TO HAVE AND HAVE NOT

BY: ERNIST HEMINGWAY

The story begins with an honest, trusting Floridian named Harry Morgan. He
tells his woeful story, during which he is cheated as a sports fishing guide after
he turns down significant money to smuggle Cubans into the Florida Keys.
Frankie, a friend of Morgan’s, introduces Morgan to a Chinese business man,
Mr. Sing, who wants him to illegally transfer aliens to the Dry Tortugas. Morgan
does this, but refuses to take his friends with him. Eddy the alcoholic stows
away and is a useful accomplice for Morgan to double-cross Mr. Sing. While the
aliens are locked below decks and with the money in hand, Morgan kills Sing
and sinks his body.

The next spring, Morgan and his mate Wesley are both shot by Cuban officials
while they are loading bootleg alcohol. They survive a major storm on the way to
Key West. Morgan sinks the contraband in shallow water for another boat to pick
up. Wesley cannot help because of the pain, but a high-ranking U.S.
government official happens to be on a fishing trip, and sees the events. He
turns Morgan in. Morgan’s boat is impounded and his right arm must be
amputated.

Winter comes, and Morgan is desperate to keep his family alive and fed
properly. He meets a sleazy lawyer named “Bee-lips” Simmons, who is
brokering a meeting with Cuban revolutionaries, and Morgan quickly plans
another double-cross. He has no problem stealing his boat back from the Navy
Yard impound, but soon loses it again after someone sees it in hiding. Morgan
then decides to charter Freddy’s boat and turns for home. It happens to be the
last time he will make it home. Morgan’s wife, Marie, is a feisty woman, who
fetches the Thompson submachine gun for Morgan, and loads clips for him. She
weeps as they say goodbye.
 The Cubans rob a bank, and then race aboard. They kill Tracy, and force
Morgan to race seaward. While Emelio expounds on the Cuban revolution,
Morgan looks for a way to avenge Albert. Morgan opens fire on the robbers, but
only manages to wound one of them, who shoots him in the gut.

Morgan is drifting aimlessly in agony and despair, and both “Gordons” commit
adultery and their marriages end with bitterness and anger. Morgan somehow
ends up in Freddy’s bar, and buys drinks for all of the World War I veterans. He
punches MacWalsey, who is currently sleeping with his wife. Then the Coast
Guard tows Freddy’s boat to Key West, past the yacht basin. It is here that the
reader sees a small sliver of the idle, rich lives, so different from the rest of the
novel, before the rest of Morgan’s fate is revealed.

