Ïðåäåëû ôóíêöèé. Çàìå÷àòåëüíûå ïðåäåëû.

sin x
lim =1
x→0 x

sin x ∼ x (x → 0)
x2
1 − cos x ∼ (x → 0)
2
tg x ∼ x (x → 0)
arcsin x ∼ x (x → 0)
arctg x ∼ x (x → 0)
Çàäà÷à 471.
sin 5x sin 5x
lim = 5 lim = 5.
x→0 x x→0 5x
sin 5x 5x
lim = [sin 5x ∼ 5x] = lim = 5.
x→0 x x→0 x

Çàäà÷à 472.
sin x
lim = 0.
x→∞ x
Çàäà÷à 473.

sin mx sin m(t + π) (−1)m sin mt sin mt

lim = [t = x−π] = lim = lim = (−1)m−n lim =.
x→π sin nx t→0 sin n(t + π) t→0 (−1)n sin nt t→0 sin nt

m
= (−1)m−n .
n
Çàäà÷à 474 à).

1 − cos x 1 − cos x 1 − cos2 x 1 sin2 x 1

lim = lim = lim = · lim = .
x→0 x2 x→0 x2 x→0 (1 + cos x) · x2 2 x→0 x2 2

2
1 − cos x h 2 x
i 2 sin2 x
2
2 x22 1
lim = cos x = 1 − 2 sin = lim = lim = .
x→0 x2 2 x→0 x2 x→0 x2 2
Çàäà÷à 474 á).

tg x sin x 1
lim = lim · lim = 1.
x→0 x x→0 x x→0 cos x
 Çàäà÷à 474 â).

x 1
lim x ctg 3x = lim = .
x→0 x→0 tg 3x 3
Çàäà÷à 475.
1
tg x − sin x cos x − 1 1 − cos x 1 − cos x
lim 3 = lim 2 = lim 2 = lim =
x→0 sin x x→0 sin x x→0 cos x · sin x x→0 sin2 x

x2
1
= lim 2 = .
x→0 x2 2
Çàäà÷à 476.

sin 5x − sin 3x 2 sin 2x 8x

2 cos 2
lim = lim = 2.
x→0 sin x x→0 sin x

sin 5x − sin 3x sin 5x sin 3x

lim = lim − lim = 5 − 3 = 2.
x→0 sin x x→0 sin x x→0 sin x

Çàäà÷à 482.

sin x − sin a 2 sin x−a x+a

2 cos 2 x+a
lim = lim = lim cos = cos a.
x→a x−a x→a x−a x→a 2
Çàäà÷à 1.

x sin t
lim = [arcsin x = t] = lim = 1.
x→0 arcsin x t→0 t

Âòîðîé çàìå÷àòåëüíûé ïðåäåë.

lim (1 + x)1/x = e.
x→0

1 x
 
lim 1 + = e.
x→∞ x
Çàäà÷à 1.

 4x+5   2x+3 · −2(4x+5)

2x + 1 −2 −2 2x+3 −8x−10
lim = lim 1 + = elimx→∞ 2x+3 = e−4 .
x→∞ 2x + 3 x→∞ 2x + 3

Çàäà÷à 2.
   3x−1   3x−1
x−3 x2 +2x−15 x−3 x2 +2x−15
lim = lim =
x→3 x2 − 5x + 6 x→3 (x − 2)(x − 3)
  3x−1  2 3x−1 
1 1
x2 +2x−15 x +2x−15
= lim = lim 1 + −1 =
x→3 x−2 x→3 x−2
  3x−1  
3 − x x2 +2x−15 3x − 1 3−x
= lim 1 + = exp lim 2 · =
x→3 x−2 x→3 x + 2x − 15 x − 2
   
3x − 1 3−x 3x − 1 1
= exp lim · = exp − lim · = e−1 .
x→3 (x + 5)(x − 3) x − 2 x→3 x + 5 x−2
Çàäà÷à 506 à), á), â)
à) √
  1− x
1+x 1−x 1
lim = .
x→0 2+x 2
á)
√ √
  1− x   √
1− x
√   1√ r
1+x 1−x 1+x (1− x)(1+ x) 1+x 1+ x 2
lim = lim = lim = .
x→1 2+x x→1 2+x x→1 2+x 3

â) √
  1− x   1√
1+x 1−x 1+x 1+ x
lim = lim = 1.
x→+∞ 2+x x→+∞ 2+x
Çàäà÷à 519 à), á)
à)
  1  1
1 + tg x 1 + tg x
sin x sin x
lim = lim 1 + −1 =.
x→0 1 + sin x
x→0 1 + sin x
  1  
tg x − sin x sin x 1 tg x − sin x
= lim 1 + = exp lim · =
x→0 1 + sin x x→0 sin x 1 + sin x
( )
1
− 1
= exp lim cos x = e0 = 1.
x→0 1 + sin x

à)

  1   13
1 + tg x sin3 x 1 + tg x sin x
lim = lim 1+ −1 =.
x→0 1 + sin x x→0 1 + sin x
   1  
tg x − sin x sin3 x 1 tg x − sin x
= lim 1 + = exp lim · =
x→0 1 + sin x x→0 sin3 x 1 + sin x
( )
1
−
 
1 cos x 1 1 1 − cos x
= exp lim · = exp lim · =
x→0 sin2 x 1 + sin x x→0 sin2 x cos x
x2
( )
√
 
1 − cos x 2
= exp lim 2 = exp lim 2 = e.
x→0 sin x x→0 x

Çàäà÷à 520.
  1   1  
sin x x−a sin x − sin a x−a sin x − sin a 1
lim = lim 1+ = exp lim · =
x→a sin a x→a sin a x→a sin a x−a

2 sin x−a x+a

cos x+a
   
2 cos 2 1
= exp lim · = exp lim 2
= ectg a .
x→a sin a x−a x→a sin a

Çàäà÷à 522.
( )
lim (tan x)tan 2x = limπ (1+tan x−1)tan 2x = exp lim tan 2x · (tan x − 1) =
x→ π4 x→ 4 x→ π4

  ( )
tan α + tan β 2 tan x
= tan(α + β) = = exp limπ · (tan x − 1) =
1 − tan α tan β x→ 4 1 − tan2 x
( ) ( )
2 tan x 2 tan x
= exp limπ · (tan x − 1) = exp − limπ = e−1 .
x→ 4 (1 − tan x)(1 + tan x) x→ 4 1 + tan x

Äëÿ òðåíèðîâêè âûâåäåì ôîðìóëó

sin(α + β) sin α cos β + cos α sin β

tan(α + β) = = =
cos(α + β) cos α cos β − sin α sin β

tan α + tan β
= .
1 − tan α tan β
Åùå çàìå÷àòåëüíûå ïðåäåëû.

ln(1 + x)
lim = 1, ln(1 + x) ∼ x (x → 0).
x→0 x
ex − 1
lim = 1, ex − 1 ∼ x (x → 0).
x→0 x
 (1 + x)α − 1
lim = α, (1 + x)α − 1 ∼ αx (x → 0).
x→0 x

ln(1+x)
loga (1 + x) ln a 1 ln(1 + x) 1
lim = lim = lim = .
x→0 x x→0 x ln a x→0 x ln a

ax − 1 ex ln a − 1 x ln a
lim = lim = lim = ln a. (a > 0).
x→0 x x→0 x x→0 x
Çàäà÷à 1.

ln(2 − x) ln(1 − t) −t
lim = [t = x − 1] = lim = lim = −1.
x→1 x − 1 t→0 t t→0 t

Çàäà÷à 2.

ln x − 1 ln(t + e) − ln e ln(1 + et )
lim = [t = x − e] = lim = lim =
x→e x − e t→0 t t→0 t
t
e 1
= lim = .
t→0 t e
Çàäà÷à 3.
5 5 5
 

ln cos 3x ln 1 + cos 3x −1 cos 3x −1
lim = lim = lim =
x→∞ ln cos 3 x→∞ ln 1 + cos 3 − 1 x→∞ cos 3 − 1
 

5x 5x 5x

25
t2 9x2 625
= [1 − cos t ∼ , t → 0] = lim 9 = .
2 x→∞
25x2
81
g  ãëàâíàÿ ÷àñòü áìô f ïðè x → a, åñëè f = g + o(g) ïðè x → a.
Äðóãèìè ñëîâàìè, f ∼ g .
Íàïîìíèì îïðåäåëåíèÿ

ex − e−x
sinh x = sh x = .
2
ex + e−x
cosh x = ch x = .
2
sinh x ex − e−x
tanh x = th x = = x .
cosh x e + e−x
cosh x ex + e−x
coth x = cth x = = x .
sinh x e − e−x
 Îñíîâíîå ãèïåðáîëè÷åñêîå òîæäåñòâî (ïðîâåðèòü  óïðàæíåíèå)

ch2 x − sh2 x = 1.

Çàäà÷à 4.
Íàéòè ãëàâíóþ ÷àñòü ñòåïåííîãî âèäà Cxn ïðè x → 0 äëÿ ôóíêöèè
sh x.
ex − e−x 1 e2x − 1 1 2x
sh x = = x
∼ = x.
2 2 e 2 1
×ÒÎ ÌÛ ÇÍÀÅÌ
Ïðè x → 0
x2
sin x ∼ x, tg x ∼ x, 1 − cos x ∼ , arcsin x ∼ x, arctg x ∼ x
2
Ïðè x → 0
x2
ex − 1 ∼ x, ax − 1 ∼ x ln a, sh x ∼ x, ch x − 1 ∼ , th x ∼ x.
2
Çàäà÷à 5.
√5 4 √ √
5 4 √ √
5 √
(52 x − 1)arctg 5 x (52 x − 1) 5 x 2 x4 · ln 5 · 5 x 2
lim = lim = lim = ln 5.
x→0 ln(1 + arcsin 5x) x→0 arcsin 5x x→0 5x 5
Çàäà÷à 6. Ïðè êàêèõ çíà÷åíèÿõ α è β ôóíêöèÿ

x2 (x − 1)
f (x) = − αx − β
(x + 1)2
ÿâëÿåòñÿ áåñêîíå÷íî ìàëîé ïðè x → ∞?

x3 − x2 = (x2 + 2x + 1) · (x − 3) + 5x + 3
x2 (x − 1) 5x + 3
2
= (x − 3) + .
(x + 1) (x + 1)2
Îòñþäà âèäíî, ÷òî íóæíî âçÿòü α = 1, β = −3.
Çàäà÷à 7.
√
3 2x 2x
1 + 2x − 1 α 3 x 3 2
lim 3x
= [(1+x) −1 ∼ αx] = lim 3x
= [e −1 ∼ x] = lim = .
x→0 e −1 x→0 e − 1 x→0 3x 9
Çàäà÷à 8.
√ x
1 − cos x x2 2
lim = [1−cos x ∼ ] = lim = [ln(1+x) ∼ x] = .
x→+0 ln(1 + arctgx) 2 x→+0 ln(1 + arctgx)
 x x
2 2 1
= lim = [arctan x ∼ x] = lim = .
x→+0 arctgx x→+0 x 2
Çàäà÷à 9. √
1 + arcsin x − 1 1
lim = .
x→0 arctg 3x 6
Çàäà÷à 10.

