ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

HUMAN ORGANIZATION
OUTLINE
V. Terminology and Body Plan
I. Anatomy and Physiology a. Body position
a. Levels of Studying Anatomy b. Directional Terms
b. Levels of Examining Internal Structure c. Body Parts and Region
c. Physiology I. Anatomical Regions
i. Branches of Physiology II. Anatomical Quadrants
II. Structural and Functional Organization of the Human Body III. Basic Anatomical Names and
a. The Human Organ Systems Corresponding Common Names
III. Characteristics of Life d. Planes
IV. Homeostasis e. Body Cavities
a. Three components i. Trunk Cavities
b. Negative Feedback System f. Thoracic and abdominal Cavity
c. Positive Feedback System i. Membrane

I. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

• from a Greek word means “to cut” (tomy) and apart (ana). C. PHYSIOLOGY

• it was first study in dissection (process of cutting) carefully
cutting of body structure studying the relationship of each
organ
• is the study of the body structure and its part and its
function and examine the relation of the structure if each
body parts and their function
• scientific investigation of processes or function of the living
things
• studies and predict how the body responses to stimuli and
how the body maintain condition in a narrow range of
values in constantly changing external environment
• examines the systems rather than the regional

• gross anatomy-studying the visible and macroscopic level • Pathology-medical science dealing with all the diseases,
of anatomy emphasis on the causes and development of the abnormal
conditions, structural and functional changes resulting in
• microscopic anatomy- it is the field of histology that disease
studies the microscopic anatomy. BRANCH OF
FUNCTION
PHYSIOLOGY
A. LEVELS I N STUD YING ANATOMY NEUROPHYSIOLOGY Functional properties of nerve cells
DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY
ENDOCRINOLOGY Hormones (chemical regulators in
the blood) and how they control
• studies the structural changes that occurs between body function
conception(process where an egg cell is fertilized by a
CARDIOVASCULAR Functions of the heart and blood
sperm cell) and adulthood (state of attainment of physical
PHYSIOLOGY vessels
and intellectual maturity).
IMMUNOLOGY The body’s defense against
o Embryology- subspecialty of the developmental
disease-causing agents
anatomy, which studies from the changes from
conception until the end of 8th week of development. RESPIRATORY Functions of the air passageway
o Cytology- studies the structural feature of cell PHYSIOLOGY and the lungs
RENAL Functions of the kidney
GROSS ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY
EXERCISEE Changes in cell and organ
• studying the structure without the aid of a microscope. PHYSIOLOGY functions due to muscular activity
Studying the visible and macroscopic level of structure. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Functional changes associated with
o Systematically- studies the group of structure disease and aging
that have a common function (organ system).
Studying by body systems.
They are being studied together because to easier undestand the
o Regionally- studying the organization of the function of each part we must know its structure. They both
body by area. (Head, abdomen, arm etc.) provide idea on how our body works to support life. And structure
B. LEVELS TO EXAMINE INTERNAL STUCTURE determines what function can take place. Addition to this is that
studying them together will provide easier diagnosis when
• Surface anatomy-studying external features to visualize abnormalities occur in the human body. This is because since you
the internal features. Served as anatomical landmark and are already familiar how it normally works when abnormalities
used to locate deeper internal structure. Can be done by occur when you notice changes in structure or function you may
seeing and palpation (process of examining through predict that those changes maybe the reason why those
touching and feeling) abnormalities occur.

• Anatomical imaging-involves the use of modern

technology to capture picture of internal structure.

II. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY

• CHEMICAL LEVEL-the structural and functional chemical makeup. Atoms combine to form molecules which
characteristics of all organisms are determined by their its function is related to its structure.