These rich elites include a gay couple, a desperate tax evader, a perfect-looking
postcard family, two Estonian writers, and a beautiful insomniac with an
alcoholic husband and a lover. As the rich sleep, a crowd begins to form to
watch Morgan’s fate. He is carried ashore and taken to the hospital, where he
dies during surgery. The sheriff secures the confusing crime scene. Marie does
not go to Morgan’s funeral, and after a week she reconsiders everything she
thought she knew about him. She decides she prefers to be the victim rather
than the survivor.
To Have and Have Not was Hemingway's second novel set in
the United States, after The Torrents of Spring. Written
sporadically between 1935 and 1937, and revised as he traveled
back and forth from Spain during the Spanish Civil War, To
Have and Have Not portrays Key West and Cuba in the 1930s,
and provides a social commentary on that time and place.
Hemingway biographer Jeffrey Meyers describes the novel as
heavily influenced by the Marxist ideology Hemingway was
exposed to by his support of the Republican faction in the
Spanish Civil War while he was writing it. The work got a
mixed critical reception.[1]
The novel had its origins in two short stories published earlier in
periodicals by Hemingway ("One Trip Across" and "The
Tradesman's Return") which make up the opening chapters, and
a novella, written later, which makes up about two-thirds of the
book. The narrative is told from multiple viewpoints, at different
times, by different characters, and the characters' names are
frequently supplied under the chapter headings to indicate who
is narrating that chapter.
Ernest Miller Hemingway was an American novelist, short-story
writer, journalist, and sportsman. His economical and
understated style—which he termed the iceberg theory—had a
strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his adventurous
lifestyle and his public image brought him admiration from later
generations.
 NOLI ME TANGERE
The story begins in the Philippines. Captain Tiago, a
wealthy socialite, holds a dinner party to welcome Juan
Crisostomo Ibarra back to the Philippines. Ibarra, a native
mestizo, has spent the past seven years studying in
Europe. During dinner, Ibarra learns his father, Don
Rafael, died recently of unknown causes. Ibarra is berated
by Friar Father Damaso for learning abroad what he could
have learned at home. Ibarra holds his tongue and leaves
the party to visit his fiancée Maria Clara, Tiago’s
daughter. En route, Ibarra chats with Civil Guard Senor
Guevara, who explains that Rafael died in jail after being
imprisoned for accidentally killing a tax collector who
was abusing a boy in the street. Ibarra travels to his
hometown, San Diego, accompanied by Clara. A large
“All Souls Day” festival is held commemorating
purgatorial souls, which Ibarra finds immoral due to
profiting on people’s pain. Ibarra finds the increased
influence of the Catholic Church troubling. Father Salvi is
an example of the corruption, using his religious post to
fine people who don’t attend church.
 Ibarra learns from a schoolmaster of Father Damaso’s
curricular meddling. Damaso insists on teachers beating
children as discipline, and bans teaching Spanish in favor
of the native Philippine language, Tagalog. As alternative,
Ibarra plans to build a secular school like the one Rafael
always wished for. Ibarra consults with church and
government officials, fully intending to ignore their
influence once the school’s built. Ibarra visits the Catholic
cemetery and learns Damaso had Rafael’s body exhumed,
which has since been dumped in a lake. During the fiesta,
Ibarra and local officials celebrate the opening of the new
school. As Damaso blesses the building with a sermon,
the mysterious Elias arrives. Ibarra once saved Elias’s life
during a fishing expedition. Elias informs Ibarra that the
others plan to kill Ibarra during the school’s christening.
Ibarra disbelieves, but when a large boulder comes rolling
at him as Elias suggested, Elias shoves the man
responsible in the way. The man dies, saving Ibarra’s life.
The festival continues, but Ibarra is now aware of his
foes.
At a dinner celebration held by Ibarra that night, Damaso
arrives uninvited and begins insulting the new school,
spouting racial insults to Filipinos as “indios,” and
besmirches Rafael’s death. The latter remark prompts
Ibarra to attack Damaso, raise a knife to him and tell
everyone Damaso exhumed Rafael’s corpse. Ibarra nearly
kills Damaso but Clara stops the blade before it stabs him.
Afterwards, Ibarra is excommunicated. Tiago cancels the
wedding of Ibarra and Clara, and betroths his daughter to
the Spaniard Linares. The Captain General visits San
Diego from Spain, and is begged to punish Ibarra. Since
the General supports Ibarra’s school project, he refuses
punishment and lifts the excommunication. Father Salvi
hires Lucas, brother of the deceased man who meant to
kill Ibarra with the boulder, to frame Ibarra. Salvi is in
love with Clara, and orchestrates an attack on the military
barracks that he blames on Ibarra. Salvi intends to take
credit for saving the town from the attack he secretly
started.

Following the siege, Ibarra is arrested as planned. He’s

jailed and found guilty based on a vague letter he wrote to
Clara. Elias returns and busts Ibarra out of prison and they
escape on a boat. Before fleeing town, Ibarra climbs onto
Clara’s patio and bids adieu. Clara explains the she was
 blackmailed into releasing the letter which led to Ibarra’s
imprisonment. A man told Clara that her real father is
Damaso, not Tiago. Clara relinquished the letter in order
to keep this a secret from Tiago and to honor her deceased
mother. Clara expresses deep regret for her betrayal and
reinforces her undying love for Ibarra. Ibarra and Elias
bid farewell and begin rowing into the night. As they
travel, the debate the merits of revolution and whether a
change within this system is better than outright
overthrowing it. During their discussion, the men are
attacked by another boat. As a distraction, Elias decides to
leap off the boat while Ibarra continues rowing. Elias tells
Ibarra to meet him on Christmas Eve in San Diego, where
Ibarra’s grandfather is buried with his family fortune.
Elias dives into the water and is chased by the boat until
the attackers spot blood in the water and assume Elias is
dead.

