of the company since 1969. He also chairs the Executive and
Nominations committees. Currently, he is the Chairman of the Board of various
companies under the Phinma group including, Phinma, Inc., Holcim Philippines, Inc.,
PHINMA Energy, Phinma Property Holdings Corporation, and Union Galvasteel
Corporation. Outside of Phinma, Mr. Hilado is also serves as a director of the following
firms: A. Soriano Corporation, First Philippine Holdings Corporation, Philex Mining
Corporation, Manila Cordage Corporation, Smart Communications, Inc. Digital
Telecommunications Philippines, Inc. (DIGITEL), Beacon Property Ventures, Inc., Pueblo
de Oro Development Corporation, United Pulp and Paper Co., Inc., and Seven Seas
Resorts and Leisure, Inc. Mr. Hilado is a Certified Public Accountant, with a Bachelor of
Science degree in Commerce from the De La Salle College in Bacolod and a Master’s
degree in Business Administration from Harvard Business School.

Ramon R. del Rosario, Jr., is the son of Phinma founder Amb. Ramon V. del Rosario,
Sr. He is the President and Chief Executive Officer, and Vice Chairman of the Board of
Phinma Corp., and the President and Chief Executive Officer of PHINMA, Inc. Mr. del
Rosario sits as the Chairman of the different institutions under the Phinma Education
Network, including Araullo University, Cagayan de Oro College, University of Iloilo, and
University of Pangasinan. Within the Phinma group, he chairs Trans-Asia Power
Generation Corp., Trans-Asia Renewable Energy Corp., Trans-Asia Petroleum Corp., CIP
II Power Corp., Microtel Inns and Suites (Pilipinas), Inc., Microtel Development Corp.,
United Pulp and Paper., Inc., Fuld& Co., Inc. and Fuld& Co. (Philippines), Inc., while he
is Vice Chairman of Trans-Asia Oil and Energy Development Corp., PHINMA Property
Holdings Corp., and PHINMA Foundation. Well-distinguished in various fields aside from

53
business, Mr. del Rosario is also the Chairman of the Makati Business Club, The National
Museum of the Philippines, Philippine Business for Education, the Philippines-US
Business Council, and the Integrity Initiative. Outside the Phinma group, Mr. del Rosario
is a member of the Board of Directors of Ayala Corp. and Holcim Philippines, Inc., and is
Vice Chairman of Caritas Manila and Trustee of De La Salle University. He served as
Philippine Secretary of Finance under Pres. Ramos’ term. Mr. Del Rosario is a graduate
of De La Salle University and Harvard Business School.

Francisco L. Viray is currently the President and Chief Executive officer of PHINMA
Energy. He is concurrently the President and Chief Executive Officer of Trans-Asia
subsidiaries Trans-Asia Power Generation Corporation, Trans-Asia Renewal Energy
Corporation, and Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of CIP II Power Corporation. At
present, he sits as a member of the Board of Directors of Trans-Asia Oil and
Development Corporation, Araullo University, Cagayan de Oro College and University of
Pangasinan of the Phinma Education Network (PEN), and Chairman, Pangasinan Medical
Center, Inc. He joined the PHINMA Group in 1999 and became a director in 2013. Dr.
Viray served on the Board of Directors of Meralco, Petron, Holcim Philippines, Inc., and
United Pulp and Paper Company, Inc.He obtained his Bachelor of Science and Masters in
Electrical Engineering degrees from the University of the Philippines and his Doctorate
degree in Engineering from West Virginia University.

Roberto M. Laviña – Senior Executive Vice President and Treasurer

Magdaleno B. Albaraccin, Jr. – Director

Victor J. del Rosario – Director

Corazon dela Paz-Bernardo  – Independent Director

Ricardo V. Camua – Independent Director

David L. Balangue – Independent Director

Guillermo D. Luchangco – Independent Director

54
 Picture taken after lecture.
One Subic Power Generation Corporation
January 30, 2019

Picture taken outside the switchyard.

One Subic Power Generation Corporation
January 30, 2019

55
 Group picture at the switchyard.
One Subic Power Generation Corporation
January 30, 2019

You have to be grounded before touching me.

One Subic Power Generation Corporation

January 30, 2019

56
57
Company Profile

The "Pililla, Rizal" Wind Energy Service Contract granted to Alternergy Philippine
Holdings Corporation (APHC) covers an area of 4,515 hectares under Department of
Energy WESC NO. 2009-09-018. This Wind Energy Service Contract (WESC) has two
phases, Pililla Wind Power Project under WESC NO. 2009-09-018-AF1 and the Mt.
Sembrano Wind Power Project under WESC NO. 2009-09-018-AP2.

In December 2008, Alternergy Philippine Holdings Corporation (APHC) was

awarded by the Department of Energy (DOE) the exclusive right to develop wind power
projects in 3 locations: Pililla in Rizal, Abra de Ilog in Occidental Mindoro, and Kalayaan,
Laguna. These locations were among those identified under the Philippine Wind Atlas as
potential sites for wind farms due to good to excellent wind resources. APHC was
subsequently awarded additional wind energy service contracts in 3 other locations in
2009. APHC is committed to implement the wind projects if the wind measurements and
site specific studies demonstrate that the power plants are commercially viable.
Phase 1 of this project is a wind farm in Barangay Halayhayin in Pililla, Rizal, Philippines.
The wind farm is being undertaken by Alternergy Wind One Corporation. The total cost
for the construction of the wind farm is US$177.9 million.

The project consists of 27 wind turbine generators grouped into three clusters
with aggregate capacity of 67.5 megawatts (MW). The said project, after completion will
interconnect to Meralco’s Malaya-Teresa 115 kilovolts (KV) transmission line located just
10 kilometers from the project site. Phase 2 located in Pililla, Rizal and Mabitac, Laguna
was not initially included by Alternergy Philippine Holdings Corporation (APHC) in the
Technical Assistance (TA) from the Asian Development Bank. A minor change in the ADB
TA implementation was approved in February 2013 to prioritize the development of the
Pililla, Rizal wind farm site and expand the study to Pililla Stage 2, which covers the
southern portion of the area, as initial findings showed certain limitations in wind
resource and constructability in the Laguna and Occidental Mindoro sites. Construction
of a wind power project in Abra de Ilog, Occidental Mindoro, in particular, is not feasible
until either the National Grid Corporation of the Philippines or the Philippine government
has installed a submarine cable connecting Mindoro and Luzon. Based on the initial

58
findings, further studies on the Laguna and Mindoro sites were discontinued; unutilized
TA budget for these sites were reallocated instead to fund the study for Pililla Stage 2.
The projected cost for Phase 2 is Php 7.056 Billion and its planned output is 72
megawatts (MW).

The wind project developer, Alternergy Wind One Corporation (AWOC), awarded
its 115 kV Transmission Line and 115 kV Switchyard Engineering, Procurement and
Construction (EPC) contract to Meralco Industrial and Engineering Services Corporation
(MIESCOR).The proposed two-phased wind power project of AWOC in Rizal province has
secured regulatory approval for the construction of dedicated point-to-point transmission
facilities that will connect it to the load network of Manila Electric Company.

The initial phase of the transmission facility connection will cover the 67.5-MW
Pililla wind power plant which is targeted on stream this year. The wind farm’s direct
connection to Meralco’s distribution network through the 115-kV Malaya-Teresa
transmission line has been elected as the “best option,” primarily in consideration of
accessibility and reliability factors as the distance is considerably shorter and the costs
are relatively lower than other configurations. AWOC emphasized that “the Pililla wind
farm intends to source its own power requirement of 600 kW (kilowatts) from Meralco.”
The facility will be equipped with 27 wind turbine generators with a capacity of 2.5 MW
each.

Our Vision

We aim to be a leading renewable power company in the Philippines.

Our Mission

Within 3 years, we will have developed renewable power projects in the country
with at least 200MW generating capacity from renewable energy resources.

Board of Directors:

Vicente S. Pérez Jr. - President and CEO

59
  Philippine Energy Minister, launched aggressive Renewable Policy Framework,
2001-2005
 Partner and Head of Emerging Markets Group, Lazard Freres, London and New
York, 1987-1997
 17 years of capital markets experience in emerging countries in Asia and Latin
America
 Launched Lazard Vietnam Fund, Asian Conservation Company
 Chaired ASEAN Energy Ministers Meetings and ASEAN Energy CEO Forums
 Director and Co-Investor, Northwind Power, the first wind farm in Southeast
Asia
 MBA Lecturer on Renewable Energy at Yale University
 Consultant to ADB on Renewable Policy
 Independent Director, EDC, 2nd largest geothermal power producer in the
world
 Chairman, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) – Philippines
 Vice Chairman, National Renewable Energy Board

Knud Hedeager - COO and EVP for Business Development

 SVP and member of Group Management NEG Micon, 1999-2002

 Director, South East Asia, NEG Micon, 2003-2004
 Director and Co-investor, Northwind Power
 Founded a renewable investment company in wind and mini-hydro
 BS Degree in Mechanical Engineering

Gerry Magbanua - VP for Financial Planning and Controllership

 Chief Financial Officer, Northwind Power, 2008-2009

 Commercial Manager and Controller, InterGen Management Services in Asia,
1998-Jun 2007
 Senior Associate, Ernst and Young, Audit and Business Advisory for Power, Oil
and Gas Industries, 1994-Jul 1998
 Certified Public Accountant

60
Eric O. Bucoy – Business Development & Community Relations Manager

 Consultant on power supply agreement negotiations with electric cooperatives

and electric cooperative crisis/change management
 Executive Officer, Bukidnon 2nd Electric Cooperative, 2006-2007 and Aklan
Electric Cooperative, 2002-2006
 Secretary General, National Association of General Managers of Electric
Cooperatives, 2004-2007
 Crisis Management Consultant for National Electrification Administration, 2002-
2008

Atty. M. Antonette Aguilar de Guzman – Corporate Counsel & Regulatory

Compliance Officer

 Senior Associate General Counsel, Aboitiz Equity Ventures, 2010

 Contracts Manager for Asia Pacific, Emerson Process Management, 2008-2009
 Senior Associate, Picazo Buyco Tan Fider & Santos Law Offices, 2002-2008

Alma D. Roxas – Corporate Project Manager

 Provided overall support in Alternergy's sourcing of equity financing, financial

closing and due diligence activities
 Finance Officer and Executive Assistant to the CFO, Rustan Commercial
Corporation, 2004-2005
 Presidential Staff Officer, Presidential Chief of Staff & Spokesperson, Office of the
President of the Philippines, 2003-2004
 Master in Business Administration - Regis Program, Ateneo Graduate School of
Business; BS Mathematics w/ specialization in Actuarial Science & Statistics,
 De La Salle University; Major units of Master in Applied Mathematics - Actuarial
Science, University of the Philippines

Jose Margo C. Mananquil – Transmission & Electrical Systems Engineer

 Assistant Engineer - Field Operations, Dubai Electricity & Water Authority, 2008-
2009

61
  Substation Control Engineer, National Transmission Corporation, 2003-2008
 Maintenance Engineer, Aboitiz Power Solutions, 2002-2003

Maria Martha V. Garay – HR & Corporate Services Officer

 Human Resources Manager, Nittan Capital Finance, 2007-2009

 Executive Secretary & Administration Personnel, 2004-2007
 Executive Secretary & Treasury and Admin Assistant, 2002-2004

Angeli C. Silang – Wind Engineer

 Licensed Electronics Engineer

 Published paper on Clean Water System using Renewable Sources
 Honorable Mention, BS Electronics and Communications Engineer, Ateneo de
Manila University, 2009

Sandra Nepomuceno – Executive Secretary

 Senior Executive Assistant to the President of East Asia Power

 Senior Executive Assistant to the President of the National Power Corporation
 Senior Executive Assistant to the Presidential Adviser for Energy Affairs and the
President of the National Transmission Corporation
 Bachelor's Degree in Business Management from the University of San Carlos

62
Welcome to 54MW Pililla Rizal Wind Farm.
Pilillia Windfarm, January 31, 2019

Picture taken after the lecture.

Pilillia Windfarm, January 31, 2019

63
“Never give up on a dream just because of the time it will take to accomplish it. The
time will pass anyway.” –Earl Nightingale

Picture taken by kuya Bhart while we are having a Vlog for our video presentation.
Pilillia Windfarm, January 31, 2019

64
 Pililla Windfarm Pililla Windfarm View Deck
January 31, 2019 January 31, 2019

65
66
Company Profile

AC Harris Cable Corporation was incorporated on July 2004. With a group of

dynamic individuals aspiring to provide quality Aluminum Cables for the quality
conscious and service oriented customers, thus the “HARRIX” brand was born

Equipped with over 25 years of electric wire manufacturing experience, it has

enabled us to handle the ever changing demands of our customers. As we strategically
position ourselves into becoming one of the key major players in the wire and cable
industry, we aim to be globally competitive while locally innovative.

We are an ISO 9001:2008 Certified Company with PS Licensed products

manufactured in accordance with ASTM-B230/232 and ASTM-B498-02 Standards.

In the near future, we will also be manufacturing Building Copper Wires to be

supplied to our valued customers.

In developing long term business relations, we are dedicated to provide quality

wires, reliable delivery service and good marketing relations to our quality conscious and
service oriented customers.

Officers of AC Harris Cable Corp. of the Phils.

Chairman - Mariano L. Ang

President - Alfonso L. Ang

Treasurer - Samson L. Ang

V.P. Marketing - Fely “LULU” G. Ang

Products

Bare All Aluminum Conductors - BARE AAC

Composite, concentrically stranded conductor made from round hard drawn

aluminum wires.

67
 Bare Aluminum Wires 1350-H19 EC Grade concentrically laid up over the central
core wire in successive layers and in opposite direction. The conductor maybe made up
to 7, 19, 37, 61 or more wires.

Universally used for the transmission of electric power relative for short spans,
serial feeders and bus bars of substations or power generating plant.

Insulated All Aluminum Conductors - POLY AAC

Weather resistant polyethylene insulated concentric-lay stranded aluminum

conductors made from 1350-H19 round aluminum used on primary or secondary
distribution line not exceeding 600V for the transmission of electrical energy.

Rated 75°C for continuous operation

Bare Aluminum Conductors Steel Reinforced - BARE ACSR

Composite, concentrically stranded conductor made from round hard drawn

aluminum wire and round zinc-coated extra-high strength steel wire(s).

Aluminum wires 1350-H19 EC Grade concentrically laid up over the central core
of zing-coated steel wire(s) in successive layers and in opposite direction.

Universally used for the transmission of electric power over long distances and
can be utilized as a messenger to support overhead electrical cables.

Insulated Aluminum Conductors Steel Reinforced - POLY ACSR

Weather resistant polyethylene insulated concentric-lay stranded aluminum

conductors steel reinforced to be used on overhead primary or secondary distribution
line for the transmission of electrical energy.

Rated 75°C for continuous operation.

Service Drop Wire

68
 Composed of one or more insulated phase aluminum conductors supported by a
bare neutral ACSR messenger for use in circuits not exceeding 600 volts phased to
phase and at conductor temperature not exceeding 75°C in continuous operation.
Commonly used for overhead secondary distribution poles or for connecting feeders to
customer premises:

Duplex Wire

Triplex Wire

Quadruplex Wire

Triplex Wire

Other Aluminum Wires

Aluminum Ground Wire

For Grounding wire or Static wires of Electric Power lines in pole Standard
Packing - 5,000ft.

Aluminum Tie Wire

Aluminum Tie Wire is a solid aluminum wire that is used in overhead

transmission and distribution line construction to mechanically secure components such
as conductors to pin insulators.

Also used for above-ground grounding applications in line construction.

Aluminum Tie Wire can be a solid annealed (soft) or a solid hard-drawn (hard)
aluminum wire manufactured to ASTM B609 “O” tensile grade and wire diameter
dimension.

Messenger Wire / Guy Wire

For messenger and guying purposes.

69
 Used for reinforcing and self-supporting various power and telecommunication
cables.

Class A Zinc-Coating for Superior Weather Protection

100% Imported Galvanized Steel Wire

Standard Packing – 1,524 meters per reel

Galvanized Steel Ground Wire

For Grounding wire or Static wires of Electric Power Transmission lines

Class 1 zinc-coating for Superior Weather Protection.

Standard Packing - 5,000f

Stainless Steel Lashing Wire

Stainless Steel Lashing Wire is used in a lasher to lash a cable or combination of

cables to a supporting strand.

It is a specially controlled annealing process, which yields a uniform, fine grain

structure throughout the wire length and cross section for best results.

Poly Copper Grounding Wire

For Grounding wire or Static wires of Electric Power lines in pole

70
Picture inside the factory with Abigail, Arianne, Thalia, and I.
AC Harrix Wires & Cables
February 1, 2019

71
 Picture taken after the lecture and tour.
AC Harrix Wires & Cables
February 1, 2019

Transportation

72
 Our Plant Tour 2019 wouldn’t be possible without comfortable and safe tourist
bus to transport us to our destinations for five days and four nights. We are glad to
have Haranah Tours Corporation to transport, guide, and accommodate us during our
trip.

They rented 3 buses from Haranah Tours Corporation and labelled Bus 1, Bus 2,
and Bus 3. The three buses are all airconditioned and in good condition.

I belong to the bus 2 group with the supervision of Engr. Marc-Eric E. Villanueva
and Engr. Fernandez. Our call time was 5:30 in the morning in front of the school, and
we departed around six in the morning, because one of my dearest friend, Lovely Joy
Mariñas arrived late. While we’re waiting for her, I texted her and asked her where the
hell is she. Then she replied and said that while she was travelling from Balaoan to
DMMMSU, the bus she was riding suddenly stopped and had a mechanical problem.
Unfortunately there was no other bus at that time. She texted his uncle to fetch her and
transport her to DMMMSU. While waiting, I prayed for her safe arrival then few minutes
later she arrived, and we all acknowledged her and clapped as she entered the bus. The
engine started and we prayed for our safety as we move forward to our first destination
on our five days and four nights educational tour.

When we departed from school to our first stop over at Rosario, the nurse and
the photographer joined us in our bus. Our official tour guide was ate Jopay. I strongly
admire her for she made our trip memorable. She shared a lot of trivia and knows
everything from left to right. Road traffic is really common and it really sucks, but we
didn’t feel anything because of her. We never felt bored during our trip.

When we arrived at our first destination, we are advised to stay in our respective
buses and wait for further announcement before leaving the bus. While waiting, ate
Jopay entertained us inside the bus and told a lot of stories and histories. After that,
they distributed our PPEs. After NGCP, we went to San Roque Power Corporation. After
a brief overview at their office, we went to San Roque dam, but buses are not allowed,
that’s why they allowed us to use the SRPC vehicle, a van. We travelled by batch and
my group was the last one.

73
 Our coach captain drove well and we arrived safe in our destinations. On our
second day, our first destination was at Lamoiyan Corporation. While we are on our way
to Lamoiyan, we were surprised when one of the policeman stopped us and talked to
our coach captain. As the conversation goes on, our coach captain’s voice became
louder that I can clearly hear what they are talking about. “Ang alam ko walang color
coding pag tourist bus, kasi nga naka rainbow plate kami” says our coach captain to the
policeman. The policeman says “kunin nyo nalang po sa opisina yung lisensya nyo sir”.
And then the conversation goes on until our coach captain moved the bus and we heard
a loud noise like a gunshot, everyone panicked. But that wasn’t a gunshot, it was one of
our bus tire. Luckily, it was just few meters away from Lamoiyan. As we entered the
vicinity of Lamaoiyan, we were advised to enter at the other gate. “What a lucky day”, I
said to myself. We left the bus and carried all of our things because they will change our
bus. After our tour inside Lamoiyan Corporation, we went back to our respective buses,
but our bus is still the same but the tire was already fixed.

On our third day, we used a different bus. The first one was better for me
though. But it’s okay as long as our coach captain drives well. On our Fourth day, we
used the original bus that we used, the bus we used from the very first day.

From day one to day five, we arrived safely from our hotel to our destinations
and back to the hotel. The bus is easy to find for it has a unique style and has a large
print “Haranah Tours” on both sides.

I am really glad to have Haranah Tours Corporation to transport and guide us

during our trip.

74
 Picture taken before departure.
DMMMSU MLUC
January 28, 2019

Picture taken inside the bus before departure (Bus 2)

DMMMSU MLUC
January 28, 2019

75
 Our first stop over.
McDonald’s, Rosario, La Union
January 28, 2019

San Roque Power Corporation

January 28, 2019

76
Picture with Arianne inside the bus going to Lamoiyan.
January 29, 2019

Haranah Tours (Bus 2)

Lamoiyan Corporation
January 29, 2019

77
Accommodation

78
 Palm Grove Hotel in Malate, Manila accommodated us during our Five Days Four
Nights Plant Tour. It was formerly known as Palm Plaza Hotel Manila, conveniently
located at the heart of Manila. It is walking distance to some restaurants, malls, and
entertainment spots in the city.

We arrived in the hotel about 10 in the evening. We were assisted by the staffs
of the hotel and they carried our luggage. We waited at the lobby for our keycards. My
roommates are Arianne Odessey Costales and Engr. Grace A. Llobrera, at room 716. The
hotel is fine, the room is fine, as well as the facilities and amenities, the illumination and
ventilation is just fine also. I felt comfortable and safe inside the hotel. I regained the
energy I lost during our day trip.

On our first night at the hotel, Arianne and I joined Engr. Grace and we went to
the room of Engr. Villanueva. After a while, we went on rounds and checked every room
for attendance. After that, we went back on our room and had a rest. As we are sound
asleep, we didn’t know that Engr. Llobrera went outside because she had a problem on
sleeping because of my naughty classmates.

Every morning, we have this wakeup call and I was the one who is responsible
for answering that call. At first, I hesitated to answer it because I’m not used to
answering calls, but Engr. Llobrera said that I should answer it or else they won’t stop
calling. So every day when the phone rings, I have to pick it up and answer.

On our second and third night, we arrived late again at the hotel, and the
Robinsons was already closed. We always wanted to go there because it was just few
meters away from the hotel. Around the hotel, there are also a lot of restaurants and
bar. When we arrived at the hotel, I just had a half bath, changed clothes, and lay on
my bed, watching TV, and sometimes doing some silly videos on Tiktok. While Engr.
Llobrera was outside the room, I just made some silly videos and went to sleep right
after. At first, I had a hard time sleeping, maybe because it was my first time. But after
some time, I became used to it like I don’t want to go home anymore.