(1 + cos 2x)(1 − cos 3x) 1 − cos 3x

lim sin 3x 2 = lim (1 + cos 2x) · lim sin 3x2 =
x→0 e −1 x→0 x→0 e −1
9x 9x 2 2
1 − cos 3x 2
= 2 lim sin 3x2 = 2 lim 2
= 2 lim 2 2 = 3.
x→0 e −1 x→0 sin 3x x→0 3x

Çàäà÷à 11.

42x − 1 2x ln 4 2x ln 4 2x ln 4 4
lim = lim = lim = lim = ln 2.
x→0 ln(1 + sh 3x) x→0 ln(1 + sh 3x) x→0 sh 3x x→0 3x 3
Çàäà÷à 12.
1 1 1
2x − 1 2x − 1 x ln 2
lim = lim = lim = ln 2.
x→∞ arcsin 1 x→∞ 1 x→∞ 1
x x x

Ìû çíàåì, ÷òî

xα
lim = 0, (a > 1).
x→+∞ ax

ln x
lim = 0, (α > 0).
x→+∞ xα

Çàäà÷à 13.
 
x2 1
x2
+ +1 2x 2x 2x +1+ 2x
 x
2
lim 3 = lim  = lim = 0.
x→+∞ x + 3x + ln x

x→+∞ x x3 ln x x→+∞ 3
3 3x + 1 + 3 x

Çàäà÷à 14.
√ 1
1 + xtg x − 1 2 xtg x 1
lim x 2 = lim 2
= .
x→0 e −1 x→0 x 2
Çàäà÷à 15.
√ √  √
√ √
  
1 1√ 1− x 1− x 1− x
lim (2− x) 1−x = lim (1+1− x) 1− x 1−x = exp lim = exp lim √ √ =
x→1 x→1 x→1 1 − x x→1 (1 − x)(1 + x)
 √
 
1
= exp lim √ = e1/2 = e.
x→1 1 + x

Àëüòåðíàòèâíîå ðåøåíèå:
√ √  √ 
√ √
 
1 ln(2− x) ln(2 − x) 1− x
lim (2− x) 1−x = lim e 1−x = exp lim = exp lim = e.
x→1 x→1 x→1 1−x x→1 1 − x

Çàäà÷à 16.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
lim x2 (4 x −4 x+1 ) = [(∞·0)] = lim x2 4 x+1 (4 x − x+1 −1) = lim 4 x+1 · lim x2 (4 x − x+1 −1) =
x→∞ x→∞ x→∞ x→∞

1 x2
= lim x2 (4 x(x+1) − 1) = ln 4 lim = ln 4.
x→∞ x→∞ x(x + 1)

×ÒÎ ÌÛ ÓÆÅ ÇÍÀÅÌ

sin x = x + o(x),
x2
cos x = 1 − + o(x2 ),
2
arcsin x = x + o(x),
arctg x = x + o(x),
tg x = x + o(x),
ln(1 + x) = x + o(x),
∞
x x
X xk
e = 1 + x + o(x), e =
k!
k=0

(1 + x)α = 1 + αx + o(x),
sh x = x + o(x),
x2
ch x = 1 + + o(x2 ).
2
Çàäà÷à 17.

2x + sin3 x + ln2 (1 + x2 ) 2x + (x + o(x))3 + (x2 + o(x2 ))2

lim = lim 2 =
x→0 sh x + 1 − ch x + x4 x→0 x + o(x) − x + o(x2 ) + x4 2

2x + x3 + o(x3 ) + x4 + o(x4 ) 2x + o(x)

= lim = lim = 2.
x→0 x + o(x) x→0 x + o(x)

Äîìàøíåå çàäàíèå.
 Çàäà÷à 18.
sin x − tg x
lim =
x→0 x3
Çàäà÷à 19.
ln cos x
lim
x→0 tg x2

Çàäà÷à 20.   x x
lim x ln 1 + − ln
x→+∞ 3 3
Çàäà÷à 21. √
4
1 + x2 + x3 − 1
lim
x→0 ln cos x
Çàäà÷à 22.
arctg(3 − x) + sin(x − 3)2
lim
x→3 x2 − 9
Íà ïîâòîðåíèå
Çàäà÷à 23. √ √
1 + 5x − 1 − 7x
lim
x→0 (1 + x)6 − 1
Çàäà÷à 24.
x3 + 5x2
 
lim −x
x→∞ x2 + 4
Çàäà÷à 25.  
1 1
lim −
x→0 sin x tg x
Çàäà÷à 26.
1 − cos 4x
lim
x→0 ln(1 + arcsin2 2x)
Çàäà÷à 27.
  1+2x
3x + 5 1−x
lim
x→1 5x + 3
Íåïðåðûâíûå ôóíêöèè. Íåïðåðûâíîñòü â òî÷êå a äëÿ ôóíêöèè
f , îïðåäåëåííîé â îêðåñòíîñòè òî÷êè a

lim f (x) = f (a).

x→a

Ãîâîðÿò, ÷òî ôóíêöèÿ íåïðåðûâíà íà ìíîæåñòâå, åñëè îíà íåïðåðûâ-

íà â ëþáîé òî÷êå ýòîãî ìíîæåñòâà.
 Çàäà÷à 1. Ïîêàçàòü, ÷òî ôóíêöèÿ f (x) = sin x íåïðåðûâíà íà R.
Íóæíî ïîêàçàòü, ÷òî äëÿ ëþáîé òî÷êè a ∈ R

lim sin x = sin a.

x→a

Çàäàåì ëþáîå ε > 0. Äëÿ ýòîãî ε íàéäåì δ > 0 òàêóþ, ÷òî

0 < |x − a| < δ =⇒ | sin x − sin a| < ε.

     
 x + a   x − a   x − a 
| sin x − sin a| = 2 cos
 · sin ≤ [| cos t| ≤ 1] ≤ 2 sin
 ≤
2   2  2 

|x − a|
= |x − a| < δ = ε.
≤ [| sin t| ≤ |t|] ≤ 2
2
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, íóæíî âçÿòü δ = ε.
√
Çàäà÷à 2. Ïîêàçàòü, ÷òî ôóíêöèÿ f (x) = x íåïðåðûâíà íà R≥0 .
Íóæíî ïîêàçàòü, ÷òî äëÿ ëþáîãî a ≥ 0 áóäåò âûïîëíåíî
√ √
lim x = a.
x→a

Çàäàåì ε > 0. Äëÿ ýòîãî ε íàéäåì δ > 0 òàêóþ, ÷òî

√ √
0 < |x − a| < δ =⇒ | x − a| < ε.

√ √ |x − a| |x − a| δ
| x − a| = √ √ ≤ √ < √ = ε.
x+ a a a
√
Âûáèðàåì δ = aε.
Çàäà÷à 3 (ÄÇ). Ïîêàçàòü, ÷òî ôóíêöèÿ f (x) = 2x+1
3x+2 íåïðåðûâíà â
òî÷êå x = 1.
Òî÷êà a  òî÷êà ðàçðûâà ôóíêöèè f , åñëè f íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ íåïðåðûâ-
íîé â òî÷êå a. Óñëîâèåì íåïðåðûâíîñòè â òî÷êå a ÿâëÿåòñÿ âûïîëíåíèå
ðàâåíñòâà

f (a + 0) = lim f (x) = f (a) = lim f (x) = f (a − 0).

x→a+0 x→a−0

Ïîýòîìó, åñëè a  òî÷êà ðàçðûâà ôóíêöèè f , òî íàðóøåíî ÷òî-òî èç

ñëåäóþùèõ òðåáîâàíèé
1) Ïðåäåëû f (a − 0) è f (a + 0) ñóùåñòâóþò
2) Ïðåäåëû f (a − 0) è f (a + 0) êîíå÷íû
 3) Âûïîëíÿåòñÿ ðàâåíñòâî f (a + 0) = f (a − 0)
4) Âûïîëíÿåòñÿ ðàâåíñòîâ f (a + 0) = f (a − 0) = f (a)
Åñëè íå âûïîëíÿåòñÿ ïóíêò 1), òî a  òî÷êà íåîïðåäåëåííîñòè.
Åñëè íå âûïîëíÿåòñÿ ïóíêò 2), òî a  òî÷êà ðàçðûâà âòîðîãî ðîäà
èëè òî÷êà áåñêîíå÷íîãî ñêà÷êà.
Åñëè íå âûïîëíÿåòñÿ ïóíêò 3), òî a  òî÷êà ðàçðûâà ïåðâîãî ðîäà
èëè òî÷êà êîíå÷íîãî ñêà÷êà.
Åñëè íå âûïîëíÿåòñÿ ïóíêò 4), òî a  òî÷êà óñòðàíèìîãî ðàçðûâà.
Çàäà÷à 4. Ïîêàçàòü, ÷òî äëÿ ôóíêöèè
(
sin x1 , x 6= 0,
f (x) =
1, x = 0

òî÷êà x = 0  òî÷êà íåîïðåäåëåííîñòè.

Ðàññìîòðèì ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü
1
xn = → +0 (n → ∞).
πn
1
sin = sin(πn) = 0 → 0 (n → ∞).
xn
Ðàññìîòðèì ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü
2
yn = → +0 (n → ∞).
π(4n + 1)
1 4n + 1 1
sin = sin π = sin π(2n + ) = 1 → 1 (n → ∞).
yn 2 2
Ýòî îçíà÷àåò (â ñèëó êðèòåðèÿ Ãåéíå), ÷òî ïðàâîñòîðîííåãî ïðåäåëà
íå ñóùåñòâóåò, ò.å. 0  òî÷êà íåîïðåäåëåííîñòè.
Çàäà÷à 5. Ïîêàçàòü, ÷òî äëÿ ôóíêöèè
(
1
, x 6= 0,
f (x) = x
0, x = 0

òî÷êà x = 0  òî÷êà áåñêîíå÷íîãî ñêà÷êà.

Äåéñòâèòåëüíî,
f (+0) = lim = +∞,
x→+0

f (−0) = lim = −∞.

x→−0
 Çàäà÷à 6. Ïîêàçàòü, ÷òî äëÿ ôóíêöèè

1, x > 0,

f (x) = sgn x = 0, x = 0

−1, x < 0


òî÷êà x = 0  òî÷êà êîíå÷íîãî ñêà÷êà.

