Singer Corporation

Singer Corporation is an American manufact urer of consumer sewing machines, first

est ablished as I. M. Singer & Co. in 1851 by Isaac M. Singer wit h New York lawyer Edward C.
Clark. Best known for it s sewing machines, it was renamed Singer Manufacturing Company
in 1865, t hen t he Singer Company in 1963. It is based in La Vergne, Tennessee, near
Nashville. It s first large fact ory for mass product ion was built in 1863 in Elizabet h, New
Jersey.[1]

Singer Corporat ion

Industry Manufacturing

Founded 1851 in New York City

Founders Isaac M. Singer

Edward C. Clark

Headquarters La Vergne, Tennessee, United States

Products Sewing machine Upholstery

Owner SVP Worldwide

Website www.singer.com (https://www.singer.com/)

A Singer treadle sewing machine

History …

A Singer 1851 sewing machine

Singer's original design was t he first pract ical sewing machine for general domest ic use. It
incorporat ed t he basic eye-point ed needle and lock st it ch, developed by Elias Howe, who
won a pat ent -infringement suit against Singer in 1854.
Singer's patent model for his sewing machine

Singer obt ained pat ent no. 8294 in August 1851 for an improved sewing machine t hat included
a circular feed wheel, t hread cont roller, and power t ransmit t ed by gear wheels and shaft ing.[2]

Singer consolidat ed enough pat ent s in t he field t o enable him t o engage in mass product ion,
and by 1860 his company was t he largest manufact urer of sewing machines in t he world. In
1885 Singer produced it s first "vibrat ing shut t le" sewing machine, an improvement over
cont emporary t ransverse shut t le designs (see bobbin drivers). The Singer company began t o
market it s machines int ernat ionally in 1855 and won first prize at t he Paris world's fair t hat
year. The company demonst rat ed t he first workable elect ric sewing machine at t he
Philadelphia elect ric exhibit ion in 1889 and began mass-producing domest ic elect ric machines
in 1910. Singer was also a market ing innovat or and a pioneer in promot ing t he use of
inst allment payment plans.

Early sales figures

…

Year 1853 1859 1867 1871 1873 1876

Units 810 10,953 43,053 181,260 232,444 262,316

Source:[3]

Old Singer logo

By 1876, Singer was claiming cumulat ive sales of t wo million sewing machines and had put t he
t wo milliont h machine on display in Philadelphia.[4]

Singer in Scotland …

Workers leaving Singer sewing machine factory on Clydebank

In 1867, t he Singer Company decided t hat t he demand for t heir sewing machines in t he Unit ed
Kingdom was sufficient ly high t o open a local fact ory in Glasgow on John St reet . The Vice
President of Singer, George Ross McKenzie select ed Glasgow because of it s iron making
indust ries, cheap labour, and shipping capabilit ies.[5] Demand for sewing machines out st ripped
product ion at t he new plant and by 1873, a new larger fact ory was complet ed on James
St reet , Bridget on. By t hat point , Singer employed over 2,000 people in Scot land, but t hey st ill
could not produce enough machines.

In 1882, McKenzie, by t hen President -elect of t he Singer Manufact uring Company, undert ook
t he ground breaking ceremony on 46 acres (19 ha) of farmland at Kilbowie, Clydebank.
Originally, t wo main buildings were const ruct ed, each 800-foot (240 m) long, 50-foot (15 m)
wide and t hree st oreys high. These were connect ed by t hree wings. Built above t he middle
wing was a 200-foot (61 m) t all clock t ower wit h t he "Singer" name clearly displayed for all t o
see for miles around. A t ot al of 2.75 miles (4.43 km) of railway lines were laid t hroughout t he
fact ory t o connect t he different depart ment s such as t he boiler room, foundry, shipping and
t he lines t o main railway st at ions. Sir Robert McAlpine was t he building cont ract or and t he
fact ory was designed t o be fire proof wit h wat er sprinklers, making it t he most modern
fact ory in Europe at t hat t ime.[6]

Wit h nearly a million square feet of space and almost 7,000 employees, it was possible t o
produce on average 13,000 machines a week, making it t he largest sewing machine fact ory in
t he world. The Clydebank fact ory was so product ive t hat in 1905, t he U.S. Singer Company
set up and regist ered t he Singer Manufact uring Company Lt d. in t he Unit ed Kingdom. Demand
cont inued t o exceed product ion, so each building was ext ended upwards t o 6 st oreys high. A
railway st at ion wit h t he company name was est ablished in 1907 wit h connect ions t o adjoining
t owns and cent ral Glasgow t o assist in t ransport ing t he workforce t o t he facilit y.