On our last night at the hotel, we arrived early, at last. The moment we arranged
our things, we asked Engr. Llobrera if we can go to the mall and she let us go without

79
her, and I can see that she’s not feeling well. I went to the mall with Arianne and
Daryll’s company. We went to the supermarket and bought some food and drinks. We
bought that yellow-coloured drink that you get dizzy and numb when you drink too
much. After shopping, we went back to our hotel. Arianne and I went back to our room.
We stayed a bit longer in our room and I observed Engr. Llobrera’s mood. Looks like she
was having a headache or she’s just not in the mood. While I was waiting for Daryll’s
text, I was bored. I decided to have a prank call. At first, I was ignorant and I don’t
know how to make a call. I dialled the telephone number on Daryll’s room, but it was
directed at the information desk. Mission failed. I tried again and called the telephone
number in the room of Jhoyang. The hotel staff directed my call to Jhoyang’s room,
when they answered, I said “Hello ma’am good evening, this is Shakeys Malate Manila,
confirm ko lang po kung ito po yung order nyo …….” Blah blah blah. And the other side
of the phone said “Ay ma’am hindi po samin yan baka sa kabila po.” I was about to
laugh but I calmly answered “Si Ma’am Lovely Joy Mariñas po ba ito?” and she answered
“Hindi po, baka sa ibang room po.” Then I gave up. I said “Oh, sorry. Thank you” I
hanged up the phone and laughed so hard. Mission failed again. But I didn’t stopped,
not yet. I dialled engr. Villanueva’s room telephone number, it rang, and I was directed
to him. I said the same words, and he replied “tumigil ka rexy alam ko ikaw yan. Punta
na kayo dito tawagin mo si ma’am grace mo.” Then I laughed so hard. How did he knew
that it was me? Maybe I wasn’t that good enough on pretending. I told ma’am Grace
what he said, but she doesn’t want to go with us. I got a text from Daryll and we went
on their room instead, while Engr. Llobrera left alone in our room. After a lil talking,
Arianne, Daryll, and I went to Engr. Villanueva’s room and got some chips and drinks.
We talked and laughed hard and then we went back to Daryll’s room. We gathered
there and started to pass the glass around. While we were having fun, someone texted
us that the instructors are having their rounds for attendance. They went back to their
respective rooms, but Arianne and I stayed. When we heard a knock, I jumped on the
bed and covered myself with a blanket. They didn’t notice me and Arianne. They left the
room and went to our room instead. They searched for us and they saw Arianne inside
the room of Daryll, I was there too but I was good in hiding. Arianne went back to our
room and I stayed a lil’ while, talking with Daryll. We heard a knock again and I hide
under the table. They said that I was missing. One of the staff is also searching for me,

80
they said. The moment they left the room, I ran towards the elevator as fast as I could,
luckily I was alone (I hope so), and when I reached the 7 th floor, I ran towards our room
and knocked. Arianne opened the door, Engr. Grace looked at me and smiled. I took a
selfie lying on my bed and sent it to our group chat and said “Sir andito po ako sa room
namin”, and I was laughing so hard inside. It was the best night in this hotel. It was so
memorable.

Friday morning, February 1, 2019, we woke up early for we have to pack up our
things because that day was the last day of our trip. I woke up and did the same routine
and before leaving the room, I had a last glance and realized that I will surely miss that
room. As I walked out the door I carried my luggage and saw some of my colleagues
leaving their rooms with mixed emotions. The hotel staffs assisted us and carried our
luggage to our respective buses. We took pictures in front of the hotel before we left
and continued our trip.

81
82
Palm Grove Hotel, Malate, Manila. January 31, 2019

83
Pictures with Arianne inside our room.
Palm Grove Hotel Manila
January 30, 2019

84
Pictures taken in front of the hotel.
Palm Grove Hotel Manila
February 1, 2019

Meals

85
 One of the things that I enjoyed during our Plant tour are the meals. At our first
stop over at Rosario La Union, we have our breakfast at the McDonald’s, the first place
where I dropped my bomb. Everyone’s waiting for us because we are still inside the
comfort room, trying to drop the bomb and release all the negativities. Engr. Fernandez
went inside and told us to hurry because we will be late for our first itinerary.

We ate our packed lunch (takeout from Jollibee) inside the bus at NGCP Nagsaag
Substation before going to our next destination, which is San Roque Dam. We had 2-pc
chicken for lunch and I got two large breasts (how I wish I really have the real ones,
lol). Arianne got two drumsticks. I traded one of my large breast to her one chicken
drumstick, because I had too much.

For our dinner, we ate at Sitio Verde, a buffet type. We arrived late and lots of
dishes were not available. It’s okay because I enjoyed the food, I love the sushi, maki,
carbonara, and the vegetable salad. Those are my favourites! I stuffed my tummy until
its limit to replenish the energy that I lost during the day.

On our second day, we had a breakfast at Tropical Hut. We ate beef tapa with
sunny side up egg and a fried rice. The beef tapa is delicious! I drank my coffee so that
I can drop my bomb, but right after I finished eating, we were advised to go back to our
respective buses because we might stuck on traffic.

We ate our lunch at Tokyo Tokyo. After eating my lunch, I felt like my tummy
will explode. I searched for a comfort room and dropped the bomb inside me. Success!

We went to Mall of Asia in the afternoon, and had a time to have some
shopping, but Arianne and I got lost, this mall is freaking huge! This is not my first time
in MOA though, but still it’s freaking huge. I burned lots of calories I think. Even
searching for Cabalen, he had a hard time but thanks to the MOA eye and to the
security personnel. We had our dinner at Cabalen, a buffet type again. Eat all you can!
So I ate a lot, different kind of cuisines, different kind of dishes, I tried all of them.
Vegetable salad of course, my favourite, maki, sushi, fried kangkong, tawilis, karot fries,
kare-kare, sisig bangus, and more! This is the best for me. I stuffed myself again too
much!

86
 On our third day, we had our breakfast at Tribu Babaylan, another buffet type! I
love the hotdogs and tocino, the fried rice, and corn flakes. To be honest, I had three
rounds again. And as usual, I have to go to the comfort room. Their comfort room is the
most comfortable of them all. But there I saw blood from my bomb exit, it’s attacking
me again. Maybe I should avoid spicy food again.

We had our lunch at Wimpy’s. We had two pieces grilled pork and of course, an
extra rice. For our dinner, we ate at Aristocrat. I didn’t enjoyed my food because I
wasn’t feeling well.

Fourth day, we had our breakfast at Aberdeen, buffet again, lunch at Haranah
Eco Park, and dinner at Tramway, eat all you can! This day I had a full eat all you can
meal and before I forgot, I dropped the bomb at Aberdeen!

On our last day, we had our breakfast inside the bus, a takeout from Jollibee,
Lunch at Mcdo but I didn’t ate my lunch because my tummy hurts, I just dropped my
bomb at Mcdonald’s. For dinner, we arrived late at Chowking Trinoma because I had a
shopping spree at SM North Edsa because they are on sale up to 70% off and I bought
some pasalubong and treated myself at Blue Magic until my wallet runs out of money.

87
 Date Meal/Restaurant Venue

Breakfast/McDonalds Rosario, La union

January 28, 2019 Lunch/Jollibee (Takeout) Nagsaag Substation

Dinner/Sitio Verde

Breakfast/Tropical Hut Taft Ave, Malate, Manila,

Metro Manila
January 29, 2019
Lunch/Tokyo Tokyo Santa Rosa, Laguna

Dinner/Cabalen Mall of Asia, Pasay City

Breakfast/Tribu Babaylan

January 30, 2019 Subic Bay Freeport Zone,

Lunch/Wimpy’s Zambales

Dinner/Aristocrat  

Breakfast/Aberdeen

January 31, 2019 Lunch/Haranah Eco Park

Dinner/Tramway

Breakfast/Jollibee (takeout)

February 1, 2019 Lunch/McDonalds

Dinner/Chowking Trinoma

88
 DAY 1
(January 28, 2019)

Breakfast. Burger Steak Lunch. 2-pc Chicken Joy

McDonald’s Rosario, La Union Jollibee (takeout), NGCP Nagsaag

Dinner. Eat all you can.

Sitio Verde

89
 DAY 2
(January 29, 2019)

Breakfast. Beef tapa with egg. Lunch. Pork cutlet

Tropical Hut Tokyo Tokyo

Dinner. Eat all you can.

Cabalen, Mall of Asia, Pasay City

90
 DAY 3
(January 30, 2019)

Breakfast. Buffet!
Tribu Babaylan

Lunch. Grilled Pork

Wimpy’s

91
Dinner. Chicken bbq
Aristocrat

92
 DAY 4
(January 31, 2019)

Breakfast. Buffet! Lunch. Buffet!

Aberdeen 3 Springs Mountain Park
(Haranah Eco Park)

93
 Dinner. Eat all you can!
Tramway

DAY 5
(February 1, 2019)

Breakfast. Corned beef with egg

Jollibee (Takeout)

Lunch. 2-pc chicken

McDonald’s

94
 Dinner. Sweet and Sour Louriat
Chowking, Trinoma

Questions and Answers

95
1. Expound the history of National Grid Corporation of the Philippines. How
do they operate?

“Stronger transmission for a stronger nation.” This is the commitment the

National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) has undertaken to fulfill since its
incorporation in 2008 when it assumed the crucial task of delivering safe and reliable
electricity throughout the archipelago, a responsibility formerly held by the National
Transmission Corporation or TransCo. A fully private corporation, NGCP won the
franchise to operate and maintain the country’s transmission network in the biggest
government auction conducted in efforts to reform the local power sector. This fifty-year
franchise provides NGCP with the right to operate, maintain, expand and further
strengthen the country’s power transmission system which, as of end-2009, involved
19,425 circuit kilometers of transmission lines and 23,853 MVA of substation capacity.
As the system operator of the power grid, NGCP balances the demand and supply of
electricity to serve efficiently all of its customers—generators, private distribution
utilities, electric cooperatives, government-owned utilities, ecozones, industries, as well
as directly connected companies. It is responsible for putting online the right mix of
power plants that generate the high-voltage electricity and transmitting this to the
various distribution utilities, which in turn, deliver the electricity at a lower voltage rating
to households and other end-users. Equipped with technical expertise, a sound financial
portfolio and impressive track record, NGCP is poised to successfully deliver the
electricity needed to fuel the growth of the economy and thereby empower the Filipino
people and the country’s business sector, strengthening the nation as a whole.

History

On June 8, 2001, legislators passed and former president Gloria Macapagal-

Arroyo signed RA 9136 which is also known as the Electric Power Industry Act or EPIRA
law to save the ailing energy industry. It introduced two major reforms: the
restructuring of the electricity supply industry and the privatization of the National Power
Corporation (NPC). It also leads to the creation of another state-owned
corporation named National Transmission Corporation (TransCo) which turned over the

96
NPC's management, ownership, construction, expansion, and maintenance of the
transmission facilities.

On December 12, 2007, 2 consortia bid for a 25-year license to run the Philippine
power grid - privatization of the management of TransCo: the consortium of Monte Oro
Grid Resources Corp., led by businessman Enrique Razon, comprising the State Grid
Corporation of China, and Calaca High Power Corp., WON in an auction conducted by
the Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management (PSALM) Corp. as it submitted the
highest offer of $3.95 billion, for the right to operate TransCo for 25 years, outbidding
San Miguel Energy, a unit of San Miguel Corporation (bid of $3.905 billion), Dutch firm
TPG Aurora BV and Malaysia’s TNB Prai Sdn Bhd. Jose Ibazeta, PSALM president and
CEO remarked: “We are very happy about the successful turnout of the bidding for
TransCo. PSALM handled the privatization of the government’s transmission business
with utmost transparency and judiciousness."

On December 1, 2008, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo signed the RA 9511 which gives

it the franchise to operate and maintain the transmission facilities of TransCo.

On January 15, 2009, it officially started its operations and management over the
national transmission system, with Walter A. Brown as the company's first president. It
continued to do all transmission projects that were planned or unfinished by TransCo on
its first few years and makes or plans any new projects through the Transmission
Development Plan (TDP).

On June 2010, Henry Sy, Jr. was appointed as its second president which
replaced Walter A. Brown.

On May 2017, TransCo accused the company from violating the terms of its
contract by supposedly making too much money from its operations of the country’s
electricity grid. Executive Secretary Salvador Medialdea pointed out that, if indeed NGCP
had violated the terms of its contract by profiting unduly from the operations of the
power grid such as allowing telecommunications firms to mount their fiber optic cables
on the transmission towers.

97
 On March 7, 2018, Henry Sy, Jr. resigned as president and CEO, with Chief
Administrative Officer Anthony Almeda named as the company's new president.

A series of massive changes in the energy industry gave birth to NGCP.

FUTURE HISTORY

Recognizing the crucial need for reliable power to the economic development of
the nation, NGCP again presented its annual Transmission Development Plan (TDP)
(2019-2040) to map the company’s short term and long-term objectives in securing the
Philippine transmission landscape. 
The TDP is NGCP’s roadmap, updated annually, for the continuous expansion of
the Philippine Grid, detailing all ongoing and future undertakings of the company,
including all ERC-approved projects, affected areas, significant milestones, and expected
completion dates.

As the System Operator, NGCP also oversees grid security and reliability, power
quality, and power dispatching and scheduling. As such, NGCP designed the TDP to help
identify and mitigate causes of power interruptions and transmission-related outages.

Among NGCP’s significant projects in the TDP are the Bataan Grid Reinforcement
Project and the Western Luzon 500kV Backbone Project for Luzon, the Visayas
Substation Reliability project and Cebu-Negros-Panay Interconnection Project in Visayas,
and the Mindanao 230kV Backbone Project for Mindanao. Of course, NGCP is still
committed to complete its Mindanao-Visayas Interconnection Project, which will see the
realization of one Philippine grid in 2020.

“As the Philippine economy continues to grow, so must we in the power sector
continue to develop our infrastructure in order to cater to an ever-expanding network.
As NGCP is in a unique position to balance the supply and demand, the Transmission
Development Plan is imperative in supporting the growth of the entire industry,” stated
NGCP.

In order to continuously improve its transmission planning process, NGCP also

holds public consultations for its TDP. This year’s public consultations were set in
January and February for all three regions.

98
 With the public consultations, NGCP hopes to hear ideas, suggestions, concerns,
and ultimately integrate critical comments from its stakeholders in the energy industry,
industries, businesses, and the public, in order to effectively carry out its strategies and
implementation schemes in the TDP. 

“Through our TDP, we can ensure that we have the necessary infrastructure to
fulfill our vision of a strong, unified electricity transmission network that can meet the
country’s increasing power needs until 2040—and beyond,” NGCP said.  

NGCP is a Filipino-led, privately-owned corporation in charge of operating, maintaining,

and developing the country’s power grid, and is led by majority shareholders Henry Sy,
Jr. and Robert Coyiuto, Jr.

Legislation

Legislators passed the landmark R.A. 9136 in 2001, better known as the "Electric
Power Industry Reform Act of 2001" or EPIRA which sought to save the ailing energy
industry. The EPIRA introduced two major reforms: the restructuring of the electricity
supply industry and the privatization of the government-owned National Power
Corporation (NPC).

Restructuring

Restructuring called for the separation of the different components of the power
sector: generation, transmission, distribution, and supply. Electricity rates were
unbundled to allow consumers to see each individual component of the electricity
service they are paying for. Generation was privatized through the sale of generation
assets. Transmission was spun off to government owned National Transmission
Corporation, in preparation for its eventual privatization via concession.

Concession

Concession, unlike outright sale, allowed government, through TransCo, to retain

ownership of the country's transmission assets. Only the obligation to operate, maintain,
and expand the grid was given to the private investors. The consortium of Monte Oro
Grid Resources Corp., Calaca High Power Corporation, and the State Grid Corporation of

99
China as technical partner, won the 25-year concession in 2007 to operate the country's
power transmission network after an open, public, and competitive bidding process. It
was the biggest government auction conducted in efforts to reform the local power
sector. NGCP officially started operations as power transmission service provider in
2009. Under a congressionally-granted 50-year franchise, NGCP has the right to operate
and maintain the transmission system and related facilities, and the right of eminent
domain necessary to construct, expand, maintain, and operate the transmission system.

BUSINESS SCOPE

NGCP's nationwide operations is one of the largest in the country, with more
than 21,000 circuit kilometers of lines, 20,000 transmission towers, and 140 substations.
The company ensures that its services are available when and where it is needed.

NGCP operates all transmission facilities in the following areas:

Luzon

Composed of Metro Manila, North Luzon, and South Luzon, the largest grid in the
country accounts for 74% of the country's total power demand.

NORTH LUZON

DISTRICT AREA SERVICE AREA

1 Ilocos Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Abra, and La Union

2 Mountain Province Mt. Province and Benguet

3 Central Plain East And West Pangasinan

Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino, Ifugao, Isabela,

4 Cagayan Valley
Cagayan, Kalinga, and Apayao

Western Central
5 Bataan and Zambales
Plain

100
 6 South Central Plain Pampanga and Tarlac

7 Northern Tagalog Bulacan, Rizal and North Of Metro Manila

SOUTH LUZON

DISTRICT AREA SERVICE AREA

South Western
1 Batangas, Cavite and South Of Metro Manila
Tagalog

South Eastern
2 Laguna and Quezon
Tagalog

Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Albay, and

3 Bicol
Sorsogon

Visayas

The interconnected island grids of Cebu, Negros, Panay, Leyte, Samar, and Bohol
compose the Visayas grid. The region accounts for 14% of the country's power demand.

VISAYAS

DISTRICT AREA SERVICE AREA

1 Western Samar and Leyte

2 Central Cebu and Bohol

3 Eastern Negros Island

4 Negros Panay Island

101
Mindanao

Mindanao is strategically located in the southernmost section of the archipelago,

making it a center of trade and major transhipment point between the East ASEAN
regions, particularly to Eastern Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei Darussalam. It accounts
for 12% of the total power demand.

MINDANAO

DISTRICT AREA SERVICE AREA

Zamboanga Del Norte, Zamboanga Del Sur and

1 North Western
Misamis Occidental

2 Lanao Lanao Del Norte and Lanao Del Sur

3 North Central Bukidnon and Misamis Oriental

Agusan Del Norte, Agusan Del Sur, Surigao Del

4 North Eastern
Norte, and Surigao Del Sur

Davao, Davao Del Norte, Davao Del Sur,

5 South Eastern
Compostella Valley, and Davao Oriental

North Cotabato, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat,

6 South Western
Maguindanao, and Sarangani

102
2. Explain the function of the National Grid Corporation of the Philippines in
the power industry of the Philippines.

NGCP has the crucial role of linking power generators and distribution utilities to
deliver electricity where it is most needed. Its network of interconnected transmission
towers and substations serves as the highway where electricity travels from various
energy sources to the smaller thoroughfares of distribution utilities and electric
cooperatives until it reaches the households.

FUNCTIONS

Operations and Maintenance

NGCP's task is to ensure that the country's transmission assets are in optimal
condition to convey safe, quality, and reliable electricity. NGCP does this through regular
inspection and repair of lines and substations, clearing of Right-of-Way obstructions, and
timely restoration during and after natural disasters.

System Operations

Reliability of power is the company's utmost priority so it closely monitors the

grid and immediately responds to any system disturbance. NGCP acts as System
Operator that balances the supply and demand of power to maintain the quality of
electricity that flows through the grid.

Planning and Engineering

Building new transmission lines and expanding substation capacity are equally
important as increasing power supply. NGCP ensures that the grid is prepared whenever
new plants come online and when the demand for power in a certain area increases by
anticipating these scenarios and constructing new facilities. All of NGCP's projects are
well laid out in its 10-year Transmission Development Plan.

Recognizing the crucial need for reliable power to the economic development of
the nation, NGCP again presented its annual Transmission Development Plan (TDP)

103
(2019-2040) to map the company’s short term and long-term objectives in securing the
Philippine transmission landscape.

The TDP is NGCP’s roadmap, updated annually, for the continuous expansion of
the Philippine Grid, detailing all ongoing and future undertakings of the company,
including all ERC-approved projects, affected areas, significant milestones, and expected
completion dates.

As the System Operator, NGCP also oversees grid security and reliability, power
quality, and power dispatching and scheduling. As such, NGCP designed the TDP to help
identify and mitigate causes of power interruptions and transmission-related outages.

Among NGCP’s significant projects in the TDP are the Bataan Grid Reinforcement
Project and the Western Luzon 500kV Backbone Project for Luzon, the Visayas
Substation Reliability project and Cebu-Negros-Panay Interconnection Project in Visayas,
and the Mindanao 230kV Backbone Project for Mindanao. Of course, NGCP is still
committed to complete its Mindanao-Visayas Interconnection Project, which will see the
realization of one Philippine grid in 2020.

“As the Philippine economy continues to grow, so must we in the power sector
continue to develop our infrastructure in order to cater to an ever-expanding network.
As NGCP is in a unique position to balance the supply and demand, the Transmission
Development Plan is imperative in supporting the growth of the entire industry,” stated
NGCP.

In order to continuously improve its transmission planning process, NGCP also

holds public consultations for its TDP. This year’s public consultations were set in
January and February for all three regions.

With the public consultations, NGCP hopes to hear ideas, suggestions, concerns,
and ultimately integrate critical comments from its stakeholders in the energy industry,
industries, businesses, and the public, in order to effectively carry out its strategies and
implementation schemes in the TDP.

104
 “Through our TDP, we can ensure that we have the necessary infrastructure to
fulfill our vision of a strong, unified electricity transmission network that can meet the
country’s increasing power needs until 2040—and beyond,” NGCP said.

NGCP is a Filipino-led, privately-owned corporation in charge of operating,

maintaining, and developing the country’s power grid, and is led by majority
shareholders Henry Sy, Jr. and Robert Coyiuto, Jr.

The electricity sector in the Philippines provides electricity through power

generation, transmission, and distribution to many parts of the Philippines. The
Philippines is divided into three electrical grids, one each for Luzon,
the Visayas and Mindanao. As of June 2016, the total installed capacity in the Philippines
was 20,055 megawatts (MW), of which 14,348 MW was on the Luzon grid. As of June,
2016, the all-time peak demand on Luzon was 9,726 MW at 2:00 P.M. on May 2, 2016;
on Visayas was 1,878 MW at 2:00 P.M. on May 11, 2016; and on Mindanao was 1,593
MW at 1:35 P.M. on June 8, 2016. However, only 12% of Filipinos have no access to
electricity.

In the Philippines is not considered as a public utility operation, which means

interested parties do not need to secure a congressional franchise to operate a power
generation company. However, power generation is regulated by the Energy Regulatory
Commission (ERC) who must issue a certificate of compliance to interested parties to
ensure that the standards set forth in the Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001
(EPIRA) are followed. The ERC is also responsible for determining any power abuse or
anti-competitive behavior. Power generation is a value added tax zero-rated (i.e. not
subject to 12% VAT) to ensure lower rates for end-users.

