Foreign

1. Water supply distribution importance, challenges, problems (KERVS)

Providing sufficient water of acceptable quality and quantity has been a significant concern throughout
human history. The majority of ancient civilizations began near water sources. As populations rose, the
issue of meeting user expectations increased proportionately. Today's water supply systems comprise
infrastructure that gathers, processes, stores, and distributes water between water sources and users.
Limited new natural water sources, particularly in the southwest region of the United States, combined with
a rapidly growing population, have necessitated the development of novel approaches for managing a
water delivery system. For instance, reclaimed water has developed into a critical water source for both
potable and non-potable use. Additions to the structural design, such as additional conveyance systems,
treatment and recharge facilities, and operational decisions such as flow allocation and conservation
techniques, are made with the present and future demands in mind. Numerous efforts expend to build a
sustainable water delivery system. However, due to the complexity of the system, site-specific applications
were limited throughout the initial phase. As water demand constraints on the existing water supply system
continue to increase, numerous studies have attempted to establish a generic approach to help decision-
makers design more reliable methods for long-term operation.
Additionally, these efforts encompass cost optimization of the overall system's design and process. The
distribution system's objective is to distribute water to consumers adequately, quality, and pressure. The
term "distribution system" refers to the collection of facilities utilized to transport water from its source to its
place of use. (Adeosun et al., 2014).

3. Tradeoff – water ( BRY )

According to International Benchmarking Network (IBNET), the estimated number of people likely exposed
to an intermittent water supply is approximately 1 billion, and those are people living in low-middle income
countries. Due to the multiple negative consequences of irregular water distribution, functioning water
supplies will necessitate the implementation of a continuous mode of water distribution in the long run. The
most frequently used water distribution network in rural areas is the branch system. It is similar to a tree
branch in that smaller pipes branch off larger pipes across the service area, allowing for only one path for
water to go from the source to the customer. The most frequently utilized configuration in major municipal
regions is a grid/looped system, which consists of connected pipe loops distributed across the service area.
There are various routes that water can go from the source to the customer in this type of system. Looped
systems give a high level of reliability in the event of a line break, as the interval can be separate from
users outside the surrounding area. The concern is that loops can be dead ends, particularly in suburban
areas, resulting in water quality issues. It's common for systems to consist of a combination of looped and
branched portions. As stated in "Intermittent Domestic Water Supply: A Critical Review and Analysis of
Causal- Consequential Pathways," Although intermittent systems might provide short-term benefits, such
as rationing scarce resources, human drives inside the system can form reinforcing structures, causing
intermittency to persist even when enough water is available. Many of the intermittency criteria, such as
cheap costs, extensive network distribution, and rationing, are designed to provide water to as many people
as possible [CITATION SEG16 \l 1033 ]

4. Tradeoff – water ( BRY )

However, the latter solutions will be insufficiently resilient to accommodate future scenarios, necessitating
the reinforcement of some pipes in the network, such as installing new parallel pipes. Of course, these
reinforcements will raise the system's overall cost over its entire planning horizon. Dual distribution systems
combine water from two different sources and distribute it through two separate distribution networks.
Within the same service area, the two systems operate independently.

In most cases, dual distribution systems are used to provide potable water through one network and non-
potable water through the other. This method would supplement public water supplies by supplying
untreated or inadequately treated water for non-drinking purposes. Firefighting, sanitary flushing, street
cleaning, and irrigation of ornamental gardens or lawns are examples of such uses. Because distribution
pipes are commonly laid beneath road pavements, their layouts closely resemble road layouts. In general,
there are different types of pipe networks, each of which can be used individually or in combination for a
specific location. Only areas with a supply of raw water are suitable for the distribution network. This
system is most commonly used in areas where wastewater is readily available as a source of supply. It can
also be used in areas with rivers, streams, or other water sources but no treatment facilities; in other words,
in areas with public water but access to additional water sources that would otherwise be underutilized.
Dual distribution of low- and high-quality water has been thoroughly evaluated and is being implemented in
some communities. Dual water distribution systems use two sources: potable water and toilet flushing,
which can be seawater, untreated raw freshwater, or treated wastewater. [CITATION JMV14 \l 1033 ]

5. Tradeoff – Struct (TIAN)

Storing water on a tank is essential to have a detailed plan, design, and construction to anticipate the
cracking and shrinkage of the tank structure due to various reasons. The design must be detailed, and it
covers the ultimate strength capacity and serviceability. Reliability analysis of an underground reinforced
concrete rectangular implies that limit state function for the different failure modes for the rectangular
underground tanks with a concrete wall, slab, and cover were appropriately designed. Also, the study uses
several levels of failures. The failure was computed using First Order Reliability Method in correlation with
modes and failures. In addition, according to the study, it needs to be ensured that there is no presence of
unwanted waste of materials. Therefore, estimation for the number of materials should prioritize choosing
the water tank's design dimension. It will ensure that the design is economically friendly and safe. Finally,
the study discloses that based on the design computation process, the safety of the reinforced concrete
underground rectangular water tank relies on the flexural capacity and cracking capacity and performing
post-tension to the slab instead of applying thick concrete (Sani et al., 2014).

2. design of water dist using EPANET (LESTER)

Accurate simulation through engineering software identifies the optimal specifications for pumps,
distribution networks, and water tanks used in a water distribution system. Students from Arni University
Himachal Pradesh develop a water distribution system for the Kathgarh village in India. To create the
distribution system in the area, the designers conducted a survey first, gathering information about the
area's general characteristics, the population, and per capita demand, then determining the area's primary
water source. EPANET enables the designer to understand better the movement and composition of
drinking water elements within distribution networks. Additionally, this tool can conduct several studies on
distribution systems (Zolapara, Joshipura, & Patel, 2015). EPANET was able to aid in designing the
Kathgarh village water supply distribution system by analyzing several management strategies for boosting
the system's overall quality. These include changing source use within multiple source systems, modifying
pumping and tank filling/emptying schedules, implementing satellite treatment, such as re-chlorination at
storage tanks, and performing targeted pipe cleaning and replacement. (Arjun et al., 2015)