CLASS RULES

1. YOUR MESSENGER ACCOUNT NAME MUST BE THE SAME WITH YOUR

REGISTRATION/SUBMITTED IN THE SCHOOL RECORDS DURING THE DURATION OF
THE COURSE (I WILL HONOR ONLY THE IDENTITY YOU SUBMITTED TO THE
UNIVERSITY AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE GENERATED CLASS LIST).
2. PROFILE PICTURE MUST BE N SCHOOL UNIFORM (NO CARTOONS, CARICATURE,
AND OTHER UNTRACEABLE IDENTITY).
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BIGYAN NG ORAS PARA DI MASAYANG TAX KO)
4. DO NOT POST ANY BUSINESS OR COMMERCIAL IN NATURE ON THE MESSENGER
GROUP. (POST IT TO OTHER MEDIA PLATFORM)
5. EVERY CLASS SESSION IS VIDEO RECORDED HENCE YOU ARE OBLIGED TO
OBVSERVE PROPER DECORUM (GHOSTING IS PROHIBITED).
6. HONOR AND RESPECT OTHER OPINION. (DO NOT BASH YOUR CLASSMATE WITH
REFERRENCE TO OUR CLASS.
7. INFORM YOURS TRULY IF THERE IS A PROBLEM ARISING FROM YOUR INTERNET
SERVICE, THE SAME AS MINE.
8. HONOR SYSTEM IS A MUST. DO YOUR HOMEWORK AND ACTIVITIES USING YOUR
OWN TALENTS (SYANG NAMAN PAG DI NIO GINAMIT).
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OUR CLASS).
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11. SEND YOUR ASSIGNMENT VIA PM..
12. I AM NOW GIVING YOU A GRADE OF 100% ALTHOUGH ITS AGAINST MY WILL
BECAUSE IT’S THE BEGINNING OF THE CLASS YOU ARE ALL ENTITLED TO SUCH
GRADE.
Course Outline:
Lesson 1 Weeks 1-2 Introduction to Globalization
- Defining globalization

Lesson 2 Weeks 3-5: The Structures of Globalization

- The Global Economy
- Market Integration
- The Global Interstate System
- Contemporary Global Governance

Lesson 3 Weeks 6-8: A World of Regions

- Global Divides: The North and the South
- Asian Regionalism

Week 9: Midterm
 Lesson 4 Weeks 10-11: A World of Ideas
- Global Media Cultures
- The Globalization of Religion