Electricity in the Philippines is produced from various sources such as coal, oil,
natural gas, biomass, hydroelectric, solar, wind, and geothermal sources. The allocation
of electricity production can be seen in the table below, according to data from
the Department of Energy Power Statistics:

105
Source Percentage

Coal 42.8%

Oil-Based 7.4%

Natural Gas 24.2%

Hydro 11.8%

Geothermal 13.3%

Other Renewable Sources (Wind, Solar,

0.5%
Biomass)

Table 1. Power generation by source as of 2014

Op
Sour era
ce tio
nal
Hydro
electri 29
c
Geoth
11
ermal
Solar/
Photo
2
voltai
c
Wind 4
Coal 11
Diesel 5
Natur
3
al Gas
Oil 1

106
 Table 2. Number of operational power plants in the Philippines

Fossil Fuels

Coal, oil, and natural gas are the most abundant fossil fuels in the Philippines.

Coal has the largest reserve and is often the cheapest fossil fuel. There is
therefore a high demand for coal around the globe. Throughout the years the demand
for it has become steady despite the growing environmental concerns. Coal has the
highest contribution to the power generation mix but the local demand for it is not
limited to power generation. The Philippines has a vast potential for coal resources.
According to Energy Global, there is potentially an approximate of 270 billion tons of
coal resources.

Oil and natural gas In June 2011, the Philippine Department of Energy (DOE)

estimated a total of 27.9 billion cubic feet of oil and a total of 53.9 trillion cubic feet
of gas. The estimated total oil production in June 2011 in the Philippines was 63 million
barrels.

Renewable resources

The government has approved feed-in-tariff (FIT) rates for renewable energy in

2014 for wind, solar, hydroelectric and biomass energy at a rate lower than those asked
for by renewable energy developers. Hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass, wind
power and solar plants operate in the Philippines. Popular Solar Company in the
Philippines such

107
Geothermal power

Palinpinon Geothermal Power Plant in Valencia, Negros Oriental

Geothermal power is the dominant renewable energy resource in the Philippines.

According to DOE, the Philippines is second largest geothermal power producer in the
world behind the United States of America. DOE estimates a total potential of untapped
geothermal resource is about 2,600 MW.

Hydroelectric power

Magat Power Plant

Hydropower is the second dominant renewable energy resource in the

Philippines. There are various hydropower plants spread out across the country. Large
hydropower plants (more than 50 MW generating capacity) are connected directly to the

108
main transmission grid whereas small (10-50 MW generating capacity) and mini
(101 kW to 10 MW generating capacity) hydropower plants are connected to local
distribution systems.

Biomass power

The Philippines has an abundant supply of biomass resources including

agricultural crop residues, forest residues, animal wastes, agro-industrial wastes,
municipal solid wastes and aquatic biomass. The most common agricultural wastes are
rice hull, bagasse, and coconut shell/husk and coconut coir. According to DOE, based on
the information from Department of Agriculture and the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources, the Philippines could produce substantial volumes of residue which
could be used as fuel.

Wind power

Bangui Wind Farm in Bangui, Ilocos Norte

The Philippines being situated on the fringes of the Asia-Pacific monsoon belt,

exhibits a promising potential for wind energy. Wind power plants are the third most
operated renewable energy source in the country.

Power transmission in the Philippines is a common carrier business (i.e.

regulated by the government, serves its franchise area without discrimination,

109
responsible for any losses incurred during delivery). It is regulated by the ERC who has
rate-making powers and the final say in the valuation of transmission assets. Pursuant
to the Electric Power Industry Reform Act (EPIRA) and the Transmission Development
Plan or TDP, maintenance and operations of the nationwide transmission system was
subjected to competitive public bidding conducted by the Power Sector Assets and
Liabilities Management (PSALM). The National Grid Corporation of the
Philippines (NGCP) was the highest bidder. It assumed control of the national
transmission system from the National Transmission Corporation (TransCo), whom
assumed the same function from the now defunct National Power Corporation, by way
of RA 9511 its congressional franchise of 25 years renewable for another 25 years for a
total of 50 years. Assuming it secures a renewal, NGCP's franchise will end on December
1, 2058. Unlike outright sale, the concession agreement allowed the government to
keep ownership of the transmission assets through TransCo, in accordance with Section
8 of EPIRA which states that no entity, company, or person other than TransCo who
shall own any transmission facilities. TransCo is also responsible for making sure that
NGCP complies with the standards set by its congressional franchise.

Grids

The Philippine transmission system is composed of three grids, the Luzon Grid,
Visayas Grid, and Mindanao Grid. One characteristic of the grids is that most bulk
generation sites are found far from the load centers, necessitating use of long-distance
transmission lines. A major transmission line of the Luzon Grid is the overhead Sucat-
Araneta-Balintawak Transmission Line, which serves the Metro Manila area and has
been in service since 2000. The Luzon Grid is interconnected with the Visayas Grid
through HVDC Leyte-Luzon, a high voltage direct current transmission line
and submarine cable with a transfer capacity of 440 MW between Naga and Ormoc. The
Visayas Grid is composed of five small grids (sub-grid) connected with submarine cables,
but arranged in a radial configuration, that may disconnect one sub-grid in case a fault
develop on one submarine cable interconnection. The Mindanao Grid is composed of
138,000 volt lines for long-distance transmission, and primarily relies on hydropower,
usually from Agus Hydroelectric Power Plant in Iligan and Pulangi IV Hydroelectric Power
Plant in Bukidnon. The National Grid Corporation of the Philippines placed proposals for

110
submarine cable links between Visayas and Mindanao, to unify the three principal
grids, and between off-grid Mindoro and Luzon, to increase power reliability in the off-
grid island. While the three main grids encompass each island group, many islands still
remain off-grid, relying on localized power plants or power barges for supply.

111
3. What is the history of San Roque Multipurpose Dam Project? How do they
operate? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this type of power
plant?

The San Roque Multipurpose Project is the largest dam in the Philippines and
one of the most controversial projects funded by Japan Bank for International
Cooperation (JBIC). Located on the lower Agno River of Pangasinan Province, in the
Cordillera region of Luzon Island in the Philippines, thousands of indigenous people were
displaced during its construction. Despite failure to comply with several Philippine laws
and JBIC policies on indigenous people, and despite strong opposition from local
communities, San Roque Multi-Purpose Dam, approved in 1998, became operational in
May 2003.

The structures, particularly San Roque Dam, were supposedly designed for four
main objectives: electricity generation (345 megawatt capacity), irrigation of 87,000
hectares of land, reduction of floods which destroy crops during the rainy season. The
dam deprived the farmers of San Nicolas, Pangasinan of the Agno River’s overflow,
which they had been taking advantage of for irrigation. Pangasinan was flooded in 2003
because of typhoon Chedeng, in 2004 because of typhoon Marce, and in 2009, because
of typhoon Pepeng. The last one was responsible for inundating almost the entire
province, destroying billions worth of crops and infrastructure and leaving 57 persons
dead, due to the fact that San Roque dam had to dump excess water for several hours.
The land which became submerged was home to indigenous Ibaloi people. Around
2,500 Ibaloi farmers who worked fields on the dam site and gold panners who collected
gold dust in the Agno River started an anti-dam movement in the mid-1990s. Jose
Doton, who was then already a veteran activist, led the farmers of San Nicolas and
other Pangasinan towns in opposing the San Roque Multipurpose Project, explaining that
it would eventually inundate all the rice lands along the Agno River. The construction of
what is now known as the San Roque Dam was completed in 2003. Doton fell prey to an
extrajudicial killing on May 16 three years later – still in the thick of the campaign
against the San Roque Dam, leading a group that was calling on the San Roque Power
Corporation to compensate small-scale miners and others displaced by the project.

112
 A total of 780 households were forced to leave their homes because of the
project. The dam also affected the lives of many people living in the upper basin, around
the gate and in the lower basin. They complained of a violation of the Indigenous
People’s Rights Act of the Philippines (IPRA), because of the implementing of the project
without the indigenous people consent. Although the committee having jurisdiction over
the IPRA finally admitted the construction as illegal, nothing changed. In the same way,
the gold panners were not appropriately informed before the construction of the dam.
After the construction started, they began to organize themselves into a federation to
request proper compensation for the money that they had lost, and demanded
substitute livelihoods. These local people have been organized as a movement of
indigenous people under the Peasant Movement to Free the Agno River (TIMMAWA),
while the Cordillera People´s Alliance has been at the forefront of the opposition against
the San Roque dam since the start of the project. In 2006, Mr. Jose Doton, the leader of
the TIMMAWA, was shot and killed in a political murder. After this affair, the anti-dam
movement as well as some local NGOs became much weaker. Only a few outside NGOs,
including Friends of Earth Japan, are now monitoring the resettled people’s situation.

The San Roque Dam, operated under San Roque Multipurpose Project (SRMP)
is a 200-meter-tall, 1.2 kilometer long embankment dam on the Agno River. It is the
largest dam in the Philippines and sixteenth largest in the world (see List of largest
dams in the world). It spans the municipalities of San Manuel and San Nicolas,
Pangasinan and is nearly 200 km north of Metro Manila.

The dam impounds a reservoir with a surface area of about 12.8 square

kilometers extending North into the municipality of Itogon, Benguet. A gated spillway
protects the dam from overtopping. Each wet season, the run-off is stored for later
release via water turbines to generate power and irrigate crops.

Agno River is the third largest river in the Philippines with a total length of 221
kilometers and a drainage basin at the Project site of 1,225 square kilometers. The river
originates in the Cordillera Mountains, initially flows from north to south, and divides into
several channels in the flat central plain of Luzon and meanders westerly through the
provinces of Pangasinan and Tarlac before emptying into the Lingayen Gulf.

113
 San Roque Power Corporation (SRPC) financed and constructed the SRMP under
a power purchase agreement (PPA) with the National Power Corporation (NPC) on a
Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) basis. SRPC substantially completed the SRMP at
midnight, February 14, 2003, at which time its peaking power, irrigation, flood control
and enhanced water quality benefits became available to the surrounding regions, which
include the Northwest Luzon Economic Growth Quadrangle. In reality, all but its power
benefits have been available since mid-2002 when the dam and spillway were
completed.

Ownership of the dam and spillway was transferred to NPC upon construction
completion, as it contributed funds for the non-power components on behalf of several
agencies. SRPC will own and operate the power generating facilities for 25 years, after
which their ownership transfers to NPC.

Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the

production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or
flowing water. In 2015 hydropower generated 16.6% of the world’s total electricity and
70% of all renewable electricity, and is expected to increase about 3.1% each year for
the next 25 years. Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region
generating 33 percent of global hydropower in 2013. China is the largest hydroelectricity
producer, with 920 TWh of production in 2013, representing 16.9 percent of domestic
electricity use. The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low, making it a competitive
source of renewable electricity. The hydro station consumes no water, unlike coal or gas
plants. The average cost of electricity from a hydro station larger than 10 megawatts is
3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour. With a dam and reservoir it is also a flexible source
of electricity since the amount produced by the station can be changed up or down very
quickly to adapt to changing energy demands. Once a hydroelectric complex is
constructed, the project produces no direct waste, and has a considerably lower output
level of greenhouse gases than fossil fuel powered energy plants. Hydroelectricity is
electricity produced from hydropower. In 2015 hydropower generated 16.6% of the
world's total electricity and 70% of all renewable electricity, and was expected to
increase about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years. Hydropower is produced in 150
countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 33 percent of global hydropower in

114
2013. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 920 TWh of production in
2013, representing 16.9 percent of domestic electricity use. The cost of hydroelectricity
is relatively low, making it a competitive source of renewable electricity. The hydro
station consumes no water, unlike coal or gas plants. The average cost of electricity
from a hydro station larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour.
With a dam and reservoir it is also a flexible source of electricity since the amount
produced by the station can be changed up or down very quickly to adapt to changing
energy demands. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no
direct waste, and in many cases, has a considerably lower output level of greenhouse
gases than fossil fuel powered energy plants.

SRPC operates in terms of the following:

Power

The SRMP has an installed rated capacity of 345 megawatts (MW). It operates
primarily as a peaking plant during periods each day when the electrical output of base
and inter-mediate load power plants cannot fulfill consumer demand. Capacity of 85
MW, which is the basis for the capacity payments under the PPA. The balance is surplus
power that reduces dependence on imported fuel oil and also lowers the variable
operating expenses of other power plants.

The SRMP offers substantial power benefits in addition to the peaking capacity
and energy considered in the economic analysis conducted by NPC and the National
Economic Development Authority. Most of these benefits are unique to large
hydroelectric facilities.

Irrigation

The SRMP can provide year-round irrigation benefits for 708 square kilometres of
farmland downstream of the dam with a partially diversified crop during the dry season,
mostly in Pangasinan, but including parts of Nueva Ecija and Tarlac.

Flood control

115
 The SRMP produces a marked attenuation (reduction) in the perennial flooding
of the Agno River affecting at least 16 Pangasinan and Tarlac towns. It is complemented
by the 3-phase, PhP9.7 billion Agno Flood Control Project managed by DPWH. Phase I is
completed; Phase II is in progress; and Phase III will begin in 2004 and be completed in
2009.
Water quality

The SRMP improves the quality of the water in the Lower Agno River via a
proactive integrated watershed management plan (IWMP) and by trapping sediments
caused by erosion and by such other sources as small-scale mining.

Advantages and disadvantages of this type of power plant

Hydropower offers advantages over other energy sources but faces unique
environmental challenges.

Advantages

Hydropower is a fuelled by water, so it's a clean fuel source. Hydropower doesn't

pollute the air like power plants that burn fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas.
Hydropower is a domestic source of energy, produced in the United States. Hydropower
relies on the water cycle, which is driven by the sun, thus it's a renewable power source.
Hydropower is generally available as needed; engineers can control the flow of water
through the turbines to produce electricity on demand.

Hydropower plants provide benefits in addition to clean electricity. Impoundment

hydropower creates reservoirs that offer a variety of recreational opportunities, notably
fishing, swimming, and boating. Most hydropower installations are required to provide
some public access to the reservoir to allow the public to take advantage of these
opportunities. Other benefits may include water supply and flood control.

Renewable & Sustainable

Water is a renewable and sustainable energy source that will never run. The use
of this resource allows us to conserve non-renewable alternatives for other uses. As a
result of this, countries can become less reliant on external supplies of fossil fuels.

116
Conflict, economic issues, and general supply and demand can all affect the supply of
these resources.

Environmentally Friendly

Hydroelectric power is a very clean and environmentally friendly form of energy.

No fossil fuels need to be burnt in order to produce it. As a result of this, hydroelectricity
doesn’t produce any harmful emissions. This is great for the environment and helps to
reduce carbon emissions.

Efficient & Reliable

Hydroelectricity is highly efficient. Turbines used at hydroelectric power plants

are often capable of 90% efficiency. This means they are able to convert 90% of the
energy of flowing water into electricity.

Hydropower isn’t just efficient, it is also very reliable. With a good supply of
moving water, hydroelectric turbines can generate electricity almost nonstop. In this
case, the only downtime a hydroelectric facility will experience is for general
maintenance, upgrades, and repairs. Because of this reliability, hydropower is often
advantageous over other renewable energy sources. For example, solar panels can only
produce electricity during the day. Similarly, wind turbines can only produce electricity
when there is enough wind.

Flexible

Hydroelectric dams have a degree of flexibility when it comes to meeting energy

demands. Operators of a hydroelectric dam can alter its water intake to increase or
decrease the flow of water. As a result of this, the dam can generate a suitable level of
electricity for the current demand. Engineers can perform this process in a very short
space of time in comparison to traditional power stations.

Economical

After the initial cost of building a hydroelectric dam, it can generate power very
cheaply. Hydroelectric dams have very low running costs when compared to traditional
power stations. As a result of this, they are very economical. In addition, hydroelectric

117
power isn’t vulnerable to the fluctuating cost of fossil fuels. This helps to provide a more
stable economy with predictable energy prices.

Some countries have been successful in producing most of their energy supply
from hydropower. For example, Paraguay is able to produce almost 100% of its
electricity supply from the energy source.

Additional Uses

Hydroelectric dams often feature a large reservoir to one side of the dam wall.
This is where a hydroelectric turbine will source its water from. We can also use such
reservoirs as a water supply for surrounding towns and cities. This reduces the cost of
building a separate reservoir and/or water towers.

Civilians can often make use of reservoirs situated next to hydroelectric dams for
recreational purposes. Many of these reservoirs feature kayaking and windsurfing
facilities for visitors to enjoy. In addition, large hydroelectric dams can sometimes
become well-known landmarks of a country or region. This can help to attract large
volumes of tourists each year, providing a boost to the local economy.

Disadvantages

Fish populations can be impacted if fish cannot migrate upstream past

impoundment dams to spawning grounds or if they cannot migrate downstream to the
ocean. Upstream fish passage can be aided using fish ladders or elevators, or by
trapping and hauling the fish upstream by truck. Downstream fish passage is aided by
diverting fish from turbine intakes using screens or racks or even underwater lights and
sounds, and by maintaining a minimum spill flow past the turbine. Hydropower can
impact water quality and flow. Hydropower plants can cause low dissolved oxygen levels
in the water, a problem that is harmful to riparian (riverbank) habitats and is addressed
using various aeration techniques, which oxygenate the water. Maintaining minimum
flows of water downstream of a hydropower installation is also critical for the survival of
riparian habitats. Hydropower plants can be impacted by drought. When water is not
available, the hydropower plants can't produce electricity.

118
 New hydropower facilities impact the local environment and may compete with
other uses for the land. Those alternative uses may be more highly valued than
electricity generation. Humans, flora, and fauna may lose their natural habitat. Local
cultures and historical sites may be impinged upon. Some older hydropower facilities
may have historic value, so renovations of these facilities must also be sensitive to such
preservation concerns and to impacts on plant and animal life.

Environmental Impact

Although hydroelectric power is environmentally friendly, the construction of a

hydroelectric dam can have an impact on the environment. When a hydroelectric dam is
built, it forms a reservoir behind one face of the dam wall. Depending on the size of the
dam, this can have an impact over a large area. Environmental effects can be seen both
upstream and downstream of the location of the dam.

As engineers begin to flood land to form the reservoir, wildlife can have their
habitats destroyed. Changes in river levels, flow patterns, and water temperatures can
also have a significant impact on fish. In addition, vast quantities of vegetation will die
and begin to rot. This process emits methane – a greenhouse gas known to contribute
to climate change.

Hydroelectric dams can even cause drought due to the amount of water they
hold back. This impact can negatively affect the relationship one country has with its
neighbour. This happens when ‘Country A’ builds a dam that causes drought further
downstream in ‘Country B’.

Interested in reading more on this subject? If so, we have created a page

dedicated to the environmental impacts of hydroelectric dams.

Displacement of People

The construction of a hydroelectric dam will often result in people becoming

displaced. This happens when large areas of land are flooded in order to form a
reservoir. Villages, towns, and even cities may have to relocate to make way for a
reservoir. As a result of this, communities can be broken up. It can also force some

119
people to relocate from the place they have called home since they were born. Because
of this disruption, financial incentives are often available to persuade people to relocate.

Expensive To Build

Hydroelectric dams are notoriously expensive to build. Lots of planning,

engineering, and construction needs to happen before a dam can start producing power.
It is only at this point that the dam can start to provide a return on investment. This is a
process that can take many years.

Limited Places to Build

Hydroelectric dams have to be built in areas with the perfect conditions. An

area’s landscape and precipitation levels need to be taken into account before
considering such facilities. The majority of suitable locations have already been
developed for hydroelectricity. Nowadays, there are limited places where we can build
efficient hydroelectric dams.

Safety Concerns

Although the safety of modern hydroelectric facilities is often good, there are
fears over the safety of older dams. There have been numerous disasters relating to
dam failure throughout history. The most notable of which took place in China in 1975
and killed 171,000 people.

Overview

We can see from the pros and cons of hydroelectric power that there is a case
for and against the technology. On the one hand, hydroelectricity is capable of providing
a source of clean, reliable and renewable electricity. On the other hand, hydroelectricity
can destroy habitats and displace people.

120
4. Explain the entire process of producing electricity in a hydroelectric power
plant.

Large hydroelectric power plants use the stored energy of water in reservoirs
and allow its flow to drive hydraulic turbines. Water in the reservoir enters a
hydroelectric power plant through an intake. The water flows through a penstock which
channels the water to the turbine. The turbine is a mechanical device that converts
water’s kinetic energy into mechanical energy, which in turn drives the generator. The
generator is a rotating machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

A run-of-river hydroelectric power is a design scheme for power generation that

is least disruptive to the environment. The scheme works by redirecting river water
through a weir into conveyance pipes towards a penstock and feeding it downhill to the
power station.

How it works:

 A portion of the water from the upper reaches of a river is diverted into a
pipeline through an intake weir.

 This pipeline brings water to a forebay tank where the water flow is slowed down
allowing sand and other particles to settle.

 From the forebay, clear water passes through a pressure pipe or penstock to the
turbine.

 The natural force of gravity generates energy used to spin the turbine which is
enclosed in a powerhouse together with the generator and control equipment.

 The spinning turbine enables the generator to produce electricity.

 From the turbine, the water is discharged down a tailrace or canal back into the
river.

121
 Flowing water creates energy that can be captured and turned into electricity.
This is called hydroelectric power or hydropower.

The most common type of hydroelectric power plant uses a dam on a river to
store water in a reservoir. Water released from the reservoir flows through a turbine,
spinning it, which in turn activates a generator to produce electricity. But hydroelectric
power doesn't necessarily require a large dam. Some hydroelectric power plants just use
a small canal to channel the river water through a turbine.

Another type of hydroelectric power plant - called a pumped storage plant - can
even store power. The power is sent from a power grid into the electric generators. The
generators then spin the turbines backward, which causes the turbines to pump water
from a river or lower reservoir to an upper reservoir, where the power is stored. To use
the power, the water is released from the upper reservoir back down into the river or
lower reservoir. This spins the turbines forward, activating the generators to produce
electricity.

A small or micro-hydroelectric power system can produce enough electricity for a

home, farm, or ranch.

How Hydropower Works

Hydropower plants capture the energy of falling water to generate electricity. A

turbine converts the kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical energy. Then a
generator converts the mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical energy.

Hydroplants range in size from "micro-hydros" that power only a few homes to
giant dams like Hoover Dam that provide electricity for millions of people.

Parts of a Hydroelectric Plant

Dam

Raises the water level of the river to create falling water. Also controls the flow
of water. The reservoir that is formed is, in effect, stored energy.

122
Turbine

The force of falling water pushing against the turbine's blades causes the turbine
to spin. A water turbine is much like a windmill, except the energy is provided by falling
water instead of wind. The turbine converts the kinetic energy of falling water into
mechanical energy.