1
• CELL LEVEL- cell the basic structural and functional unit of o Provides protection and
animal and plant. Molecules combine together to form support
organelles. Organelles are the tiny structures inside a cell. o allows body movements
o produces blood cells
• TISSUE LEVEL-the combination of cells and the materials (cavities of the skeleton are
surrounding them. The function of the tissue is determined site of blood cells formation)
by the characteristics of the cell the those materials around o stores minerals and adipose
them. 4 basic tissue types: o Consists of bones,
associated cartilages,
1. Epithelial tissue-covers body surfaces, lines, ligaments, and joints.
hollow organs, and cavities, and formed glands
2. Connective tissue-connect, support and protect
body organs while distributing blood to other
tissues
3. Muscle tissue- contracts to make body move and
generates heat
4. Nervous tissue- carries information rom one part
of the body to other through nerve impulses
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• ORGAN LEVEL-composed of tissue types that have one or
more common functions • One main function is contraction or
shortening
• ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL-a group of organ that perform a
common function that or set of function and work and • Composed of the voluntarily
viewed as a unit. controlled muscles or specifically
the skeletal muscles of your body.
• ORGANISM LEVEL-any living thing that is considered as a o Attached to the bones and
whole. It can be once cell (bacteria) trillion of cell (human) these muscles are important
o Human organism-composed of numerous/ network of because they allow us to move
organ system that are mutually dependent to one • Produces body movements,
another maintains posture, and produces
body heat
A. THE HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEM

• MRS. INCLUDER
1. Muscular System
2. Respiratory System
3. Skeletal System
4. Integumentary System NERVOUS SYSTEM
5. Nervous System
6. Circulatory System • It is the body’s fast-acting control
7. Lymphatic and Immunity System system
8. Urinary System • Function:
9. Digestive System
• Responds to internal and external
10. Endocrine System
changes by activating appropriate
11. Reproductive System
muscles and glands.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM o Major player in maintenance of
homeostasis
• External covering of the body: skin, fingernails, hair, sweat • Consists of the brain, spinal cord,
glands and oil glands nerves, and sensory receptors.
• Function:
o Provides protection-separates
the external environment and
internal environment
o Regulates body temperature:
o Prevents water loss
o Helps produce Vitamin D with ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
the help of sunlight
o Detects sensation: touch, pain, • Consist of hormone-producing glands: pineal,
warmth and cold hypothalamus, pituitary,
o Store fats and provide thymus, thyroid,
insulation (keeping warm by fat parathyroid, pancreas,
tissues ) ovaries, testes
• Endocrine glands produce
chemical molecules called
SKELETAL SYSTEM hormones and release
them into the blood to travel
• Consist of bones, joints and cartilages to relatively distant target
• It provides support and framework that the skeletal muscles organs.
used to cause movement • regulates body activities by
• Function: releasing hormones
(chemical messengers
transported in blood from
endocrine gland or tissue to
target organ).

2
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• composed of blood, heart, and blood vessels • Consists of the mouth,

