Comparison of Mobile Operating

Systems: Android vs iOS.

8
Table of Contents
8................................................................................................................. Introduction
8................................................................................................................ Smartphones
8........................................................................... The Operating System of a Smartphone
9........................................................................................ Chapter One: Android and iOS
9.................................................................................................................. Android 1.1
9................................................................. Figure 1: Internal Architecture and Working
10....................................................................................................................... iOS 1.2
11............................................................................... Chapter Two: Android Architecture
11................................................................................................................... Kernel 2.1
11................................................................................................................ Runtime 2.2
11................................................................................................................ Libraries 2.3
12........................................................................................... Application Framework 2.4
12.............................................................................. Chapter Three: iPhone Architecture
12.................................................................................... Figure 3: iPhone Architecture
12.............................................................................................................. Hardware 3.1
12.............................................................................................................. Firmware 3.2
13.............................................................................................................. Processor 3.3
13............................................................................................................. iPhone OS 3.4
13............................................................................................. Objective-C Runtimes 3.5
13.................................................................................................... Frameworks/API 3.6
13............................................................................................................ Application 3.7
13.................................................................................. Chapter four: iOS Versus Android
14..................................................................................... Development Environment 4.1
14............................................................................................................ Language 4.1.1
14....................................................................................................... Performance 4.1.2
14....................................................................................................... 4.2Open Vs. Close
15................................................................................................................. Syncing 4.3
15.............................................................................. Fees for Application Publication 4.4
15................................................................................................................ Content 4.5
15............................................................................................................... Browsing 4.6
15................................................................................................................ Security 4.7
16....................................................................................................... Google Benefit 4.8

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17....................................................................................................................... Results
17................................................................................ Conclusion and Recommendations
17.............................................................................................................. Future Scope
18................................................................................................................. References

8
List of Figures
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.

8
List of Tables

8
List of Symbols and Abbreviations
Iphone Operating System(IOS)
Software Development Kit(SDK)
Open Handset AllianceOHA)
Code Division Multiple Access(CDMA)
Personal Digital Assistant(PDA)

8
Declaration
This is my own work, and any literature I've alluded to has been properly recognized
and cited. I have read and understand the University's Plagiarism Policy and
Procedures as well as the Student Guidelines for Academic Honesty, and I am aware
that plagiarism is a severe offence at the University. According to the University's
"Plagiarism Procedures," all of my evaluated work (excluding quizzes, midterms, and
final examinations) will be examined in Text-Matching Software (Turnitin), and if I
indulge in plagiarism, the University will take disciplinary action, which might result
in a course failure.
Acknowledgements
Thank you to everyone who helped us to finish this research project, especially our
professor.
Abstract
Over time, several operating systems (OS) have developed, each with its own set of
features and functions. Users' decisions about which operating system to install on
their computers are influenced by their knowledge of the features of each OS. As a
result, a comparative analysis of various operating systems is required to provide
information on the similarities and contrasts among existing operating systems in
terms of their strengths and weaknesses. The rise in popularity of smartphones has
sparked fierce Technology firms are vying with one another. Symbian, Microsoft are
just a few examples. This report gives a brief summary of Google's Android operating
system and compares it to Apple's iOS . The comparison is made based on their
platforms, performance, and growth in the mobile world. The most important new
features in Android and iOS are also discussed.

8
Introduction
Mobile devices are multifunctional devices that can run a wide range of Apps for
both businesses and consumers. A mobile operating system, like an operating
system for a computer, is the software application that determines which features
and functionalities are available, such as thumbwheels, messaging ,keyboards,
synchronization ,wireless security ,and so on, are available on your device.

Smartphones
 A Smartphone is a mobile device that runs on an operating system and has
higher computing and networking capacity than a standard phone.
Smartphones were the first devices that combine the functions of a Pc and a
phone. Additional features include:
 Portable game players, small digital cameras, and tiny video cameras are
examples of mobile accessories.
 Using GPS for navigating
 Web browser for the internet
• Tablet
• Wi-Fi
 mobile Apps Broadband

The Operating System of a Smartphone

For smart phones, there are a variety of operating systems to choose from. The
following are the primary mobile operating systems (OS) utilized by current smart
phones:
• Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google.
• Apple's iOS, which is a mobile operating system.
• Nokia's Symbian operating system
• BlackBerry OS, which is developed by RIM.
• Windows Mobile is a mobile phone operating framework developed by Microsoft.
These application programs can be loaded on a range of android phones, and each
handset can typically receive multiple OS software upgrades over its lifetime.
Because both Google's Android and Apple's iOS supply not just operating systems
but also mobile development platforms, they are in fierce rivalry with one another.
Now we'll discuss the two most popular operating systems, Android and iOS, which
are available on the market.