Generator

Connected to the turbine by shafts and possibly gears so when the turbine spins
it causes the generator to spin also. Converts the mechanical energy from the turbine
into electric energy. Generators in hydropower plants work just like the generators in
other types of power plants.

Transmission lines

Conduct electricity from the hydropower plant to homes and business.

How Much Electricity Can a Hydroelectric Plant Make?

The amount of electricity a hydropower plant produces depends on two factors:

How Far the Water Falls

The farther the water falls, the more power it has. Generally, the distance that
the water falls depends on the size of the dam. The higher the dam, the farther the
water falls and the more power it has. Scientists would say that the power of falling
water is "directly proportional" to the distance it falls. In other words, water falling twice
as far has twice as much energy.

Amount of Water Falling

More water falling through the turbine will produce more power. The amount of
water available depends on the amount of water flowing down the river. Bigger rivers
have more flowing water and can produce more energy. Power is also "directly
proportional" to river flow. A river with twice the amount of flowing water as another
river can produce twice as much energy.

123
How do we get electricity from water?

Actually, hydroelectric and coal-fired power plants produce electricity in a similar

way. In both cases a power source is used to turn a propeller-like piece called a turbine,
which then turns a metal shaft in an electric generator, which is the motor that produces
electricity. A coal-fired power plant uses steam to turn the turbine blades; whereas a
hydroelectric plant uses falling water to turn the turbine. The results are the same.

Drawing of a turbine, which the water turns. The theory is to build a dam on a
large river that has a large drop in elevation (there are not many hydroelectric plants in
Kansas or Florida). The dam stores lots of water behind it in the reservoir. Near the
bottom of the dam wall there is the water intake. Gravity causes it to fall through the
penstock inside the dam. At the end of the penstock there is a turbine propeller, which
is turned by the moving water. The shaft from the turbine goes up into the generator,
which produces the power. Power lines are connected to the generator that carry
electricity to your home and mine. The water continues past the propeller through the
tailrace into the river past the dam. By the way, it is not a good idea to be playing in the
water right below a dam when water is released!

A hydraulic turbine converts the energy of flowing water into mechanical energy.
A hydroelectric generator converts this mechanical energy into electricity. The operation
of a generator is based on the principles discovered by Faraday. He found that when a
magnet is moved past a conductor, it causes electricity to flow. In a large generator,
electromagnets are made by circulating direct current through loops of wire wound
around stacks of magnetic steel laminations. These are called field poles, and are
mounted on the perimeter of the rotor. The rotor is attached to the turbine shaft, and
rotates at a fixed speed. When the rotor turns, it causes the field poles (the
electromagnets) to move past the conductors mounted in the stator. This, in turn,
causes electricity to flow and a voltage to develop at the generator output terminals.

Pumped storage: Reusing water for peak electricity demand

Pumped storage is a method of keeping water in reserve for peak period power
demands by pumping water that has already flowed through the turbines back up a

124
storage pool above the power plant at a time when customer demand for energy is low,
such as during the middle of the night. The water is then allowed to flow back through
the turbine-generators at times when demand is high and a heavy load is placed on the
system.

The reservoir acts much like a battery, storing power in the form of water when
demands are low and producing maximum power during daily and seasonal peak
periods. An advantage of pumped storage is that hydroelectric generating units are able
to start up quickly and make rapid adjustments in output. They operate efficiently when
used for one hour or several hours. Because pumped storage reservoirs are relatively
small, construction costs are generally low compared with conventional hydropower
facilities.

Hydroelectricity is electricity produced from hydropower. In 2015, hydropower

generated 16.6% of the world's total electricity and 70% of all renewable electricity, and
was expected to increase about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years.

Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating

33 percent of global hydropower in 2013. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer,
with 920 TWh of production in 2013, representing 16.9 percent of domestic electricity
use.

The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low, making it a competitive source of

renewable electricity. The hydro station consumes no water, unlike coal or gas plants.
The average cost of electricity from a hydro station larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5
U.S. cents per kilowatt hour. With a dam and reservoir it is also a flexible source of
electricity since the amount produced by the station can be varied up or down very
rapidly (as little as a few seconds) to adapt to changing energy demands. Once a
hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct waste, and in many
cases, has a considerably lower output level of greenhouse gases than fossil fuel
powered energy plants.

Conventional (dams)

125
 Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water
driving a water turbine and generator. The power extracted from the water depends on
the volume and on the difference in height between the source and the water's outflow.
This height difference is called the head. A large pipe (the "penstock") delivers water
from the reservoir to the turbine.

Cross section of a conventional hydroelectric dam.

Pumped-storage

This method produces electricity to supply high peak demands by moving water
between reservoirs at different elevations. At times of low electrical demand, the excess
generation capacity is used to pump water into the higher reservoir. When the demand
becomes greater, water is released back into the lower reservoir through a turbine.
Pumped-storage schemes currently provide the most commercially important means of
large-scale grid energy storage and improve the daily capacity factor of the generation
system. Pumped storage is not an energy source, and appears as a negative number in
listings.

126
 A typical turbine and generator

Run-of-the-river

Run-of-the-river hydroelectric stations are those with small or no reservoir

capacity, so that only the water coming from upstream is available for generation at that
moment, and any oversupply must pass unused. A constant supply of water from a lake
or existing reservoir upstream is a significant advantage in choosing sites for run-of-the-
river. In the United States, run of the river hydropower could potentially provide 60,000
megawatts (80,000,000 hp) (about 13.7% of total use in 2011 if continuously available).

127
Tide

A tidal power station makes use of the daily rise and fall of ocean water due to
tides; such sources are highly predictable, and if conditions permit construction of
reservoirs, can also be dispatchable to generate power during high demand periods.
Less common types of hydro schemes use water's kinetic energy or undammed sources
such as undershot water wheels. Tidal power is viable in a relatively small number of
locations around the world. In Great Britain, there are eight sites that could be
developed, which have the potential to generate 20% of the electricity used in 2012.

Large facilities

Large-scale hydroelectric power stations are more commonly seen as the largest
power producing facilities in the world, with some hydroelectric facilities capable of
generating more than double the installed capacities of the current largest nuclear
power stations.

Although no official definition exists for the capacity range of large hydroelectric
power stations, facilities from over a few hundred megawatts are generally considered
large hydroelectric facilities.

Small

Small hydro is the development of hydroelectric power on a scale serving a small

community or industrial plant. The definition of a small hydro project varies but a
generating capacity of up to 10 megawatts (MW) is generally accepted as the upper
limit of what can be termed small hydro. This may be stretched to 25 MW and 30 MW in
Canada and the United States. Small-scale hydroelectricity production grew by 29%
from 2005 to 2008, raising the total world small-hydro capacity to 85 GW. Over 70% of
this was in China (65 GW), followed by Japan (3.5 GW), the United States (3 GW), and
India (2 GW).

Small hydro stations may be connected to conventional electrical distribution

networks as a source of low-cost renewable energy. Alternatively, small hydro projects
may be built in isolated areas that would be uneconomic to serve from a network, or in

128
areas where there is no national electrical distribution network. Since small hydro
projects usually have minimal reservoirs and civil construction work, they are seen as
having a relatively low environmental impact compared to large hydro. This decreased
environmental impact depends strongly on the balance between stream flow and power
production.

Micro

Micro hydro is a term used for hydroelectric power installations that typically
produce up to 100 kW of power. These installations can provide power to an isolated
home or small community, or are sometimes connected to electric power networks.
There are many of these installations around the world, particularly in developing
nations as they can provide an economical source of energy without purchase of fuel.
Micro hydro systems complement photovoltaic solar energy systems because in many
areas, water flow, and thus available hydro power, is highest in the winter when solar
energy is at a minimum.

Pico

Pico hydro is a term used for hydroelectric power generation of under 5 kW. It is
useful in small, remote communities that require only a small amount of electricity. For
example, to power one or two fluorescent light bulbs and a TV or radio for a few homes.
Even smaller turbines of 200-300W may power a single home in a developing country
with a drop of only 1 m (3 ft). A Pico-hydro setup is typically run-of-the-river, meaning
that dams are not used, but rather pipes divert some of the flow, drop this down a
gradient, and through the turbine before returning it to the stream.

Underground

An underground power station is generally used at large facilities and makes use
of a large natural height difference between two waterways, such as a waterfall or
mountain lake. An underground tunnel is constructed to take water from the high
reservoir to the generating hall built in an underground cavern near the lowest point of
the water tunnel and a horizontal tailrace taking water away to the lower outlet
waterway.

129
Generating Power

In nature, energy cannot be created or destroyed, but its form can change. In
generating electricity, no new energy is created. Actually one form of energy is
converted to another form.

To generate electricity, water must be in motion. This is kinetic (moving) energy.

When flowing water turns blades in a turbine, the form is changed to mechanical
(machine) energy. The turbine turns the generator rotor which then converts this
mechanical energy into another energy form -- electricity. Since water is the initial
source of energy, we call this hydroelectric power or hydropower for short.

At facilities called hydroelectric power plants, hydropower is generated. Some power

plants are located on rivers, streams, and canals, but for a reliable water supply, dams
are needed. Dams store water for later release for such purposes as irrigation, domestic
and industrial use, and power generation. The reservoir acts much like a battery, storing
water to be released as needed to generate power.

The dam creates a head at or height from which water flows. A pipe (penstock)
carries the water from the reservoir to the turbine. The fast-moving water pushes the
turbine blades, something like a pinwheel in the wind. The waters force on the turbine

130
blades turns the rotor, the moving part of the electric generator. When coils of wire on
the rotor sweep past the generator=s stationary coil (stator), electricity is produced.
This concept was discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831 when he found that electricity
could be generated by rotating magnets within copper coils. When the water has
completed its task, it flows on unchanged to serve other needs.

Transmitting Power

Once the electricity is produced, it must be delivered to where it is needed – our

homes, schools, offices, factories, etc. Dams are often in remote locations and power
must be transmitted over some distance to its users.

Vast networks of transmission lines and facilities are used to bring electricity to us in
a form we can use. All the electricity made at a power plant comes first through
transformers which raise the voltage so it can travel long distances through power lines.
(Voltage is the pressure that forces an electric current through a wire.) At local
substations, transformers reduce the voltage so electricity can be divided up and
directed throughout an area.

Transformers on poles (or buried underground, in some neighbourhoods) further

reduce the electric power to the right voltage for appliances and use in the home. When
electricity gets to our homes, we buy it by the kilowatt-hour, and a meter measures how
much we use.

131
 While hydroelectric power plants are one source of electricity, other sources include
power plants that burn fossil fuels or split atoms to create steam which in turn is used to
generate power. Gas turbine, solar, geothermal, and wind-powered systems are other
sources. All these power plants may use the same system of transmission lines and
stations in an area to bring power to you. By use of this power grid,” electricity can be
interchanged among several utility systems to meet varying demands. So the electricity
lighting your reading lamp now may be from a hydroelectric power plant, a wind
generator, a nuclear facility, or a coal, gas, or oil-fired power plant … or a combination
of these.

The area where you live and its energy resources are prime factors in determining
what kind of power you use. For example, in Washington State hydroelectric power
plants provided approximately 80 percent of the electrical power during 2002. In
contrast, in Ohio during the same year, almost 87 percent of the electrical power came
from coal-fired power plants due to the area=sample supply of coal.

Electrical utilities range from large systems serving broad regional areas to small
power companies serving individual communities. Most electric utilities are investor-
owned (private) power companies. Others are owned by towns, cities, and rural electric
associations. Surplus power produced at facilities owned by the Federal Government is
marketed to preference power customers (A customer given preference by law in the
purchase of federally generated electrical energy which is generally an entity which is
non-profit and publicly financed.) by the Department of Energy through its power
marketing administrations.

132
5. Explain the entire process of producing electricity in a geothermal power
plant.

Geothermal Energy

If you were to dig a big hole straight down into the Earth, you would notice the
temperature getting warmer the deeper you go. That's because the inside of the Earth is
full of heat. This heat is called geothermal energy.

People can capture geothermal energy through:

Geothermal power plants, which use heat from deep inside the Earth to generate
steam to make electricity.

Geothermal heat pumps, which tap into heat close to the Earth's surface to heat water
or provide heat for buildings.

Geothermal Power Plants

At a geothermal power plant, wells are drilled 1 or 2 miles deep into the Earth to
pump steam or hot water to the surface. You're most likely to find one of these power
plants in an area that has a lot of hot springs, geysers, or volcanic activity, because
these are places where the Earth is particularly hot just below the surface.

How It Works

Hot water is pumped from deep underground through a well under high pressure.

When the water reaches the surface, the pressure is dropped, which causes the water to
turn into steam.

The steam spins a turbine, which is connected to a generator that produces electricity.

The steam cools off in a cooling tower and condenses back to water.

The cooled water is pumped back into the Earth to begin the process again.

Geothermal Heat Pumps

Not all geothermal energy comes from power plants. Geothermal heat pumps
can do all sorts of things—from heating and cooling homes to warming swimming pools.

133
These systems transfer heat by pumping water or a refrigerant (a special type of fluid)
through pipes just below the Earth's surface, where the temperature is a constant 50 to
60°F.

During the winter, the water or refrigerant absorbs warmth from the Earth, and
the pump brings this heat to the building above. In the summer, some heat pumps can
run in reverse and help cool buildings.

How It Works

Water or a refrigerant moves through a loop of pipes.

When the weather is cold, the water or refrigerant heats up as it travels through the
part of the loop that's buried underground.

Once it gets back above ground, the warmed water or refrigerant transfers heat into the
building.

The water or refrigerant cools down after its heat is transferred. It is pumped back
underground where it heats up once more, starting the process again.

On a hot day, the system can run in reverse. The water or refrigerant cools the building
and then is pumped underground where extra heat is transferred to the ground around
the pipes.

Looking to the past. People have used geothermal energy for thousands of
years. Ancient Romans, Chinese, and Native American cultures used hot mineral springs
for bathing, cooking, and eating.

Ring of Fire. Many of the best locations for geothermal energy are found in the
“Ring of Fire,” a horseshoe–shaped area around the Pacific Ocean that experiences a lot
of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. That's because hot magma is very close to the
Earth's surface there.

Geothermal power plants use hydrothermal resources that have both water
(hydro) and heat (thermal). Geothermal power plants require high-temperature (300°F
to 700°F) hydrothermal resources that come from either dry steam wells or from hot
water wells. People use these resources by drilling wells into the earth and then piping

134
steam or hot water to the surface. The hot water or steam powers a turbine that
generates electricity. Some geothermal wells are as much as two miles deep.

How Geothermal Power Plant Works

Geothermal power plant uses hydrothermal energy of the earth for heating as
well as electricity production. What is this hydrothermal energy resource? So it is an
energy source which has both water and heat, the heat beneath the earth (magma) is
used to heat the water present inside the earth. The hydrothermal resources are bring
to the surface of the earth by dry wells and hot water wells. The temperature that is
required for the working of GTPP is 149 to 371 C (300 to 700 F). The hot water first
brought to the surface and then it is converted into steam; the steam is then strikes on
the turbine blades and rotates it. Generator is coupled with the turbine shaft, so it also
rotates with the turbine and produces electricity.

If we talk in current situation than geothermal electricity is used in 24 countries

and geothermal heating is in use in 70 countries.

How is Geothermal Energy Converted to Electricity?

There are several different main types of geothermal plants:

 Dry steam
 Flash steam
 Binary cycle

What these types of geothermal power plants all have in common is that they
use steam turbines to generate electricity. This approach is very similar to other thermal
power plants using other sources of energy than geothermal.

Water or working fluid is heated (or used directly in case of geothermal dry
steam power plants), and then sent through a steam turbine where the thermal energy
(heat) is converted to electricity with a generator through a phenomenon called
electromagnetic induction. The next step in the cycle is cooling the fluid and sending it
back to the heat source.

135
 Water that has been seeping into the underground over time has gained heat
energy from the geothermal reservoirs. There no need for additional heating, as you
would expect with other thermal power plants. Heating boilers are not present in
geothermal steam power plants and no heating fuel is used.

Production wells are used to lead hot water/steam from the reservoirs and
into the power plant.

Rock catchers are in place to make sure that only hot fluids is sent to the
turbine. Rocks can cause great damage to steam turbines.

Injection wells ensure that the water that is drawn up from the production
wells returns to the geothermal reservoir where it regains the thermal energy (heat)
that we have used to generate electricity.

Depending on the state of the water (liquid or vapour) and its temperature,
different types of power plants are used for different geothermal reservoirs. Most
geothermal power plants extract water, in its vapour or liquid form, from the reservoirs
somewhere in the temperature-range 100-320°C (220-600°F).

Geothermal Dry Steam Power Plants

This type of geothermal power plant was named dry steam since water water
that is extracted from the underground reservoirs has to be in its gaseous form (water-
vapour).

Geothermal steam of at least 150°C (300°F) is extracted from the reservoirs

through the production wells (as we would do with all geothermal power plant types),
but is then sent directly to the turbine. Geothermal reservoirs that can be exploited by
geothermal dry steam power plants are rare.

Dry steam is the oldest geothermal power plant type. The first one was
constructed in Larderello, Italy, in 1904. The Geysers, 22 geothermal power plants
located in California, is the only example of geothermal dry steam power plants in the
United States.

136
Geothermal Flash Steam Power Plant

Geothermal flash steam power plants uses water at temperatures of at least

182°C (360°F). The term flash steam refers the process where high-pressure hot water
is flashed (vaporized) into steam inside a flash tank by lowering the pressure. This
steam is then used to drive around turbines.

Flash steam is today’s most common power plant type. The first geothermal
power plant that used flash steam technology was the Wairakei Power station in New
Zealand, which was built already in 1958.

The binary cycle power plant has one major advantage over flash steam and dry
steam power plants: The water-temperature can be as low as 57°C (135°F).

By using a working fluid (binary fluid) with a much lower boiling temperature
than water, thermal energy in the reservoir water flashes the working fluid into steam,
which then is used to generate electricity with the turbine. The water coming from the
geothermal reservoirs through the production wells is never in direct contact with the
working fluid. After the some of its thermal energy is transferred to the working fluid
with a heat exchanger, the water is sent back to the reservoir through the injection
wells where it regains its thermal energy.

These power plants have a thermal efficiency rate of only 10-13%. However,
geothermal binary cycle power plants enable us, through lowering temperature
requirements, to harness geothermal energy from reservoirs that with a dry- or a flash
steam power plant wouldn’t be possible. First successful geothermal binary cycle project
took place in Russia in 1967.

Cogeneration (Combined Heat and Power)

Depending on what type of geothermal power plant, location and various other
factors, the thermal efficiency rate is not more than 10-23%. Technically, low efficiency
rates do not affect operational costs of a geothermal power plant, as it would with
power plants that are reliant on fuels to heat a working fluid.

137
 Electricity generation does suffer from low thermal efficiency rates, but the by-
products, exhaust heat and warm water, have many useful purposes. By not only
generating power, but also taking advantage of the thermal energy in the by-products,
overall energy efficiency increases. This is what we call geothermal cogeneration or
combined heat and power (CHP). Here are some good examples of this:

 District heating

 Greenhouses

 Timber mills

 Hot springs and bathing facilities

 Agriculture

 Snow and ice melting

 Desalination (processes that remove salt and other minerals from saline water)

 Various other industrial processes

How is geothermal energy transported?

It is not a surprise that the electricity that is generated with geothermal power
plants is transported in the same way as you would with any other power plant (or a
wind or solar farm for that matter): Voltage is increased to minimize losses and the
current is sent onto the electrical grid. Transporting heat over long distances, as you
would with CHP, requires a heavily insulated piping system, which is a significant
addition to costs.

Makiling-Banahaw

This geothermal power plant generates electricity for the Imperial Valley in
California. Most power plants need steam to generate electricity. The steam rotates a
turbine that activates a generator, which produces electricity. Many power plants still
use fossil fuels to boil water for steam. Geothermal power plants, however, use steam

138
produced from reservoirs of hot water found a couple of miles or more below the Earth's
surface. There are three types of geothermal power plants: dry steam, flash steam, and
binary cycle.

The Bulalo (also called Mak-Ban) geothermal reservoir is located about 70 km

southeast of Manila on the island of Luzon. The geothermal field lies at the foot of Mt.
Makiling and within the Macolod corridor, a 40-km wide “rift-like feature” that crosses
the Luzon arc and separates the northern “Bataan” and southern “Mindoro” segments of
the volcanic arc. Recent and active volcanism within the Macolod corridor has formed
young (<1- 2 Million years old) silicic calderas (e.g., Taal and Laguna de Bay), andesitic
to daciticstratocone and dome complexes (<2-0.02 Million years old), and maar and
cinder cone fields (<0.02 Million years old).

The structural setting of the Macolod corridor is complex, but the earth’s crust in
this area is “stretching” or extending due to the influence of regional strike-slip faults at
its northern and southern margins. Within the Macolod corridor, the major features are
NE-trending normal faults that have produced horst and graben structures and NW-
trending left-lateral strike-slip faults that may bound them. There is also some evidence
for older E-W directed structures. Alignment of scoria cones and maars in some areas,
and andesite to dacite domes in others, also indicates that recent magmas most
commonly reached the surface through NE-directed extensional structures.

The hydrothermal system developed at Bulalo is associated with two dacitic

domes (Mt. Bulalo and Mt. Olila) present on the SE flank of Mt. Makiling. Mt. Makiling is
a larger Quaternary volcanic complex consisting of overlapping andesitic to
daciticstratocones and domes. Bulalo and Olila domes have been dated by the
40Ar/39Ar method at <20 thousand years old, providing evidence for sustained silicic
magma intrusion into the upper crust, which is the ultimate heat source of the Bulalo
hydrothermal system. A NE-trending line connecting these domes has the same trend as
the dominant fault and fracture directions revealed by surface and subsurface geology.
The spatial association of the highly permeable and productive portion of the Bulalo
reservoir with the Mt. Bulalodacite dome suggests that permeability is related to
intersections of faults with its deep conduit system. The resistivity anomaly roughly

139
coincides with the current production area, but extends about 6 km to the north along
the eastern flank of Mt. Makiling.

The Reservoir

The Bulalo reservoir is a liquid-dominated, fracture-controlled hydrothermal

system. The productive reservoir contains hot two-phase fluid and is approximately 7
km2 in area. It is roughly circular in plain view, and is bounded by hot, lower-
permeability rocks to the NW and SE, and by lower temperature rocks to the NE and
SW. Partially open boundaries or deep outflows have been identified on the N, E and W;
the NW boundary of the resource appears to be the Cabulugan fault. The top of the
reservoir occurs between 100 m (328’) and 1,250 m (4,100’) below sea level. It is
shallowest near the field’s center, deepening gradually to the west and north, and
deepening abruptly to the east and south. Upflow occurs in the central and SE portions
of the reservoir. Relatively porous volcanic tuff units provide important fluid flowpaths at
the reservoir top, especially on the western side of the main production zone. The
bottom of the reservoir is unknown, but appears to be deeper than 3,050 m (10,000’)
bsl beneath the central production area.