Äåéñòâèòåëüíî,

f (−0) = lim f (x) = lim (−1) = −1.

x→−0 x→−0

f (+0) = lim f (x) = lim 1 = 1.

x→+0 x→+0

Ñêà÷îê ðàâåí 2.
Çàäà÷à 7. Èññëåäîâàòü íà íåïðåðûâíîñòü ôóíêöèþ Õåâèñàéäà
(
1, x ≥ 0,
f (x) = 1(x) =
0, x < 0.

f (+0) = lim f (x) = 1.

x→+0

f (−0) = lim f (x) = 0.

x→−0

Ñêà÷îê ðàâåí 1. x = 0  åäèíñòâåííàÿ òî÷êà ðàçðûâà, êîòîðàÿ ÿâëÿ-

åòñÿ òî÷êîé ðàçðûâà ïåðâîãî ðîäà.
Ñâîéñòâà íåïðåðûâíûõ ôóíêöèé.
1) Åñëè f íåïðåðûâíà â òî÷êå x0 , òî f îãðàíè÷åíà â íåêîòîðîé îêðåñò-
íîñòè òî÷êè x0 .
2) Ëèíåéíàÿ êîìáèíàöèÿ íåïðåðûâíûõ ôóíêöèé íåïðåðûâíà. Äðóãè-
ìè ñëîâàìè, åñëè f è g íåïðåðûâíû, òî αf + βg (ëèíåéíàÿ êîìáèíàöèÿ)
íåïðåðûâíà (α, β ∈ R). Ïðîèçâåäåíèå è îòíîøåíèå íåïðåðûâíûõ ôóíê-
öèé òîæå íåïðåðûâíî (åñëè çíàìåíàòåëü íå ðàâåí 0)
3) Ñòàáèëèçàöèÿ çíàêà. Åñëè f íåïðåðûâíà â òî÷êå x0 è f (x0 ) > 0
(f (x0 ) < 0), òî ôóíêöèÿ f ïîëîæèòåëüíà (îòðèöàòåëüíà) â íåêîòîðîé
îêðåñòíîñòè òî÷êè x0 .
4) Íåïðåðûâíîñòü êîìïîçèöèè. Åñëè f è g íåïðåðûâíû, òî f ◦ g 
íåïðåðûâíà.
5) Íåïðåðûâíîñòü ìîíîòîííîé ôóíêöèè. Ìîíîòîííàÿ ôóíêöèÿ f :
[a, b] → R íåïðåðûâíà òîãäà è òîëüêî òîãäà, êîãäà ìíîæåñòâî çíà÷åíèé
ÿâëÿåòñÿ îòðåçêîì.
 6) Íåïðåðûâíîñòü îáðàòíîé ôóíêöèè. Åñëè f : [a, b] → R ñòðîãî
ìîíîòîííà è íåïðåðûâíà, òî îíà îáðàòèìà. Ïðè ýòîì îáðàòíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ
òîæå ñòðîãî ìîíîòîííà è íåïðåðûâíà íà îòðåçêå ñ êîíöàìè f (a) è f (b).
Çàäà÷à 8.
Èññëåäîâàòü íà íåïðåðûâíîñòü ôóíêöèþ
( 2
x −4
, x > 1, x 6= 2,
f (x) = ln(x−1)
a, x = 2

Íàéäåì

x2 − 4 t(t + 4) t(t + 4)
lim = [x − 2 = t] = lim = lim = 4.
x→2 ln(x − 1) t→0 ln(1 + t) t→0 t

Åñëè a = 4, òî f  íåïðåðûâíà íà ìíîæåñòâå (1; +∞).

Åñëè a =
6 4, òî x = 2  òî÷êà óñòðàíèìîãî ðàçðûâà.
Çàäà÷à 9.
Èññëåäîâàòü íà íåïðåðûâíîñòü ôóíêöèþ
 1
 (x+1)2 , x > −1

f (x) = arctg x+11
, x < −1,

 π
− 2 , x = −1.

Åäèíñòâåííàÿ òî÷êà, â êîòîðîé íåïðåðûâíîñòü ìîæåò íàðóøèòüñÿ,

ýòî òî÷êà x = −1.
1
f (−1 + 0) = lim = +∞.
x→−1+0 (x + 1)2

1 π
f (−1 − 0) = lim arctg =− .
x→−1−0 x+1 2
π
f (−1) = − .
2
f èìååò ðàçðûâ âòîðîãî ðîäà â òî÷êå x = −1. Ïðè ýòîì îíà íåïðå-
ðûâíà â ýòîé òî÷êå ñëåâà.
Äîìàøíåå çàäàíèå.
Çàäà÷à 10.
Èññëåäîâàòü íà íåïðåðûâíîñòü ôóíêöèþ
(
 sin x  , x 6= 0

f (x) = x
1, x = 0
 Çàäà÷à 11.
Èññëåäîâàòü íà íåïðåðûâíîñòü ôóíêöèþ

f (x) = (x − 3) · 1(x2 − x + 6),

ãäå 1  ôóíêöèÿ Õåâèñàéäà.

Çàäà÷à 12.
Èññëåäîâàòü íà íåïðåðûâíîñòü ôóíêöèþ
(
x sin x1 , x 6= 0
f (x) =
0, x = 0

Çàäà÷à 13.
Èññëåäîâàòü íà íåïðåðûâíîñòü ôóíêöèþ
(
1
1/(x−1) , x 6= 1
f (x) = 1+e
1, x = 1

Çàäà÷à 14.
Èññëåäîâàòü íà íåïðåðûâíîñòü ôóíêöèþ
(
x ln x2 , x 6= 0
f (x) =
a, x = 0

Çàäà÷à 15.
Èññëåäîâàòü íà íåïðåðûâíîñòü ôóíêöèþ
x2n
f (x) = lim .
n→∞ 1 + x2n

Çàäà÷à 16.
Èññëåäîâàòü íà íåïðåðûâíîñòü ôóíêöèþ
(
cos π2 x, |x| ≤ 1
f (x) =
|x − 1|, |x| > 1.

Äèôôåðåíöèðóåìîñòü.
f äèôôåðåíöèðóåìà â òî÷êå x åñëè ñóùåñòâóåò
f (x + h) − f (x) f (x + ∆x) − f (x)
lim = lim = f 0 (x).
h→0 h ∆x→0 ∆x
f (x) − f (a)
f 0 (a) = lim
x→a x−a
 Ãåîìåòðè÷åñêèé ñìûñë ïðîèçâîäíîé  òàíãåíñ óãëà íàêëîíà êàñà-
òåëüíîé.
Ôèçè÷åñêèé ñìûñë ïðîèçâîäíîé  ñêîðîñòü èçìåíåíèÿ ôóíêöèè.
Çàäà÷à 1.
Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíûå îò ôóíêöèé f (x) = C, x, x2 , xα .
f (x) = C :

f (x + h) − f (x) C −C
f 0 (x) = lim = lim = 0.
h→0 h h→0 h
f (x) = x:

f (x + h) − f (x) (x + h) − x
f 0 (x) = lim = lim = 1.
h→0 h h→0 h
f (x) = x2 :

f (x + h) − f (x) (x + h)2 − x2 h2 + 2xh

f 0 (x) = lim = lim = lim = 2x.
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h
f (x) = xα :
 
(x+h)α
f (x + h) − f (x) (x + − h)α xα xα xα −1
f 0 (x) = lim = lim = lim =
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h
 α 
xα 1 + hx − 1 xα α hx
= lim = lim = αxα−1 .
h→0 h h→0 h
Âûïèñûâàåì â òàáëè÷êó ïðîèçâîäíûõ (xα )0 = αxα−1 .
√ 1
( x)0 = √ .
2 x
1 0
 
1
√ =− 3.
x 2x 2
Ìû çíàåì, ÷òî

(f + g)0 = f 0 + g 0 , (αf )0 = αf 0 .

Ìû óæå ìîæåì ïðîäèôôåðåíöèðîâàòü ëþáîé ìíîãî÷ëåí

n
X
2 n
f (x) = Pn (x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x + . . . + an x = ak xk .
k=0
 n
X n
X
Pn0 (x) = kak xk−1 = kak xk−1 = a1 + 2a2 x + 3a3 x2 + . . . + nan xn−1 .
k=0 k=1
Çàäà÷à 2.
Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ ôóíêöèè f (x) = sin x, cos x.

f (x) = sin x.
 
f (x + h) − f (x) sin(x + h) − sin x α−β α+β
f 0 (x) = lim = lim = sin α − sin β = 2 sin cos =
h→0 h h→0 h 2 2
2 sin h2 cos 2x+h
2 2 h cos 2x+h 2x + h
= lim = lim 2 2
= lim cos = cos x.
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 2
Óïðàæíåíèå: (cos x)0 = − sin x.
Çàäà÷à 3.
Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ ôóíêöèè f (x) = ex , ax .
f (x) = ex

ex+h − ex ex (eh − 1)
f 0 (x) = lim = lim = ex .
h→0 h h→0 h

ax+h − ax ax (ah − 1)
f 0 (x) = lim = lim = ax ln a.
h→0 h h→0 h
Çàäà÷à 4.
Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ ôóíêöèè f (x) = ln x, loga x.
f (x) = ln x
h


0 ln(x + h) − ln x ln 1 + x 1
f (x) = lim = lim = .
h→0 h h→0 h x
f (x) = loga x
h
ln 1 + hx



0 loga (x + h) − loga x loga 1 + x 1
f (x) = lim = lim = lim = .
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h ln a x ln a
Çàäà÷à 828ç
Ïî îïðåäåëåíèþ íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ ôóíêöèè arcsin x.
Ïîñêîëüêó x ∈ [−1, 1] èìååì

arcsin x − arcsin a arcsin x − arcsin a

lim = lim =?
x→a x−a x→a sin(arcsin x) − sin(arcsin a)

Òåõíèêà äèôôåðåíöèðîâàíèÿ.
 Ïðàâèëà äèôôåðåíöèðîâàíèÿ
1) Ëèíåéíàÿ êîìáèíàöèÿ: (αf + βg)0 = αf 0 + βg 0 .
2) Ïðîèçâåäåíèå: (f g)0 = f 0 g + f g 0 .
3) ×àñòíîå:
 0
f f 0g − f g0
= .
g g2
Çàäà÷à 1.
Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ îò f (x) = tg x, ctg x.

0
cos2 x + sin2 x

sin x cos x · cos x − sin x · (− sin x) 1
(tg x)0 = = = = .
cos x cos2 x cos2 x cos2 x

− sin x · sin x − cos x · cos x

 cos x 0 sin2 x + cos2 x 1
(ctg x)0 = = 2 = − 2 =− 2 .
sin x sin x sin x sin x
Çàäà÷à 2. Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ

y = xex

y 0 = ex + xex .
Çàäà÷à 848. Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ

(2 − x2 )(3 − x3 )
y= .
(1 − x)2

((2 − x2 )(3 − x3 ))0 (1 − x)2 − (2 − x2 )(3 − x3 )((1 − x)2 )0

y0 = =
(1 − x)4

(2 − x2 )0 (3 − x3 ) + (2 − x2 )(3 − x3 )0 (1 − x)2 − (2 − x2 )(3 − x3 )((1 − x)2 )0

= =
(1 − x)4
−2x(3 − x3 ) − 3x2 (2 − x2 ) (1 − x)2 − (2 − x2 )(3 − x3 )(2x − 2)


= =
(1 − x)4
−2x(3 − x3 ) − 3x2 (2 − x2 ) (1 − x) + 2(2 − x2 )(3 − x3 )


= .
(1 − x)3
Ïðîèçâîäíàÿ êîìïîçèöèè

(f ◦ g)0 (t) = f 0 (g(t)) · g 0 (t).