In San Diego, Clara tells Damaso she cannot marry

Linares because she’s not in love with him. Clara cites a
newspaper falsely claiming Ibarra’s death as the reason
she no longer wishes to live, and joins a convent as a
result. On Christmas Eve, Elias appears in the woods to
meet Ibarra, who never shows up. Elias is wounded and
tells the young Basilio that he is about to die. Elias asks
 Basilio to burn his corpse along with Basilio’s mother’s,
Sisa’s, on a pyre. As Elias looks up to the sky dying, he
utters: “I die without seeing dawn’s light shining on my
country…You, who will see it, welcome it for me…don’t
forget those who fell during the nighttime.” Ibarra’s fate
remains a mystery.

The first half of Noli me Tangere was written in Madrid,

Spain from 1884-1885 while Dr. José P. Rizal was studying
for medicine.

While in Germany, Rizal wrote the second half of Noli me

Tangere from time-to-time starting February 21, 1887.
After he read the novel Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet
Beecher Stowe, he had an inspiration to write his own
novel with the same topic–to expose Spanish colonial abuse
in print.

Beecher Stowe's novel describes black slavery abuse done

by white men. Rizal suggested to his fellow Filipino friends
in Europe, through writing, to have a meeting and plan for
writing a novel similar to that of Beecher Stowe's.

(At this moment, Rizal planned not to write the novel

himself, but through collective efforts done by other
 Filipinos who shared ideals with him.) In 1884, Rizal and
his friends including the Paterno brothers–Pedro, Maximo,
and Antonio; Graciano López-Jaena, Evaristo Aguirre,
Eduardo de Lete, Melecio Figueroa, Valentín Ventura and
Julio Llorento; decided to meet at the Paternos' house in
Madrid. Each of them agreed to write a unified novel.
Suddenly, when the writing began, most of them wanted to
change the topic from Spanish abuse to somehow related
to women. Rizal walked-out of the hall and decided to write
the novel himself.
ABOUT JOSÉ RIZAL
Born on June 19, 1861, José Rizal was from an upper-
class Filipino family. His mother, Teodora Alonso, a
highly educated woman, exerted a powerful influence on
his intellectual development. He would grow up to be a
brilliant polymath, doctor, fencer, essayist, and novelist,
among other things.
By the late nineteenth century, the Spanish empire was in
irreversible decline. Spain had ruled the islands since
1565, except for a brief hiatus when the British occupied
the islands in 1762. The colonial government was
unresponsive and often cruel, with the religious
establishment wielding as much power as the state.
Clerical abuses, European ideas of liberalism, and
growing international trade fueled a burgeoning national
consciousness. For Rizal and his generation, the 1872
Cavite Mutiny, in which three native priests were accused
 of treason and publicly executed, provided both
inspiration and a cautionary tale.
Educated at the Jesuit-run Ateneo de Manila and the
Dominican University of Santo Tomas in Manila, Rizal
left for Spain in 1882, where he studied medicine and the
liberal arts, with further studies in Paris and Heidelberg.
The charismatic Rizal quickly became a leading light of
the Propaganda Movement—Filipino expatriates
advocating, through its newspaper, La Solidaridad,
various reforms such as the integration of the Philippines
as a province of Spain, representation in the Cortes (the
Spanish parliament), the Filipinization of the clergy, and
equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the law. To
Rizal, the main impediment to reform lay not so much
with the civil government but with the reactionary and
powerful Franciscan, Augustinian, and Dominican friars,
who constituted a state within a state.
In 1887, he published his first novel, Noli Me Tangere,
written in Spanish, a searing indictment of clerical abuse
as well as of colonial rule’s shortcomings. That same
year, he returned to Manila, where the Noli had been
banned and its author now hated intensely by the friars. In
1888, he went to Europe once more, and there wrote the
sequel, El Filibusterismo (The Subversive), published in
1891. In addition, he annotated an edition of Antonio
 Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, showing that the
Philippines had had a long history before the advent of the
Spaniards. Rizal returned to Manila in 1892 and founded
a reform society, La Liga Filipina, before being exiled to
Dapitan, in Mindanao, Southern Philippines. There he
devoted himself to scientific research and public works.
Well-known as an ophthalmologist, he was visited by an
English patient, accompanied by his ward, Josephine
Bracken, who would be his last and most serious romantic
involvement.
In August of 1896, the Katipunan, a nationalist secret
society, launched the revolution against Spain. Its leaders
venerated Rizal and tried to persuade him to their cause.
He refused, convinced that the time was not yet ripe for
armed struggle. In the meantime he volunteered to serve
as a doctor with the Spanish forces fighting against Cuban
revolutionaries. En route, Rizal was arrested and
subjected to a mock trial in Manila by the authorities
although he had nothing to do with the revolution. Found
guilty, he was shot at dawn on December 30, 1896. On
the eve of his execution, Rizal penned “Mi último adiós”
(My Last Farewell), considered a masterpiece of
nineteenth-century Spanish verse. He was thirty-five.
Rizal’s martyrdom only intensified the ultimately
successful fight for independence from Spain. Because of
 his role in shaping his country’s destiny, José Rizal is
often described as the “First Filipino” and has since
served as an inspiration to countless nationalists and
intellectuals.