The reservoir fluid is a neutral-pH sodium chloride liquid with low total dissolved
solids and low gas content relative to other geothermal systems in the Philippines,
making it especially attractive as an alternative energy source to fossil fuels. The fluid
salinity is also low, with an average Cl concentration of 2800 mg/kg. The average
reservoir temperature is 280°C, and the maximum temperature is around 300°C in the
SE sector of the field.
Production and Injection History In the last 30 years, the Mak-Ban field operation
has generated a total of 61,827 GWh of electricity saving the government from
importing 114.67 million barrels of oil equivalent (MBOE). From 2003 to 2005 production
was curtailed due to operational (rehabilitation of Units 1-4) and commercial factors.
Makeup drilling and “banked steam” subsequently resulted in record generation for
2007. Initially fieldwide average flash was below 50% but after a few years of pressure
drawdown, the flash increased to 50- 60%, where it remained stable until 2001. The
reservoir responded well to the substantial capacity and load increases during the 1980’s
and 1990’s. Decline rates have remained reasonable throughout the history of the field.

140
As the shallow portions of the reservoir were drawn down, make-up drilling productivity
has been sustained by adopting larger-diameter well completions (13⅜” production
casing) starting in the 1980’s, and by drilling deeper to tap hotter, higher-pressure
targets. In recent years the shallow pressure drawdown has drawn in cooler marginal
fluids and has decreased field flash to 43%. But despite the marginal recharge problem,
overall decline rates remain moderate and the field is likely to sustain excellent
performance for decades to come.
Commercial-scale geothermal brine injection in the Philippines was pioneered at
Bulalo (Sta. Maria and Villadolid-Abrigo, 1993; Golla et al., 2001). Brine injection was
initially focused on edgefield sites immediately west and east of the production area, but
by 1987 cooling due to injection returns was noted in a number of western production
wells, so additional injection capacity was developed 2 to 3 km west of the production
area, where permeability was found in the reservoir outflow plumes. Geochemical and
tracer data indicate slow, manageable injection returns from these outfield injectors.
Reservoir Processes After 30 years of operation, the Mak-Ban Field has
experienced a number of significant reservoir changes. Capuno et al. 6 As a
consequence of fluid withdrawal, reservoir pressure and liquid level have declined
resulting in the expansion of the two-phase zone. The dark blue area is characterized by
inflow of cool marginal recharge (119-2290 C). The light blue areas in the west, SW and
NE are affected by hotter marginal recharge, mostly at temperatures of ~2300 C, and as
hot as 2900 C in the SW. The yellow area in the NW is characterized by rapid boiling
with slow marginal recharge. The pink area in the east is characterized by cool
temperatures due to sustained boiling at shallow depths. Injection breakthrough at the
periphery of the production area in the east is indicated by the orange area. Southeast
brine (a reservoir brine that has been enriched due to in-situ boiling) production is
represented by light green in the south and south-eastern part of the field. This area is
characterized by rapid boiling with low recharge. The brine is believed to migrate
towards areas of lower pressures after boiling. The dark green area is where mixed
fluids consisting of up flow and SE brine are being produced (Abrigo, et al., 2006).
Marginal Fluids the extent of the challenge of marginal recharge influx to the
Mak-Ban geothermal field was established through reservoir surveillance. Thermal
breakthrough following injection breakthrough was mitigated by moving injector’s

141
farther away (Sta. Maria and Villadolid-Abrigo, 1993) or by controlling the injection rates
in edge field injectors. Cold water down flows from casing breaks were mitigated by well
workovers: installing scab liners or by a secondary tieback recompletion. The potential
entry of cooler marginal recharge in new wells was pre-empted by isolating the
unwanted zones during drilling. Currently, procedures to isolate unwanted zones of
marginal fluids in existing wells are being considered and will be tried in selected wells.

Working Principle of Geothermal Power Plant

The magma heats the water present inside the earth and increases its
temperature greater than 182 degree Celsius. This hot water from the earth is piping to
the surface of the earth through hot water wells. The steam from the hot water is
separated and made it to strike on the turbine blade and it starts rotating. A Generator
is coupled to the turbine also starts rotating and produces electricity.

Advantages

1. It requires no fuel for its working.

2. It requires minimal land and fresh water.

3. Geothermal power is a sustainable source of energy.

Disadvantages

1. The fluid taken out from deep earth contains mixtures of gases such as Hydrogen
sulphide (H2S), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Ammonia (NH3), methane (CH4) and Radon
(Rn). If these gases is released, it will contribute to global warming, acid rain, Radiation
and noxious smell.

2. It requires emission control system to reduce the exhaust that may be produce form
acids and volatile chemicals.

3. The hot water taken out from the geothermal sources is hold in a solution which may
contain traces of toxic chemicals like mercury, boron, arsenic, antimony and salt. When
water cools these toxic chemicals comes out of the solution and can responsible for the
environmental damage if released.

4. Geothermal power plant constructed at the site may adversely affect land stability.

142
Types

The Geothermal power plant which is in working is of three types

1. Dry Steam Power Plant

In dry steam power plant, direct steam from the geothermal reservoir is used to
turn the turbine and generator to produce electricity. The temperature of the
geothermal steam needed in this plant is at least 150 degree Celsius.

Dry steam plants use steam directly from a geothermal reservoir to turn
generator turbines.

2. Flash Steam Power Plant

In flash steam power plant, high pressure hot water from deep inside the earth
is taken out and collected in a steam separator. This high pressure hot water comes to
the surface by its own and its pressure keeps on decreases as it moves upward, this
allows hot water to gets converter into steam. Steam gets separated in steam separator,
and allowed to turn the turbine generator. When the steam cools, it is again injected
back into the earth surface to be used again. Nowadays most of the geothermal power
plants used are of flash steam plants. This power plant requires a temperature of at
least 180 degree Celsius for its operation.

Flash steam plants take high-pressure hot water from deep inside the earth and
convert it to steam to drive generator turbines. When the steam cools, it condenses to
water and is injected back into the ground to be used again. Most geothermal power
plants are flash steam plants.

3. Binary Cycle Power plant

In binary cycle power plant, the heat of hot water is transferred to another liquid
(called as secondary liquid). The heat of hot water causes another liquid to change into
steam and then this steam is used to rotate turbine. It is the most recent developed

143
power plant which may be operated at lowest temperature of at least 57 degree Celsius.
The secondary fluid (i.e. another liquid) used in this binary cycle geothermal power plant
has much lower boiling point than water. It works on both Rankine and Kalina cycle. The
thermal efficiency of this power station is expected to be lie in between 10-13%. This
power plant is called as binary, since here we are using two liquids (hot water and
secondary liquid) for its working.

Binary cycle power plants transfer the heat from geothermal hot water to
another liquid. The heat causes the second liquid to turn to steam, which is used to
drive a generator turbine.

Main Components of Geothermal Power Plant

1. Hydrothermal resources:

It is a source which has both heat and water. In the earth crust we have both
water and heat (magma).

2. Dry or hot water wells:

These are the wells through which the dry steam and hot water from the earth is
taken out. If dry steam is taken out than it is called as dry steam well and if hot water is
taken out through it than it is called as hot water well.

3. Steam Separator:

It is a separating device which is used to separate steam from hot water.

4. Turbine:

It is rotating device which converts the kinetic energy of the fast moving steam
into rotational energy (i.e. Mechanical energy).

5. Generator:

It is coupled to the turbine shaft and converts mechanical energy of the turbine
into electrical energy.

6. Steam Condenser:

It condenses the exhaust steam from the turbine and changes it to water.

144
7. Injection Well:

It is the well which is drilled in the earth to inject the condensed water again into
the earth crust.

Working

The hot magma present inside the earth heats the water present in the earth.
The temperature of the water increases up to 182 degree Celsius and even more.

The hot high pressure water, due to its own pressure moves upward in the hot
water well. As the water reaches to the surface of the earth, its temperature increases
and some of the hot water changes to steam.

This hot water is collected in the steam separator. The steam separator is a
container of low pressure where most of the hot water gets converted into steam and
rest will be separate out as water.

The steam produced in the steam separator is allowed to strike on the blades of
the turbine. As this high pressures steam strikes the blades of the turbine, it starts
rotating. The generator coupled with the turbine also rotates and electricity is produced.

The exhaust steam from the turbine which has low pressure sent to the low
pressure turbine where it is further used to produce electricity.

The exhaust steam is than enters into the condenser where it gets converted
into water.

Finally the water from the steam separator and condenser is collected together and
sent back to the ground through injection well to reuse it again for power generation.

145
6. What is the history of Metroclark Waste Management Corporation? How do
they operate? What are the advantages of the sanitary landfill?

MCWM HISTORY

Promoting and maintaining environmentally responsible practices is beneficial for

everyone – our customers, consumers, employees and the communities in which we
operate. At Metro Clark Waste Management Corporation, we take seriously our
commitment to the environment.  We conduct our business in ways that protect the
environment and demonstrate good stewardship of our world’s natural resources.  We
work closely and cooperatively with local communities, suppliers and contractors,
government agencies, and other organizations engaged in improving the environment. 
And we continually seek new ways to address the environmental cost and impact of our
activities, products and services.

MCWMC is dedicated to developing sustainable solutions for minimizing the

environmental impact of urban development and energy production projects. Our team
works both in Europe and Middle East to develop Clean Development Mechanism
projects and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and saving energy.

The Clark Special Economic Zone (CSEZ), located some 80 kilometers north of

Metro Manila, Philippines is comprised of a 4,400-hectare Main Zone and a 29,213-
hectare Sub-Zone. Currently, it is being developed into a model metropolis built around
the Diosdado Macapagal International Airport.

Its master plan has provided Clark’s reconstruction as a residential

neighborhood, mixed-use business district, recreational and entertainment center,
support and aviation-related facility, parkway and rail link, industrial estate and the site
of a world-class international airport.

The Clark Development Corporation (CDC), a government agency tasked to

manage the Zone, solicited proposals from various waste management companies for
the handling of the solid waste generated by its locators companies. The bidding was

146
won by a German Consortium composed of Birkhahn + Nolte GmbH and Heers
& Brockstedt Umwelttechnik GmbH.

The German Consortium later formed the company “Metro Clark Waste
Management Corporation” (MCWM) wherein 30% is owned by the Germans and the
remaining 70% is owned by various Filipino investors.

The contract basically calls for the establishment of an integrated waste

management facility, to be operated for twenty-five (25) years, with focus on landfilling
for final disposal. The CDC gave a total land area of 100 hectares, to be used for the
following:

• Landfill facility 70 has.

• Recycling facilities 10 has.
• Infrastructure 5 has.
• Environmental buffer zone 15 has.

It has a designed maximum capacity 20,000,000 tons with an operational

capacity 1,000 – 3,000 tons daily

Some highlights of the integrated waste management center are the

following:

• Entrance station with weighbridge

• All-weather roads inside the Center
• Disposal site in accordance to European standards
• Leachate storage and treatment ponds
• Runoff water collection system
• Retention basins

• Recycling and waste treatment facilities

• Environmental buffer zones / re-greening zones
• Administrative buildings
• Materials recovery facility
• Workshop

147
 The disposal site itself will be built in phases/cells depending on the amount of
waste collected. We have already completed the construction fo the 4th cell (3
hectares), which is now operational. Subsequent cells to be constructed will be
anywhere from 3 to 10 hectares each, depending on the demand.

HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS

01-Jun-1998
Pre-qualification bidding for Toxic‚ Hazardous and Solid Waste Management for
the Clark Special Economic Zone (CSEZ)

06-Oct-1999
Signing of the Contract of Services between CDC and the German Consortium

11-Jan-2001
Issuance of the Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) by the DENR No.
0012-704-213

06-Mar-2002
Incorporation of Metro Clark Waste Management Corp. (MCWM)

25-Mar-2002
Issuance of the Tarlac Provincial Board Resolution No. 023-2002 regarding the
establishment of a sanitary landfill in Sitio Kalangitan‚ Capas‚ Tarlac

10-Apr-2002
Official start of construction of Phase I-A as mandated by the Provincial Board of
Tarlac and by the CDC (approximately 5-hectare development)

15-Dec-2002
Start of operations

01-Sep-2003
Issuance of the resolution from the Municipal Council of Capas‚ Tarlac No.107-03
interposing no objection to the desire of other municipalities and cities outside the

148
Province of Tarlac to use the sanitary landfill in SitioKalangitan‚ Barangay Cut-Cut
II‚ Capas‚ Tarlac
02-Sep-2003
Issuance of the resolution from the Municipality of Bamban‚ Tarlac‚ League of
Barangays No. 07-2003 supporting the Sanitary Landfill Project and further endorses to
accept waste materials coming from other municipalities and cities outside of Tarlac and
Pampanga

03-Sep-2003
Issuance of the resolution from Barangay Cut-Cut II‚ Capas‚ Tarlac No.15-2003
expressing no objection to the operation of the sanitary landfill in
SitioKalangitan‚ Barangay Cut-Cut II‚ Capas‚ Tarlac and to allow other cities and
municipalities outside the Province of Tarlac to use its facilities

06-Nov-2003
Issuance of the Tarlac Provincial Board Resolution No. 108-2003 interposing no
objection to the expansion of the established sanitary landfill in SitioKalangitan‚ Cut-Cut
II‚ Capas‚ Tarlac and to the use thereof by other cities and municipalities outside the
Province of Tarlac including Metro Manila

09-Nov-2006
Start of construction Phase 1Bb (15‚000 m2) with integrated cell for treated
industrial waste

Summer-2009
Issuance of the TSD permit through EMB‚ allowing the disposal of treated Waste
classified in accordance to RA 6969

Summer-2010
Construction of Phase 1Ba (25‚000m2). Available disposal volume now 1‚500‚000
tons

October-2010
The UNFCC (United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change) certified
MCWM as company 'which contributes significant to the reduction of Greenhouse gases'

149
and accepted MCWM as CDM (Carbon Dioxide equivalent) trading company registered
under project # 2524.

Summer-2011
Construction of Phase 1 of the Landfill Gas (LFG) collection system with flare for
up to 800 m3 LFG per hour capacity

Spring-2012
Construction of phase 4a with 30,000 m2 area

2014
ISO certification ISO 9001 / 14000 / 18000

Spring-2015
Construction of phase 4b with 30,000 m2 area

Summer-2017
Construction of 15,000 m2 'transfer yard' to improve transport logistics on site

Spring-2018
Construction of phase 4c with 50,000 m2 area

The Clark Freeport and Special Economic Zone (CFSEZ), located some 80

kilometers north of Metro Manila, Philippines is comprised of a 4,400-hectare Main Zone
and a 29,213-hectare Sub-Zone. Currently, it is being developed into a model metropolis
built around the Clark International Airport.

The Clark Development Corporation (CDC), a government agency tasked to

manage the Zone, solicited proposals from various waste management companies for
the handling of the solid waste generated by its locators companies. The bidding was
won by a German Consortium composed of Birkhahn + Nolte GmbH and Heers
& Brockstedt Umwelttechnik GmbH.
The German Consortium later formed the company “Metro Clark Waste Management
Corporation” (MCWM) wherein 40% is owned by the Germans and the remaining 60% is
owned by various Filipino investors.

150
 MCWM is establishing a world class hazardous waste treatment facility in
partnership with All Waste Services, Inc. and healthcare treatment facility with
Integrated Waste Management Incorporated.

BN Ingenieure GmbH shares its 60 years of experience in environmental

engineering and waste management worldwide.

A waste-to-energy plant converts solid waste into electricity and/or heat - an

ecological, cost-effective way of energy recovery.
A waste-to-energy - or energy-from-waste - plant converts municipal and industrial solid
waste into electricity and/or heat for industrial processing and for district heating
systems – an ecologically sound, cost-effective means of energy recovery. The energy
plant works by burning waste at high temperatures and using the heat to make steam.
The steam then drives a turbine that creates electricity.

The sanitary landfill is located on a 100-hectare land, of which 70 hectares are

dedicated for the landfill, 10 hectares for recycling facilities and 5 hectares for offices
and other infrastructure. The remaining 15 hectares acts as environmental buffer.

The facility comes with recycling facilities, leachate storage and treatments pods
as well an environmental buffer.

The sanitary landfill is the only one in the Philippines that conforms to
internationally accepted standards that substantially exceed the requirements of RA
9003.

Right now, the company serves 90 municipalities in Central Luzon.

Sanitary landfills are sites where waste is isolated from the

environment until it is safe.

It is considered when it has completely degraded biologically, chemically and

physically. In high-income countries, the level of isolation achieved may be high.
However, such an expensive high level of isolation may not be technically necessary to
protect public health. Four basic conditions should be met before a site can be regarded

151
as a sanitary landfill (see following.) The ways of doing this should be adapted to local
conditions. The immediate goal is to meet, to the best extent possible, the four stated
basic sanitary landfill conditions, with a longer term goal to meet them eventually in full.

Small incremental improvements in landfill design and operation over several

years are more likely to succeed than attempts to make a single, large leap in
engineering expectations.

Large landfills will require more investment to improve standards than smaller
sites. However, the unit cost of these improvements (measured per tonne of waste
landfilled or per head of population served) will decrease with increasing site size.

Basic requirements

As a minimum, four basic conditions should be met by any site design and
operation before it can be regarded as a sanitary landfill:

• Full or partial hydrogeological isolation: if a site cannot be located on land

which naturally contains leachate security, additional lining materials should be
brought to the site to reduce leakage from the base of the site (leachate) and
help reduce contamination of groundwater and surrounding soil. If a liner - soil
or synthetic - is provided without a system of leachate collection, all leachate will
eventually reach the surrounding environment. Leachate collection and treatment
must be stressed as a basic requirement.

• Formal engineering preparations: designs should be developed from local

geological and hydrogeological investigations. A waste disposal plan and a final
restoration plan should also be developed.

• Permanent control: trained staff should be based at the landfill to supervise site
preparation and construction, the depositing of waste and the regular operation
and maintenance.

152
 • Planned waste emplacement and covering: waste should be spread in layers
and compacted. A small working area which is covered daily helps make the
waste less accessible to pests and vermin.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Landfills

Landfills are site for waste disposal by the method of burying which is one of the
oldest from of waste management. Landfills are the most common methods of waste
disposal and are the same in most of the place around the world. Landfills are also used
for waste management purposes like for temporary storage, consolidation, transfer and
processing of waste material.

Landfills are engineered waste disposal systems that have large rubbish tips or
dumps. The modern landfills are made to prevent the loss of leachate and gases to the
surrounding environment. A landfill may also be the ground at are filled with rocks
instead of waste materials so that is can be used for a purpose like for construction.

In order to meet certain specifications in non-hazardous waste landfills the

techniques that are applied by which wastes are restricted to small area, the wastes are
compressed to reduce their volume and they are covered with soil daily.

In the landfill operations the vehicles which collect wastes are weighed and their
load is screened for wastes that do not fulfill the criteria of the landfills. After deposition
of the waste bulldozers or compactors spread and compress the waste on the working
face. This compacted waste is covered with soil or any other alternative material every
day. The alternative material that is used to cover the compressed waste is chipped
wood or other green waste. The space that is filled with the compacted waste and the
cover material is known as daily cell. The compression of waste to make it compact is
important to extend the life of the landfill.

Landfills have both Advantages and Disadvantages.

Advantages of landfills:

153
  There are many advantages of landfills. The main advantage is that burying can
produce energy and can be obtained by the conversion of landfill gas.

 The waste products of landfills can be used as direct fuel for combustion or
indirectly they can be processed into another fuel.

 Landfill is a specific location for waste deposition that can be monitored.

 On completion of the landfill it can be reclaimed and it can be used as parks or

farming land.

 In properly designed landfills the waste can be processed and all recyclable
materials can be used before closing.

 Organic material can also be separated from a properly designed landfill which
can be used for compost or production of natural gas.

 The landfills that are properly managed can capture the natural gas or methane
that is produced by the underground decomposing material.

Disadvantages of landfills:

 Landfills that are poorly designed or operated share more problems that are
faced at the uncontrolled dumping areas.

 The areas surrounding the landfills become heavily polluted.

 Landfill can pollute air, water and also the soil.

 In a poorly developed landfill it is difficult to keep the dangerous chemicals from

leaching out into the surrounding area.

 Dangerous chemicals can seep into the ground water system.

 Many insects and rodents are attracted to landfills and can result in dangerous
diseases.

 It can cause diseases and illness in the communities living around the landfill.

154
How a Landfill Operates

Waste is brought to the landfill by vehicles that collect it from households and
businesses throughout the county. Vehicles are weighed at the scales and directed to
the proper area, for disposal.

The waste is compacted by large machines to ensure maximum utilization of air

space. At the end of each day the waste is covered.

Over a period of time, the waste that is in the landfill emits landfill gas, which is
a common occurrence in nature when material decomposes. This gas, which is known
as methane, contributes to global warming. Cumberland County Solid Waste
Management in its efforts to be good stewards of the environment enlisted the help of
DTE Biomass Energy to collect methane gas.

A leachate pond collects liquid that has been filtered through the decomposed
waste in the landfill. This liquid is then drained off and deposited into the leachate pond.
This waste goes into the sanitary sewer and is processed by PWC. These ponds are an
important aspect of landfill operations; otherwise, the liquid could possibly get back into
the water table.

Sedimentation ponds are a necessity of landfill operations. They collect rain

water run-off. The water is filtered through a riser pipe ensuring that silt (cloudy water
with dirt particles in it) does not get into the rivers and streams.

The landfill is being developed in phases; new cells are constructed as needed.
Prior to construction, testing is performed to determine ground water level and materials
that can be used in the construction of the new cells. Once this information is
determined, the area is excavated and lined with clay and plastic liners. When
construction of the cells is completed, then waste may be disposed of in the cells.

155
156
7. What is the history of One Subic Power Generation Corporation? How do
they operate?

PHINMA Power Generation Corporation (PPGC) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of

PHINMA Energy Corporation, operating a 52-megawatt (MW) Bunker-C fuel power plant
in Bulacan.  With the full operationalization of the Philippine Wholesale Electricity Spot
Market, said plant is able to participate in the spot market, selling its excess power. On
May 12, 2014, PPGC acquired One Subic Power Generation Corporation to operate the
116-megawatt diesel power plant in Subic Bay Freeport Zone.

While continuously operating and expanding its portfolio, PPGC commits to

provide sustainable and reliable power supply to its customers. In doing so, its
operations are also guided by environmental standards and the Philippine Grid Code.