In t he First World War, sewing machine product ion gave way t o munit ions. The Singer
Clydebank fact ory received over 5000 government cont ract s, and made 303 million art illery
shells, shell component s, fuses, and aeroplane part s, as well as grenades, rifle part s, and
361,000 horseshoes. It s labour force of 14,000 was about 70% female at war's end.[7]

From it s opening in 1884 unt il 1943, t he Kilbowie fact ory produced approximat ely 36,000,000
sewing machines. Singer was t he world leader and sold more machines t han all t he ot her
makers added t oget her. In 1913, t he fact ory shipped 1.3 million machines. The lat e 1950s and
1960s saw a period of significant change at t he Clydebank fact ory. In 1958, Singer reduced
product ion at t heir main American plant and t ransferred 40% of t his product ion t o t he
Clydebank fact ory in a bid t o reduce cost s. Bet ween 1961 and 1964, t he Clydebank fact ory
underwent a £4 million modernizat ion program which saw t he Clydebank fact ory cease t he
product ion of cast iron machines and focus on t he product ion of aluminium machines for
west ern market s. As part of t his modernisat ion programme, t he famous Singer Clock was
demolished in 1963. At t he height of it s product iveness in t he mid 1960s, Singer employed
over 16,000 workers but by t he end of t hat decade, compulsory redundancies were t aking
place and 10 years lat er t he workforce was down t o 5,000. Financial problems and lack of
orders forced t he world's largest sewing machine fact ory t o close in June 1980, bringing t o an
end over 100 years of sewing machine product ion in Scot land. The complex of buildings was
demolished in 1998.[8]
Painted Singer Sewing sign in Kingston, New York

A Singer sewing machine with electric retrofit

Marketing
…
Advertising photograph by Paolo Monti, Milan 1963

The Singer sewing machine was t he first complex st andardized t echnology t o be mass
market ed. It was not t he first sewing machine, and it s pat ent in 1851 led t o a pat ent bat t le
wit h Elias Howe, invent or of t he lockst it ch machine. This event ually result ed in a pat ent
sharing accord among t he major firms.[9] Market ing st rat egies included focusing on t he
manufact uring indust ry,[10] gender ident it y,[11] credit plans,[12] and "hire purchases."[9]

Singer's market ing emphasized t he role of women and t heir relat ionship t o t he home, evoking
ideals of virt ue, modest y, and diligence.[13] Though t he sewing machine represent ed liberat ion
from arduous hand sewing, it chiefly benefit ed t hose sewing for t heir families and t hemselves.
Tradespeople relying on sewing as a livelihood st ill suffered from poor wages, which dropped
furt her in response t o t he t ime savings gained by machine sewing.[9] Singer offered credit
purchases and rent -t o-own arrangement s, allowing people t o rent a machine wit h t he rent al
payment s applied t o t he event ual purchase of t he machine,[9] and sold globally t hrough t he
use of direct -sales door-t o-door canvassers t o demonst rat e and sell t he machines.[14]

World War II
…
During World War II, t he company suspended sewing machine product ion t o t ake on
government cont ract s for weapons manufact uring. Fact ories in t he Unit ed St at es supplied
t he American forces wit h Norden bomb sight s and M1 Carbine rifle receivers, while fact ories
in Germany provided t heir armed forces wit h weapons.[15]

In 1939, t he company was given a product ion st udy by t he government t o draw plans and
develop st andard raw mat erial sizes for building M1911A1 pist ols. The following April 17,
Singer was given an educat ional order of 500 unit s wit h serial numbers S800001 – S800500.
The educat ional order was a program set up by t he Ordnance Board in t he U.S. t o t each
companies wit hout gun-making experience t o manufact ure weapons.
Aft er t he 500 unit s were delivered t o t he U.S. government , t he management decided t o
produce art illery and bomb sight s. The pist ol t ooling and manufact uring machines were
t ransferred t o Remingt on Rand whilst some went t o t he It haca Gun Company. Approximat ely
1.75 million 1911A1 pist ols were produced during World War II, making original Singer pist ols
relat ively rare and collect able.[16]