• Function:
o Transports nutrients, waste
products, gases, and
hormones throughout the
body
o plays a role in the immune
response and the regulation
of body temperature
o Heart pumps blood through
blood vessels
o blood carries oxygen and
nutrients to cells and carbon
dioxide and wastes away
from cells and helps
regulate acid–base balance,
temperature, and water
content of body fluids
o blood components help
defend against disease and
repair damaged blood vessels.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY
• Lymph is a clear-to-white fluid made of: White blood cells,
especially lymphocytes, the cells that attack bacteria in the
blood
• The lymph nodes and
other lymphoid organs
help to cleanse the blood
and house white blood
cells involved in immunity
• Function:
o Returns proteins
and fluid to blood
o carries lipids from
gastrointestinal tract
to blood
o contains sites of
maturation and
proliferation of B
cells and T cells that
protect against
disease-causing
microbes
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Components: Lungs and
passageways: pharynx (throat), larynx
(voice box), trachea (windpipe), and
bronchial tubes leading into and out of
lungs.
• Functions:
o Transfers oxygen from inhaled air
to blood and carbon dioxide from
blood to exhaled air
o helps regulate acid–base balance
of body fluids (pH); air flowing out of
lungs through vocal cords produces
sounds.
esophagus, stomach,
intestines, anus
(gastrointestinal tract) and
accessory organs (assist in
digestive processes)
• a tube running through the
body from mouth to anus.
• Function:
o Performs the mechanical
and chemical processes
of digestion, absorption of
nutrients, and elimination
of wastes.
URINARY SYSTEM
• Consist of Kidneys, ureters,
urinary bladder, and urethra
• Function:
o Produces, stores, and
eliminates urine
o eliminates wastes and
regulates volume and
chemical composition of
blood
o helps regulates blood pH
o maintains body’s mineral
balance
o helps regulate production of
red blood cells
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• consist of :
o Gonads-testes in males and ovaries in females)
o associated organs (uterine tubes or fallopian tubes,
uterus, vagina, and mammary glands in females and
epididymis, ductus or (vas) deferens, seminal vesicles,
prostate, and penis in
males).
• Function:
o Gonads produce gametes
(sperm or oocytes) that unite
to form a new organism
o gonads also release
air hormones that regulate
reproduction and other body
processes
o associated organs transport
and store gametes;
mammary glands produce
milk

III. CHARACTERISCTICS OF LIFE

• Most important common features of all organisms are life
1. Organization- refers on the interrelationship of the parts of
an organism and how they interact to perform specific
function. Some organisms are composed of specialized
organelles that depends on their specialized organization.
Disruption of this organization can result to loss of function
or death
2. Metabolism- refers to the chemical reactions that occur in
the cells and internal environment of an organism. It is the
process of using energy to perform specific function. Involves
repairing, growing, reacting, and reproducing.
o Catabolism-breaking down of complex
substances into simpler components
o Anabolism-building up of complex chemical
substance from smaller, simpler components