PHINMA Energy Corporation (PHEN), formerly Trans-Asia Oil and Energy

Development Corporation, was established and incorporated by the Philippine
Investment Management (PHINMA), Inc. on September 8, 1969 in line with PHINMA's
vision to create a vehicle for building the nation's economy through self-reliance in
energy.

PHEN is engaged primarily in power generation and supply, with secondary

investments in petroleum and mineral exploration. In order to diversify its product and
revenue portfolio, the Company invested in power generation and supply, which
eventually became its main business and revenue source. On August 15, 2016, the
Securities and Exchange Commission approved the change in corporate name to the
present one.

PHEN is engaged in power generation and trading, oil and mineral exploration,
development and production. The Company is registered as a wholesale aggregator and
is a licensed retail electricity supplier. This authorizes PHEN to consolidate electricity
power demand of distribution utilities and to supply electricity to the contestable market.
Other activities of the Company include investments in various operating companies and
in financial instruments.

157
 As of December 2015, the Company's subsidiaries include Trans-Asia Renewable
Energy Corporation; Trans-Asia Petroleum Corporation; CIP II Power Corporation;
Trans-Asia Gold and Minerals Development Corp.; Trans-Asia Power Generation
Corporation; One Subic Power Generation Corporation; South Luzon Thermal Energy
Corporation; and Trans-Asia Wind Power Corporation. The Company also holds 30.65%
stake in Palawan55 Exploration & Production Corporation; 28.18% stake in Asia Coal
Corporation; and 25% stake in Maibarara Geothermal, Inc.

Trans-Asia Power Generation Corp. (TAPGC), a wholly-owned subsidiary of

Trans-Asia Oil and Energy Development Corp. of the Phinma Group, has acquired One
Subic Power Generation Corp., a power generation company that operates a diesel
power plant in Subic Bay.

In a disclosure to the Philippine Stock Exchange, Trans-Asia said it has bought

the entire outstanding stock of One Subic from Udenna Energy Corp.

“The acquisition of One Subic adds to Trans Asia’s growing generation portfolio,
which already includes Trans-Asia’s diesel power plants in Norzagaray, Bulacan,
Bacnotan, La Union and Guimaras; the Maibarara Geothermal plant, a portion of the
Sem-Calaca power plant, and a 40-megawatt capacity from the Unified Leyte
geothermal facilities,” Trans-Asia said.

In all, Trans-Asia Power will acquire a total of 200 million shares at P2.45 per
share for a total cost of P490 million.

Trans-Asia is also constructing a 54-MW wind farm in San Lorenzo, Guimaras and
a 135-MW coal power plant in Calaca, Batangas through South Luzon Thermal Energy
Corp., a 50-50 joint venture with AC Energy Holdings, Inc., the energy subsidiary of
Ayala Corp.

One Subic is the lessee and operator of the 116-MW diesel power plant located
at the Subic Bay Freeport Zone.

Moving forward, Trans-Asia said it intends to double its power capacity to 400
MW in the next few years. Trans-Asia has various investments in the energy sector. The

158
company has power generation businesses by itself and through South Luzon Thermal
Energy Corp., Trans-Asia Power Generation Corp. and CIP II Power Corp. Trans-Asia is
also involved in renewable energy development via, Trans-Asia Renewable Energy Corp.
and Maibarara Geothermal Inc., as well as in electricity supply as a licensed retail
electricity supplier and a licensed wholesale Aggregator.

The company said it is aiming to double its power capacity to 400 MW in the
next few years upon completion of a new 135-MW clean coal power plant in Calaca,
Batangas in partnership with the Ayala Group, an integrated 20-MW geothermal project
in Sto. Tomas, Batangas with the Yuchengco Group and the Philippine National Oil Co.,
and the 54-MW Guimaras wind farm.

Philippine Investment Management (PHINMA), Inc. was established on

November 19, 1956 by a group of industrialists headed by the late ambassador Ramon
V. del Rosario, Sr., Don Felimon C. Rodriguez and Ernesto O. Escaler, to establish
businesses in the fields of project development, corporate management and business
consultancy.

With their accomplishments in their respective fields, these visionaries set

themselves apart by thinking big for the country and its people. They believed in
developing Filipino entrepreneurship, in promoting the professional management skills of
Filipino managers, in corporate social responsibility, and in community building.

With the establishment of PHINMA was the birth of a business organization that
would give rise to a culture of excellence – one that contributes to the development of
Filipino Enterprises. The first project of PHINMA was the acquisition of the Cebu Portland
Cement Plant in Bacnotan, La Union. After winning the bid for this cement plant,
PHINMA investors established Bacnotan Cement Industries Inc. on March 12, 1957 to
hold its investments in the cement industry. This later became Bacnotan Consolidated
Industries Inc. and is now known as PHINMA Corporation.

PHINMA, Inc. believes in Making Lives Better. Anchoring on the principle that
private business has a distinctive role to play in the country’s development, PHINMA’s
mission is to help build the nation through competitive and well-managed business

159
enterprises that enable the Filipinos to attain a better quality of life.   At present,
PHINMA, Inc. is invested in affordable quality education, clean reliable energy, value-for-
money urban housing, secure and reasonably-priced lodging, and other services that
provide Filipinos better access to the essentials of a dignified life.

The success of the various business interests of PHINMA is a living testimony

that corporate social responsibility can be integrated into the core strategy of the
business.  At PHINMA, our business is our CSR, and our CSR is our business.

One Subic Power Generation Corporation operates a 116-megawatt diesel power

plant in SubicBay Freeport Zone. The company is based in Subic, the Philippines. As of
May 12, 2014, One Subic Power Generation Corporation operates as a subsidiary of
Trans-Asia Power Generation Corporation.

Trans-Asia Power Generation Corp. (TAPGC), a wholly-owned subsidiary of

Trans-Asia Oil and Energy Development Corp. of the Phinma Group, has acquired One
Subic Power Generation Corp., a power generation company that operates a diesel
power plant in Subic Bay.

In a disclosure to the Philippine Stock Exchange, Trans-Asia said it has bought

the entire outstanding stock of One Subic from Udenna Energy Corp.

“The acquisition of One Subic adds to Trans Asia’s growing generation portfolio,
which already includes Trans-Asia’s diesel power plants in Norzagaray, Bulacan,
Bacnotan, La Union and Guimaras; the Maibarara Geothermal plant, a portion of the
Sem-Calaca power plant, and a 40-megawatt capacity from the Unified Leyte
geothermal facilities,” Trans-Asia said.

In all, Trans-Asia Power will acquire a total of 200 million shares at P2.45 per
share for a total cost of P490 million.

Trans-Asia is also constructing a 54-MW wind farm in San Lorenzo, Guimaras and
a 135-MW coal power plant in Calaca, Batangas through South Luzon Thermal Energy
Corp., a 50-50 joint venture with AC Energy Holdings, Inc., the energy subsidiary of
Ayala Corp.

160
 One Subic is the lessee and operator of the 116-MW diesel power plant located
at the Subic Bay Freeport Zone.

Moving forward, Trans-Asia said it intends to double its power capacity to 400
MW in the next few years.

Trans-Asia has various investments in the energy sector. The company has
power generation businesses by itself and through South Luzon Thermal Energy Corp.,
Trans-Asia Power Generation Corp. and CIP II Power Corp.

Trans-Asia is also involved in renewable energy development via, Trans-Asia

Renewable Energy Corp. and Maibarara Geothermal Inc., as well as in electricity supply
as a licensed retail electricity supplier and a licensed wholesale Aggregator.

The company said it is aiming to double its power capacity to 400 MW in the
next few years upon completion of a new 135-MW clean coal power plant in Calaca,
Batangas in partnership with the Ayala Group, an integrated 20-MW geothermal project
in Sto. Tomas, Batangas with the Yuchengco Group and the Philippine National Oil Co.,
and the 54-MW Guimaras wind farm.

A lease extension agreement of ten years translating to P750 million in lease and
revenue shares was recently approved by the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority (SBMA)
for One Subic Power Generation Corp., which operates the 116-megawatt diesel
generator plant here.

The power firm, which is a fully-owned subsidiary of PHINMA Energy Corp.,

initially committed $3.2 million-worth of investments and five per cent variable gross
revenue shares (GRS) when it took over the diesel plant in 2011.

The firm’s original contract was effective until 2020, but the amended agreement
granted the firm a ten-year extension of its operations until 2030.

SBMA Chairman and Administrator Wilma T. Eisma signed the new contract with
PHINMA President and CEO Francisco Viray, and One Subic Power President Rizalino
Santos.

161
 During the signing, Eisma thanked the company for being a valued partner of the
SBMA and for sharing the commitment for a better Subic community.

“I do appreciate the malasakit that you put in in your business here in Subic and
the way you take care of your people. That kind of behavior is important for the future
of Subic because your people are also my people,” Eisma told the company officials.

According to the SBMA Business and Investment Department (BID), One Subic
Power Generation Corp. is one of the biggest revenue sources for the SBMA, having
turned in a total of $7.2 million in fixed lease rate, P81 million in gross revenue shares,
and P4.4 million in common user service area (CUSA) fees since it started operations in
2011 until 2017.

Meanwhile, the ten-year extension of the firm’s contract would also provide an
additional five per cent increase in current lease rate for the first five years, and another
five per cent increase for the remaining five years, for a total of P630 million in lease
rates alone.

In addition, the company’s annual gross revenue share (GRS) of P12 million
would translate to a total of P120 million over the 10-year extension period, an amount
that will be part of the revenue shares given out by the SBMA to neighbouring local
government units.

Subic power station is a proposed $1.1-billion, 600-MW coal-fired power plant in

the Subic Bay Freeport Zone. The leading proponent of the Subic power station
is AboitizPower, which is undertaking the project with power distributor Manila
Electric Co. and Taiwan Cogeneration through a vehicle firm called Redondo Peninsula
Energy Inc. (RP Energy).

In July 2011, Manila Electric Co. (MERALCO), the Aboitiz Group, and Taiwan

Cogeneration Corporation signed a memorandum of agreement to build a 600 MW,
$1.28 billion coal plant in Subic Town, on the Redondo Peninsula in Subic Bay, in the
province of Zambales. The plant would be built by the joint venture Redondo Peninsula
Energy (RPE). Environmental permits were issued for the project in December

162
2012. MERALCO is the majority owner of the project, with a 52% share and the other
owners owning an equal share of the remainder, or 24% each.

May 2013, the regional Court of Appeals of the Philippines — while also
rejecting aspects of opponents' legal claims against the project — invalidated the
Environmental Compliance Certificate issued by the EMB "due to various defects and
non-compliance with legal procedures/requirements concerned," and ordered a halt to
the construction of the plant. The company continued with site preparation work,
beginning in Q3 2013, but held off on further construction until the appeal was
completed.

In February 2015, the Philippines Supreme Court overruled the Court of Appeals
and reinstated the project's Environmental Compliance Certificate. MERALCO's president,
Oscar Reyes, said that the company hoped to award the engineering, procurement, and
construction (EPC) contract and finalize the financial arrangements by mid-2015, at
which time construction would begin. MERALCO hopes to complete construction by mid-
2018. As of May 2015, it was reported that the sponsor had chosen an Engineering,
Procurement, and Construction (EPC) contractor and had "tapped" a consortium of local
banks for financing.

In March 2016, Meralco chairman Manuel V. Pangilinan said that the company
would probably build the plant in two phases of 300 MW each, and that construction
would begin in the first quarter of 2016. That schedule has since been pushed back.

October 2016, RP Energy signed a construction contract with Azul Torre

Construction and a supply contract with Korean firm Doosan Heavy Industries &
Construction to build the plant. Construction is planned for January 2017, and operation
by mid-2020.

In January 2017, RP Energy signed an initial $600 million long-term financing

agreement with three banks for the plant's construction. As of May 2017, RP Energy was
awaiting approval of power supply agreements from the Energy Regulatory Commission
before beginning construction. RP stated that it was ready to begin construction as soon
as these agreements were finalized

163
 In March 2018 RP Energy cancelled the order for two coal-fired generators from
Doosan, citing delays.

At the project's signing ceremony in July 2011, Alex Hermoso of the Olongapo-
Zambales Civil Society Network gave protest letters and an anti-plant resolution of the
Olangapo City Council to the company representatives, signalling public opposition and
protest against the plant.

While the plant's backers, AboitizPower and the Philippine Department of Energy,
argue that the plant is necessary to supply power for growing local demand and ward
off a "looming energy crisis," the Panalipdan-Southern Mindanao Network Opposed to
Coal-Fired Power Plant argues that no such crisis exists, and that the plant's actual goal
is to provide power for proposed mining operations of Xstrata and Sagittarius Mines,
Inc. (SMI-Xstrata) in Davao.

Aug. 29, 2011, 3,000 local residents of Olongapo City (the largest city on Subic
Bay) and of the province of Zambales participated in a protest against the proposed
plant, organized by the Olongapo-Zambales Civil Society Network and the Sigaw ng
Lumalabang Olongapeño (Siglo). Among the protesters were Olongapo Mayor James
Gordon Jr. and members of the Olongapo City Council, Zambales First District Rep. Mitos
Magsaysay, and Zambales Vice Governor Ramon Lacbain. Numerous communities from
Subic Bay read resolutions opposing the plant, and pointed out that these local
communities had not approved construction of the plant as required under Philippine
environmental regulations. In Dec. 2011, when the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority
held a "social acceptability forum" about the plant, RPE representatives, acting on advice
from company lawyers, cancelled at the last minute. During the following year,
government officials from both Olongapo City and Zambales Province issued repeated
resolutions opposing construction of the plant — largely on the grounds that it would
impact tourism, which is vital for the local economy.

164
8. Explain the entire process of producing electricity in a diesel power plant.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of this type of power plant?

In a diesel power station, diesel engine is used as the prime mover. The diesel
burns inside the engine and the products of this combustion act as the working fluid to
produce mechanical energy. The diesel engine drives alternator which converts
mechanical energy into electrical energy.

As the generation cost is considerable due to high price of diesel, therefore, such
power stations are only used to produce small power. Although steam power stations
and hydro-electric plants are invariably used to generate bulk power at cheaper costs,
yet diesel power stations are finding favour at places where demand of power is less,
sufficient quantity of coal and water is not available and the transportation facilities are
inadequate. This plants are also standby sets for continuity of supply to important points
such as hospitals, radio stations, cinema houses and telephone exchanges.

A generating station in which diesel engine is used as the prime mover for the
generation of electrical energy is known as diesel power station.

For generating electrical power, it is essential to rotate the rotor of an alternator by

means of a prime mover. The prime mover can be driven by different methods. Using
diesel engine as prime mover is one of the popular methods of generating power. When
prime mover of the alternators is diesel engine, the power station is called diesel power
station. The mechanical power required for driving alternator comes from combustion of
diesel. As the diesel costs high, this type of power station is not suitable for producing
power in large scale in our country. But for small scale production of electric power, and
where, there is no other easily available alternatives of producing electric power, diesel
power station are used.

The Diesel engine is the main components used in diesel electric power plant for
developing mechanical power. This mechanical power we use to run the generator &
produce electrical energy. For producing the electrical energy the diesel engine is
mechanically coupled to generator. When the diesel fuel burning inside the engine, its
start to produce a mechanical power. The combustion of diesel fuel produces increased

165
temperature & pressure inside the engine. Due to this pressure gases are formed, this
gas pushes the piston inside the diesel engine, and then mechanical power is produced.
With the use of this mechanical power the shaft of diesel engine starts rotating.

Engine Fuel Supply System consists of Fuel Storage Tank, Fuel Filter or Strainer,
Fuel Transfer Pump, Day Tank, Heaters & Connecting Pipes. First up all with the help of
transportation facility available (road, rail etc.) the diesel fuel stored in storage tank.
Then this diesel fuel transfer to day tank, the function of day tank is how much quantity
of diesel required for 24 hours is store. If the day tank is full or overflow occurs, then
excessive diesel returned to storage tank. The filter or strainer is used to purify diesel.
With the help of fuel transfer pump the diesel is transfer to day tank.

Engine Air-Intake System includes air filters, air tank, compressor & connecting
pipes. The air filters are used to supply the fresh air to diesel engine for the purpose of
combustion. Engine required fresh air because, if dust particles in the air entered into
the engine will cause disastrous effect to valve, cylinder & pistons. The compressor or
Supercharger is used to increase pressure of the air supplied to the engine. This will
helps to increase the output power.

Engine Exhaust System consist of silencers & connecting ducts. As the

temperature of the exhaust gases is sufficiently high, it is used for heating the fuel oil or
air supplied to the diesel engine. The exhaust gas is removed from engine, to the
atmosphere by means of an exhaust system. A silencer is normally used in this system
to reduce noise level of the engine.

Engine Cooling System consist of coolant pumps, water cooling towers or spray
pond, water treatment or filtration plant & Connecting Pipe Works. The heat produced
due to internal combustion, drives the engine. But some parts of this heat raise the
temperature of different parts of the engine. High temperature may cause permanent
damage to the machine. Hence, it is essential to maintain the overall temperature of the
engine to a tolerable level. Cooling system of diesel power station does exactly so. The
cooling system is required to carry heat from diesel engine to keep its temperature
within safe limits. The water pump circulates water to cylinder of diesel engine to carry
away the heat. The cooling tower is used for the same water reused. The cooling

166
system requires a water source, water pump and cooling towers. The pump circulates
water through cylinder and head jacket. The water takes away heat from the engine and
it becomes hot. The hot water is cooled by cooling towers and is re-circulated for
cooling.

The cooling system can be classified into two types:

1. Open Cooling System: A Plant near the river may utilize the river water for
cooling & discharging again the hot water into river. This type of cooling system is
known as open cooling system.
2. Closed Cooling System: The Cooling Water is circulated again & again and only
water lost due to leakage, evaporation etc. is made up by taking make up water
from supply source

Engine Lubrication System consists of lubricating oil pump, oil tanks, filters,
coolers, purifiers & connecting pipes. This system provides lubricating oil to moving
parts of the system to reduce the friction between them wear & tear of the engine
parts. This system minimizes the water of rubbing surface of the engine. Here
lubricating oil is stored in main lubricating oil tank. This lubricating oil is drawn from the
tank by means of oil pump. Then the oil is passed through the oil filter for removing
impurities. From the filtering point, this clean lubricating oil is delivered to the different
points of the machine where lubrication is required the oil cooler is provided in the
system to keep the temperature of the lubricating oil as low as possible. It is then
cooled through heat exchanger by means of cold water and then it is fed to the engine.

The function of starting system is to start the engine form stand still or cold
conditions by supplying compressed air. For starting a diesel engine, initial rotation of
the engine shaft is required. Until the firing start and the unit runs with its own power.
For small DG set, the initial rotation of the shaft is provided by handles but for large
diesel power station. Compressed air is made for starting. This system includes storage
compressed air tank, self-starter, auxiliary engines & electrical motors (battery) etc.

167
 1. Starting of Small Engine: Small sets or small capacity of diesel engines are started
manually.

2. Starting with the help of Auxiliary Engine: When it is started by auxiliary engine,
the auxiliary engine is disengaged by the main engine & started by hand. When
it is warmed up, it is geared with the main engine so that it will start to rotate.
After that within, few seconds auxiliary engine disengaging.

3. Starting with the help of batteries: To start the electrical motor batteries are
used, the motor is geared with diesel engine, it will start rotating with the motor & will
start in few seconds & as it picks up the speed the motor gets disengaged
automatically. In some cases the motor works as a generator, this will further
helps to charge the batteries.

4. Starting with the help of compressed air: SGP-Atigre Electrical Engg Dept.
Mr.N.S.Patil 18

A large capacity (above 75kW) capacity diesel engines are started with the help
of compressed air. Diesel engines are started with the help of compressed air following
procedure adopted:

1. First up all open the compressed air valve, then starting lever operated.

2. First up all air should be cut off in first combustion. Then open ventilating valve.
Start the engine after two or three revolutions.

Emergency backup electrical generators can save lives during a crisis.

Interruptions of electrical power, even of short duration, create situations that could
imperil public health and safety. Blackouts also wreak havoc for businesses and create
significant inconveniences for individuals. 

Technologies designed to restore power to full operation must be reliable and

proven, which is why most all system operators rely on diesel emergency generators as

168
part of their black start systems to provide immediate and full strength electric power
when there is a failure of the primary power supply system.

Hurricanes, floods, mud slides, wild fires and tornadoes, and other weather-
related disasters call attention to the vulnerability of the nation’s electrical grid and the
importance of alternatives to ensure continuous electrical power. Weather events, both
large and small, cut off power to hundreds of thousands of people and businesses for
days exposing the importance of emergency backup power as part of local, state and
federal emergency preparedness, response and recovery.

Reliable sources of emergency backup power as part of a black start system are
essential to mitigate the downtime and economic impacts of a system outage. Whether
due to severe weather events or cyber security threats, restoring full scale grid power
from black out conditions is a vital national interest. 

In June 2011, flooding along the Missouri River caused the Calhoun Nuclear
Power plant to shut down. Thankfully, a bank of emergency diesel generators was on
hand to provide necessary power to maintain the reactor’s core temperature.

Diesel power plant working principle:

The working principle of the diesel power station is very simple; as we compress

the air in a cylinder to raise the temperature, then we burn the diesel inside the engine
and the combustion produces the working fluid at high temperature and high pressure
to convert the heat energy into mechanical energy.

And as the diesel engine acts as a prime mover it rotates the rotor of the electrical
generator and converts this mechanical energy into electrical energy.

This working principle is a working cycle done by the processes: intake, compression,
expansion, and exhaust.

169
Components of diesel power plant:

The diesel power station consists of many components used to achieve the best
of the plant let’s illustrate:

Engine: it’s the main part of the plant which used to produce power, it may be of the
two-stroke or four strokes.

Fuel supply system: it consists of a storage tank where we store the oil supplied to
the plant, all day fuel tank where the oil pumped for usage, strainer which used to
remove suspended impurities of the oil, and fuel injection (transfer) pump which used to
inject the clean oil into the engine.

Strainer: it’s used to remove solid impurities from the oil transferred from the main
tank to small dry tank through this strainer.

Air intake system: it’s used to remove the dust particles from the atmospheric air to
supply fresh air to the engine for combustion, it may be dry (or oil) bath filter or oil
immersed filter, and it consists of pipes to supply the fresh air and filters to remove dust
particles from the air.

Exhaust system: it’s used to remove the exhaust gas from the engine to the
atmosphere, and we also add a silencer to this system to reduce the noise level of the
system.

Cooling system: it’s very important in the diesel power station to have a cooling
system to maintain the overall temperature of the engine at an agreeable level, and this
cooling system requires a water source, a water pump which circulates water through a
cylinder, and cooling towers which used to cool the hot water.