 (f ◦ g ◦ h)0 (t) = f 0 (g(h(t))) · g 0 (h(t)) · h0 (t).
Çàäà÷à 854. Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ îò
p
y=x 1 + x2 .

p p p 2x p x2
y0 = 1 + x2 +x( 1 + x2 )0 = 1 + x2 +x √ = 1 + x2 + √ .
2 1 + x2 1 + x2
Çàäà÷à 3. Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ îò

y = sh x, ch x.
0
ex − e−x

0 1 1 1
(sh x) = = (ex −e−x )0 = (ex −e−x (−1)) = (ex +e−x ) = ch x.
2 2 2 2
0
ex + e−x

0 1 1 1
(ch x) = = (ex +e−x )0 = (ex +e−x (−1)) = (ex −e−x ) = sh x.
2 2 2 2
Çàäà÷à 4.
Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ y = ax .
x
y = ax = eln a = ex ln a .
y 0 = (ex ln a )0 = ex ln a · ln a = ax ln a.
x → x ln a = y → ey = ex ln a
(ax )0 = ax ln a.
Çàäà÷à 5. Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ
3
y = 3ctg x
.
3 3 −1
y 0 = 3ctg x
ln 3 · (ctg3 x)0 = ln 3 · 3ctg x
· 3ctg2 x · .
sin2 x
x → ctg x = y → y 3 = ctg3 x.
f (y) = y 3 , g(x) = ctg x.
Çàäà÷à 6.
2
Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ ôóíêöèé f (x) = (x + 2)6 , (3x + 5)8 , e−x , xex .
f (x) = (x + 2)6

f 0 (x) = 6(x + 2)5 .

 f (x) = (3x + 5)8

f 0 (x) = 8(3x + 5)7 · 3 = 24(3x + 5)7 .

f (x) = e−x
f 0 (x) = e−x · (−1) = −e−x .
2
f (x) = xex
2 2 2 2 2
f 0 (x) = ex + x · (ex )0 = ex + 2x2 ex = (1 + 2x2 )ex .

Çàäà÷à 7.
Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ ôóíêöèè
r
5 e2x
f (x) = ln .
1 + cos x

1 e2x 1
1
f (x) = ln = ln(e2x ) − ln(1 + cos x) = (2x − ln(1 + cos x)) .
5 1 + cos x 5 5

2 1 2 sin x2 cos x2
 
0 1 sin x 2 1 x
f (x) = 2+ = + 2 x = + tg .
5 1 + cos x 5 5 2 cos 2 5 5 2
Çàäà÷à 829.
Íàéòè f 0 (1), f 0 (2), f 0 (3), åñëè

f (x) = (x − 1)(x − 2)2 (x − 3)3 .


0 0
f 0 (x) = (x − 1) (x − 2)2 (x − 3)3 = (x−2)2 (x−3)3 +(x−1) (x − 2)2 (x − 3)3 .
 

f 0 (1) = −8.

0 0
f 0 (x) = (x − 2)2 (x − 1)(x − 3)3 = 2(x−2) (x − 1)(x − 3)3 +(x−2)2 (x − 1)(x − 3)3 .
   

f 0 (2) = 0.
f 0 (3) = 0.
Çàäà÷à 860.
Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ ôóíêöèè
r
√
q
y= x+ x + x.
 1+ 1
√ √
1 + √ 2 √x 1 + √2 √x+1√ √ p √ √
0 2 x+ x 4 x x+ x 4 x x+ x+2 x+1
y = q = q = q .
p √ p √ p √ p √ √
2 x+ x+ x 2 x+ x+ x 8 x+ x+ x x+ x x

Çàäà÷à 861.
Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ ôóíêöèè
r
√
q
3 3
y= 1+ 1 + 3 x.

1
2/3
3x√
3(1+ 3 x)2/3 1
y0 = p √ = p √ √ .
3(1 + 1 + x)2/3
3 3
27(1 + 1 + x)2/3 (1 + 3 x)2/3 x2/3
3 3

Çàäà÷à 874.
Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ ôóíêöèè
x x
y = sec2 + cosec2 .
a a

1 1 sin2 xa + cos2 xa 4
y= x + x = x 2 x = .
cos2 a sin2 a
2
cos a sin a sin2 2x
a

8 2x 2 16 cos 2x
y0 = − cos · = − · a
.
sin3 2x
a
a a a sin3 2x
a
Ëîãàðèôìè÷åñêîå äèôôåðåíöèðîâàíèå.
Çàäà÷à 1.
Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ îò ôóíêöèè f (x) = xx .
Ñïîñîá 1.

f 0 (x) 1
= (ln f (x))0 = (x ln x)0 = ln x + x · = ln x + 1
f (x) x
f 0 (x) = xx (ln x + 1).
Ñïîñîá 2.

(f (x))0 = (xx )0 = (ex ln x )0 = ex ln x (x ln x)0 = xx (ln x + 1).

Çàäà÷à 2.
 Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ y = xsin x .

y0 sin x
= (ln y)0 = (sin x ln x)0 = cos x ln x + .
y x
 
sin x
y 0 = xsin x cos x ln x + .
x
Çàäà÷à 3.
Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ
√
(x − 1)3 · x + 2
y= p .
3
(x + 1)2

1 2
ln y = 3 ln(x − 1) + ln(x + 2) − ln(x + 1).
2 3
y 0 3 1 2
= (ln y)0 = + − .
y x − 1 2(x + 2) 3(x + 1)
√
(x − 1)3 · x + 2
 
0 3 1 2
y = p + − .
3
(x + 1)2 x − 1 2(x + 2) 3(x + 1)
Çàäà÷à 4.
Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ
x
y = xx .
Óïðàæíåíèå 1.
x...x
Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ y = xx , ãäå èñïîëüçîâàíî n ñèìâîëîâ x.
Çàäà÷à 972.
Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ ôóíêöèè
 p 
y = ln cos2 x + 1 + cos4 x ,

ââîäÿ ïðîìåæóòî÷íóþ ïåðåìåííóþ u = cos2 x.

p
y = ln(u + 1 + u2 ).
Ïðàâèëî äèôôåðåíöèðîâàíèÿ ñëîæíîé ôóíêöèè ïî-äðóãîìó ìîæíî çà-
ïèñàòü òàê
dy dy du
= .
dx du dx
u
dy 1 + √1+u 2 1
= √ =√ .
du u+ 1+u 2 1 + u2
 du
= −2 cos x sin x = − sin 2x.
dx
dy dy du sin 2x
= = −√ .
dx du dx 1 + cos4 x
Îäíîñòîðîííèå ïðîèçâîäíûå.

f (x + h) − f (x)
f 0 (x) = lim
h→0 h
Ïðàâàÿ (ïðàâîñòîðîííÿÿ) ïðîèçâîäíàÿ

f (x + h) − f (x)
f+0 (x) = lim
h→+0 h
Ëåâàÿ (ëåâîñòîðîííÿÿ) ïðîèçâîäíàÿ

f (x + h) − f (x)
f−0 (x) = lim
h→−0 h
Êðèòåðèé äèôôåðåíöèðóåìîñòè.
Äëÿ äèôôåðåíöèðóåìîñòè â òî÷êå ôóíêöèè íåîáõîäèìî è äîñòàòî÷íî
ñóùåñòâîâàíèå, êîíå÷íîñòü è ñîâïàäåíèå ïðàâîé è ëåâîé ïðîèçâîäíîé â
ýòîé òî÷êå.
Çàäà÷à 1.
Èññëåäîâàòü íà äèôôåðåíöèðóåìîñòü ôóíêöèþ f (x) = |x| â òî÷êå
x = 0.
Âû÷èñëèì â òî÷êå 0 ëåâóþ è ïðàâóþ ïðîèçâîäíûå.

|0 + h| − |0| |h| h
f+0 (0) = lim = lim = lim = 1.
h→+0 h h→+0 h h→+0 h

|0 + h| − |0| |h| h
f−0 (0) = lim = lim = − lim = −1.
h→−0 h h→−0 h h→−0 h

Ïðàâàÿ è ëåâàÿ ïðîèçâîäíûå íå ñîâïàäàþò. Çíà÷èò, ôóíêöèÿ íå äèôôå-

ðåíöèðóåìà â òî÷êå x = 0.
Çàäà÷à 2.
Èññëåäîâàòü íà äèôôåðåíöèðóåìîñòü ôóíêöèþ f (x) = x|x| â òî÷êå
x = 0.

h|h|
f+0 (0) = lim = lim |h| = 0.
h→+0 h h→+0

h|h|
f−0 (0) = lim = lim |h| = 0.
h→−0 h h→−0
Ïðàâàÿ è ëåâàÿ ïðîèçâîäíàÿ ñîâïàäàþò. Çíà÷èò, ôóíêöèÿ äèôôåðåíöè-
ðóåìà â òî÷êå 0.
Çàäà÷à 3.
Èññëåäîâàòü äèôôåðåíöèðóåìîñòü ôóíêöèè
(
ln(1 + x), x ≥ 0,
f (x) =
x, x < 0

Ëåãêî óáåäèòüñÿ, ÷òî f (x) äèôôåðåíöèðóåìà âî âñåõ òî÷êàõ, çà èñ-

êëþ÷åíèåì òî÷êè 0. Äàëåå áóäåì èññëåäîâàòü äèôôåðåíöèðóåìîñòü â
òî÷êå 0. Äëÿ ýòîãî ñíà÷àëà èññëåäóåì íåïðåðûâíîñòü â ýòîé òî÷êå.

f (+0) = lim f (x) = lim ln(1 + x) = ln 1 = 0.

x→+0 x→0

f (−0) = lim f (x) = lim x = 0.

x→−0 x→0

Ìó óáåäèëèñü, ÷òî ôóíêöèÿ íåïðåðûâíà â òî÷êå 0. Èññëåäóåì ýòó ôóíê-

öèþ íà äèôôåðåíöèðóåìîñòü â òî÷êå 0.

ln(1 + h) − ln 1 ln(1 + h)
f+0 (0) = lim = lim = 1.
h→+0 h h→+0 h
h−0 h
f−0 (0) = lim = lim = 1.
h→−0 h h→−0 h

Ïðàâàÿ è ëåâàÿ ïðîèçâîäíûå ñîâïàäàþò. Çíà÷èò, ôóíêöèÿ äèôôåðåíöè-

ðóåìà â òî÷êå 0.
Çàäà÷à 4.
Ïîäîáðàòü çíà÷åíèÿ ïàðàìåòðîâ a è b òàê, ÷òîáû ôóíêöèÿ
(
x2 , x ≤ 1,
f (x) =
ax + b, x > 1

áûëà äèôôeðåíöèðóåìîé íà R.
Ñðàçó âèäíî, ÷òî âî âñåõ òî÷êàõ, êðîìå 1, ïðè ëþáûõ a è b ôóíêöèÿ
íåïðåðûâíà è äàæå äèôôåðåíöèðóåìà. Îñòàëîñü ïîíÿòü, ïðè êàêèõ a è
b ôóíêöèÿ äèôôåðåíöèðóåìà â òî÷êå 1.
Äëÿ íåïðåðûâíîñòè íåîáõîäèìî, ÷òîáû

a + b = 1.