BATTLE
By Ch’ü Yüan (332-295 b.c.), author of the famous poem “Li Sao,” or “Falling
into Trouble.” Finding that he could not influence the conduct of his prince, he
drowned himself in the river Mi-lo. The modern Dragon Boat Festival is supposed
to be in his honour.

“We grasp our battle-spears: we don our breast-plates of hide.

The axles of our chariots touch: our short swords meet.
Standards obscure the sun: the foe roll up like clouds.
 Arrows fall thick: the warriors press forward.
They menace our ranks: they break our line.
The left-hand trace-horse is dead: the one on the right is smitten.
The fallen horses block our wheels: they impede the yoke-horses!”
They grasp their jade drum-sticks: they beat the sounding drums.
Heaven decrees their fall: the dread Powers are angry.
The warriors are all dead: they lie on the moor-field.
They issued but shall not enter: they went but shall not return.
The plains are flat and wide: the way home is long.
Their swords lie beside them: their black bows, in their hand.
Though their limbs were torn, their hearts could not be repressed.
They were more than brave: they were inspired with the spirit of
“Wu.”
Steadfast to the end, they could not be daunted.
Their bodies were stricken, but their souls have taken Immortality
Captains among the ghosts, heroes among the dead.
The mysterious legend of the Ramakien or Thai Ramayana

Visitors to Thailand will soon find themselves immersed in a culture that

is bursting with gods, demons, giants and mythical beasts. They are
everywhere; they tower over you as they ominously guard doorways,
they grin at you from intricate carvings, they bedazzle you from golden
silk threads and dance around you from beautifully painted landscapes.
These exotic creations are truly Thailand. They are so deeply ingrained
in the culture, customs and beliefs of the Thai nation that myth and fact
have merged into one epic legend. This deeply evocative tale is a story
of magic and wonder, it is the Ramakien.
 A tale of truly epic proportions – with recent publications running to
nearly 3,000 pages, the only known complete version of the Ramakien
was penned by King Rama I in 1804. No one knows when the story first
entered Thai culture, but there is evidence of the Ramakien being
performed in dances and shadow puppet theatres as far back as the 13th
century.
The legend of the Ramakien owes its roots to the Ramayana, an ancient
tale from India. Written more than 2,000 years ago by the Sanskrit poet
Valmiki, the Ramayana is the story of the Hindu god Vishnu and his 7th
incarnation as Rama, the prince and king of Ayodhya.
The main story begins with the births of Rama and his wife Sita (herself
a reincarnation of Lakshmi goddess of wealth and prosperity). Rama
proves himself to be the perfect son and perfect husband, but before he
can become king, he is forced to renounce his title and leave Ayodhya.
For 14 years the royal couple live in exile, making a life for themselves
in the magical Himapan Forest. During this time, Sita is abducted by
Ravana, the demon king of Lanka. With the help of the monkey general
Hanuman, Rama rescues Sita, however Sita is forced to prove her purity
before Rama will take her back as his wife.