Lubricating system: it’s used to minimize the wear of the rubbing surface of the
engine as we store oil in a main lubricating oil tank then draw this oil from an oil pump
to pass through the oil filter to remove impurities.

170
Engine starting system: it’s used in old conditions as a starter as it uses the air to
push the engine and start an initial rotation until the engine run with its own power, and
the starting methods may be:

Self-starters: which used in small diesel engines where motor draws heavy current
and designed to work for continuously 30 Sec after it’s cooled.

Auxiliary engine: they are located close to the main engine and driven through a
clutch and gears as the clutch disengaged to start the engine.

Compressed air system: which used in large diesel engine and it’s supplied from an
air tank.

Governing system: it’s used to control the speed of the engine by changing the fuel
provide according to engine load.

The layout of the diesel power station illustrates the main and auxiliary
components of the plant and the importance of each component as:

Diesel engine: Also known as compression ignition engine consists of a cylinder,

cylinder head, piston, inlet valve, an inlet port, exhaust valve, valve spring, cooling fins,
wrist fines, wrist pin, connecting rod, crankcase, crank pin, crank, and crankshaft.

And it’s classified into a two-stroke engine and four-stroke engines.

Engine starting system: It’s an arrangement to initially rotating the engine, we used
a compressed air for starting the engine until it runs with its own power.

Fuel handling system: We use trucks, railway wagons (barges) or oil tankers to
deliver the fuel oil to the plant site, and we deliver the oil to the main tanks from engine
day tanks which capable to store oil equivalent to 8-hour consumption through strainers.

And we heat the oil by hot water or steam to reduce viscosity and in order
reduce the pumping power input

171
Fuel injection system: We can say that this system is the heart of the diesel engine
as it can uses as:

 Filter the ensuring oil from dirt.

 Meters the correct quantity of fuel to be injected into the cylinder.
 Also, regulates the fuel supply.
 Atomize the fuel oil for better mixing with the hot oil.
 And finally distribute the atomized fuel properly in the combustion chamber.

Air intake system: It’s used to transfer fresh air through louvers and air filter to the
cylinder by an intake manifold, and we can fit a supercharger driven by the engine
between the filter and the engine to augment the power.

Exhaust system: It’s used to discharge the engine exhaust to the atmosphere with
minimum noise.

We use an exhaust manifold to connect the engine cylinder exhaust to the

exhaust pipe to demand the fluctuating pressure of the exhaust line with a muffler or
silencer to in turn reduce most the noise resulted when gases discharged directly to the
atmosphere.

There is also a flexible tubing system to take up the facts of expansion and
isolate the exhaust system from the engine vibration. And we may also use a heat
recovery steam generator to generate low-pressure steam for process work.

Engine lubrication system: It’s used to provide sufficient quantity of cool filtered oil
to give adequate lubrication to the moving parts of the engine, it consists of lubricating
oil tank, pump, filter, and oil cooler, and it’s classified into:

Mixed lubrication system: it’s usually used in the two-stroke engine where we mix a
small quantity of lubricating oil in the fuel tank.

Wet sump lubrication system: which may be splash system, pressure fed system or
splash or pressure feed system.

172
Dry sump lubrication system: it’s usually used in a large stationary marine engine
where we carry the supply of oil in an external tank with some help of scavenging pump
through a strainer and filter.

Cooling system: It consists of a water source; a pump which circulates water through
a cylinder and head jacket; and cooling tower in which it can cool the hot water from
the engine.

And we must take in consideration when planning for the layout the following:

 The approximate dimensions of the equipment.

 Location of the equipment and the minimum clearance between each
part.
 Natural lighting and proper ventilation provision.
 The availability of future addition to the building with minimum changes.
 Provision for installing at least one spare unit in the future.
 And provision for a small workshop, stores, office and so on.

Application of diesel power plant: As diesel power station has a capacity in the

range of 2 to 5MW; So, We can use it in many applications as:

 A central station for medium or small power supplies.

 And for emergency services as a stand by plant to hydroelectric power
plants and steam power plants.
 We can Use with thermal or hydro power plants as a peak load plant in
combinations.
 For mobile power generation, transportation systems like automobiles,
railways, airplanes, and ships.
 A nursery station to transport the power from stations to small power
plants, or supply power to small towns.

It’s economical for industries where they require a small power in the order of
500 KW as it offers high overall efficiency. And also used for electrical power generation
in capacities 100 to 500 H.P.

173
Advantages of diesel power plant:

 The diesel power station is simple in everything so it has many advantages as:

 The low initial cost which makes it easy to quickly install and commission it.
 The design is very simple and requires small space.
 It can start and stop with quick facilities; as small generators can start and stop
in few seconds without any standby loss in the system.
 The thermal efficiency is quite higher than other types.
 We can build it near the load centre and doesn’t cause a problem of ash disposal
exists.
 The size of the plant is quite smaller than steam plants also they have the same
capacity.
 It’s easy to design it for portable use.
 The cooling is easy and requires a small quantity of water.
 There isn’t any difficulty with varying loads.
 Also, the fuel cost required for operation is low.
 Replacement losses are smaller
 And it also requires fewer members of engineers.

Disadvantages of diesel power station:

 To be fair, as we illustrate the advantages; we will also illustrate the

disadvantages of the diesel plant which are:
 The higher running costs due to the high cost of the diesel.
 The general use of this plant is to produce small power requirement.
 It can’t stand up for a long period of overload conditions.
 The lubricants cost is high.
 Complex and high-cost maintenance; which makes the life of the plant small
from 7 to 10 years.
 Its capacity is only about 50 MW.
 It’s difficult to construct it for large scale.
 Also, the noise produced by the plant is high.

174
Efficiency of diesel power station:

We all know that efficiency is the output of the process to the input, but here
with power plants we have main three types of efficiency which are:

Economic efficiency: which is the specific cost of production includes fuel, labour,
materials and services cost; compared to the energy output of the plant for a definite
period of time.

Operational efficiency: it’s the capacity factor or load factor; which measure the
actual output from the plant compared to the potential maximum output.

Energy conversion efficiency: it closely relates to the heat rate; which is the quantity
of heat required by the electrical generator to generate 1 KWh of electricity.

175
9. What is the history of the Pililia Wind Farm? How do they operate? What
are the advantages and disadvantages of this type of power plant?

HISTORY

The "Pililla, Rizal" Wind Energy Service Contract granted to Alternergy Philippine
Holdings Corporatin (APHC) covers an area of 4,515 hectares under Department of
Energy WESC NO. 2009-09-018. This Wind Energy Service Contract (WESC) has two
phases, Pililla Wind Power Project under WESC NO. 2009-09-018-AF1 and the Mt.
Sembrano Wind Power Project under WESC NO. 2009-09-018-AP2.

In December 2008, Alternergy Philippine Holdings Corporation (APHC) was

awarded by the Department of Energy (DOE) the exclusive right to develop wind power
projects in 3 locations: Pililla in Rizal, Abra de Ilog in Occidental Mindoro, and Kalayaan,
Laguna. These locations were among those identified under the Philippine Wind Atlas as
potential sites for wind farms due to good to excellent wind resources. APHC was
subsequently awarded additional wind energy service contracts in 3 other locations in
2009. APHC is committed to implement the wind projects if the wind measurements and
site specific studies demonstrate that the power plants are commercially viable.

Phase 1 of this project is a wind farm in Barangay Halayhayin in Pililla, Rizal,

Philippines. The wind farm is being undertaken by Alternergy Wind One Corporation.
The total cost for the construction of the wind farm is US$177.9 million.

The project consists of 27 wind turbine generators grouped into three clusters
with aggregate capacity of 67.5 megawatts (MW). The said project, after completion will
interconnect to Meralco’s Malaya-Teresa 115 kilovolts (KV) transmission line located just
10 kilometers from the project site. Phase 2 located in Pililla, Rizal and Mabitac, Laguna
was not initially included by Alternergy Philippine Holdings Corporation (APHC) in the
Technical Assistance (TA) from the Asian Development Bank. A minor change in the ADB
TA implementation was approved in February 2013 to prioritize the development of the
Pililla, Rizal wind farm site and expand the study to Pililla Stage 2, which covers the
southern portion of the area, as initial findings showed certain limitations in wind

176
resource and constructability in the Laguna and Occidental Mindoro sites. Construction
of a wind power project in Abra de Ilog, Occidental Mindoro, in particular, is not feasible
until either the National Grid Corporation of the Philippines or the Philippine government
has installed a submarine cable connecting Mindoro and Luzon. Based on the initial
findings, further studies on the Laguna and Mindoro sites were discontinued; unutilized
TA budget for these sites were reallocated instead to fund the study for Pililla Stage 2.
The projected cost for Phase 2 is Php 7.056 Billion and its planned output is 72
megawatts (MW).

The wind project developer, Alternergy Wind One Corporation (AWOC), awarded
its 115 kV Transmission Line and 115 kV Switchyard Engineering, Procurement and
Construction (EPC) contract to Meralco Industrial and Engineering Services Corporation
(MIESCOR).The proposed two-phased wind power project of AWOC in Rizal province has
secured regulatory approval for the construction of dedicated point-to-point transmission
facilities that will connect it to the load network of Manila Electric Company.

The initial phase of the transmission facility connection will cover the 67.5-MW
Pililla wind power plant which is targeted on stream this year. The wind farm’s direct
connection to Meralco’s distribution network through the 115-kV Malaya-Teresa
transmission line has been elected as the “best option,” primarily in consideration of
accessibility and reliability factors as the distance is considerably shorter and the costs
are relatively lower than other configurations. AWOC emphasized that “the Pililla wind
farm intends to source its own power requirement of 600 kW (kilowatts) from Meralco.”
The facility will be equipped with 27 wind turbine generators with a capacity of 2.5 MW
each.

It is the second wind farm in the Philippines, the first off course is the Bangui
Windmill at Bangui, Ilocos Norte. The wind farm is interconnected to Meralco’s 115-
kilovolt Malaya-Caliraya-Kalayaan transmission line. It is the Alternergy Philippine
Holdings Corporation (APHC) who was granted service contract for the Pililla Rizal Wind
Farm. The wind farm is being undertaken by Alternergy Wind One Corporation and has
been operating for months now. And also Rizal Wind Farm is the newest addition to the
growing list of tourism hotspots within close proximity of the capital, just two hours
away. According to Alternergy Wind One Corp, the company that leads the operations of

177
the farm, Pililla is an ideal setting for a wind farm because “it is part of a natural wind
corridor created by the unique geographical features surrounding the lake.”

The wind farm consists of 27 wind turbine generators grouped into three clusters
with aggregate capacity of 54 Megawatts. Each wind turbine is 80 meters high with
blades 40 meters long. The wind turbines are made of fiber enforced plastic materials.
Aside from a turbine and 180-rpm generator, inside the gear box of the wind turbines is
a sensor. This sensor serves as the wind vane and anemometer of the turbine that
shows wind direction and wind speed respectively. When wind direction changes,
through this sensor, wind blades will shift to where the wind blows. The sensor is
connected to SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) equipment monitoring
the activity. The tips of the wind blades have lightning arresters for protection. The farm
had already encountered an incident of lightning strike where one of their wind turbines’
blades was damage after being hit by lightning. Since lightning arresters are just
installed at the tips of the blades, the side of the blade is vulnerable to the lightning.
The geographical feature of the site which rings Laguna de bay and has tall mountains
made it a perfect spot for a wind farm. Based on average monthly wind speed data,
Pililla’s wind speed can be as high as 36 km/h.

Wind energy uses the natural power of planetary winds to make turbines spin.
This means no fuel is burnt to produce electricity. Electricity produced from wind farms
is clean and natural. And wind blows toward the turbine's rotor blades. The rotors spin
around slowly, capturing some of the kinetic energy from the wind, and turning the
central drive shaft that supports them. The rotor blades can swivel on the hub at the
front so they meet the wind at the best angle for harvesting energy. Inside the nacelle,
the gearbox converts the low-speed rotation of the drive shaft into high-speed (1600
rpm) rotation fast enough to drive the generator efficiently.

Additionally the bigger the rotor blades, the more energy they can capture from
the wind. The giant blades (typically 70 m or 230 feet in diameter, which is about 30
times the wingspan of an eagle) multiply the wind's force like a wheel and axle, so even
a gentle breeze is enough to make the outer edges of the blades turn around. Although
the blades rotate quite slowly, the inner axle and turbine rotate with greater force
enough to turn the generator and make electricity. So that is how wind turbines work.

178
The power from any one wind turbine will fluctuate as the wind rises and falls. The wind
speed and the size of the blade affect the output of the wind turbine. In Pililla wind
farm, the blades adjust and rotate according to the wind speed. Its blade can only take
a maximum speed of 25 meters per second.

From massive wind farms generating power to small turbines powering a single

home, wind turbines around the globe generate clean electricity for a variety of power
needs.

In the United States, wind turbines are becoming a common sight. Since the turn
of the century, total U.S. wind power capacity has increased more than 24-fold.
Currently, there’s enough wind power capacity in the U.S. to generate enough electricity
to power more than 15 million homes, helping pave the way to a clean energy future.

WHAT IS A WIND TURBINE?

The concept of harnessing wind energy to generate mechanical power goes back
for millennia. As early as 5000 B.C., Egyptians used wind energy to propel boats along
the Nile River. American colonists relied on windmills to grind grain, pump water and cut
wood at sawmills. Today’s wind turbines are the windmill’s modern equivalent --
converting the kinetic energy in wind into clean, renewable electricity.

HOW DOES A WIND TURBINE WORK?

The majority of wind turbines consist of three blades mounted to a tower made
from tubular steel. There are less common varieties with two blades, or with concrete or
steel lattice towers. At 100 feet or more above the ground, the tower allows the turbine
to take advantage of faster wind speeds found at higher altitudes.

Turbines catch the wind's energy with their propeller-like blades, which act much
like an airplane wing. When the wind blows, a pocket of low-pressure air forms on one
side of the blade. The low-pressure air pocket then pulls the blade toward it, causing the
rotor to turn. This is called lift. The force of the lift is much stronger than the wind's
force against the front side of the blade, which is called drag. The combination of lift
and drag causes the rotor to spin like a propeller.

179
 A series of gears increase the rotation of the rotor from about 18 revolutions a
minute to roughly 1,800 revolutions per minute -- a speed that allows the turbine’s
generator to produce AC electricity.

A streamlined enclosure called a nacelle houses key turbine components --

usually including the gears, rotor and generator -- are found within a housing called the
nacelle. Sitting atop the turbine tower, some nacelles are large enough for a helicopter
to land on.

Another key component is the turbine’s controller that keeps the rotor speeds
from exceeding 55 mph to avoid damage by high winds. An anemometer continuously
measures wind speed and transmits the data to the controller. A brake, also housed in
the nacelle, stops the rotor mechanically, electrically or hydraulically in emergencies.
Explore the interactive graphic above to learn more about the mechanics of wind
turbines.

TYPES OF WIND TURBINES

There are two basic types of wind turbines: those with a horizontal axis, and
those with a vertical axis.

The majority of wind turbines have a horizontal axis: a propeller-style design

with blades that rotate around a horizontal axis. Horizontal axis turbines are either
upwind (the wind hits the blades before the tower) or downwind (the wind hits the
tower before the blades). Upwind turbines also include a yaw drive and motor --
components that turns the nacelle to keep the rotor facing the wind when its direction
changes.

While there are several manufacturers of vertical axis wind turbines, they have
not penetrated the utility scale market (100 kW capacity and larger) to the same degree
as horizontal access turbines. Vertical axis turbines fall into two main designs:

 Drag-based, or Savonius, turbines generally have rotors with solid vanes that
rotate about a vertical axis.

180
 Lift-based, or Darrieus, turbines have a tall, vertical air foil style (some appear to
have an eggbeater shape). The Windspire is a type of lift-based turbine that is
undergoing independent testing at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's National
Wind Technology Center.

WIND TURBINE APPLICATIONS

Wind Turbines are used in a variety of applications – from harnessing offshore

wind resources to generating electricity for a single home:

 Large wind turbines, most often used by utilities to provide power to a grid,
range from 100 kilowatts to several megawatts. These utility-scale turbines are often
grouped together in wind farms to produce large amounts of electricity. Wind farms can
consist of a few or hundreds of turbines, providing enough power for tens of thousands
of homes.

 Small wind turbines, up to 100 kilowatts, are typically close to where the

generated electricity will be used, for example, near homes, telecommunications dishes
or water pumping stations. Small turbines are sometimes connected to diesel
generators, batteries and photovoltaic systems. These systems are called hybrid wind
systems and are typically used in remote, off-grid locations, where a connection to the
utility grid is not available.

 Offshore wind turbines are used in many countries to harness the energy of
strong, consistent winds found off of coastlines. The technical resource potential of the
winds above U.S. coastal waters is enough to provide more than 4,000 gigawatts of
electricity, or approximately four times the generating capacity of the current U.S.
electric power system. Although not all of these resources will be developed, this
represents a major opportunity to provide power to highly populated coastal cities. To
take advantage of America’s vast offshore wind resources, the Department is investing
inthree offshore wind demonstration projects designed to deploy offshore wind systems
in federal and state waters by 2017.

FUTURE OF WIND TURBINES

181
 To ensure future growth of the U.S. wind industry, the Energy
Department’s Wind Program works with industry partners to improve the reliability and
efficiency of wind turbine technology, while also reducing costs. The program’s research
efforts have helped to increase the average capacity factor (a measure of power plant
productivity) from 22 percent for wind turbines installed before 1998 to more than 32
percent for turbines installed between 2006 and 2012. Wind energy costs have been
reduced from more than 55 cents per kilowatt-hour (kWh) in 1980 to under 6 cents/kWh
today in areas with good wind resources.

Wind turbines offer a unique opportunity to harness energy in areas where our
country's populations need it most. This includes offshore wind's potential to provide
power to population centers near coastlines, and land-based wind's ability to deliver
electricity to rural communities with few other local sources of low carbon power.

The Energy Department continues working to deploy wind power in new areas
on land and at sea and ensuring the stable, secure integration of this power into our
nation's electrical grid.

182
10. How are wires and cables manufactured?

AC HARRIS CABLE CORPORATION was incorporated on July 2005 with a group

of dynamic individuals aspiring to provide quality Aluminum, Copper and Steel Wires &
Cables for the quality conscious and service oriented customers, thus the "HARRIX"
brand was born.

Equipped with over 25 years of electric wire manufacturing experience, enabling

us to handle the ever changing demands of our customers, strategically positioning
ourselves into becoming one of the key major players in the wire and cable industry and
aiming to be globally competitive while locally innovative.

We are an ISO 9001:2008 Certified Company with PS Licensed products

manufactured in accordance with ASTM-B230/232 and ASTM-B498-02 Standards.

In developing long term business relations, we are dedicated to provide quality

wires, reliable delivery service and good marketing relations to our quality conscious and
service oriented customers.

We are surrounded by electrical cables. We have become so used to it that we

hardly notice them. However, if we didn't have them, daily tasks such as switching on a
light in a room, using a lift, or turning on a computer wouldn't be possible. The cables
come in different types and sizes, which makes it possible to supply electricity to this
printer, or make a wind-turbine work.

The technology needed to ensure an electrical cable stays in good working

condition for several years without problems involves complicated manufacturing
processes which require highly qualified staff.

The basic components of an electrical cable are the conductor and the insulation.
The conductor channels the current through the cable and the insulation maintains the
flow of electricity in the conductor. Cables may also have other additional coverings to
protect them and increase their working life.

183
 The most frequently used material for the conductor in an electrical cable is
copper. Aluminium is also used in specific cases.

Electrical Wires & Cables

More often than not, the terms wire and cable are used to describe the same
thing, but they are actually quite different. Wire is a single electrical conductor, whereas
a cable is a group of wires swathed in sheathing. The term cable originally referred to a
nautical line of multiple ropes used to anchor ships, and in an electrical context, cables
(like wires) are used to carry electrical currents.

Whether indoors or outdoors, proper wire and cable installation is of paramount

importance - ensuring a smooth electricity supply, as well as passing electrical
inspections. Each wire and cable needs to be installed carefully, from the fuse box to the
outlets, fixtures and appliances. The National Electrical Code (NEC) and Local Building
Codes regulate the manner of installation and the types of wires and cables for various
electrical applications.

Some factors that will affect your choice of electrical wiring include color, label
information and applications. The information printed on the wire covering is all that you
need to choose the correct wire for your home. Here’s some detailed information on the
various features of electrical wire, which will help you choose the correct composition:

1. Size of Wires – Each application requires a certain wire size for installation, and the
right size for a specific application is determined by the wire gauge. Sizing of wire is
done by the American wire gauge system. Common wire sizes are 10, 12 and 14 – a
higher number means a smaller wire size, and affects the amount of power it can carry.
For example, a low-voltage lamp cord with 10 Amps will require 18-gauge wire, while
service panels or subpanels with 100 Amps will require 2-gauge wire.

2. Wire Lettering – The letters THHN, THWN, THW and XHHN represent the main
insulation types of individual wires. These letters depict the following NEC requirements:

 T – Thermoplastic insulation

184
  H – Heat resistance

 HH – High heat resistance (up to 194°F)

 W – Suitable for wet locations

 N – Nylon coating, resistant to damage by oil or gas

 X – Synthetic polymer that is flame-resistant

3. Types of Wires – There are mainly 5 types of wire:

 Triplex Wires: Triplex wires are usually used in single-phase service drop

conductors, between the power pole and weather heads. They are composed of
two insulated aluminum wires wrapped with a third bare wire which is used as a
common neutral. The neutral is usually of a smaller gauge and grounded at both
the electric meter and the transformer.

 Main Feeder Wires: Main power feeder wires are the wires that connect the
service weather head to the house. They’re made with stranded or solid THHN
wire and the cable installed is 25% more than the load required.

 Panel Feed Wires: Panel feed cables are generally black insulated THHN wire.
These are used to power the main junction box and the circuit breaker panels.
Just like main power feeder wires, the cables should be rated for 25% more than
the actual load.

 Non-Metallic Sheathed Wires: Non-metallic sheath wire, or Romex, is used in

most homes and has 2-3 conductors, each with plastic insulation, and a bare
ground wire. The individual wires are covered with another layer of non-metallic
sheathing. Since it’s relatively cheaper and available in ratings for 15, 20 and 20
amps, this type is preferred for in-house wiring.

 Single Strand Wires: Single strand wire also uses THHN wire, though there are
other variants. Each wire is separate and multiple wires can be drawn together

185
 through a pipe easily. Single strand wires are the most popular choice for layouts
that use pipes to contain wires.

3. Color Codes – Different color wires serve different purposes, like:

 Black: Hot wire, for switches or outlets.