In December 1940, Singer won a cont ract t o produce t he M5 Ant iaircraft Direct or, a version
of t he UK-designed Kerrison Predict or. The US Army had previously adopt ed t he M7
Comput ing Sight for t heir 37 mm gun M1 ant i-aircraft guns, but t he gun proved
t emperament al and Sperry Corporat ion was t oo busy producing ot her syst ems t o build t he
required number of M7's. Aft er t est ing in Sept ember 1940, t he Army accept ed t he Kerrison
as t he M5, and lat er, t he Bofors 40 mm gun in place of t he M1.[17]

Post-war
…
Singer resumed developing sewing machines in 1946.[18] Aft er t he t roublesome 206k range of
zig-zag machines first produced in 1936, They int roduced one of t heir most popular, highest -
qualit y and fully-opt ioned machines in 1952, t he 401 Slant -o-Mat ic. 2011 marked t heir 160t h
anniversary. Current ly, t hey manufact ure comput erized, heavy dut y, embroidery, quilt ing,
serging, and mechanical sewing machines.[19]

In 2017, t hey launched t heir new Singer Sewing Assist ant App.[20]

Diversification …

Singer in Malta

In t he 1960s, t he company diversified, acquiring t he Friden calculat or company in 1965 and

General Precision Equipment Corporat ion in 1968. GPE included Librascope, The Kearfot t
Company, Inc, and Link Flight Simulat ion. In 1968 also, Singer bought out GPS Syst ems and
added it t o t he Link Simulat ions Syst ems Division (LSSD). This unit produced nuclear power
plant cont rol room simulat ors in Silver Spring, Maryland: Tech Road building for Boiling Wat er
React or (BWR), Parkway building for Pressurized Wat er React or (PWR) and lat er moved t o
Broken Land Parkway in Columbia, Maryland while flight simulat ors were produced in
Binghamt on, New York.

In 1987, corporat e raider Paul Bilzerian made a "greenmail" run at Singer, and ended up owning
t he company when no "Whit e Knight " rescuer appeared. To recover his money, Bilzerian sold
off part s of t he company. Kearfot t was split , t he Kearfot t Guidance & Navigat ion Corporat ion
was sold t o t he Ast ronaut ics Corporat ion of America in 1988 and t he Elect ronic Syst ems
Division was purchased t he Plessey Company in 1988 and renamed Plessey Elect ronic
Syst ems (and t hen acquired by GEC-Marconi in 1990, renamed GEC-Marconi Elect ronic
Syst ems, and lat er incorporat ed int o BAE Syst ems). The four Link divisions developing and
support ing indust rial and flight simulat ion were sold t o Canadian Avionics Elect ronics (CAE)
and became CAE-Link. The nuclear power simulat or division became S3 Technologies, and
lat er GSE Syst ems, and relocat ed t o Eldersburg, MD. The Sewing Machine Division was sold in
1989 t o Semi-Tech Microelect ronics, a publicly t raded Toront o-based company.[21]

For several years in t he 1970s, Singer set up a nat ional sales force for CAT phot ot ypeset t ing
machines (of UNIX t roff fame) made by anot her Massachuset t s company, Graphic Syst ems
Inc.[22] This division was purchased by Wang Laborat ories in 1978.

20th century
…

Woman with Singer sewing machine in East Timor (2017)

Sales and profit s grew unt il t he 1940s. The market was affect ed in several ways. The USA
market mat ured aft er WWII. Japanese manufact urers at e int o t he market wit h zig-zag sewing
machines.[23] Under t he leadership of Donald P. Kircher, Singer diversified int o market s such as
office equipment , defense, and aerospace. Revenue of which 90% of revenue from sewing
machines was reduced t o 35% aft er diversificat ion.

In 1978 Singer moved it s HQ from Rockefeller Plaza t o St amford, Conn. This relocat ion
moved 430 jobs t o t he new locat ion.[24]

During t he 1980s Singer sewing machine market s were being hit wit h Japanese machines and
European brands including Bernina, Pfaff, and Viking. In 1986, t he original Singer company spun
off it s sewing machine business under t he name SSMC. In 1989 Semi-Tech Global purchased
SSMC renaming SSMC back t o Singer.[25] Semi-Tech Global incorporat ed Singer int o Singer
N.V. based in Net herlands Ant illes owned by t he Hong Kong holding company.

Singer N.V. filed bankrupt cy in 1999 and was acquired by Kohlberg & Company.[26] In 1997,
Singer (Singer N.V.) US operat ions moved it s consumer product s t o LaVergne, Tennessee.
This locat ion also served it s wholesale dist ribut ion of sewing machines and part s.[26] In 2006
The parent company of Singer - Kohlberg & Company, acquired Husqvarna and Pfaff brands.
This merged t he t hree brands int o t he current company t he SVP Group.[27] It s main
compet it ors are Baby Lock, Bernina, Brot her, Janome, Juki and Aisin Seiki.