Lesson 5 Weeks 12-14: Global Population and Mobility

- The Global City
- Global Demography
- Global Migration

Lesson 6 Weeks 15-16: Towards a Sustainable World

- Sustainable Development
- Global Food Security

Lesson 7 Weeks 17-18: Conclusion

- Global Citizenship
- Research paper writing

FINAL EXAM
Assessment
10 % Attendance
20 % Quizzes
30 % Midterm Essay
20 % Assignments
20 % Reaction Paper
100%
 UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION
LESSON 1 – DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
• Globalization
• Learning Goals
• 1. write the definition of globalization
• 2, differentiate the competing conceptions of globalization
• 3. identify the underlying philosophies and theories of globalization
• 4. differentiate the interdisciplinary understanding of globalization
• 5. understand neoliberalism and its characteristics
Overviewed of globalization
Globalization refers to the process by which more people across large
distances become connected in more and different ways. They can
become connected very simply by doing or experiencing the same sort of
things. For example, Japanese cuisine “globalizes” when more people on
different continents enjoy the test of the sushi. Since the 19th century
• Soccer has become globalize as player and fans in many countries took
an interest in the game. Though many people lack access to good
medicines , parents around the world routinely decides to immunize
their children against major diseases. These are instances of diffusion
ways of thinking acting or feeling spread widely. Dutch diffusion
increased greatly in recent decades as the infrastructure for
communication and transportation improved dramatically, connecting
groups institutions and countries in new ways.
• The spread of sushi involved not just a shared consumer experience, it
also made many American fisherman dependent on a Japanese market
as turn caught of the US coast, is sold and shipped overseas. In soccer,
the professional prospects of great players form South America depend
on the demand from European teams. The health of many children
depends on breakthroughs in distant laboratories and in intricate global
system for dispensing medication
at the same time, the movement of people around the globe also
exposes people to new health risks. For good and ill, such links make
more people more independent.These links are molded into new
organizational forms as regional institutions go global or new ones
take shape on the world stage. For example, international law
governs who can fish in coastal waters, and the World Trade
Organization handles disputes between members, including the
United States and Japan. FIFA is an international nongovernmental
organization that sets the rules of soccer and organizes campaign to
address major tournaments such as World Cup. The World Health
Organization, as well as more informal networks of professionals and
volunteers, organizes campaigns to address major health threats
THE FORCES OF GLOBALIZATION
• Globalization is an interaction of people and primarily an economic process of
integration which has social and cultural aspects as well
• Such instructions, which have emerged in many areas of human activity, reflect
increasingly common knowledge and awareness.
• Eating sushi and getting a hepatitis Bs shot involve elements of world culture-
the meaning of sushi and patients regardless of their location
• Even they do not know the larger structures, their everyday life is nevertheless
embedded in a world culture that transcends their village, town, or country
and that becomes part of individual and collective identities.
• Globalization thus involves growing diffusion, expanding interdependence, more
transnational institutions, and an emerging world culture and consciousness- all
aspects of the connectedness at the heart of globalization, all elements of the
world globalization is creating (Lechner, 2015)
THE MEANING OF GLOBALIZATION
• Globalization is the set of processes by which more people become
connected in more and different ways across ever-greater distances
• A more academic version of this idea is to equate globalization with
“deterritorialization,” the process through which the constrains of
physical space lose their hold on social relations.
• This is a generic definition since it captures a wide variety of
possible relations. When viewers in India enjoy reality shows that
originate in Europe, or when American buy baby products made in
china, or when Iran plays against Angela in the World Cup, these are
all Instances of generic globalization. Used on this way, the concept
in analytically clear and applicable in many context . It does not
favor in particular theory or call for a particular judgment.
• A second kind of definition is more specific. It identifies globali-zation
with the process by which capitalism expands across the globe as
powerful economic actors seek profit in global markets and impose their
rules everywhere, a process often labeled “Neoliberalism.” Though
sometimes invoked by defenders of globalization, this is a critical
definition that usually serves to challenge the process it tries to capture.
Through this lens, generic globalization looks a little different: the export
of TV show formats as cultural commodities is driven by media