Äëÿ äèôôåðåíöèðóåìîñòè íåîáõîäèìî, ÷òîáû

2 = a =⇒ b = −1.
 Äèôôåðåíöèðîâàíèå îáðàòíîé ôóíêöèè.
Åñëè ôóíêöèÿ f ñòðîãî ìîíîòîííà è íåïðåðûâíà â îêðåñòíîñòè òî÷êè
x0 , äèôôåðåíöèðóåìà â òî÷êå x0 è f 0 (x0 ) 6= 0, òî â íåêîòîðîé îêðåñòíî-
ñòè òî÷êè y0 = f (x0 ) ñóùåñòâóåò îáðàòíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ f −1 , êîòîðàÿ ñòðî-
ãî ìîíîòîííà, íåïðåðûâíà è èìååò â òî÷êå y0 êîíå÷íóþ ïðîèçâîäíóþ
(f −1 )0 (y0 ). Ïðè ýòîì
1
(f −1 )0 (y0 ) = 0
f (x0 )
1
(f −1 )0 (y) = .
f 0 (f −1 (y))
1
(f −1 )0 (x) = .
f 0 (f −1 (x))
Çàäà÷à 1.
Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ ôóíêöèè arcsin x.

 
1 1
q p
0 2 2
(arcsin x) = = cos(arcsin x) = 1 − sin (arcsin x) = 1 − x = √ .
cos(arcsin x) 1 − x2
Çàäà÷à 2. Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ ôóíêöèè arctan x.

1 1 1
(arctan x)0 = = cos2 (arctan x) = = .
tan0 (arctan x) 1+ tan2 (arctan x) 1 + x2

Óïðàæíåíèå 1.
Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ arcctg x àíàëîãè÷íûì îáðàçîì.
Çàäà÷à 3.
Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ ôóíêöèè arsh x.
1 1 1 1
(arsh x)0 = = = [ch2 α−sh2 α = 1] = q =√ .
sh0 (arshx) ch(arsh x) 2
1 + sh (arsh x) 1 + x 2

ex − e−x t − 1t
y = sh x = =
2 2
p
2y ± 4y 2 + 4 p
t2 − 2yt − 1 = 0 =⇒ t1,2 = = y ± y 2 + 1.
2
p
x = arsh y = ln(y + y 2 + 1).
Ïðîèçâîäíàÿ ïàðàìåòðè÷åñêè çàäàííîé ôóíêöèè.
 (
x = x(t) = ϕ(t),
y = y(t) = ψ(t)
t ∈ [α, β]
Ïðåäïîëîæèì, ÷òî ϕ îáðàòèìà. Òîãäà t = ϕ−1 (x).

y = y(t) = ψ(ϕ−1 (x))

Ôóíêöèÿ y = y(x) íàçûâàåòñÿ ïàðàìåòðè÷åñêè çàäàííîé ôóíêöèåé.

ßâíî çàäàííàÿ ôóíêöèÿ y = y(x) ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÷àñòíûì ñëó÷àåì ïàðà-
ìåòðè÷åñêîãî çàäàíèÿ: (
x = t,
y = y(t).
Åñëè ϕ è ψ äèôôåðåíöèðóåìû íà (α, β), ïðè÷åì ϕ0 (t) 6= 0, òî

ψ 0 (t) yt0
yx0 = = .
ϕ0 (t) x0t
dy
dy dt
= dx
.
dx dt
Çàäà÷à 1 (1044 èç Ä).
Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ ïàðàìåòðè÷åñêè çàäàííîé ôóíêöèè yx0
(
x = a(t − sin t),
y = a(1 − cos t).

Çäåñü t ∈ R.

yt0 a sin t sin t 2 sin 2t cos 2t t

yx0 = 0 = = = 2 t = ctg .
xt a(1 − cos t) 1 − cos t 2 sin 2 2

Ïðîèçâîäíàÿ íåÿâíî çàäàííîé ôóíêöèè.

Ðàññìàòðèâàåì ïàðû ÷èñåë (x, y), óäîâëåòâîðÿþùèõ ñîîòíîøåíèþ

F (x, y) = 0.

Ïðåäïîëîæèì, ÷òî åñòü ìíîæåñòâî X ⊂ R òàêîå, ÷òî äëÿ êàæäîãî

x ∈ X íàéäåòñÿ ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå îäèí y òàêîé, ÷òî

F (x, y) = 0.
Òîãäà äëÿ êàæäîãî x ìû ìîæåì âûáðàòü îäíî çíà÷åíèå y è ïîëó÷èòü
ôóíêöèþ y = y(x).
F (x, y(x)) = 0.
y = y(x) íàçûâàåòñÿ íåÿâíî çàäàííîé ôóíêöèåé.
ßâíîå çàäàíèå ôóíêöèè y = f (x) ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÷àñòíûì ñëó÷àåì íåÿâíî-
ãî çàäàíèÿ:
F (x, y) = y − f (x).

g(x) = F (x, y(x)) = 0

Çàäà÷à 1.
Íàéòè y 0 îò ôóíêöèè y = y(x), çàäàííîé íåÿâíî ñîîòíîøåíèåì

x2 + y 2 = 1.

Äèôôåðåíöèðóåì ñîîòíîøåíèå
x
2x + 2y(x)y 0 (x) = 0 =⇒ y 0 = − .
y
Çàäà÷à 2.
Äëÿ ôóíêöèè y(x), çàäàííîé íåÿâíî ñîîòíîøåíèåì

x4 − x2 y − y 3 = 0

âû÷èñëèòü y 0 â òî÷êå (2; 2).

4x3 − 2xy − x2 y 0 − 3y 2 y 0 = 0

4x3 − 2xy
y0 = .
x2 + 3y 2
32 − 8 3
y 0 (2) = = .
4 + 12 2
Çàäà÷à 3.
Íàéòè dy äëÿ ôóíêöèè y = y(x), çàäàííîé íåÿâíî ñîîòíîøåíèåì

x2 + xy + y 2 = 3.

1 ñïîñîá.
d(x2 + xy + y 2 ) = 0.
2xdx + xdy + ydx + 2ydy = 0
 2x + y
(x + 2y)dy = −(2x + y)dx =⇒ dy = − dx.
x + 2y
2 ñïîñîá.

2x + y
2x + xy 0 + y + 2yy 0 = 0 =⇒ y 0 = − .
x + 2y
dy 2x + y
= y 0 =⇒ dy = − dx.
dx x + 2y
Ãåîìåòðè÷åñêèé ñìûñë ïðîèçâîäíîé.
Åñëè f äèôôåðåíöèðóåìà âî âíóòðåííåé òî÷êå x0 , òî â òî÷êå (x0 , f (x0 ))
ñóùåñòâóåò êàñàòåëüíàÿ ê ãðàôèêó ôóíêöèè.

y = k(x − x0 ) + b

x = x0 =⇒ f (x0 ) = b
Óðàâíåíèå êàñàòåëüíîé

y = f 0 (x0 )(x − x0 ) + f (x0 ).

Óðàâíåíèå íîðìàëè
1
y=− (x − x0 ) + f (x0 ).
f 0 (x 0)

Çàäà÷à 1.
Íàïèñàòü óðàâíåíèå êàñàòåëüíîé è íîðìàëè ê ãðàôèêó ôóíêöèè
p
y = 5 − x2

â òî÷êå (1; 2).

−2x x 1
y0 = √ = −√ =⇒ y 0 (1) = − .
2 5 − x2 5 − x2 2
Óðàâíåíèå êàñàòåëüíîé
1
y = − (x − 1) + 2 =⇒ x + 2y − 5 = 0.
2
Óðàâíåíèå íîðìàëè

y = 2(x − 1) + 2 =⇒ y = 2x.

Çàäà÷à 2.
 Íàïèñàòü óðàâíåíèå êàñàòåëüíîé è íîðìàëè ê ãðàôèêó ôóíêöèè y =
y(x), çàäàííîé íåÿâíî ñîîòíîøåíèåì

y 4 − 4x4 − 6xy = 0.

â òî÷êå (1; 2).

4y 3 y 0 − 16x3 − 6y − 6xy 0 = 0
2y 3 y 0 − 8x3 − 3y − 3xy 0 = 0
Ïîäñòàâëÿåì x = 1, y = 2:
14
16y 0 (1) − 8 − 6 − 3y 0 (1) = 0 =⇒ y 0 (1) = .
13
Óðàâíåíèå êàñàòåëüíîé
14
y= (x − 1) + 2 =⇒ 14x − 13y + 12 = 0.
13
Óðàâíåíèå íîðìàëè
13
y=− (x − 1) + 2 =⇒ 13x + 14y − 41 = 0.
14
Çàäà÷à 3.
Íàïèñàòü óðàâíåíèå êàñàòåëüíîé è íîðìàëè ê êðèâîé
(
x = t2 ,
y = t3 .

ïðè t = 2.
Òî÷êà êàñàíèÿ ïðè t = 2 ýòî (4, 8).
dy
yt0 dy 3t2 3
yx0 = 0 = = dt
dx
= = t =⇒ y 0 (4) = 3
xt dx dt
2t 2

Óðàâíåíèå êàñàòåëüíîé

y = 3(x − 4) + 8 =⇒ y = 3x − 4.

Óðàâíåíèå íîðìàëè
1
y = − (x − 4) + 8 =⇒ x + 3y − 28 = 0.
3
 Çàäà÷à 4 (1055-Ä).
Íàïèñàòü óðàâíåíèÿ êàñàòåëüíîé è íîðìàëè ê êðèâîé
√
y = (x + 1) 3 3 − x

â òî÷êàõ A(−1; 0), B(2; 3), C(3; 0).

√ x+1
y0 = 3
3−x−
3(3 − x)2/3
Òî÷êà A(−1; 0) √
y 0 (−1) =
3
4.
Óðàâíåíèå êàñàòåëüíîé â òî÷êå A
√
3
y = 4(x + 1)

Óðàâíåíèå íîðìàëè â òî÷êå A

1
y = −√
3
(x + 1)
4
Òî÷êà B(2; 3)
3
y 0 (2) = 1 −
= 1 − 1 = 0.
3
Êàñàòåëüíàÿ áóäåò ïàðàëëåëüíà îñè Ox. Óðàâíåíèå êàñàòåëüíîé â òî÷êå
B
y = 0(x − 2) + 3 =⇒ y = 3.
Óðàâíåíèå íîðìàëè â òî÷êå B

x = 2.

Òî÷êà C(3; 0)
y 0 (3) = ∞.
Êàñàòåëüíàÿ áóäåò ïàðàëëåëüíà îñè Oy . Óðàâíåíèå êàñàòåëüíîé â òî÷êå
C
y = 0.
Óðàâíåíèå íîðìàëè â òî÷êå C

x = 3.