The tower of the former Singer Building in Manhattan, the tallest in the world at the time of its construction
Singer House in Saint Petersburg, Russia

Singer was heavily involved in Manhat t an real est at e in t he 1800s t hrough Edward C. Clark, a
founder of t he company. Clark had built The Dakot a apart ment s and ot her Manhat t an
buildings in t he 1880s. In 1900, t he Singer company ret ained Ernest Flagg t o build a 12-st ory
loft building at Broadway and Prince St reet in Lower Manhat t an. The building is now
considered archit ect urally not able, and it has been rest ored.[28]

The 47-st ory Singer Building, complet ed in 1908, was also designed by Flagg, who designed
t wo landmark residences for Bourne. Const ruct ed during Bourne's t enure, t he Singer Building
(demolished in 1968) was t hen t he t allest building in t he world and was t he t allest building t o
be int ent ionally demolished unt il t he Twin Towers of t he World Trade Cent er were dest royed
in t he Sept ember 11 at t acks.[29]

At t heir Clydebank fact ory, Singer built a 200 feet (61 m) clock t ower, which st ood over t he
cent ral wing and had t he reput at ion of being t he largest four-faced clock in t he world. Each
face weighed five t ons, and it t ook four men fift een minut es t wice a week t o keep it
wound.[30] The t ower was demolished in 1963,17 years before t he fact ory closed in 1980 and
is now t he sit e of Clydebank Business Park. Singer railway st at ion, built t o serve t he fact ory,
is only one of t wo railway st at ions in t he UK, named aft er a fact ory, and is st ill in operat ion
t oday.

The famous Singer House, designed by archit ect Pavel Suzor, was built in 1902–1904 at
Nevsky Prospekt in Saint Pet ersburg as headquart ers of t he Russian branch of t he company.
This modern st yle building (sit uat ed just opposit e t he Kazan Cat hedral) is officially recognized
as an object of Russian hist orical-cult ural herit age.

In 2018, a large fact ory fire dest royed a Singer dist ribut ion office and warehouse in Seven
Hills, Sydney. Singer had manufact ured sewing machines in Aust ralia at a purpose-built plant in
t he west ern Sydney suburb of Penrit h, from 1959 unt il 1967.

List of company presidents …

Isaac M. Singer (1851–1863)

Inslee Hopper (1863–1875)

Edward C. Clark (1875–1882)

George Ross McKenzie (1882–1889)

Frederick Gilbert Bourne (1889–1905)

Sir Douglas Alexander (1905–1949)

Milt on C. Light ner (1949–1958)

Donald P. Kircher (1958–1975)

Joseph Bernard Flavin (1975–1987)

Paul Bilzerian (1987–1989)[31]

Ift ikhar Ahmed (1989–1997)[32]

St ephen H. Goodman (1998–2004)

Popular domestic Singer sewing machines

A Singer model 12K fiddle- bed from 1878

A Singer model 66 with Lotus decals from 1922

A Singer model 99 from 1939

A Singer Featherweight model 222k from 1954

See also

Hist ory of t he sewing machine

List of sewing machine brands

References

1. Cunningham, John T. (2004). Ellis Island: Immigration's Shining Center (https://books.google.com/b

ooks?id=OyL6JatN5KwC&q=Island+of+Hope%2C+Island+of+Tears) . Arcadia Publishing.
ISBN 978-0-7385-2428-3.

2. "Sewing machine history" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100328220834/http://www.machine-histo

ry.com/THE%20SEWING%20MACHINE) . Archived from the original (http://www.machine-history.co
m/THE%20SEWING%20MACHINE) on March 28, 2010.
 3. "Sewing Machines" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100328220834/http://www.machine-history.co
m/THE%20SEWING%20MACHINE) . Machine-History.Com. Archived from the original (http://www.
machine-history.com/THE%20SEWING%20MACHINE) on March 28, 2010. Retrieved September 3,
2012.

4. Fort Moultrie Centennial, Part II (http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/sclpam/id/711) .

Charleston: Walker, Evans & Cogswell. 1876. p. 29. Retrieved September 22, 2014.

5. Hounshell, David (1984). From the American System to Mass Production, 1800-1932: The
Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States (https://archive.org/details/fromam
ericansyst0000houn) . Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 93 (https://arc
hive.org/details/fromamericansyst0000houn/page/93) –94. ISBN 9780801831584.