producers in core markets, Chinese wokers making baby products are
exploited as nodes in a global commodity chain, and the World Cup has
turned into a marketing event for multinational shoe companies and an
audition for players seeking professional advancement.This lens filter out
much of what the generic view includes but also sharpens the focus, in a
way that especially suits contemporary critics of capitalist market
society.
 THE MEANING OF GLOBALIZATION TO DIFFERENT PEOPLE
• According to Lechner (2015), globalization means different things to different people.
o To a Korean Pentecostal missionary, it means a new opportunity to spread the faith
and convert lost souls abroad.
o To a Dominican immigrant in the United States, it means growing new roots while
staying deeply involved in the home village
o To an Indian television viewer, it means sampling a variety of new shows, some
adapted from foreign formats
o To a Chinese apparel worker, it means a chance to escape rural poverty by cutting
threads off designer jeans
o To an American shoe company executive, it means managing a far-flung supply chain
to get products to stores
o To a Filipino global justice advocate , it means rules of the global game that favor
the rich North over the poor South
 THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION
According to Lechner (2015) states the following are the theories or perspective
in the emergence of globalization:
1. World-System Theory
• A perspective that globalization is essentially the expansion of the capitalist system around
the globe.
• At the time Marx was writing in the mid-nineteenth century, the world was becoming
unified via thickening networks of communication and economic exchange
• At the “core” of the system, resources, and trade opportunities, most notably in
“peripheral” areas.
• Buffer countries in the “semi periphery” helped mitigate tensions between core and
helped to keep the system remarkably stable.
• The central purpose of the world system is capital accumulation by competing firms,
which go through cycles of growth and decline.
2. World Polity Theory
• In this theoretical perspective, state remains an important components of world society, but
primary attention goes to the global cultural and organizational environment in which
states are embedded.
• What is new in world society, from this perspective , is the all-encompassing “world-polity, and its
associated world culture, which supplies a set of cultural rules or script that specify how institution
around the world should deal with common problems.
• Globalization is the formation and enactment of this world polity and culture.
• One of the world polity’s key element is a general , globally legitimated model of how to form a
state.
• Guided by this model, particular states widely varying circumstances organize their affairs in
surprisingly similar fashion.
• Because world structured as a polity with an intensifying global culture , new organization- business
enterprises educational institutions, social movements, leisure and hobby groups, and so on-spring up
in all sorts of countries to enact it precepts.
• As a carrier of global principles, these organizations then help to build and elaborate world culture
and world society further.
3. World Culture Theory
• This perspective agrees that world culture is indeed new and important, but it is less homogenous
than world-polity scholars imply.
• Globalization is a process of relativization.
• Societies must make sense of themselves in relation to a larger system of societies while individuals
make sense of themselves as a larger whole in relation to a sense of humanity as a larger whole.
• World society thus consists of a complex set of relationship among multiple units in the “global
field”. In this model, world society is governed not by a particular set of values but by the
confrontation of different way of organizing these relationship.
• Globalization compresses the world into a single entity, and people necessarily become more aware
of their relationship to this global presence.
• Of central importance to this process is the problem of “globality”: how to male living together in
one global system meaningful or even possible.
• Not surprisingly , religious tradition s take on new significance insofar as they address in new
predicament that compels societies and individuals to “identify themselves in new ways.
• It concludes that a “search for fun fundamentals” is inherent in globalization.
 EMERGENCE OF GLOBALIZATION
• Many scholars point to sixteenth century Europe as the original source of
globalization.
• After all the European established worldwide trade connections on their
own terms, brought their culture to different regions by settling vast areas,
and defined the ways in which different people were to interact with each
other.
• Economically and culturally the modern world system already existed nearly
five centuries ago. Other point to the late 19th century as a period of intense
globalization, when millions migrated, trade greatly expanded, and new norms
and organizations came to govern international conduct. At the beginning of
the 20th century such scholars would stress, the movement of people, goods,
and finance across national borders was at least as free and significant as it is
today.
 GLOBALIZATION AND THE EXPANDING MARKET