3
3. Responsiveness- the ability to sense changes and in the
environment and make adjustment to helps maintain its life
• Different cells in the body respond to environmental
changes in characteristic ways:
o Nerve cell- responds to electrical signals
known as nerve impulses
o Muscles cell – responds to contracting, that
generates force to move body parts
4. Growth- increase in the size or number of cells that results
in overall enlargement the parts of an organism
5. Development- includes the changes that occurs in an
organism from fertilization and ends in death. Usually
involves growth but also differentiation and morphogenesis.
IV.
• Existence and maintenance of a relatively constant
environment within the body. To achieve homeostasis the
body must actively regulate conditions that are constantly
changing.
• Homeostatic mechanism- normally helps to maintain body
conditions in ideal normal value or set point. As long as the
values are within the normal range in can maintain
homeostasis.
A. THREE COMPONENTS OF FEEDBACK SYSTEM
1. RECEPTOR- a body structure that monitors changes in the
value of variable (controlled condition) and sends input to
the control system
o Differentiation-changes in cell’s structure
and function from generalized to specialized
o Morphogenesis- change in size of tissue, cell
and organism
• For example, following fertilization, immature cells
differentiate to become specific cell types, such as skin,
bone, muscle, or nerve cells.
6. Reproduction-formation of new cells or new organism.
Without reproduction species may extinct and growth and
development is impossible.
HOMEOSTASIS
a. This pathway of called afferent pathway since it
moves towards the control center.
b. It normally sends nerve impulses and chemical
signals (input)
c. For example, certain nerve endings in the skin
sense temperature and can detect changes, such
as a dramatic drop in temperature
2. CONTROL CENTER– established a range of value which
the variable should be maintained. It communicates with the
receptor and effector
a. It evaluates the input from the receptor and
generate output command.
b. Output from this come in the form of nerve
impulses, hormones, or chemical signals
c. The pathways is called efferent since it is
away from the control center
3. EFFECTOR- body structure that receives output from the
control center. It produces response that can adjust the
value of variable (controlled condition) back towards the set
point
THE RECEPTOR AND EFFECTOR COMMUNICATES WITH
THEIR CONTROL CENTERR TO REGULATES FEEDBACK
SYSTEM. THESE SYSTEM CAN REGULATE THE
CONTROLLED CONDITION (VARIBLE) IN THE BODY’S
INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT. THE RESPONSES OF THE
SYSTEM :”FEED BACK” INFORMATION TO CHANGE THE
CONTROLLED CONDITION EITHER NEGATING OR
ENHANCING
B. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANI SM
• Most systems in the body is being regulated by the negative
feedback mechanism, which maintain homeostasis.
• reverses a change in controlled condition.Negative means
any deviation from the set-points made smaller or is
resisted
C. POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
• tends to strengthen and continually reinforced a change in
the controlled condition
TWO BASIC PRINCIPLES TO REMEMBER ARE THAT (1)
MANY DISEASE STATES RESULT FROM THE FAILURE OF
NEGATIVE-FEEDBACK MECHANISMS TO MAINTAIN
HOMEOSTASIS AND (2) SOME POSITIVE-FEEDBACK
MECHANISMS CAN BE DETRIMENTAL INSTEAD OF
HELPFUL.
4
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES
• The physiological processes responsible for maintaining
homeostasis are in large part also responsible for your good
health.
• The way you live your life can either support or interfere with
your body’s ability to maintain homeostasis/
• The many factors in this balance called health include the
following
o The environment and your own behavior
o Your genetic makeup
o The air you breathe, the food you eat, and even the
thoughts you think.
• Many diseases are results of a poor health behavior that
interferes the natural drive of the body to maintain
homeostasis
• Disorder-abnormality of structure or function
• Disease-more specific term for an illness characterized
by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms
o Alter body structure and functions and they
experience symptoms
o Local disease- affects one part or limited
region of the body
o Systemic disease-affects the entire body or
several parts
o
o Symptoms- subjective changes in body
function that are not apparent to an observer
o Signs-objective changes that a clinician can
observe and measure
• Epidemiology-science that deals with why, when, and
where disease occur and how they are transmitted
• Pharmacology -science that deals with the effects and
uses of drugs in the treatment of diseases
5
 V. TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN

A. BODY POSITION ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS

• Standard position of reference when describing any region
or part of the human body
• Anatomical Position- when a person is standing erect with
the face directed forwards, upper limbs are hanging on the
sides and the palm of the hands are facing forward
• Supine- lying down with face upward (lying face upward)
• Prone-lying face downward
B. DIRECTIONAL TERMS
• Abdomen is subdivide into 9 regions by 4 imaginary lines
• More used for anatomical studies
• Subcoastal line-superior horizontal line, passer over the
10th coastal cartilages
• Transtubercular line-inferior horizontal line, passes across
the superior margin of the iliac crest of the right and left
bone

• describe parts of the body that are relative to each other • Midclavicular line-two vertical lines, the left and right, just
medial to the nipple
Up, cephalic • Right • Left lumbar
Superior Towards the head (cephalic) hypochondriac
Inferior Down, caudal • Epigastric • Right inguinal
Towards the tail (caudal). Located at the end of • Left • Hypogastric
vertebral column hypochondriac
Anterior Front, Ventral (Belly) • Right lumbar • Left inguinal
“That which goes before”
Posterior Back, Dorsal (back) Umbilical
“That which follows”
Proximal Nearest Refer to the linear
Distal Distant structure
Medial Towards the midline
Lateral Away from the midline
Superficial Structure close to the surface of the body
Deep Towards the interior of the body

ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS

• Abdomen is subdivided into quadrants by 2 imaginary line

(vertical and horizontal) intersect in the navel
• mmon used by the clinician for describing the site of
abdominopelvic pain
• Midsagittal line (median line) and a transverse line
(transcumbilical line) passed through the umbilicus or the
belly button