8
 Chapter One: Android and iOS

1.1 Android
Andy Rubin is the founder of Android. Rubin's team produced a Linux boot loader
smart phone architecture after Google purchased it in 2005. Finally, on November 5,
2007, Google, HTC, Intel, LG, and 76 other companies launched the Open Handset
Collaboration, a corporate partnership comprising of Google, HTC, Intel, LG, and 76
other companies. The Open Handset Alliance announced Android, a mobile device
platform based on the Linux kernel version 2.6, on the same day. On October 22,
2008, the HTC Dream became the first commercially available phone to run the
Android operating system.

Figure 1:
Internal

Architecture and Working

The components of the Android operating system are depicted in the diagram. The
applications are one of its most well-known characteristics (apps). The Android
Software Development Kit is often used to build applications, although alternative
There are development tools available, including a Native Development Kit for C or
C++ apps or changes. Furthermore, Android provides developers with the potential
to create incredibly rich and creative applications by providing an open development

8
environment. Developers may use the device's hardware to obtain location data, run
background services, set alarms, display alerts in the status bar, and much more. As
a result, Google stated in April 2011 that there were around 100,000 Android apps
installed. Netbooks ,Smartphones, and tablets, as well as televisions and other
gadgets, run on the Android operating system. In Q2 2009, a research firm predicted
that Android accounts for 2.8 percent of all smartphone shipments worldwide. It has
climbed to 33% share of the market by Q4 2010, making it the most popular
smartphone platform.

1.2 iOS
Apple's mobile operating system is called iOS. iOS was originally designed for the
iPhone, but it now works with iTouch, iPad, and Apple TV are examples of other
Apple devices. Despite being based on iphone brings functionality to Microsoft
Windows that are uniquely compatible with iOS. including the Multi-Touch
experience and support for accelerometer sensor, which make the phone more user-
friendly. Another excellent feature of iOS is the large number of apps available.
According to the source, Apple's App Store contains over 300,000 apps that have
been downloaded over Countless times. This is thanks to the iOS application
development  (Development kit), that contains all of the necessary code, data, and
designing, testing, running, debugging, and optimizing iOS apps. Nevertheless, after
paying an iPhone Development charge, an application can be loaded onto the
devices.

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 Chapter Two: Android Architecture
As seen in Figure 2, the Android architecture is made up of numerous levels.

2.1 Kernel
memory management ,stack ,network ,Security, process management, and driver
model are among the fundamental system functions supported by Linux. Between
the hardware and the rest of the software stack, the kernel serves as an abstraction
layer.

Fi
gure 2: Android Architecture

2.2 Runtime
The Dalvik virtual machine and core libraries are part of the runtime. The most of the
function is available through a collection of standard library.in the Java programming
language's core libraries. Every Android app operates in its own process, with its own
Dalvik virtual machine instance. The Dalvik Virtual Machine (Windows server) runs
files in the Dalvik File system (.dex) form, that is designed to require as little RAM as
feasible. The Virtual machine is based on memories, and it executes classes that have
been built using a Java language compiler and converted to the. dex format using the
supplied "dx" tool. The Linux operating system is used by the Dalvik VM for basic
capabilities like thread and reduced database management.

2.3 Libraries
Various Android components make use of a number of C/C++ libraries. These
libraries can be used by programmers The gnu C libraries is a fork of the standard C
systems package taken from BSD. PacketVideo's openCORE, which supports multiple
major audio formats for playback and recording, is used to build the media

8
libraries.The surface manager manages access to the display subsystem and
seamlessly integrates 2D and 3D visual layers from different programs.

2.4 Application Framework

All Android applications are built in the Java programming language, and it comes
preloaded with a collection of essential apps such as an email client, SMS
programme, calendar, maps, browser, contacts, and more. Android allows
developers to create a wide range of applications thanks to its open development
platform. The same framework APIs that the main apps utilize are available to
developers. The application architecture is meant to enable component reuse as
simple as possible; any application may publish its capabilities, which can
subsequently be used by other applications. The user can replace components using
the same approach. The apps include views like as lists, grids, text boxes, buttons,
and even an embeddable web browser that may be used to develop applications.
Applications can use content providers to get data from other apps or exchange data
with others. Access to non-code resources such as localised strings, images, and
layout files is provided through the resource manager. All apps can use the
notification manager to display custom changes in the status bar. The activity
manager keeps track of the lifecycle of apps and offers a unified navigation backend.

Chapter Three: iPhone Architecture

Figure 3: iPhone Architecture

3.1 Hardware
The actual chips attached to the iPhone's circuitry are referred to as hardware. The
“processor” layer stores the instruction set and in-memory descriptor tables, but not
the actual processor.

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3.2 Firmware
Firmware is the chip-specific programming that is either stored in/around the
peripheral's memory or embedded inside the drive.

