1st Semester

Grade 12
Quarter 1/Week 1 & 2

INTRODUCTION

Our unit on Fractions provides a step-by-step introduction through a visual and

conceptual approach. Basic terminology is covered, followed by procedures for
classifying and performing the fundamental operation of fraction.

A. Basic Concepts

When a whole quantity or set is divided into parts, each part is called a fraction.
It consists of numerator and a denominator. The numerator is the number above
the fraction bar; the denominator is the number below the fraction bar. The fraction
bar is called the vinculum which indicates division. The numerator shows how
many parts of the whole are called for and denominator shows may parts a whole is
divided.

Types of Fraction

1. Proper Fraction - The numerator is less than the denominator.

Examples:

2. Improper Fraction - The numerator is the same or bigger than the

denominator
Examples:

3. Mixed Number - A number written as a whole number with a proper fraction

Examples:

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 1st Semester
Grade 12
Quarter 1/Week 1 & 2

B. Fundamental Operation of Fraction

1. Addition/Subtraction of Fractions

Example:

This leads to the following rule:

a
c + bc = a+b
c ,c≠0

 To add the similar fractions, we add all the numerators and retain the
denominator.
 We, generally, always reduce the fractions to lowest terms.

 To add/subtract fractions with different denominators, we first convert

the fractions to similar fractions by expressing their denominators in
terms of their least common denominator (LCD) and then apply the
above rule.

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Grade 12
Quarter 1/Week 1 & 2

Example:

5
8 + 14 = 58 + 28 = 7
8 (LCD 8 and 4 is 8)

(LCD 7 and 3 is 21)

Alternative Way of Finding the LCD

LCD are sometimes easy to determine by ocular inspection if you have
mastered the multiplication tale. They are sometimes one of the
denominators, obtained by multiplying any two of the denominators, or
multiplying all denominators if they are unit denominators. There is, however,
a way of finding the LCD if the foregoing do not apply.
Divide the denominators by any prime number (a number that is divisible
only by itself and 1) other than 1 that will divide two or more of them and write
the quotients beneath the corresponding denominator. Any denominator that
are not divisible by the prime number used must be rewritten in line with the
quotients. Perform the same operation with the next line of numbers thus
obtained and continue until no two numbers have a common prime number
divisor. Multiply the divisors and the remainder together to get the LCD.

For example, to get the LCD for the following fractions:

3 5 6
+
14 18
+ 15

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 1st Semester
Grade 12
Quarter 1/Week 1 & 2

3 5
+
14 18
+ 156 = 135+175+
630
252

562 2
¿ ÷
630 2
281
¿
315

Addition of Mix Numbers

A mixed number is a whole number and a fraction. Ex. 1 ½

To add mixed numbers, we have two methods.

First Method: To add mixed numbers, add the whole numbers then add
the fractional parts.
1 3
2 +5
2 8
= (2 + 5) + ( 12 + 38 ¿
4+ 3
=7+( 8 ¿
7
= 7 + (8 ¿
7
=7 8

Second Method: Another method of adding mixed numbers is to

change the mixed numbers into improper fractions and then add.

1 3
2 +5
2 8
= 52 + 438

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 1st Semester
Grade 12
Quarter 1/Week 1 & 2

20+43
= 8
63
= 8

Subtraction of Mixed Numbers

To subtract a mixed number from another mixed number, we follow the
following:
1. If the mixed numbers have similar fractional parts, we subtract the
whole numbers and then subtract the fractional parts following our
rule for subtraction of similar fractions:
2 1
8 −3
3 3
= (8-5) + ( 23 − 13 ¿=5+ 13 = 5 13
2. If the mixed numbers have fractional parts which are not similar, then
we change the fractional parts into similar fractions and then proceed
as in above.
2 1 8 3 5
12 3 −8 4 =12 12 −8 12 =4 12
3. If the fraction in the subtrahend is greater than the fraction in the
minuend, convert one unit of the minuend into an improper fraction
with the correct denominator and add this unit to the existing fraction
in the minuend. Then, the whole number in the minuend is reduced
by one. After that, we can proceed with the subtraction.

1 1 9
23 8 = 23 8 = 22 8
- -
3 6 6
15 4 = 15 8 = 15 8
__________________
3
= 78
Subtraction of Mixed Numbers and Whole Numbers
To subtract a mixed number from a whole number, we convert one unit
of the minuend into an improper fraction with the same denominator as the
fraction in the subtrahend, thus reducing the whole number in the minuend by
one. Then we subtract.
4
14 = 13 4
- -

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 1st Semester
Grade 12
Quarter 1/Week 1 & 2

3 3
34 = 3 4
_______________________
1
10 4
To subtract a whole number from a mixed number, we simply subtract
the whole numbers and copy the fraction.
1
18 2
-
7
________
1
11 2

2. Multiplication of Fraction

Example:

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 1st Semester
Grade 12
Quarter 1/Week 1 & 2

This leads to the following rule:

a c ac
b x d= bd ,d≠0

 To multiply a fraction by another fraction, we multiply their numerator to

obtain the numerator of the product; then, multiply the denominator to
obtain the denominator of the product and reduce the product to lowest
term, if necessary.
 To simplify the process, we can cancel or factor out common factors
between numerator(s) and denominator(s). This will reduce the
fraction(s) to lowest terms.