Óãëîì ìåæäó ãðàôèêàìè ôóíêöèé Γf1 è Γf2 â òî÷êå M íàçûâàþò

óãîë ϕ, îáðàçîâàííûé êàñàòåëüíûìè ê ãðàôèêàì â òî÷êå M .
  0
 f1 (x0 ) − f20 (x0 ) 

tan ϕ = 
 .
1 + f 0 (x0 )f 0 (x0 ) 
1 2
Çàäà÷à 5.
Îïðåäåëèòü â êàêèõ òî÷êàõ è ïîä êàêèì óãëîì ïåðåñåêàþòñÿ ãðàôèêè
ôóíêöèé y = x2 è x = y 2 .

x = y 2 = x4 =⇒ x4 − x = x(x3 − 1) = x(x − 1)(x2 + x + 1) = 0.

Ïîëó÷àåì òî÷êè ïåðåñå÷åíèÿ O(0, 0), M (1, 1).

y1 = x2 =⇒ y10 = 2x, y10 (0) = 0.

1
x = y22 =⇒ 1 = 2y2 y20 =⇒ y20 = .
2y2
 òî÷êå O óãîë ìåæäó ãðàôèêàìè ñîñòàâëÿåò 2.
π

1
y10 (1) = 2, y20 (1) = .
2
Íàéäåì óãîë ìåæäó ãðàôèêàìè â òî÷êå M
 
2 − 1  3
2
tan ϕ =  = .

1 + 1 4

3
ϕ = arctg .
4
Äèôôåðåíöèàë. Ïðèáëèæåííûå âû÷èñëåíèÿ.
Åñëè f äèôôåðåíöèðóåìà â òî÷êå x0 ,òî

f (x0 + ∆x) = f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 )∆x + o(∆x), ∆x → 0.

Ìîæíî ïîëüçîâàòüñÿ ýòèì äëÿ ïðèáëèæåííûõ âû÷èñëåíèé

f (x0 + ∆x) ≈ f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 )∆x.

f (x0 + ∆x) − f (x0 ) ≈ df (x0 )(∆x).

Çàäà÷à 1.
Ïðèáëèæåííî âû÷èñëèòü, çàìåíÿÿ ïðèðàùåíèå ôóíêöèè äèôôåðåí-
öèàëîì, çíà÷åíèå arctg 1, 05.

f (x) = arctg x, x0 = 1, ∆x = 0, 05.

 1
arctg 1, 05 ≈ arctg 1 + · 0, 05 ≈ 0, 785 + 0, 025 = 0, 81.
1 + 12
Çàäà÷à 2.
Ïðèáëèæåííî âû÷èñëèòü,
√ çàìåíÿÿ ïðèðàùåíèå ôóíêöèè äèôôåðåí-
öèàëîì, çíà÷åíèå 3 9.

f (x0 + ∆x) ≈ f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 )∆x.

√
r
3
√
3 3 1
9= 8+1=2 1+ .
8
√ 1
f (x) = 3 x, x0 = 1, ∆x = .
8
√
r
3 1 3 1 1 1 25
1+ ≈ 1+ · = 1 + = .
8 3 · 12/3 8 24 24
√
r
3 3 1 25
9 = 2 1 + =≈ ≈ 2, 08.
8 12
Çàäà÷à 3 (1100-Ä).
Çàìåíÿÿ ïðèðàùåíèå ôóíêöèè äèôôåðåíöèàëîì, íàéòè ïðèáëèæåí-
íî ñëåäóþùåå çíà÷åíèå:
sin 29◦ .
f (x0 + ∆x) ≈ f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 )∆x.
π π
f (x) = sin x, x0 = , ∆x = − .
6 180
π √
◦ π  1 π π 3 π
sin 29 = sin − ≈ −cos · = 0, 5− · ≈ 0, 5−0, 015 = 0, 485.
6 180 2 6 180 2 180
Ïðîèçâîäíûå è äèôôåðåíöèàëû âûñøèõ ïîðÿäêîâ.
Çàäà÷à 1.
Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ âòîðîãî ïîðÿäêà ôóíêöèè

f (x) = ln |x + 2|, x 6= −2.

1
f 0 (x) = .
x+2
1
f 00 (x) = − .
(x + 2)2
Çàäà÷à 2.
 Äëÿ ôóíêöèè f (x) = (1 + x2 )arctg x íàéòè f 0 (x), f 00 (x), f 000 (0).
1
f 0 (x) = 2xarctg x + (1 + x2 ) · = 2xarctg x + 1.
1 + x2
2x
f 00 (x) = 2arctg x + .
1 + x2
2 2(1 + x2 ) − 2x · 2x 2 2 − 2x2
f 000 (x) = + = + .
1 + x2 (1 + x2 )2 1 + x2 (1 + x2 )2
f 000 (0) = 2 + 2 = 4.
Âñïîìíèì ïðîèçâîäíûå âûñøèõ ïîðÿäêîâ îò îñíîâíûõ ýëåìåíòàðíûõ
ôóíêöèé:
1)
(xα )(n) = α(α − 1) · . . . · (α − n + 1)xα−n .
2)
(n − 1)!
(ln x)(n) = (−1)n−1 .
xn
3)
(ax )(n) = ax (ln a)n .
4)  πn 
(sin x)(n) = sin x + .
2
5)  πn 
(cos x)(n) = cos x + .
2
6) (
cosh x, n = 2k − 1
(sinh x)(n) =
sinh x, n = 2k
7) (
cosh x, n = 2k
(cosh x)(n) =
sinh x, n = 2k − 1
Çàäà÷à 3.
Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ n-ãî ïîðÿäêà ôóíêöèè f (x) = cos 2x.
 πn 
f (n) (x) = 2n cos 2x + .
2
Çàäà÷à 4.
 Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ f (10) (x) ôóíêöèè f (x) = sin 4x.
 
(10) 10 10π
f (x) = 4 sin 4x + = −410 sin 4x.
2
Çàäà÷à 5.
Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ f (20) (x) ôóíêöèè f (x) = 2x−1 .
1

1 220 20!
f (20) (x) = 220 · (−1)(−2)(−3) . . . (−20) = .
(2x − 1)21 (2x − 1)21
Çàäà÷à 6.
Ñ÷èòàÿ x íåçàâèñèìîé ïåðåìåííîé, âû÷èñëèòü d5 f (x), åñëè f (x) =
23x .
d5 f
= f (5) .
dx5
d5 f (x) = 35 ln5 2 · 23x dx5
Çàäà÷à 7.
2
Âû÷èñëèòü äèôôåðåíöèàë âòîðîãî ïîðÿäêà ôóíêöèè f (x) = ex â
äâóõ ñëó÷àÿõ:
1) x  íåçàâèñèìàÿ ïåðåìåííàÿ
2) x  çàâèñèìàÿ ïåðåìåííàÿ
1)
d2 f (x) = f 00 (x)dx2
2 2 2 2
f 00 (x) = (2xex )0 = 2ex + 4x2 ex = 2ex (1 + 2x2 ).
2
d2 f (x) = 2ex (1 + 2x2 )dx2 .
2)

d2 f (x) = d(df )(x) = d(f 0 (x)dx)(x) = f 00 (x)dx2 + f 0 (x)d2 x

2 2
d2 f (x) = 2ex (1 + 2x2 )dx2 + 2xex d2 x.
Çàäà÷à 8.
Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ f (10) (x) äëÿ ôóíêöèè f (x) = sin4 x.

 2
4 1 − cos 2x 1
f (x) = sin x = = (1 − 2 cos 2x + cos2 2x) =
2 4
 
1 1 + cos 4x 3 1 1
= 1 − 2 cos 2x + = − cos 2x + cos 4x.
4 2 8 2 8
 1 1
f 10 (x) = − 210 cos(2x + 5π) + 410 cos(4x + 5π) = 29 cos 2x − 217 cos 4x.
2 8
Çàäà÷à 9.
Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ f (8) (x) äëÿ ôóíêöèè f (x) = 1
x2 −4
.

1 1 a b
= = + .
x2
−4 (x − 2)(x + 2) x−2 x+2
(
a + b = 0, 1 1
1 = a(x + 2) + b(x − 2) =⇒ =⇒ a = , b = − .
2a − 2b = 1. 4 4
 
1 1 1 1
= − .
x2 − 4 4 x−2 x+2
 (8)    
1 1 8 8! 8 8! 1 1
= (−1) − (−1) = 2·7! − .
x2 − 4 4 (x − 2)9 (x + 2)9 (x − 2)9 (x + 2)9
Ïðàâèëî Ëåéáíèöà

n
X
(uv)(n) = Cnk u(n−k) v k .
k=0

n
X
(uv)(n) = Cnk u(k) v (n−k) .
k=0

Çàäà÷à 10.
Íàéòè ïðîèçâîäíóþ f (100) (x) ôóíêöèè f (x) = (x3 + x2 + 3x + 2) cos 3x.

(uv)(100) = ((x3 + x2 + 3x + 2) cos 3x)(100) = (x3 + x2 + 3x + 2)(cos 3x)(100) +

100 · 99 3
+100(x3 + x2 + 3x + 2)0 (cos 3x)(99) + (x + x2 + 3x + 2)00 (cos 3x)(98) +
2
100 · 99 · 98 3
+ (x + x2 + 3x + 2)000 (cos 3x)(97) =
3!
= (x3 + x2 + 3x + 2)3100 cos(3x + 50π) + 100(3x2 + 2x + 3)399 sin 3x−
100 · 99 100 · 99 · 98
− (6x + 2)398 cos 3x − 6 · 397 sin 3x =
2 6
= 398 (9x3 + 9x2 − 29673x − 9882) cos 3x + 100(9x2 + 6x − 3225) sin 3x .


 Òåîðåìû Ðîëëÿ, Ëàãðàíæà è Êîøè.
Çàäà÷à 1238.
Ïóñòü
1) ôóíêöèÿ f (x) îïðåäåëåíà è èìååò íåïðåðûâíóþ ïðîèçâîäíóþ
(n − 1)-ãî ïîðÿäêà f (n−1) (x) íà îòðåçêå [x0 , xn ];
2) f (x) èìååò ïðîèçâîäíóþ n-ãî ïîðÿäêà íà èíòåðâàëå (x0 , xn )
è âûïîëíåíû ðàâåíñòâà

f (x0 ) = f (x1 ) = . . . = f (xn ) (x0 < x1 < . . . < xn ).

Äîêàçàòü, ÷òî â èíòåðâàëå (x0 , xn ) ñóùåñòâóåò ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå îäíà

òî÷êà ξ òàêàÿ, ÷òî
f (n) (ξ) = 0.
Äîêàçàòü ïî èíäóêöèè.
Òåîðåìà Ëàãðàíæà.
Ïóñòü f ∈ C[a, b] è f äèôôåðåíöèðóåìà íà (a, b), òî

f (b) − f (a) = f 0 (ξ)(b − a).

Çàäà÷à 1251.1
Äîêàçàòü íåðàâåíñòâî

| sin x − sin y| ≤ |x − y|.

| sin x − sin y| = | cos ξ| · |x − y| ≤ |x − y|.