3.3 Processor
The iPhone OS sets up the ARM instruction set and interrupt descriptor table during
boot and driver configuration, and this is referred to as the processor.

3.4 iPhone OS
iPhone OS refers to the kernel, drivers, and services that make up the iPhone
Operating System. Between the user interface and the hardware, it sits in the center.

3.5 Objective-C Runtimes

The Objective-C runtime is made up of both dynamically linked Objective-C runtime
libraries and underlying C libraries.

3.6 Frameworks/API
At the frameworks/API layer, API requests are Apple-distributed headers, with some
dynamic linking occurring at runtime, using the iPhone SDK. Because many of them
are developed in Objective-C, they are built on top of the Objective-C runtime.

3.7 Application
The app that is installed on the iPhone must be bought from the app store. The
Apple-distributed iPhone compiler was used to build this program to native code,
and the linker was used to link It's compatible with the Objective-C runtime and the
C library. The app is also completely functional within the user space environment of
the iPhone OS.

Chapter four: iOS Versus Android

mobile market offers us so many alternatives that it's tough to select the finest.
However, as the adage goes, "what is desired more is the greatest," and our favorite
Android is no exception. This Google operating system was released in 2008, and in
less than two years, it has grown significantly in popularity. This is due to a number
of factors, which I will attempt to explain in further detail in the following discussion.
These are the most crucial elements that, in my opinion, make such a difference. It is
altering the landscape in the global smartphone industry, since it is being embraced
by key manufacturers like as HTC, Samsung, Motorola, and Samsung, as well as
Google's Nexus One. Android competes against Microsoft, Apple, Nokia, Research in
Motion, Palm, and Symbian mobile platforms due to its unique characteristics.

8
Android is gaining ground on the iPhone. Its platform has had tremendous growth in
the previous two years, which may be attributed to the platform's openness. The
comparison of Android vs iPhone may be done from several angles, but the end
result should be the same regardless of the viewpoint.

4.1 Development Environment

4.1.1 Language
Google's Android provides a customized java virtual machine and java byte code
interpreter, allowing it to provide free services and transforming it into The iPhone,
on the other hand, uses a completely different approach to developer, introducing a
new development interface that allows developers to create applications using java
programming. It introduces a computer version of Microsoft Windows Cocoa. The
Objective-C programming language is the only one supported by the iPhone. The
success of Android is due to its open platform and good development tools. The
Eclipse IDE and Java are two of Android's most appealing features, making it the
ideal choice for developers. The iPhone is built on the difficult-to-use Objective-C
programming language, and its development platform is not well defined. The
iPhone's development environment is more difficult than that of Android. Almost all
of Java's basic IO and networking libraries are readily available.

4.1.2 Performance
One of the factors that determines not if a system will be successful thrive is its
performances. Performance appraisals are based on a number of factors.; in this
case, I'm comparing the Windows phone JVM's efficiency vs. Objectives C's efficiency
on the iPhone IOS is a Java-based software. apps using the Dalvik Java Virtual
Machine. Java was formerly thought to be a clumsy and sluggish platform. Java's
speed has been improved, and it is now lightning quick. Dalvik has been further
tuned for mobile devices, making Android a system that is extremely quick.
The smartphone System is written in Downstream Systems, a message-based entity
programming language. variant of the C language It's as though every phone
conversation is routed through an administrator who then sends the call on to the
next person rather than calling the intended recipient directly, send a message to
them. A communication sending method, objc msgSend(), is required for everything
developed on IOS on the Macbook or the smartphone.

4.2Open Vs. Close

Iphone offers a closed, patented technology with unrivaled advertising, a fantastic
user experience, and aggressive steps ties; Android opts for an open, peripheral
device with aggressive steps links. to build new apps using an open-source method.

8
In comparison to Android, the iPhone does not provide background processing for
third-party apps. It's a lot more open. Any type of application may be created, and
any functionality can be used. This is one of Android's most prominent features.

4.3 Syncing
iPhone users must connect their devices to computers in order to sync their data,
but Android users may do so effortlessly using their Google account.

4.4 Fees for Application Publication

Because Apple provides a proprietary system, programs cannot be sold without
Apple's permission, multitasking is not possible, and users have the flexibility to copy
the functionality of the main apps. Although Android is free to join up for, both
platforms charge 30% of application income. Despite the fact that Android is free to
join, Apple charges developers $99 each year. Developers must pay a US$99 yearly
charge to publish their software on the Apple Store, but Android developers must
pay only a $25 There is a yet another cover charge, and you are able to release the
identical software on other play store.