 Red: Hot wire, for switch legs. Also for connecting wire between 2
hardwired smoke detectors.

 Blue and Yellow: Hot wires, pulled in conduit. Blue for 3-4 way switch
application, and yellow for switch legs to control fan, lights etc.

 White: Always neutral.

 Green and Bare Copper: Only for grounding.

4. Wire Gauge, Ampacity and Wattage Load – To determine the correct wire, it is
important to understand what ampacity and wattage a wire can carry per gauge.
Wire gauge is the size of the wire, ampacity is how much electricity can flow
through the wire and wattage is the load a wire can take, which is always
mentioned on the appliances.

WIRES

Wire is commonly formed by drawing the metal through a hole in a die or

draw plate.
Electrical wires are usually covered with insulating materials, such as plastic,
rubber-like polymer or varnish.

We are surrounded by electrical cables. We have become so used to it that we

hardly notice them. However, if we didn't have them, daily tasks such as switching on a
light in a room, using a lift, or turning on a computer wouldn't be possible. The cables
come in different types and sizes, which makes it possible to supply electricity to this
printer, or make a wind-turbine work.

186
 The technology needed to ensure an electrical cable stays in good working
condition for several years without problems involves complicated manufacturing
processes which require highly qualified staff.

The basic components of an electrical cable are the conductor and the insulation.
The conductor channels the current through the cable and the insulation maintains the
flow of electricity in the conductor. Cables may also have other additional coverings to
protect them and increase their working life.

The most frequently used material for the conductor in an electrical cable is

copper. Aluminium is also used in specific cases.

The first manufacturing process of a conductor is the wire-drawing. This consists

of reducing the diameter of the copper wire gradually to its final diameter to increase its
ductility and conductivity and decrease the skin effect

The copper arrives from the foundry to the manufacturer's factories in large coils
weighing 5 tonnes. This copper, 8 mm in diameter, is technically known as "wire rod".

The first stage of the wire-drawing is simply called, "drawing". The diameter of
the wire rod is reduced to 2 mm during this process.

This 2-mm wire is then drawn further to reduce the diameter of the wire to the
size needed for each kind of conductor.

In the last stage of wire-drawing, all the wires undergo a heat treatment called
annealing. The aim of this stage is to increase the ductility and conductivity of the
copper as in drawing stages cooper loss some of its conductivity during reducing the
diameter from 8 mm to the specified wire diameter

After the wire-drawing, the copper wires are grouped together to make
conductors. This process is called stranding.

During the wiring process, conductors with different cross-sections are made. For
example, a cross-section as small as 0.5 mm2 to 240 mm2, 400 mm2 or even higher for
larger current capacities.

187
 The machine used to make the cables depends on the cross-section of each
conductor.

The next process in the manufacture of electrical cables is the insulation. This is

when we place an insulating cover over the conductor to prevent current leakages.

In this process, the insulating material is added by a process of extrusion at high

temperature. The insulation ensures there are no current leakages. Several insulating
materials may be used: PVC, EPR, XLPE, etc.

Different insulation materials may be used depending on the characteristics of

the cable required. The quality of an insulation material depends on two basic
characteristics: its insulation capacity and its heat resistance.

The material's insulation capacity and its thickness determine the cable's
maximum service voltage.

An insulation material with a high heat resistance allows the conductor to

transmit more power than the same cross-section with an insulation with a lower heat
resistance.

The whole length of the cable undergoes a voltage test to ensure the insulation
layer does not have any faults.

Phase wiring is the grouping of different insulated conductors to make a

multicore cable on assembly machines.

The phases can be identified by colour or by numbering them, check HD

standard HD 308 for colours and IEC 60502

A voltage test is also carried out on the whole length of the manufactured cable
during this process.

And that is how an electrical cable is made.

However, in some cases, the cable may require additional elements in order to

improve its protection or operation.

188
 Electrical coverings, also called "screens", insulate the signals that circulate in the
cable from possible external interference. They also shield the power cables to prevent
them from interfering with adjacent signal circuits.

Mechanical coverings, also called "armour", protect the cable from external
damage that may occur from knocks, rodents, and any other potential causes of
damage. The armour is made from steel or aluminium and can come in the form of
metal strips, wires or braids.

Cables usually have an outer polymer covering for protection. This is called the
"outer-sheath". This sheath protects the conductors and their insulation from external
elements which may change their electrical properties, such as moisture. It also protects
them from mechanical aggression, which may occur during the installation of the cable.
As with the insulation, the outer-sheath can be made from a thermoplastic or a
thermosetting plastic.

The outer-sheath is applied like the insulation via a process of extrusion at high
temperature. The sheath may be made from different materials depending on the
required protection level, the final flexibility of the cable, the work environment, etc. As
example: PVC, LLDPE, MDPE, HDPE, LSHF, EPR, etc.

So that all Top Cable customers can correctly identify their cables, the cables are
marked with the most important information: Manufacturer, trade name, cable name,
number of conductors, cross-section, construction regulation and standards, CE marking
and other information of interest, such as the product's certification. There is also a
meter by meter mark on the cable to help our customers with their stock control.

A voltage test is also carried out on the whole length of the manufactured cable
during this process. And that is how an electrical cable is manufactured. But the process
does not finish here. The manufacturer verifies the quality of all cables by carrying out
rigorous checks before they are sold.

In order to guarantee the high quality required by Top Cable's customers, the
cables undergo extensive quality control checks in our laboratories, therefore ensuring
that all the cables are free from defects and are ready to be sold and this according to
each type and international standards IEC 60502-1, IEC 60227, BS 6004, etc.

189
 The quality guarantee systems, approved according to the ISO 9001 regulation
are applied during all the manufacturing stages and guarantee that the cables will work
perfectly.

Orders are managed at our different logistics centres and then they are shipped
out to our customers. Our advanced Warehouse Management System (WMS) provides
us with information about the stock status at Top Cable's logistics centres at all times,
guaranteeing the availability of the product and allowing us to meet the tightest
deadlines.

We have created recycling systems at all Top Cable's manufacturing centres for
the waste produced during the manufacture of electrical cables.

All waste, both from scrap cable and waste produced during the manufacturing
process is delivered to specialised companies to be correctly disposed of. This is how we
guarantee that the environmental impact of our industrial activity is kept to a minimum.

The Manufacturing Process of cable is as follows:

Cable manufacturing process includes wire drawing, stranding, insulating,

degassing, screening, and lead sheathing if required, outer sheathing and testing.

1. Stranding is the process of forming the conductor, current carrying component of the
cable. A certain number of thinned wires are loaded to the stranding machine. Number
of wires is dependent to the conductor cross section and currently used numbers are
shown in below table. Over 1000 mm2 Milliken structure is used.

2. Completely dry curing and cooling (CDCC) is the production process of insulation,
another main component of cable.

Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) is the ideal insulation material for high voltage
cables due to its excellent electrical and physical properties. XLPE is obtained through
reaction of high molecular polyethylene with organic peroxide cross-linking additives
under specific temperature and pressure conditions. In cross-linking, processing
technique and raw material’s purity degree are of vital importance.

190
3. Degassing is the removal of waste gases emitted by chemical reactions during CDCC
process. Although most of waste gases are removed before leaving the tube, some still
remain within the cable.

4. Lead sheathing is another type of screening. It is simply covering the core with lead.
Lead ingot is melted in the melting pot and by means of an omega pipe it is transferred
to the cylinder. The screw revolving in the cylinder pushes the lead towards the extruder
head. The cylinder is meanwhile cooled down gradually in order to prevent any damage
to the core. Extrusion process is carried out as the core passes through the extruder
head placed at the end of cylinder.

Wire draw is first step

The first step in the manufacturing process takes place at wire draw #1. Here
15,000-pound coils of 5/16-inch (or 2 American Wire Gauge) copper rod from nearby
Arizona copper mines are reduced to copper wire. During the wire draw, the copper rod
is pulled through a series of synthetic diamond dies, which gradually decrease in size.
The rod and dies are flooded with a coolant and a synthetic lubricant to increase the life
of the dies and keep the copper wire from overheating. The result is a 5000-foot coil of
10-, 12-, or 14-awg copper wire.

The coil of copper wire is then transferred by overhead crane to the insulating
area of the plant, where a single coil may feed an insulate line for as long as two days.
Each insulate line performs several different functions, including additional wire drawing
and annealing as well as application of insulation.

The first step in this process is to further reduce the size of the copper wire by
drawing it through wire draw #2. Operating the same way as wire draw #1, this process
makes use of diamond dies to reduce a 10- or 12-awg wire to one 19-, 22-, 24- or 26-
awg wire.

After wire drawing, the wire is extremely brittle and can easily be fractured if
flexed. Since finished copper wire must be flexible, the wire is softened, or annealed, at
this point. Annealing is accomplished by passing a large electrical current through the
wire for a fraction of a second, raising its temperature briefly to 1000oF. To prevent

191
oxidation of the wire, this step is performed in water. The water bath also cools and
cleans the wire in preparation for the insulating step.

The wire, now soft and flexible, is passed through an extruder, where either a
single or double coating of plastic is applied. High-density polyethylene pellets, coloured
one of ten industry-standard colours, are fed into the cool rear section of the extruder;
as they are pushed forward, they are heated until they melt. Exiting the extruder, the
coated wire, now traveling at approximately 60 miles per hour, passes through another
cooling trough and is coiled on take-up reels.

Before the reels move to the next manufacturing operation, wire and insulation
diameter are measured, and the wire is tested for such electrical properties as
capacitance and resistance.

Described briefly, as they are here, these processes may sound simple, but given
the range of products manufactured by csi and the varying mechanical and electrical
requirements for each, the jobs of the technicians operating the manufacturing
equipment can be quite complicated. On the insulate line, for example, new operators
go through a 10- to 12-week training program that includes both classroom instruction
and work experience on the plant floor. An on-the-job certification process follows.
Insulate supervisor Norm Odom says that it takes months to develop the competency
just to run the insulate lines. "Yet," he adds, "an operator could be here for 25 years
and still encounter challenging and sometimes baffling scenarios--there`s just always
something to learn at insulate."

Twisting and stranding

In the next step, the insulated wires are twisted into wire pairs--the ten standard
insulation colours combined into 25 different industry-standard pair combinations. At
twist, two wires of the same gauge are twisted together using a proprietary formula to
determine twist length. Twist lengths vary from two to seven inches, with the unit of
change being 1/10-inch.

Each different pair combination of insulation colours has a unique twist length,
so that when different twisted pairs are combined in the same cable, no two side-by-

192
side pairs will have the same twist length, a situation that can lead to crosstalk and
interference (see "Does manufacturing matter? The case of crosstalk," page 50).

Because the twist operation, which involves the repeated transfer of steel reels
of insulated and twisted wire, is physically demanding, csi trains new twist operators to
use ergonomic lifting techniques and urges them to participate in a voluntary stretching
program. Says new operator Lee Martinez, "The ergonomic lifting techniques that I
learned in the operator certification program definitely helped prepare me for the
physical demands of the job--especially when my assignment is to twist 26-gauge wire."

It requires two operators to run one stranding machine. The first operator takes
the reels of twisted pairs and sets them up on a supply stand in the proper color-coded
order and twist-length sequence. The pairs are then fed through a rotating, oscillating
faceplate that is designed to prevent the same twist patterns from being placed side by
side in the finished cable.

As the pairs continue through the stranding machine, the second operator
oversees their grouping into 25-pair subunits, which are wrapped with a distinctive
color-coded binder for identification. For larger cables, such as the 300-, 900-, 1500-
and 1800-pair cables used by telephone companies, the subunits are combined into 100-
pair units, which again are wrapped with a color-coded identification binder.

The unit is passed through a device called a flyer bow, which applies additional
twist, making it more flexible and further decreasing the chance of electrical
interference. It is then placed on a unit truck and tested for electrical defects such as
crosses, shorts, and opens. For smaller cables, a 25-, 50- or 100-pair unit may form the
core of the cable. In this case, the unit truck with the core on it is taken directly to the
jacketing operation once the cable passes its electrical testing. If the unit is to form part
of a larger cable, it next goes to the cabling operation.

Cabling and jacketing

At cabling, the units coming from the stranding operation are grouped together
to form a multi-unit cable core. The process is similar to stranding--the units are passed
through a faceplate that properly positions them in the cable core. The units are also

193
twisted together on a rotating core truck to help control electrical interference and
provide flexibility.

For air-core cables, the core wrap is applied at the cabling station. (Pressurizing
the cable helps it resist the intrusion of moisture. A more dependable technique for
preventing moisture from getting into a cable is to fill it with a gel-like filling compound.
If the cable is to be gel-filled, the core wrap is applied after the filling compound is
forced into the cable core. Depending on the technique preferred, the filling compound
can be applied at the cabling station or during the next operation--jacketing.)

As mentioned, smaller, single-unit cable cores may come to the jacketing

operation directly from stranding; larger, multi-unit cable cores go through the cabling
operation before being sent to jacketing. At jacketing, several operations--gel-filling,
armouring, jacketing, and printing--are performed to produce the finished cable.

The first step is for the filling compound to be added (for gel-filled cables). The
cable core is heated to ensure that the filling compound penetrates all open spaces in
the core. The heated core passes through the filling chambers, where the filling
compound is added. And finally, a plastic core wrap is applied.

Both air-core and gel-filled cables used in outside-plant applications are

armoured, the next phase of jacketing. Depending on the cable design, a protective
metal sheathing of either aluminum or aluminum and steel combined may be added
during this manufacturing step. The aluminum acts as a grounding path for high-voltage
surges that may be caused by lightning strikes and other eventualities in aerial cables,
while steel adds mechanical protection for buried cable against pests such as rats and
gophers. In most outside-plant cable designs, the metal sheathing is corrugated for
added flexibility and coated with a flooding compound that protects the metals from
corrosion and moisture damage.

The outer cable jacket is extruded in the next step. It is usually made from low-
density polyethylene, black in colour and resistant to ultraviolet light in case it is
exposed to sunlight. This rugged plastic is the final protection for the enclosed cable
against the environmental conditions underground or when strung to utility poles.

194
 The jacketed cable then passes through a temperature- controlled water trough,
which cools the jacket. The cable is dried, and the top layer of the jacket is heated
slightly so that printer markings can be imprinted on it. Because of the heating, the
markings are stamped into the jacket itself and will last the life of the cable.

Cables tested before shipping

Upon exiting the jacketing operation, the finished cable is wound onto metal or
wooden reels and then transported to the final test facility.

Before electrical testing begins, each cable is given a final test for physical
construction. An inspector checks for proper placement of units, subunits, and spare
pairs within the cable. Electrical tests include a ring out of all conductors for continuity,
and a core-to-sheath test. The core-to-sheath test measures minimum voltage
requirements between the cable core and the metal sheath; this helps ensure that high-
voltage surges, such as lightning strikes, cannot reach the conductors. A high-voltage
test is also performed, and all conductors are checked for electrical integrity. Random
tests are performed for mutual capacitance, unbalance, and resistance.

According to final-test shift supervisor Joe Long, "If there`s a quality defect, we
want to find it first, instead of the customer. And when we do find a defect, we send a
sample of it, along with any applicable feedback, back through the production process--
to help prevent the same type of defect from happening again."

Preparing the cable for shipment may include sealing the cable end with a steel
or plastic cap, and testing air-core cables for integrity. Such cables are equipped with
valves so that dry, pressurized air can be pumped into them to protect them from
moisture. Air-core cables are monitored for 24 hours to ensure that there are no leaks.

A wire is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. Wires are

used to bear mechanical loads or electricity and telecommunications signals. Wire is
commonly formed by drawing the metal through a hole in a die or draw plate. Wire
gauges come in various standard sizes, as expressed in terms of a gauge number. The
term wire is also used more loosely to refer to a bundle of such strands, as in "multi-
stranded wire", which is more correctly termed a wire rope in mechanics, or a cable in
electricity.

195
 Wire is often reduced to the desired diameter and properties by
repeated drawing through progressively smaller dies, or traditionally holes in draw
plates. After a number of passes the wire may be annealed to facilitate more drawing
or, if it is a finished product, to maximise ductility and conductivity.

Electrical wires are usually covered with insulating materials, such as plastic,

rubber-like polymers, or varnish. Insulating and jacketing of wires and cables is
nowadays done by passing them through an extruder. Formerly, materials used for
insulation included treated cloth or paper and various oil-based products. Since the mid-
1960s, plastic and polymers exhibiting properties similar to rubber have predominated.

Two or more wires may be wrapped concentrically, separated by insulation, to

form coaxial cable. The wire or cable may be further protected with substances
like paraffin, some kind of preservative compound, bitumen, lead, aluminum sheathing,
or steel taping. Stranding or covering machines wind material onto wire which passes
through quickly. Some of the smallest machines for cotton covering have a large drum,
which grips the wire and moves it through toothed gears; the wire passes through the
centre of disks mounted above a long bed, and the disks carry each a number
of bobbins varying from six to twelve or more in different machines. A supply of
covering material is wound on each bobbin, and the end is led on to the wire, which
occupies a central position relatively to the bobbins; the latter being revolved at a
suitable speed bodily with their disks, the cotton is consequently served on to the wire,
winding in spiral fashion so as to overlap. If a large number of strands are required the
disks are duplicated, so that as many as sixty spools may be carried, the second set of
strands being laid over the first.

For heavier cables that are used for electric light and power as well as submarine
cables, the machines are somewhat different in construction. The wire is still carried
through a hollow shaft, but the bobbins or spools of covering material are set with their
spindles at right angles to the axis of the wire, and they lie in a circular cage which
rotates on rollers below. The various strands coming from the spools at various parts of
the circumference of the cage all lead to a disk at the end of the hollow shaft. This disk
has perforations through which each of the strands pass, thence being immediately
wrapped on the cable, which slides through a bearing at this point. Toothed gears

196
having certain definite ratios are used to cause the winding drum for the cable and the
cage for the spools to rotate at suitable relative speeds which do not vary. The cages
are multiplied for stranding with a large number of tapes or strands, so that a machine
may have six bobbins on one cage and twelve on the other.

197
PICTURES

198
 Pictures taken at MakBan Geothermal Power Plant
January 29, 2019

Fitness = Power Create your own wind turbine

Looks like EE Buzzer!

199
 Pictures taken at Subic Bay
January 30, 2019

Jumpshot!

Subic Bay ♥

“Smell the sea and feel the sky. Let your soul and spirit fly!” –Van Morrison

200
 Pictures taken at Subic Bay
January 30, 2019

“Kata-katawa” pose

Subic Bay ♥♥♥

“There’s nothing more beautiful than the way the ocean refuses to stop kissing the
shoreline, no matter how many times it’s sent away”

201
Pictures taken at 3 Springs Mountain Park
January 31, 2019

Simplicity is the best!

Pak, awra!

202
Pictures taken at 3 Springs Mountain Park
January 31, 2019

Dalagang Pilipina, yeah!

Bloom where you are planted. ♥

203
 Pictures taken at 3 Springs Mountain Park
January 31, 2019

Tamang pose lang. Lapit natin ng konte.

Upo naman tayo. Pak, smile!

204
Pictures taken at 3 Springs Mountain Park
January 31, 2019

MADAPAKAS ♥

MADAPAKA-yo!

205
Pictures taken at 3 Springs Mountain Park
January 31, 2019

Picture with LALAKAD. Fierce, Lovely?

Gulo nyo mga sissy.

206
 Luneta Park
February 1, 2019

Ser naman e, papansin to e! Isa pa ser batuhin na kita jacket jan.

207
Charot! Tingin na sa camera, aalis na ang bus maiiwan ka na!

208
 ABS-CBN
February 1, 2019

Magandang Buhay studio Briefcase no. 17!

The Singing Bee Champion trophy PBB House

209
 ABS-CBN
February 1, 2019

Picture with my beshywap at Dolphy Theatre ♥

#JustLOVE

210
Pictures at the different restaurants we went
January 28-February 1, 2019

McDonald’s, Rosario, La Union

January 28, 2019

Cabalen, Mall of Asia, Pasay City

January 29, 2019

211
Pictures at the different restaurants we went
January 28-February 1, 2019

Tribu Babaylan
January 30, 2019

212
Pictures at the different restaurants we went
January 28-February 1, 2019

Aristocrat
January 30, 2019

3 Springs Mountain Park

Haranah Eco Park
January 31, 2019

213
Pictures at the different restaurants we went
January 28-February 1, 2019

Aberdeen
January 31, 2019

214
REFERENCES

215
https://www.ngcp.ph/

https://www.ngcp.ph/article?cid=15752

https://www.ngcp.ph/operations#functions

https://www.ngcp.ph/profile#history

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity

https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/hydropower/tech.html

https://aboitizpower.com/generation/run-of-river-hydro/#hedcor

https://aboitizpower.com/generation/large-hydro/

https://aboitizpower.com/generation/run-of-river-hydro/

https://aboitizpower.com/generation/large-hydro/#large-hydro-new-projects

https://aboitizpower.com/generation/large-hydro/#snap

https://energyinformative.org/how-a-geothermal-power-plant-generates-electricity/

https://water.usgs.gov/edu/hyhowworks.html

https://www.nrel.gov/research/re-geo-elec-production.html

http://www.wvic.com/content/how_hydropower_works.cfm

http://www.edurite.com/kbase/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-landfills

https://www.revolvy.com/page/San-Roque-Dam-(Philippines)

https://www.aecom.com/projects/san-roque-multipurpose-dam/

https://ejatlas.org/conflict/san-roque-multipurpose-project

https://www.aecom.com/projects/san-roque-multipurpose-dam/

https://ejatlas.org/conflict/san-roque-multipurpose-project

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Roque_Dam_(Philippines)

216
https://www.philstar.com/business/business-as-usual/2014/02/10/1288464/ngcp-
playing-vital-role-countrys-power-sector

https://aboitizpower.com/sustainability/cleanergy-center/

https://aboitizpower.com/corporate-governance/policies-and-protocols/

https://www.maccaferri.com/ph/rockfall-protection-makban-geothermal-power-plant/

https://www.eartheclipse.com/energy/advantages-disadvantages-hydroelectric-
energy.html

http://www.wvic.com/content/how_hydropower_works.cfm

https://www.toppr.com/bytes/hydroelectric-energy/

http://edge.pse.com.ph/companyInformation/form.do?cmpy_id=609

https://www.clean-energy-ideas.com/hydro/hydropower/hydroelectric-power-pros-and-
cons/

https://prezi.com/0dzfwfadfhyj/srpc-a-history/

http://harrixwires.com/about-us/#

http://mcwm.net/mcwm-history/

http://mcwm.net/developments/

https://www.thepoortraveler.net/2016/07/windmills-rizal-wind-farm-pililla-manila/

https://www.thepoortraveler.net/blog/

217