• The pursuit of economic opportunity has long sent merchants around the globe,
and powerful states have supported their profit-seeking activities
• Capitalism knows no bound, as Marx noted more than a century ago.
• Marx expected the European economy to become a truly global system, and in
many ways it has.
• In recent years, the integration of financial markets has added a new kind of
interdependence.
• This does not mean that globalization is first and foremost an economic project.
• The economy may be a driving force in creating global change in some periods, but
it effects depend on what happens outside of world markets.
DOES GLOBALIZATION MAKE THE WORLD HOMOGENEOUS?
• If certain activities or institutions become global, they must displace
existing, locally variable activities and institutions.
• If there are more global linkages, global institutions, and global values,
presumably this means that more people will have more in common
• To many critics of globalizations, this seemingly neutral description is
nefarious Globalization is the work of the Western state and has taken
hold around the world; by controlling information flows, Western media
companies shape global consciousness; the popular culture of “McWorld”
is of mostly western origin. Globalization thus entails cultural
imperialism. We agree that some things become more similar around the
world a globalization proceeds, there is only one World Trade
Organization and it enforces one set of trade rules there is only one
kind of bureaucratic state that societies can legitimately adopt.
REASONS WHY GLOBALIZATION WILL NOT MAKE THE WORLD
HOMOGENEOUS
According to Lechner (2015), the reasons why globalization will not lead to a
homogeneous world are:
1. General rules and models are interpreted in light of local circumstances.
Thus, regions respond to similar economic constraints in different ways; countries still have
great leeway in structing their own policies; the same television program means different
thighs to audiences; McDonald's adapts its menu and marketing to local tastes.
2 Growing similarity provokes reactions. Advocates for many cultures seek to
protect their heritage or assert their identity. Witness the efforts of fundamentalists to
reinstate what they consider orthodoxy, the actions of indigenous people to claim their
right to cultural survival.
4. Cultural and political differences have themselves become globally valid. The
notion that the people and countries are entitled to their particularity of distinctiveness is
itself part to global culture. The tension between homogeneity and heterogeneity is
integral to globalization
GLOBALIZATION DETERMINING LOCAL EVENTS
• According to Lechner (2015) in recent years, Afghan girls returns in school
after the United States defeated the Taliban regime; a war crimes tribunals in
The Hague handed down convictions for atrocities committed during the war
in Bosnia; African countries struggled to achieve progress as parts of their
educated classes succumbed to AIDS; and melting glaciers raised concern
about the impact of global warming. Around the world, local events bear the
imprint of global processes. It would be easy to infer that the local autonomy
and local tradition must fall by the wayside, but globalization is not a one-way
street. To be sure, local and global events become more and more and more
intertwined, as illustrated by the way a global events become more and more
intertwined, as illustrated by the way a global “war on terror” enhances the
educational opportunities of some Muslim women, by the roles of global
institutions in dealing with the aftermath of major regional. Conflicts , by the
domestic reverberations of a global epidemic, and by the way the
global climate alters the habitant of specific groups.
conflicts, by the domestic reverberations of a global epidemic, and
by the global climate change alters the habitat of specific groups
But the local feeds into the global as well. both their own desires and
the Taliban’s failures helped to change the fortunes Afghan women; the
Bosnian war provoke the innovate establishment of a war crimes
tribunal to vindicate global principles; domestic hesitations and
constraints contribute to the spread HIV/AIDS in many countries; global
warming results from the release of greenhouse gases in specific
manufacturing centers and high-consumption countries. Yet, even if
globalization does not necessarily “determine” local events, there is no
escaping.As world society integrates, individuals become conscious of.
• being enveloped in global networks, subject to global forces, govern by global rules.
Some of our selections concretely illustrates this local-global connection.
Is Globalization Harmful?
• Implicit in the questions raised is widespread sense that globalization may be
harmful to the well-being of individuals, countries, and cultures. If the market is the
driving force in globalization, many fear, it is bound to exacerbate inequality by the
creating winners and losers. If globalization makes the world more homogenous,
other fear, many cultures are in trouble. Loss of local autonomy may mean that