4.5 Content
There is less data and information about the iPhone on the internet than there is
about Linux is Microsoft's mobile operating system. We have immediate access to all
documents, code editor, and data. we need concerning the Android platform.
The Android SDK comes with everything you need, including a user guide and API
references. Finding solutions to our questions takes only a few moments. IPhone
also includes a plethora of tools to aid developers in their work, however it takes a
long time.

4.6 Browsing
Which platform is best for accessing the internet? Neilsen, a researcher, provides the
solution. As per data compiled by him as well summarized by forecast, Android
smartphone users seem to be the most inclined to use their smartphone's Web
functionality. In comparison to 88 percent of iPhone owners, 92% of Android users
claim they use their phone's Internet connection. Both gadgets, however, are
considerably ahead of the curve for smartphone owners in general, where the total
percentage of people who use the Internet is just 71 percent.

8
4.7 Security
On the iPhone, there are several rights that limit the addition of new software for
users. A single UNIX kernel runs each program. If an issue arises as a result of a
running program, the entire system may be impacted. In Android, however, each
program runs independently. Each feature has its own set of rights and
authorizations. As a result, for users, Android is far superior to iPhone in terms of
security.

8
4.8 Google Benefit
Its capability of using Internet search engines like Google maps, Google voice, Google
docs, and the like is additional advantage of Windows phone.
Table 1: the Dissimilarity of IOS vs. Android
Attributes Android IOS

Developer Google Apple

OS Family Linux OS X, Unix

No, with the
Widgets Yes exception of
Notification
Center.

Programme C, C++, C, C++,

d in java objective-C

Messaging Google iMessage

Hangouts

Chrome is a
web
Internet browser Mobile Safari
browsing developed
by Google
(or, in
previous
versions,
Android
Browser)
Closed, but
Source Open with open
model source source parts.

Video chat Google Facetime

Hangouts

Google The Apple

Play has App Store
over a has over
million 850,000
App store
apps. apps.
Other app
shops,
such as
Amazon
and Getjar,

8
 sell
Android
apps.
Google,
LG,
Samsung,
Devic HTC, Sony, Apple Inc
e ASUS, and
a slew of
manufac other
turer companies
are among
them.

Table 2: There are a lot of similarities between Android and iOS..

Attributes Androi IOS

d

Whether you use a No No

PC or a Mac, you're
reliant on it.

Interface Touch Touch

screen screen

Working state Current Current

Results
Both the iOS and Android operating systems serve the same purpose. Users choose
iOS or Android depending on their particular preferences. Android must address
various aspects like as storage, battery life, and low cost, whereas iOS must capitalize
on other key features such as FaceTime and security. In most ways, iOS and Android
are very similar, and the two have only become more similar over time. Currently,
the distinctions are more about app availability than significant differences in how
things function.

Conclusion and Recommendations

After a lengthy explanation of the fundamental concepts of Android and OIS, it's
difficult to say which is more likely to succeed in the mobile industry. Both of these
are taking the long view, providing us with the ever advances in our portable
devices. Therefore, rather than following the herd when choosing a Mobile, educate
yourself on the variations among Android & apple, along with its advantages and

8
disadvantages, that is considered very important while selecting a Mobile phone.
That are more interested in whose company's software goods and services are in our
favor than in who wins.

Future Scope
Smartphone users reached 2.1 billion in 2016. According to The Tool (2018), the
number will cross 5 billion in 2019. The most popular Smartphone operating systems
are Google's Android and Apple's iOS. According to Melissa and Ryan, Android and
iOS accounted for 99.7% of all new Smartphones delivered in 2017. ( 2018).Last year,
the proportion increased even more. Accessibility, app affordability, and the Calling
app are some of the commonalities between Android and iOS operating systems.
They do, however, differ in a few ways, including availability, Facetime, battery life,
and security.

References
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http://www.darkreading.com/privacy/google-android-vs-apple- iOS-the-mobile-
a/240157894.
2- E. Buck (2010), “Cocoa Design Patterns”, Addison-Wesley.
3- Android Developers. Retrieved from
http://developer.android.com/resources/dashboard/platformvers ions
4- Claudio Maia, Luis Miguel Nogueira & Luis Miguel Pinho (2010), “Evaluating
Android OS for Embedded Real-Time Systems”, Technical Report 06-29-2010.
5- Openintents, retrieved from
http://code.google.com/p/openintents/wiki/SensorSimulator.
6- Damianos Gavalas & Daphne Economou (2011), “Development Platforms for
Mobile Applications: Status and Trends”, IEEE Software, Vol. 28, No. 1, Pp. 77–86.
7- “What is Android”. Android Developers, retrieved from
http://developer.android.com/guide/basics/what-isandroid.html.
8- History of Mac OS X. In Wikipedia. Retrieved from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mac_OS_X.
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http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS23503312.
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http://www.android.com/about/jelly-bean/.

8
13- Introduction about Sandwich, retrieved from
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