. "A portrait of achievement" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160508151434/http://www.sir-robert-m

calpine.com/files/page/200/SRMBrochure2010_web1.pdf) (PDF). Sir Robert McAlpine. Archived
from the original (http://www.sir-robert-mcalpine.com/files/page/200/SRMBrochure2010_web1.pd
f) (PDF) on May 8, 2016. Retrieved April 24, 2016.

7. Robert Bruce Davies, Peacefully working to conquer the world (Arno Press, 1976) p. 170

. "Singer Sewing Machine Factory Kilbowie, Clydebank" (http://www.singersewinginfo.co.uk/kilbowi

e/) .

9. Joan Perkin, "Sewing Machines: Liberation or Drudgery for Women?" History Today 52 (Dec. 2002).

10. Andrew Godley "Selling the Sewing Machine Around the World: Singers International Marketing
Strategies, 1850-1920." Enterprise and Society (June 2007) 7 281.

11. Judith G. Coffin, "Credit, Consumption, and Images of Women's Desires: Selling the Sewing Machine
in Late Nineteenth-Century France." Historical Studies (Spring, 1994) 18 746-750.

12. Judith G. Coffin, "Credit, Consumption, and Images of Women's Desires: Selling the Sewing Machine
in Late Nineteenth-Century France." Historical Studies (Spring, 1994) 18 752

13. Judith G. Coffin, "Credit, Consumption, and Images of Women's Desires: Selling the Sewing Machine
in Late Nineteenth-Century France." Historical Studies (Spring, 1994) 18 746-752.

14. Andrew Godley "Selling the Sewing Machine Around the World: Singers International Marketing
Strategies, 1850-1920." Enterprise and Society (June 2007) 7 269-281.

15. Sanders, Richard Robert S. Clark (1877-1956) (http://coat.ncf.ca/our_magazine/links/53/clark.ht

ml) , Press for Conversion! magazine, Issue 53, "Facing the Corporate Roots of American Fascism,"
March 2004. Published by the Coalition to Oppose the Arms Trade.

1 . Karash, Karl (2002). "Singer Manufacturing Co" (http://www.coolgunsite.com/images/1911/singer19

11a1.htm) . coolgunsite.com. Moore, Ty. Retrieved April 15, 2019.

17. Mindell, David A. (April 1995). "Anti-aircraft fire control and the development of integrated systems
at Sperry, 1925-40". IEEE Control Systems Magazine. 15 (2): 108–113. doi:10.1109/37.375318 (http
s://doi.org/10.1109%2F37.375318) . ISSN 1066-033X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1066-033
X) .
1 . "The Singer Brand History - 160+ Years of Sewing | Singer.com" (https://www.singer.com/history) .
www.singer.com. Retrieved October 20, 2018.

19. "Machines | Singer.com" (https://www.singer.com/machines) . www.singer.com. Retrieved

October 20, 2018.

20. "SINGER Sewing Assistant App for iPhone & Android | Singer.com" (https://www.singer.com/softwar
e/app) . www.singer.com. Retrieved October 20, 2018.

21. Miller, Matthew; Clifford, Mark L.; Zegel, Susan (August 5, 2002). "Dishonored Dealmaker" (http://ww
w.businessweek.com/magazine/content/02_31/b3794153.htm) . Businessweek. Retrieved
March 25, 2007.

22. "Old Phototypesetter Tales" (http://haagens.com/oldtype.tpl.html#2G) . Haagens.com.

23. https://www.company-historie.com/The-Singer-Company-NV-Company-History.html

24. Sterba, James P. (June 14, 1978). "Singer Co. Is Moving to. Stamford to Surprise of New York
Officials" (https://www.nytimes.com/1978/06/14/archives/singer-co-is-moving-to-stamford-to-surpri
se-of-new-york-officials.html) . The New York Times.

25. "The wrecking of Singer" (https://www.forbes.com/global/1999/1115/034_01.html#244b1d823b1

5) .

2 . "Singer sewing company to be sold to Kohlberg" (https://www.nashvillepost.com/home/article/2044

8916/singer-sewing-company-to-be-sold-to-kohlberg) .

27. http://www.singersa.com/svp-group

2 . Gray, Christopher (June 29, 1997). "Style Standard for Early Steel-Framed Skyscraper" (https://www.
nytimes.com/1997/06/29/realestate/style-standard-for-early-steel-framed-skyscraper.html?scp=896
&sq=corning&st=nyt) . The New York Times. p. 7. Retrieved August 1, 2010.