B. BODY PARTS AND REGI ON

• Central region of the body-head, neck, and trunk

• Trunk-divided into thorax, abdomen, and pelvis
• Thorax-chest cavity, where heart, lungs are located
• Abdomen- contains organs such as liver, stomach and
intestines.
BASIC ANATOMICAL NAMES AND CORRESPONDING
• Pelvis- contains the bladder and reproductive organs.
COMMON NAMES
• Upper limbs- divided into arm, forearm, wrist and hand
• Arm- extends from the shoulder to the elbow ANTERIOR VIEW(FRONTAL VIEW)
HEAD (CEPHALIC)
• Forearm- elbow to the wrist Cranial Skull
• Lower limbs- divided into thigh, leg, ankle, and foot Facial Face
Frontal Forehead
• Thigh- extends from hip to the knee Temporal Temple
• Leg- from knee to the ankle Orbital or ocular Eyes

6
 Otic Ear • Frontal (coronal) plane- runs vertically and divides the
Buccal Cheek body into posterior and anterior parts.
Nasal Nose
Oral Mouth • Oblique plane- passes through the body or organ at an
Mental Chin oblique angle
CERVICAL Neck
Clavicular collarbone
TRUNK
Pectoral Chest Thoracic
Sternal Breastbone (thorax)
Mammary Breast
Abdominal Abdomen
Umbilical Navel
Pelvic Pelvis
Inguinal Groin
Pubic Pubis
UPPER LIMB
Axillary Armpit
Branchial Arm
Antecubital Front of elbow
Antebrachial Forearm
Carpal Wrist
Palmar or volar Palm
MANUAL(hand)
Pollex Thumb
Digital/phalangeal Fingers
LOWER LIMB
Coxal Hip
Femoral Thigh
Patellar Anterior surface of knee • organs are also section to reveal their internal structure.
Crural Leg o Longitudinal section-cut through a length/long axis of
Tarsal Angle the organ
Dorsum Top of foot o Transverse section-cut at the right angle to the long
PEDAL(foot)
Hallux Great toe axis
Digital/phalangeal Toes o Oblique section- cut across the long axis at angle
other than right angle
POSTERIOR VIEW (BACK VIEW)
Cranial Skull
Occipital Base of skull
Nuchal Back of neck
TRUNK
Scapular Shoulder blade
Vertebral DORSAL Spinal column
Lumbar Loin
Sacral Between hips
Gluteal Buttock
Perineal Region between anus and
external genitals
UPPER LIMB
Acromial Shoulder
Olecranal or cubital Back of elbow
Dorsum Back of hand
LOWER LIMB
Popliteal Hollow behind knee
Sural calf
Plantar Sole
Calcaneal heel

D. PLANES E. BODY CAVITIES

• Imaginary flat surface. Divides or section the body possible
for it to look inside and study the body structure
• Sagittal Plane- vertical plane divides body inro left and
right.
• Median Plane- sagittal plane that passes through the
midline of the body and divide it into equal left and right
halves. (midsagittal plane)
• Parasagittal plane- runs midline but does not divide the
body in equal right and left portion
• Transverse (horizontal) plane- runs through parallel to the
ground divides the body into superior and inferior portion
• is a fluid-filled space inside the body that holds and protects
internal organs.
• Human body cavities are separated by membranes and
other structures
• some cavities are open to the outside and some are not
• cranial cavity- hollow space formed by the cranial bones
that contains the brain
• vertebral canal- formed by the vertebral column that
contains spinal cord