more people will be vulnerable to economic swings, environmental degradation, and
epidemics. For these and other reasons, globalization has become an extremely
contentious process. Indeed, the debate about the merits and direction of
globalization is itself an important component of global culture (Lechner, 2015).
THE INTERDISCIPLINARY UNDERSTANDING OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Political Scientist
– With global ecological changes, an ever more integrated global economy, and
other trends, political activity increasingly takes place at the global level.
– Under globalization, politics can take place above the state through political
integration schemes such as the European Union, the ASEAN integration where
Philippines is involved, though the intergovernmental organizations such as the
International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization.
– Political activity can also transcend national borders through global movements
and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO’s). Civil society organizations act
globally by forming alliances with organizations in other countries, using global
communication systems, and lobbying international organizations and other
actors directly, instead of working though their national governments (Global
Policy Forum 2017).
2. Economist
– According to Franker (2017), economists have his own view of
globalization.
– First it is integration through international trade of markets in
goods and services as a reflected in variety of possible measures.
– These include direct measures of barriers like tariffs and
transport costs, trade volumes and price related measures.
Globalization also means foreign direct investment, increased trade
in intermediate product, international outsourcing of services like the call
center industry here in the Philippines, and international movement of
persons like our Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW).
– Globalization would also include the international spread of ideas,
from consumer tastes like Coke and Hershey’s to intellectual ideas like
technological patents and management principles and accounting
standards.
3. Sociologist
– Cole (2017) states that globalization, according to sociologists is an
ongoing process that involves interconnected changes in
cultural and social spheres.
– As a process, it involves the spread and diffusion of ideologies-
values, ideas, norms, beliefs and expectations-that foster, justify and
provide legitimacy for economic and political globalization.
– It is fueled by globally integrated communication systems like
social media such as Facebook and Twitter, media coverage of the world’s
elite and their lifestyles, the movement of people around the world via
business and leisure travel, and the expectation of these travelers that
host societies will provide amenities and experiences that reflect their
own cultural norms.
4. Historian
– Historians follow rather than led the way.
– Globalization is not new as a phenomenon but the word itself took hold only
recently which records shows first use in English in 1930 and shows that
usage soared suddenly in the 1990’s.
– Why globalization “hot” now and what does it portend for the study of history.
Hunt (2014) states that globalization defined most succinctly as the
interconnection of places far distant from each other.
– When the Soviet Union collapse and end the Cold War globalization filled the
ideological vacuum created by the end of Cold War division between Capitalism
and Communism.
– Cultural history has lost its luster. Theory no longer excites passionate and
debate and perhaps most important, the nation-state no longer seems as self evident
as the necessary unit of historical analysis. Moreover, globalization is still too much
entangled with world history, global history and transnational history.
MARKET GLOBALISM
• Market globalism is an idea that reflects the concepts of
globalization.
• It seeks to endow globalization with free market norms and
neoliberal meanings.
• Steger (2005) states that the term ‘globalization’ gained in
currency in the late 1980s.
• The persistence of academic divisions on the subject
notwithstanding, the term was associated with specific meanings
in public discourse during the 1900s.
• With the collapse of Soviet-style communism in Eastern Europe,
loosely affiliated power elites concentrated in the global
north
• stepped up their ongoing efforts to sell their version of ‘globalization
to the public in the ideological form of ‘market globalism’.
These power elites consisted chiefly of corporate managers ,
executives of transnational corporations, corporate lobbyist, high-level
military officers. Prominent journalist and public-relations specialist,
intellectual writing to a large public audience, state bureaucrats and
influential politicians. By the mid 1990s, large segments of the
population in both the global north and south had accepted globalism
core claims., this internalizing large parts overarching neo-liberal
framework that advocate the deregulation of markets, the
liberalization of trade, the privatization of state-owned enterprises.
 THE FIVE CORE CLAIMS OF MARKET GLOBALISM