Multiplication of Fraction by a Whole Number

A whole number can be expressed as a fraction with denominator of 1.
To multiply a whole number by a fraction, we multiply the whole number by
the numerator of the fraction and multiply the denominator of the fraction by
1. If the answer is an improper fraction, change it into whole number or
mixed.
2
4
x3 = 24 x
3
1
= 64 = 1 24 =1 14

Multiplication of Whole Number by a Mixed Number

To multiply a whole number by a mixed number, change the mixed
number into an improper fraction.
1
2 x3
4
= 21 x 134 = 264 = 6 24 = 6 12

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Grade 12
Quarter 1/Week 1 & 2

When either the whole number or mixed number or both are large the
following method is deemed better. For example:
3
122 x 25 4 =
1. Multiply the whole number by the integral part (whole number portion) of
the mixed number.
122 x 25 = 3 050
2. Multiply the whole number by the fractional part of the mixed number.
3 366 2 1
122 x 4 = 4 = 91 4 =91 2
3. Add the products
1 1
3 050 + 91 2
=3141
2

Multiplication of Mixed Number by Mixed Number

Like in multiplication of whole numbers by mixed numbers, we also have
two options when we multiply a mixed number by another mixed number.

1. Change the mixed numbers into improper fractions and then multiply

3 1 11 3 33 1
2 4 x1 2= 4 x2= 8 =4 8

2. Follow the second method. Let us use the example above

a. Multiply the integral parts (whole numbers) of the mixed numbers.

2 x1 =2
b. Multiply the whole number of the multiplicand (2) by the fraction of the
multiplier (1/2)
1 2
2 x 2 =¿ 2 = 1
c. Multiply the fraction of the multiplicand (3/4) by the whole number of the
multiplier (1).
3 3
x 1=¿
4 4

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Grade 12
Quarter 1/Week 1 & 2

d. Multiply the fraction of the multiplicand by the fraction of the multiplier.

3 1
x
4 2
= 12
e. Add the products
3 3
2+1+ 4 + 8 =
6 3
(2+1) [ 8 + ¿ 8 ¿
9
3+¿
8
1 1
3 +¿1 8 = 4 8

3. Division of Fraction

Division by a fraction is the same as multiplication by its reciprocal. The

rule is
a c a d ad
b ÷ d= b xc= bc

Division of Mixed Numbers

To divide mixed number, we always change the mixed numbers to
improper fraction and proceed as in division of common fractions.

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 1st Semester
Grade 12
Quarter 1/Week 1 & 2

1 1 33 17
84 ÷2
8 = 4
÷
8
33 8 264
= x
4 17 = 68
264 ÷ 4 66 15
= 68 ÷ 4
÷
8 = 3 17

Prepared by:

MICHAEL D. BACULANTA
SST-III

NAME: GRADE & SECTION:

SUBJECT: Business Mathematics TEACHER: Michael D. Baculanta

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 1st Semester
Grade 12
Quarter 1/Week 1 & 2

Worksheet No. 1

Quarter: 1 Week No: 1 Day:

Competency: Perform fundamental operations on fractions and decimals.

A. Find the sum.

61 2 5
1. + +
1 10 9
3 5
2. 1 +8
4 6
9 1 2
3. 7 +3 +5
10 4 3
1 1 1
4. 26 + 3 + 17
8 4 12
3 1 5
5. 10 +12 +21
8 6 13
11 8 7
6. 7 +3 +18
2 5 6

B. Find the difference.

1 5 5
1. 80 −14 6. 72−15 9
4 6
2 12
2. 24 −17 7. 85 −14 13
3
11 5 6
3. 22 15 −13 6 8. 108 −42 7
11 17
4. 32 12 +5 18
1
5. 49 - 25 8

C. Find the product of the following. Use method 1 and Method 2 if mixed
numbers are involved. Always reduce answers to lowest terms. Write your
final answer on the space provided.

3 4
1. 20 x 5 x 15
125
2. x 1 x 20
923

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 1st Semester
Grade 12
Quarter 1/Week 1 & 2

7
3. 10 x 35
2
11 3
4. 6 x 15
12 8
5
5. 23 x 10 8
9 61
6. 16 8 x 125 1
5 3
7. 14 7 x 125 25
1 2
8. 90 7 x 144 3
3 1
9. 111 8 x 203 4
4 1
10. 77 6 x 88 3

D. Find the quotient.

4 1 1
1. 300÷
6 6. 7 2 ÷ 5
2 7
2. 625 ÷ 5 7. 75 10 ÷5
3 5 1
3. 30 4 ÷16 8 8. 245 ÷ 5 2
18 2 14 14
4. 19 ÷ 7 9. ÷
18 16
1 1 2
5. 110 2 ÷ 8 10. 28 ÷ 9

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