29. "New York Architecture Images- HOME" (http://nyc-architecture.com/?p=1497) . nyc-

architecture.com.

30. "Singer Clydebank history on West Dunbarton Council website" (http://www.west-dunbarton.gov.uk/l

eisure-parks-events/museums-and-galleries/collections/singer/) .

31. "A Raider's Days Of Reckoning" (https://web.archive.org/web/20081202164108/http://jcgi.pathfinde

r.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,958093,00.html) . Time Magazine. July 10, 1989. Archived
from the original (http://jcgi.pathfinder.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,958093,00.html) on
December 2, 2008. Retrieved May 1, 2007.

32. Daniel Hilken & Albert Wong (July 1, 2005). "Semi-Tech's Ting jailed six years" (http://bestsewingmac
hinereviewspot.com/singer-semi-techs-ting-jailed-six-years/) . The Standard (Hong Kong).
Retrieved August 15, 2010.

Further reading

Brandon, Rut h. A capitalist romance: Singer and the sewing machine (Lippincot t , 1977).
Coffin, Judit h G. "Credit , consumpt ion, and images of women's desires: selling t he sewing
machine in lat e ninet eent h-cent ury France". French Historical Studies (1994): 749–783.
JSTOR 286691 (ht t ps://www.jst or.org/st able/286691) .

Davies, Robert Bruce. Peacefully working to conquer the world: Singer sewing machines in
foreign markets, 1854–1920 (Arno Press, 1976).

Godley, Andrew. "The Global Diffusion of t he Sewing Machine, 1850–1914". Research in

Economic History 20#1 (2001): 1-46.

Godley, Andrew. "Selling t he Sewing Machine Around t he World: Singer's Int ernat ional
Market ing St rat egies, 1850–1920", Enterprise & Society (2006) 7#2 pp. 266–314.

Godley, Andrew. "Singer in Brit ain: t he diffusion of sewing machine t echnology and it s
impact on t he clot hing indust ry in t he Unit ed Kingdom, 1860–1905". Textile history 27.1
(1996): 59–76.

Jack, Andrew B. "The channels of dist ribut ion for an innovat ion: The sewing-machine
indust ry in America, 1860–1865". Explorations in Economic History 9.3 (1957): 113.

Weber, Nicholas Fox. The Clarks of Cooperstown: Their Singer Sewing Machine Fortune,
Their Great and Influential Art Collections, Their Forty-year Feud (Alfred A. Knopf, 2007).

Wickramasinghe, Nira. "Following t he Singer Sewing Machine: Fashioning a Market in a Brit ish
Crown Colony" in Metallic Modern: Everyday Machines in Colonial Sri Lanka. (Berghahn
Books, 2014) pp. 16–40. JSTOR j.ct t 9qd0gq.6 (ht t ps://www.jst or.org/st able/j.ct t 9qd0gq.
6) .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media relat ed t o Singer Corporation and Singer sewing
machines.

Official websit e (ht t ps://www.singer.com)

Singer Direct Singer hist ory t imeline (ht t ps://www.singermachines.co.uk/faq/singer-sewing-

machine-company-hist ory.ht ml)

Singer in WWII Singer's cont ribut ion t o t he war effort (ht t ps://web.archive.org/web/200907
17001750/ht t p://home.roadrunner.com/~feat herweight /wwii.ht m)

Singer sewing machine serial numbers and dat es (ht t ps://web.archive.org/web/2010123107

4244/ht t p://www.singerco.com/support /serial_ numbers.ht ml)

Sewing Machines, Historical Trade Literature (http://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/Trade-L

iterature/Sewing-Machines) Smit hsonian Inst it ut ion Libraries
 Singer Manufact uring company records (ht t p://www.newberry.org/collect ions/FindingAids/
singer/Singer.ht ml) at Newberry Library

Singer Company records (ht t p://findingaids.hagley.org/xt f/view?docId=ead/2207.xml)

(1851–1990) at Hagley Museum and Library

Singer Manufact uring Company Records (ht t p://findingaids.hagley.org/xt f/view?docId=ead/

2526.xml) (1860–1878) at Hagley Museum and Library

Hist oric American Engineering Record (HAER) No. NJ-51, "Singer Manufact uring Company,
321 First St reet , Elizabet h, Union Count y, NJ (ht t ps://loc.gov/pict ures/it em/nj0983/) "

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