Subject - Computer Graphics

(22318)
Unit 1 (Topic 1)

- By Nitin Pawar Sir

U – I Basics of Computer Graphics

 1.1 Introduction
 1.2 Display Devices
 1.3 Output Primitives
 1.4 Graphics Standards
 1.5 Latest Trends in Computer Graphics
1.1 Introduction
 1.1.1 Image and Object
 1.1.2 Pixel and Resolution
 1.1.3 Text Mode and Graphics Mode
 1.1.4 Basic Graphics Pipeline
 1.1.5 Bitmap and Vector-based Graphics
 1.1.6 Applications of CG
 Introduction....
 Computer Graphics is the
branch of computer science that
deals with generating images with
the aid of computers.
 CG displays information in the
form of graphics objects as
windows, graphs, diagrams etc.
CG express data in pictorial
form.
 In CG, objects are represented
as collection of pixels, where
pixel is smallest addressable
point which can be displayed on
screen.
Introduction....
 Definition – “CG is a subfield of computer science and is concerned with
digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content.”
OR
 Definition – “It is the use of computers to create and manipulate pictures
on a display device. It comprises of software techniques to create, store,
modify, represents pictures.”
Introduction....
A broad classification of major subfields in
CG might be:
- Geometry
- Animation
- Rendering
- Imaging
1.1.1 Image and Object
 Image – “An image is
basically representation of
a real world object on a
computer”
- Images are made up of
pixels

 Object – “Objects are real

world entities defined in
two or three dimensional
world coordinates”
1.1.2 Pixel and Resolution
 Pixel - A smallest addressable image element on a screen.
Pixel stands for picture element.
- CRT - Color triad (RGB phosphor dots)
- LCD - Single color element
1.1.2....
 Pitch - Size of a pixel, distance from center to center of
individual pixels.
1.1.2....
 Resolution – Screen resolution measure of number of
pixels on a screen (x by y)….
x - Horizontal screen resolution
y - Vertical screen resolution
e.g. 640 x 480, 1024 x 768 etc
1.1.3 Text Mode and Graphics Mode
1.1.3....
 Text Mode Graphics Function
- window()
- putch()
- clrscr()
- gotoxy()
- puts()
- textcolor() etc....
1.1.3....
 Graphics Mode – It is a computer display mode that displays
image using pixels. In GM, display screen is treated as an array of
pixels.
 Graphics Mode Functions
- initgraph()
- closegraph()
Graphics Mode Functions(Shapes) Graphics Mode Functions(Colors)
- lineto() - setcolor()
- line() - setfillstyle
- circle() - setlinestyle()
- rectangle() - fillpoly ()
- ellipse()
- drawpoly() etc....
1.1.3....
1.1.3....
1.1.4 Basic Graphics Pipeline

 In CG, the graphics pipeline refers to a series of

interconnected stages through which data and
commands related to a scene go through during
rendering process.

 It takes up mathematical description of an object to its

representation on the device.

 Figure shown below,

1.1.4....
1.1.4....
 The mapping of an object to a graphics device requires the
transformation of view plane co-ordinates to physical device co-
ordinates.
1.1.4....
1.1.5 Bitmap and Vector Based
Graphics
 CG, can be classified, into two categories namely,
Raster or Bitmap Graphics and Vector Graphics
 1. Bitmap Graphics or Raster Graphics
- It is a pixel based graphics and Its images made up of
pixels in a grid
- Images are resolution dependent and edited at pixel
level

- Following figure shows Bitmap arrow image in its actual

size and magnified image with pixel grid.
1.1.5....
1.1.5....
 II. Vector Graphics
- Images are mathematical based images
- Unlike bitmaps,Vector Images are not based on pixel
patterns
- Using mathematical formulas to draw lines and curves
that can be combined to create an image.

- Following figure shows Bitmap image and Vector images,

1.1.5....
1.1.5....
1.1.6....
 Applications of CG
- CAD/CADD
- Geographical Information System (GIS)
- Desktop Publishing (DTP)
- GUI
- Digital Art, Entertainment, Image Processing
- Education and training
- Presentation and Engg. Graphics
- Medical applications
- Communication and simulation etc.
Thank You.....