 ÷àñòíîñòè, ïðè y = 0
| sin x| ≤ |x|.
Çàäà÷à 1251.2
Äîêàçàòü íåðàâåíñòâî

py p−1 (x − y) ≤ xp − y p ≤ pxp−1 (x − y), 0 < y < x, p > 1.

xp − y p = pξ p−1 (x − y), ξ ∈ (y, x).

py p−1 (x − y) ≤ pξ p−1 (x − y) ≤ pxp−1 (x − y).
Ïðàâèëî Ëîïèòàëÿ.

x + sin x
lim = 1.
x→+∞ x
Çàäà÷à 1.
 Íàéòè
sin 2x − sin2 x
lim .
x→0 x + x3 − x4

sin 2x − sin2 x 2 cos 2x − 2 sin x cos x

lim 3 4
= lim = 2.
x→0 x + x − x x→0 1 + 3x2 − 4x3
Çàäà÷à 2.
Íàéòè
2x − arctan 2x
lim .
x→0 sin x3
2
2x − arctan 2x 2x − arctan 2x 2 − 1+4x2 8x2 8
lim 3
= lim 3
= lim 2
= lim 2 2
= .
x→0 sin x x→0 x x→0 3x x→0 3x (1 + 4x ) 3
Çàäà÷à 3.
Íàéòè √
5x3 − x − 2x
lim √5
.
x→1 x2 − 1
√ 2
√ −1 −
15x
5x3 − x − 2x 2 5x3 −x
2 14
−2 15
√ 4
lim 5
= lim 2 −3/5 = 2 = .
x→1 x2 − 1 x→1
5x 5
4
Çàäà÷à 4.
Íàéòè
ln x2
lim √ .
x→∞ 3 x

2
ln x2 x 6
lim √3
= lim 1 −2/3
= lim 1/3 = 0.
x→∞ x x→∞ x
3
x→∞ x

Çàäà÷à 5.
Íàéòè
ln sin x
lim .
x→+0 ln tan x
cos x
ln sin x sin x cos2 x · sin x
lim = lim 1 = lim = 1.
x→+0 ln tan x x→+0 x→+0 sin x
tan x·cos2 x
Çàäà÷à 6.
Íàéòè π
2 − arctan x
lim
.
x→+∞ ln 1 + x1
π π 1
2 − arctan x 2 − arctan x − 1+x 2 x2
lim
= lim = lim = lim = 1.
x→+∞ ln 1 + x1 x→+∞ 1
x
x→+∞ − x12 x→+∞ 1 + x2
 Çàäà÷à 7.
Íàéòè
x4 − 4x + 3
lim .
x→1 4x3 − 9x2 + 6x − 1

x4 − 4x + 3 4x3 − 4 12x2
lim = lim = lim = 2.
x→1 4x3 − 9x2 + 6x − 1 x→1 12x2 − 18x + 6 x→1 24x − 18

Çàäà÷à 8.
Íàéòè
arcsin 2x − 2 arcsin x
lim .
x→0 sin3 2x
√ 2 2
− √1−x
arcsin 2x − 2 arcsin x arcsin 2x − 2 arcsin x 1−4x2 2
lim 3 = lim 3
= lim 2
=
x→0 sin 2x x→0 8x x→0 24x
√ √ √ √
1 − x2 − 1 − 4x2 1 − x2 − 1 − 4x2
= lim √ √ = lim =
x→0 12x2 · 1 − x2 · 1 − 4x2 x→0 12x2
3x2 1 1 1
= lim √ √ = lim √ √ = .
x→0 12x2 ( 1 − x2 + 1 − 4x2 ) 4 x→0 1 − x2 + 1 − 4x2 8
Çàäà÷à 9.
Íàéòè 2
e1/x − 1
lim .
x→∞ 2 arctan x2 − π
2 1
e1/x − 1 x2
− x23 1 + x4 1
lim = lim = lim = − lim =− .
x→∞ 2 arctan x2 − π x→∞ 2 arctan x2 − π x→∞ 4x 4 x→∞ 2x4 2
1+x
Çàäà÷à 10.
Íàéòè  
x+1 π
lim x arctan − .
x→∞ x+2 4
arctan x+1
x+2 −
π
 
x+1 π 4
lim x arctan − = [(∞ · 0)] = lim 1 =
x→∞ x+2 4 x→∞
x
1 x+2−x−1
(x+1)2
· (x+2)2
1+
(x+2)2 x2 1
= lim = − lim =− .
x→∞ − x12 x→∞ (x + 2)2 + (x + 1)2 2
Çàäà÷à 11.
Íàéòè  
1 1
lim x
− .
x→0 e − 1 sin x
 sin x − ex + 1
 
1 1
lim x
− = [(∞ − ∞)] = lim =
x→0 e − 1 sin x x→0 (ex − 1) sin x

sin x − ex + 1 cos x − ex − sin x − ex 1

= lim 2
= lim = lim =− .
x→0 x x→0 2x x→0 2 2
Çàäà÷à 12.
Íàéòè
lim xx .
x→+0
  !
ln x
lim xx = [00 ] = lim ex ln x = exp lim x ln x = exp lim 1 =
x→+0 x→+0 x→+0 x→+0
x
!
1
= exp lim x1 = e0 = 1.
x→+0 − 2
x
Ôîðìóëà Òåéëîðà

f 0 (x0 ) f 00 (x0 ) f (n) (x0 )

f (x) = f (x0 )+ (x−x0 )+ (x−x0 )2 +. . .+ (x−x0 )n +rn (x).
1! 2! n!
rn (x) = o((x − x0 )n ).
f 0 (0) f 00 (0) 2 f (n) (0) n
f (x) = f (0) + x+ x + ... + x + o(xn ).
1! 2! n!
Ðàçëîæåíèÿ ýëåìåíòàðíûõ ôóíêöèé ïî ôîðìóëå Ìàêëîðåíà:
n
x2 xn X xk
ex = 1 + x + + ... + + o(xn ) = + o(xn ).
2! n! k!
k=0

n
x3 x5 (−1)n x2n+1 X (−1)k x2k+1
sin x = x− + −. . .+ +o(x2n+2 ) = +o(x2n+2 ).
3! 5! (2n + 1)! (2k + 1)!
k=0
n
x2 x4 (−1)n x2n X (−1)k x2k
cos x = 1 − + −...+ + o(x2n+1 ) = + o(x2n+1 ).
2! 4! (2n)! (2k)!
k=0
n
x2 x3 (−1)n−1 xn X (−1)k−1 xk
ln(1 + x) = x − + −. . .+ + o(xn ) = + o(xn ).
2 3 n k
k=1
n
x2 x3 xn X xk
ln(1 − x) = −x − − − ... − + o(xn ) = − + o(xn ).
2 3 n k
k=1

α(α − 1) 2 α(α − 1) . . . (α − n + 1) n
(1 + x)α = 1 + αx + x +...+ x + o(xn ) =
2! n!
 n
X α(α − 1) . . . (α − k + 1)
=1+ xk + o(xn ).
k!
k=1
n
1 X
= 1 + x + x2 + . . . xn + o(xn ) = xk + o(xn ).
1−x
k=0
n
1 X
= 1 − x + x2 − x3 + . . . + (−1)xn + o(xn ) = (−1)k xk + o(xn ).
1+x
k=0
Çàäà÷à 1.
Ðàçëîæèòü ïî ôîðìóëå ÒåéëîðàÏåàíî â îêðåñòíîñòè çàäàííîé òî÷-
êè x0 ôóíêöèþ f (x) äî o((x − x0 )n ).
1
f (x) = e 2 x+2 , x0 = 0.
n 1

k n
2 1
x 2
X
2x
X e2 k
f (x) = e e 2 =e + o(xn ) = x + o(xn ) =
k! 2k k!
k=0 k=0
n
X e2
= xk + o(xn ).
(2k)!!
k=0
Çàäà÷à 2.
Ðàçëîæèòü ïî ôîðìóëå ÒåéëîðàÏåàíî â îêðåñòíîñòè çàäàííîé òî÷-
êè x0 ôóíêöèþ f (x) äî o((x − x0 )n ).

f (x) = ln(5 − 4x), x0 = 0.

    
4 4
ln(5 − 4x) = ln 5 1 − x = ln 5 + ln 1 − x =
5 5
n
X 4k k
= ln 5 − x + o(xn ).
5k · k
k=1
Çàäà÷à 3.
Ðàçëîæèòü ïî ôîðìóëå ÒåéëîðàÏåàíî â îêðåñòíîñòè çàäàííîé òî÷-
êè x0 ôóíêöèþ f (x) äî o((x − x0 )2n+1 ).

f (x) = cos2 x, x0 = 0.
n
2 1 + cos 2x 1 1 1 1 X (−1)k · 4k 2k
cos x = = + cos 2x = + x + o(x2n+1 ).
2 2 2 2 2 (2k)!
k=0
Çàäà÷à 4.
 Ðàçëîæèòü ïî ôîðìóëå ÒåéëîðàÏåàíî â îêðåñòíîñòè çàäàííîé òî÷-
êè x0 ôóíêöèþ f (x) äî o((x − x0 )n ).

1
f (x) = , x0 = 1.
2x + 3
k n
1 1 1 1X k2
f (x) = = · = (−1) (x−1)k +o((x−1)n ) =
2(x − 1) + 5 5 1 + 25 (x − 1) 5 5k
k=0
n
X 2k
= (−1)k k+1 (x − 1)k + o((x − 1)n ).
5
k=0

Çàäà÷à 5.
Ðàçëîæèòü ôóíêöèþ f (x) = tan x äî o(x5 ).

f 0 (0) f 00 (0) 2 f (n) (0) n

f (x) = f (0) + x+ x + ... + x + o(xn ).
1! 2! n!
1
, f 0 (0) = 1.
f 0 (x) =
cos2 x
sin x
f 00 (x) = 2 3 , f 00 (0) = 0.
cos x
Ìîæíî è äàëüøå ÷åñòíî íàõîäèòü âñå ïðîèçâîäíûå. Íî ìû ïîñòóïèì
õèòðåå. Çàìåòèì, ÷òî
f 0 (x) = 1 + f 2 (x).
f 00 (x) = 2f (x)f 0 (x), f 00 (0) = 0.
f 000 = 2(f 0 )2 + 2f f 00 , f 000 (0) = 2.
f (4) = 4f 0 f 00 + 2f 0 f 00 + 2f f 000 = 6f 0 f 00 + 2f f 000 , f (4) (0) = 0.
f (5) = 6(f 00 )2 +6f 0 f 000 +2f 0 f 000 +2f f (4) = 6(f 00 )2 +8f 0 f 000 +2f f (4) , f (5) (0) = 16.
2 3 16 5 1 2
tan x = x + x + x + o(x5 ) = x + x3 + x5 + o(x5 ).
3! 5! 3 15
Çàäà÷à 6.
Ðàçëîæèòü ïî ôîðìóëå ÒåéëîðàÏåàíî ôóíêöèþ

f (x) = esin x

äî o(x3 ).
Ïåðâûé ñïîñîá.
 ×åñòíî íàéòè âñå íóæíûå ïðîèçâîäíûå

f (0) = 1.