THE HUNCHBACK OF NOTRE DAME

The Hunchback of Notre Dame is set in Paris during the 15th century.
The story centres on Quasimodo, the deformed bell ringer of Notre-
Dame Cathedral, and his unrequited love for the beautiful dancer La
Esmeralda. Esmeralda, born Agnès, is perceived to be a French Roma
girl. Her biological mother is a former prostitute once known as Paquette
la Chantefleurie but now known as Sister Gudule; her paternity is
unknown. Fifteen years before the events of the novel, a group of Roma
kidnapped the infant Agnès from her mother’s room. Esmeralda has no
knowledge of her kidnapping: she lives and travels with the Roma as if
she is one of them. Quasimodo first meets Esmeralda at the Feast of
Fools, an annual festival parodying ecclesiastical ritual and cardinal
elections. During the festival, Quasimodo is elected “Pope of the Fools”
and subsequently beaten by an angry mob. Esmeralda takes pity on him
and offers him a drink of water. Quasimodo thereafter falls in love with
the dancer and decides to devote himself to protecting her.

Unbeknownst to Quasimodo, two other men vie for Esmeralda’s

affection: Quasimodo’s adoptive father, Archdeacon Dom Claude
Frollo, and the womanizing captain Phoebus de Châteaupers. Esmeralda,
for her part, has fallen hopelessly in love with Captain Phoebus. When
he asks her to meet him in secret late one night, she enthusiastically
agrees. That night Phoebus tries to persuade Esmeralda to sleep with
him. From a closet in Phoebus’s room, a disguised Frollo spies on the
couple. After he sees Phoebus kiss Esmeralda’s shoulder, the
archdeacon, in a fit of jealous rage, breaks down the closet door and
stabs Phoebus in the back. Phoebus collapses before he can see his
assailant. Esmeralda too loses consciousness, and Frollo escapes, leaving
Esmeralda as the only suspect for the attempted murder.

Esmeralda is quickly captured by the king’s guard. Master Jacques

Charmolue presides over her trial. Charmolue sentences her to death
after she falsely confesses to witchcraft and to murdering Phoebus.
(Esmeralda is unaware that Phoebus is alive.) Quasimodo attempts to
shelter Esmeralda in Notre-Dame, but he is ultimately unable to save
her. Frollo betrays Quasimodo and Esmeralda by taking Esmeralda from
the cathedral and releasing her to an angry mob of Parisians. Shortly
thereafter Esmeralda is hanged, and Quasimodo, in his grief and despair,
pushes Frollo from the cathedral tower. The novel ends many years later,
 when two skeletons—that of a hunchback and that of a woman—are
found embracing in Esmeralda’s tomb. Hugo reports that Phoebus also
came to a tragic end: “He married.”

On January 15, 1831, Victor Hugo finishes writing Notre Dame de Paris,
also known as The Hunchback of Notre Dame. Distracted by other
projects, Hugo had continually postponed his deadlines for delivering
the book to his publishers, but once he sat down to write it, he completed
the novel in only four months.

Victor Hugo wrote “The Hunchback of Notre Dame” to help preserve

the cathedral. ... With the story of Quasimodo, the deformed foundling
abandoned at the cathedral, Hugo captured the popular imagination.
Quasimodo lived out his days as the bell-ringer of Notre Dame in the
1400s