The five core claims of market globalism according to Steger (2205) are:
1. Globalization is about liberation and global integration of markets
• The first claim of market globalism is anchored in the neo-liberal ideal of the
self-regulating market as the normative basis for a future global order.
• According to this perspective, the vital functions of the free market – its
rationality and efficiency, as well as its alleged ability to bring about greater social
integration and material progress – can only be realized in a democratic society
that values and protects individual freedom. Embracing the classical liberal idea of
the self-regulating market, Claim One seeks to establish beyond dispute ‘what
globalization means,’ that is, to offer an authoritative definition of globalization
designed for broad public consumption.
• It does so by interlocking its two core concepts and then linking
them to the adjacent ideas of ‘liberty’ and ‘integration.’.
Globalization is about the triumph of markets over
government. Both proponents and opponents of globalization
agree that the driving force today is market, which are suborning
the role of government.The truth is that the size of governments
has been shrinking relative to the economy almost everywhere. The
driving idea behind of globalization is free-market capitalism – the
more you let market forces rule and the more you open your
economy so free trade and competition, the more efficient your
economy will be, globalization means the spread of free-market
capitalism to virtually every country in the world.
2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible
– The second mode decontesting ‘globalization’ turns on the
adjacent concept of ‘inevitability’. At first glance, the belief in the
historical inevitability of globalization seems to be a poor fir for a
globalist ideology based on neo liberal principles. According to the
market-globalist perspective, globalization reflects the spread
of irreversible market forces driven by technological
innovations that make the global integration of national
economies inevitable. In fact, market globalism is almost always
intertwined with the deep belief in the ability of markets to use
new technologies to solve social problems far better than any
alternative course Governments, political parties, and social
movements had no choice but to ‘adjust’ to the inevitability of
• globalization.Their sole remaining task was to facilitate the integration
of national economies in the new global markets. For example, Manuel
Villar’s (1998), the Philippine Speaker of the House and Senators,
insisted that. We cannot simply wish away the process of globalization.
It is a reality of a modern world . The process is irreversible.This views
implies that, instead of acting according to a set of choices, people
merely fulfill world market laws that demand the elimination of
government controls. There is nothing, that can be done about the
natural movement of economic and technological forces, political
groups, ought to acquiesce and make the best of an unalterable
situation. Since the emergence of a world base on the primacy of
market value reflects the dictates of history, resistance would be
unnatural, irrational and dangerous.
3. Nobody is in charge of globalization
The third mode of de-contesting globalization hinges on the
classical liberal concept of the ‘self-regulating market.’ The link
between ‘globalization-market’ and the adjacent idea of
‘leader lessness’ is simple: if the undisturbed working of the market
indeed preordain a certain course of history, then globalization does
not reflect the arbitrary agenda of a particular social class or group. In
other words, globalist are not ‘in charge’ in the sense of imposing their
own political agenda on people. Rather, they merely carry out the
unalterable imperatives of a transcendental force much larger than
narrow partisan interest. The idea that nobody is in charge serves the
neo-liberal political agenda of defending and expanding global
capitalism. Like the market-globalist rhetoric of historical
inevitability, the portrayal of globalization as a leaderless process seek to
both depoliticize the public debate on the subject and demobilize global
justice movements. The deterministic language of a technological
progress driven by uncontrollable market law turns political issues into
scientific problems of administration. As ordinary people cease to
believe in the possibility of choosing alternative social arrangements,
market globalism gains strength in its ability to construct passive
consumer identities. This tendency is further enhanced by assurances
that globalization will bring prosperity to all parts of the world.
4. Globalization benefits everyone
This de-contestation chain lies at the heart of market globalism because
it provides an affirmative answer to the crucial normative question of
whether globalization represents a ‘good’ phenomenon
The adjacent idea of ‘benefits for everyone’ is usually unpacked in
material terms such as ‘economic growth’ and ‘prosperity’. however.,
when linked to globalism’s peripheral concept, ‘progress.’ the idea of
‘benefits for everyone’ taps not only into liberalism’s progressive
worldview, but also draws on the powerful socialist vision of establishing
an economic paradise on earth – albeit in the capitalist form of a
worldwide consumerist utopia Thus, Claim Four represents another bold
example of combining elements from seemingly incompatible ideologies
under the master concept ‘globalization.’ Even those market globalist
who concede the strong possibility of unequal global distribution
patterns nonetheless insist that the market itself will eventually correct
these irregularities, television, radio and the internet frequently place
existing economic, political and social realities within a neo-liberal
framework sustaining the claim that globalization benefits everyone
• Through omnipresent affirmative images, websites, banner,
advertisements, and sound bites.
5. Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the
world
The fifth de-contestation chain links ‘globalization’ and ‘market’ to
the adjacent concept of ‘democracy’ which also platys a significant role
in liberalism, conservatism and socialism. Indeed, a careful discourse
analysis of relevant text reveals that globalist tend to treat
freedom, free markets, free trade and democracy as synonymous
terms. Persistently affirmed as common sense, the compatibility of
these concepts often goes unchallenged in the public discourse. The
most obvious strategy by which neo-liberals generate popular support
for the equation of democracy and the market is by discrediting
traditionalism and socialism After all, the contest with both pre capitalist
and anti-capitalist forms of traditionalism such as sovereignty and
individual rights have been enshrined as the crucial catalyst for the
technological and scientific achievements of modern market economies.
The battle of socialism turned to be a much toughed case.