7
 o tissue, meninges, short-absorbing fluid-three
layers of protective tissue that surrounds the brain
and spinal cord
TRUNK CAVITIES
1. THORACIC CAVITY- chest cavity; surrounded by the rib
cage and muscular diaphragm(dome shaped muscles)
separate it from abdominal cavity
• formed by ribcage, muscle of the chest, sternum
thoracic portion of vertebral column
• divided into left and right part by middle section called
mediastinum
• cavities within the thoracic cavity:
a. pericardial cavity-within the thoracic cavity, fluid-
filled space that surrounds the heart
b. pleural cavity- 2 fluid-filled spaces, one around
each lung
c. mediastinum (middle wall)- central part and
anatomical region in thoracic cavity between the
lungs, extending from the sternum to the vertebral
column and from the first rib to the diaphragm
o contains heart, thymus, trachea,
esophagus, blood vessels and nerves
except lungs
ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY: from the diaphragm to the
groin and encircled by the abdominal muscular wall
and the bones in the pelvis
2. Abdominal cavity- encloses by abdominal muscles,
contains the stomach, intestine, liver, spleen,
pancreas, and kidney
3. Pelvic cavity- encase by pelvic bone. Houses by
urinary bladder, part of large intestine and internal
reproductive organs
a. viscera- organs that are inside the thoracic
and abdominopelvic cavities
b.
F. THORACIC AND ABDOMI NAL CAVITY
MEMBRANE
MEMBRANE- selective barrier that allows selective things to pass
through and stops other
o Pliable tissue that covers, lines, partition and connect
structure
SEROUS MEMBRANE
• slippery, double-layered membrane associated with the
body cavities that does not directly open to the exterior
• Covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavity
• Line the walls of thorax and abdomen and cover the
organs within these cavities
• Parts of serous membrane:
o Parietal serous membrane- thin epithelium that are
found against the outer wall of a body cavity
o Visceral serous membrane- thin epithelium that are
found covering the organ of a body cavity
o (parietal and visceral) filled with a thin, lubricating film
of serous fluid produced by the membranes that allows
viscera to slide somewhat during movement
• Three serous membrane-lined cavities-contains in the
thoracic cavity
1. Pericardial – serous membrane of pericardial cavity
a. Visceral pericardium-covers the surface of
the heart
b. Parietal pericardium-lines the chest wall
c. Contains pericardial fluid between the
visceral and parietal pericardium
2. Pleura-serous membrane of the pleural membrane
a. each lung is covered by visceral pleura and
surrounded by pleural cavity
b. Parietal pleura line the inner surface of the
thoracic wall, the outer surface of the parietal
pericardium, and the superior surface of the
diaphragm
c. Visceral pleura clings to the surface of the lungs
d. pleural cavity lies between the visceral pleura and
the parietal pleura and contains pleural fluid
3. Peritoneum- serous-membrane lined cavity contained
in the abdominal cavity
• located between the visceral peritoneum and the
parietal peritoneum and contains peritoneal fluid
8
 1. Visceral peritoneum-covers many of the organ in Disclaimer Note:
the abdominopelvic cavity/abdominal viscera
This material is solely intended for learning purposes ONLY. The
2. Parietal peritoneum- lines the wall of the contents herein are taken, lifted, adapted from the mentioned
abdominal cavity and the inferior surface of the reference-sources.
diaphragm.
REFERENCES:
• Mesenteries-specialized membrane in the abdominopelvic
cavity Tortora, G. J. & Derrickson, B. (2018). Principles of Anatomy and
a. Anchor the organs to the body wall and provide Physiology (15th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
pathway for the nerves and blood vessels to reach Seeley, Rod, Russo Andrew, Van Putte Cinnamon: Seeley’s Anatomy
the organ. and Physiology 12th Edition (USA) 2020
b. consist of two layers of peritoneum fused
together. They connect the visceral peritoneum of
some abdominopelvic organs to the parietal
peritoneum on the body wall

c. retroperitoneal-abdominopelvic organs that does

not covers by the parietal peritoneum.
o organs that are more closely to the body wall
that doesn’t have mesenteries
o behind the peritoneum. kidneys, the adrenal
glands, the pancreas, parts of the intestines,
and the urinary bladder

• Serous membrane can became inflamed causes by

infection (-itis, inflammation)
o Pericarditis-inflammation of pericardium
o Pleurisy-inflammation of pleura
o Peritonitis-inflammation of peritoneum