f 0 (x) = esin x cos x =⇒ f 0 (0) = 1.

f 00 (x) = esin x cos2 x − esin x sin x =⇒ f 00 (0) = 1.
f 000 (x) = esin x cos x(cos2 x−sin x)+esin x (−2 cos x sin x−cos x) =⇒ f 000 (0) = 0.
1
esin x = 1 + x + x2 + o(x3 ).
2
Âòîðîé ñïîñîá.
Âîñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ ýëåìåíòàðíûìè ðàçëîæåíèÿìè

sin x sin2 x sin3 x

esin x = 1 +
+ + + o(x3 ) =
1! 2! 3!
2 3
x3 1 x3 x3
 
3 1
=1+x− + x− + o(x ) + x− + o(x ) + o(x3 ) =
3
6 2 6 6 6
1
= 1 + x + x2 + o(x3 ).
2
Ìîæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü ðàçëîæåíèÿ Òåéëîðà ïðè âû÷èñëåíèè ïðåäåëîâ.
Ïðèâåäåì ñïèñîê íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî èñïîëüçóåìûõ ðàçëîæåíèé äî ÷ëåíà
o(x5 ):

x2 x3 x4 x5
ex = 1 + x + + + + + o(x5 )
2 6 24 120
x3 x5
sin x = x − + + o(x5 )
6 120
x2 x4
cos x = 1 − + + o(x5 )
2 24
x3 2
tg x = x + + x5 + o(x5 )
3 15
x3 x5
arctg x = x − + + o(x5 )
3 5
x3 3
arcsin x = x + + x5 + o(x5 )
6 40
α(α − 1) 2 α(α − 1)(α − 2) 3
(1 + x)α = 1 + αx + x + x +
2 6
 α(α − 1)(α − 2)(α − 3) 4 α(α − 1)(α − 2)(α − 3)(α − 4) 5
+ x + x + o(x5 )
24 120
√ 1 1 1 5 4 7 5
1 + x = 1 + x − x2 + x3 − x + x + o(x5 ).
2 8 16 128 256
√ 1 1 5 10 4 22 5
3
1 + x = 1 + x − x2 + x3 − x + x + o(x5 )
3 9 81 243 729
1
= 1 − x + x2 − x3 + x4 − x5 + o(x5 )
1+x
1
= 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + o(x5 )
1−x
x2 x3 x4 x5
ln(1 + x) = x − + − + + o(x5 )
2 3 4 5
x2 x3 x4 x5
ln(1 − x) = −x − − − − + o(x5 )
2 3 4 5
x3 x5
sh x = x + + + o(x5 )
6 120
x2 x4
ch x = 1 + + + o(x5 )
2 24
Çàäà÷à 7.
Íàéòè
x − sin x
lim .
x→0 x2− 2x + 2 ln(1 + x)

x3 x3
 
x − sin x = x − x − + o(x3 ) = + o(x3 ).
6 6
x2 x3
 
2 2 2
x − 2x + 2 ln(1 + x) = x − 2x + 2 x − + + o(x ) = x3 + o(x3 ).
3
2 3 3
x 3
x − sin x + o(x3 ) 1
lim 2 = lim 2 6 3 = .
x→0 x − 2x + 2 ln(1 + x) x→0 x + o(x ) 3 4
3
Çàäà÷à 8.
Íàéòè
x sin x
lim 2 .
x→0 ln (1 + x) + 1 − cos 2x

x sin x = x2 + o(x2 ).
2
x2

ln2 (1 + x) + 1 − cos 2x = x − + o(x2 ) + 1 − 1 − 2x2 + o(x2 ) =


2
 = 3x2 + o(x2 ).
x sin x x2 + o(x2 ) 1
lim 2 = lim 2 2
= .
x→0 ln (1 + x) + 1 − cos 2x x→0 3x + o(x ) 3
Çàäà÷à 9.
Íàéòè  ctg2 x
arcsin x
lim
x→0 x

 ctg2 x   
arcsin x ∞ 2 arcsin x
lim = (1 ) = exp lim ctg x · ln
x→0 x x→0 x
Íàøà çàäà÷à  âû÷èñëèòü ïðåäåë
 
arcsin x
lim ctg2 x · ln
x→0 x
Èìååì
1 1
ctg2 x = ∼ 2 , x → 0.
tg2 x x
x3
+ o(x4 )
arcsin x = x +
6
arcsin x x2
=1+ + o(x3 ).
x 6
 
x2 3 x2

arcsin x
 ln 1 + 6 + o(x ) + o(x2 ) 1
lim ctg2 x · ln = lim = lim 6
= .
x→0 x x→0 x2 x→0 x2 6
 2
arcsin x ctg x

lim = e1/6 .
x→0 x
Çàäà÷à 10.
Íàéòè √ √ √

lim x3/2 x+1+ x−1−2 x
x→+∞
r r !
3/2
√ √ √
1 1
lim x x+1+ x − 1 − 2 x = lim x2 1+ + 1− −2 =
x→+∞ x→+∞ x x
√ √
1 + 12 t − 18 t2 + 1 − 12 t − 18 t2 − 2 + o(t2 )



1+t+ 1−t−2 1
= lim 2
= lim 2
=− .
t→+0 t t→+0 t 4
Ìîíîòîííîñòü è ýêñòðåìóìû.
 Çàäà÷à 1.
Ïðè êàêèõ çíà÷åíèÿõ ïàðàìåòðà a ôóíêöèÿ

a2 − 1 3
f (x) = x + (a − 1)x2 + 2x
3
âîçðàñòàåò íà âñåé ÷èñëîâîé ïðÿìîé?
Ðàññìîòðèì ñëó÷àé a2 − 1 = 0. Ïðè a = 1 ïîëó÷àåì f (x) = 2x,
f 0 (x) = 2 > 0. Ïðè a = −1 ïîëó÷àåì f (x) = −2x2 + 2x, f 0 (x) = −4x + 2.
Ðàññìîòðèì îáùèé ñëó÷àé

f 0 (x) = (a2 − 1)x2 + 2(a − 1)x + 2 ≥ 0.

(
a2 − 1 ≥ 0,
(a − 1)2 − 2(a2 − 1) ≤ 0
(
|a| ≥ 1,
(a − 1)(−a − 3) ≤ 0
Îòâåò: a ∈ (−∞; −3] ∪ [1; +∞).
Çàäà÷à 2.
Îïðåäåëèòü ïðîìåæóòêè âîçðàñòàíèÿ è óáûâàíèÿ ôóíêöèè

3x2
f (x) = .
4 − x2
6x(4 − x2 ) − 3x2 · (−2x) 24x
f 0 (x) = 2 2
= .
(4 − x ) (4 − x2 )2
Âîçðàñòàåò ïðè x ∈ (0, 2) ∪ (2; +∞). Óáûâàåò ïðè x ∈ (−∞, −2) ∪
(−2; 0).
Çàäà÷à 3.
Èññëåäîâàòü íà ýêñòðåìóì ôóíêöèþ

f (x) = 2x3 − 3x2 + 1.

f 0 (x) = 6x2 − 6x = 6x(x − 1) = 0 =⇒ x = 0, 1.

f 00 (x) = 12x − 6, f 00 (0) = −6, f 00 (1) = 6
0  òî÷êà ëîêàëüíîãî ìàêñèìóìà, 1  òî÷êà ëîêàëüíîãî ìèíèìóìà.
Çàäà÷à 4.
Èññëåäîâàòü íà ýêñòðåìóì ôóíêöèþ

f (x) = x2/3 (1 − x).

 2 2(1 − x) − 3x 2 − 5x
f 0 (x) = x−1/3 (1 − x) − x2/3 = 1/3
= = 0.
3 3x 3x1/3
Ïðè ïåðåõîäå ÷åðåç òî÷êó x = 52 ïðîèçâîäíàÿ ìåíÿåò çíàê ñ ¾+¿ íà ¾-¿.
Çíà÷èò, ýòî òî÷êà ëîêàëüíîãî ìàêñèìóìà.
 òî÷êå 0 ôóíêöèÿ íå äèôôåðåíöèðóåìà, ïðè ýòîì

f+0 (0) = +∞.

f−0 (0) = −∞.

Òàêèå òî÷êè íàçûâàþòñÿ òî÷êàìè îñòðèÿ. Ëåãêî ïîêàçàòü, ÷òî x = 0 
òî÷êà ëîêàëüíîãî ìèíèìóìà. Äåéñòâèòåëüíî, f (0) = 0, à â ïðîêîëîòîé
äîñòàòî÷íî ìàëîé îêðåñòíîñòè òî÷êè 0 çíà÷åíèÿ ôóíêöèè ïîëîæèòåëü-
íû.
Çàäà÷à 5.
Íàéòè ãëîáàëüíûå ýêñòðåìóìû ôóíêöèè

f (x) = (x − 2)2 e|x|

íà îòðåçêå [−2; 3].

f 0 (x) = 2(x − 2)e|x| + (x − 2)2 e|x| sgn x, x 6= 0.

e|x| (x − 2)(2 + (x − 2)sgn x) = 0.

Íàõîäèì òî÷êè, ïîäîçðèòåëüíûå íà ýêñòðåìóì:

ˆ x = 2  òàì ïðîèçâîäíàÿ ðàâíà 0

ˆ x = 0  òàì ôóíêöèÿ íå äèôôåðåíöèðóåìà (èëè, ìû ïî êðàéíåé

ìåðå íå çíàåì, äèôôåðåíöèðóåìà îíà â ýòîé òî÷êå èëè íåò)

ˆ x = −2  ëåâûé êîíåö îòðåçêà

ˆ x = 3  ïðàâûé êîíåö îòðåçêà

Ïîñêîëüêó íåïðåðûâíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ íà îòðåçêå äîñòèãàåò ñâîèõ ýêñòðå-

ìàëüíûõ çíà÷åíèé, íóæíî ïîñ÷èòàòü çíà÷åíèÿ ôóíêöèè â òî÷êàõ, ïî-
äîçðèòåëüíûõ íà ýêñòðåìóì, è âûáðàòü ìàêñèìàëüíîå/ìèíèìàëüíîå

f (0) = 4, f (−2) = 16e2 , f (2) = 0, f (3) = e3 .

2  òî÷êà ãëîáàëüíîãî ìèíèìóìà, −2  òî÷êà ãëîáàëüíîãî ìàêñèìóìà.

Çàäà÷à 6.
 Íàéòè ãëîáàëüíûå ýêñòðåìóìû ôóíêöèè

f (x) = xex

íà R.

f 0 (x) = (1 + x)ex .
x = −1  ñòàöèîíàðíàÿ òî÷êà. Ëåãêî âèäåòü, ÷òî x = −1  òî÷êà ëî-
êàëüíîãî ìèíèìóìà.
f (+∞) = +∞.
f (−∞) = 0.
f (−1) = −e−1 .
Òî÷êà ãëîáàëüíîãî ìèíèìóìà  x = −1. Ãëîáàëüíîãî ìàêñèìóìà íåò.