The Globalization Experience
No one experience globalization in all its complexity, but
globalization is significant insofar as it reshapes the daily lives of billions
of people. Increasingly, the larger the world is present locally. The
obvious applies to a Bill Gates (founding chairman of Microsoft),
conscious contributors to globalization. American textile workers sense
the global in the local through the impact of intense foreign competition
and outsourcing to overseas companies.. Soccer fans
• Regard as routine the fact to the World’s Cup every four years,
Businesspeople travelling internationally witness globalization daily in
the media offerings in their hotel rooms. Migrants' wo call home, send
money back, or make return visits bring a bit of that wider world to
the villages they left.
• These people, and many more, experience globalization. Experiencing
globalization, as the examples indicate, do not mean that some abstract,
impersonal force overwhelms individuals. People participate and
respond in different ways. They can shape, resist, absorb, or try to
avoid globalization.They can seek opportunity in it, feel the harm of it,
or lament the power of it. for some, globalization is a central reality; for
others; it is still on the marine of their lives. In short, there is no
one experience of globalization. That, in itself, is an important
aspect of the process. The formation of a new world society does
not involve all people in the same way and
• it does not create the same texture in everyone’s everyday life.
But there are some commonalities in the global experience of
globalization. To one degree of another, globalization is real to almost
everyone. It transforms the prevailing sense of time and space, now
globally standardized. It envelope everyone in new institutions. It poses a
challenge, in the sense that even marginally affected groups must take a
stance toward the world. Globalization raises identity problems for
societies and individuals alike.
• Focusing on a different kind of global food, James L. Watson, another
anthropologist, describes Mcdonald’s customers in Hong Kong, including
children, as critical consumers to whose expectations about food and
service the multinational corporation must adapt. Far from
imposing a new dietary standard Mcdonald’s blended into an
already heterogeneous urban landscape. Watson concludes that
• in places like Hong Kong, the transnational is the local. How does
one explain the phenomenal success of American-style fast
food in Hong Kong and, increasingly, in Guangzhou – the two
epicenters of Cantonese culture and cuisine? Seven of the world’s ten
busiest Mcdonald’s restaurants are located in Hong Kong. When
Mcdonald’s fist opened in 1975, few thought it would survive more
that a few months. By January 1, 1997, Hong Kong had 125 outlets,
which means that there was one Mcdonald’s for every 51,200
residents, compared to one for every 30,000 people in the United
States. Walking into these restaurants and looking at the layout, one
could well be in Cleveland of Boston.The only obvious differences are
the clientele, the majority of whom are Cantonese-speakers, and the
menu which is in Chinese as well as English. (Watson 2015).
 NEOLIBERALISM
• Is in the first instance a theory of political economic practices that
purposes that human well-being can be advance in liberating individual
entrepreneurial freedoms and skills within an institutional framework
characterized by strong private property rights, free markets, and free
trade. The role of the state is to create and preserve an institutional
framework appropriate to such practices. The state has to guarantee, foe
example, the quality and integrity of money. It must also set up those
military, defense, police and legal structures and functions required to
secure private property rights and to guarantee, by force, if need be, the
proper functioning of markets. Is in the first instance a theory of political
economic practices that proposes that human well-being can best be
advance by State interventions in markets must be kept to a bare
minimum because, according to the theory, this cannot possibly possess
• enough information to second-guess market signals (prices) and
because powerful interest groups will inevitably distort and bias
state interventions (particularly in democracies) for their own
benefit.
Privatization
Is the process of transferring an enterprise or industry from
the public sector to the private sector Some of the government
owned and controlled corporations in the Philippines transferred
already from public to private sector are Philippine Airlines (PAL),
Philippine Long Distance Corporation (PLDT), Manila Electric Company
(MERALCO) and Manila Waterworks and Sewage System (MWSS) which
are now Maynila Water Services and Manila Water Company.
Characteristic of Neo-liberalism
1. Government must limit subsidies
1. Make a reforms to tax law in order to expand tax base
2. Reduce deficit spending
3. Limit protectionism
4. Open markets
5. Removal of fixed exchange rates
6. Back deregulation
7. Privatization
Almost all states, from newly minted after the collapse of the
Soviet Union to old-style social democracies and welfare states such as
New voluntarily and in other instances in response to coercive
pressures, some versions of neoliberal theory and adjusted at least
some policies and practices accordingly. Post-apartheid South Africa
quickly embraced neoliberalism, and even contemporary China, as we
shall see, appears to be headed in this direction. Furthermore, the
advocates of neoliberal way now occupy position of considerable
influence in education (the universities and many thinks' tanks) , in
the media in corporate boardroom and financial institutions. In key
state institutions (treasury department, the central banks), and also in
those international institutions, such as the International Monetary
Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization
(WTO) that regulate global finance and trade. Neoliberalism has, in
short become hegemonic as a mode of discourse Zealand and
Sweden, have embraced. Sometimes It has pervasive effects on ways
• of thought to the point where it has become incorporated into the common-
sense way many of us interpret, live in, and understand the world.
• The process of neo-liberalization has however, entailed much ”
creative destruction” not only of prior institutional frameworks and
powers (even challenging traditional forms of state sovereignty), but also of
division of labor social relations, welfare provisions, technological mixes,
ways of life and thought, reproductive activities, attachments to the land and
habits of the heart. In so far as neoliberalism values market exchange as an
ethic in itself, capable of ethical beliefs, it emphasizes the significance of
contractual relations, in the marketplace. It holds that the social good will be
maximized by maximizing the reach and frequency of market transactions,
and it seeks to bring, all human action into the domain of market (Harvey,
2015).