The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic

Prime Factorisation
Prime Factorisation is the method of expressing a natural number as a product of
prime numbers.
Example: 36=2×2×3×3 is the prime factorisation of 36.
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic states that the prime factorisation for a
given number is unique if the arrangement of the prime factors is ignored.
Example: 36=2×2×3×3 OR, 36=2×3×2×3
Therefore, 36 is represented as a product of prime factors (Two 2s and two 3s)
ignoring the arrangement of the factors.
To know more about Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, visit here.

Method of Finding LCM

Example: To find the Least Common Multiple (L.C.M) of 36 and 56,

36=2×2×3×3
56=2×2×2×7
The common prime factors are 2×2
The uncommon prime factors are 3×3 for 36 and 2×7 for 56.
LCM of 36 and 56 = 2×2×3×3×2×7 which is 504
To know more about LCM, visit here.

Method of Finding HCF

H.C.F can be found using two methods – Prime factorisation and Euclid’s division
algorithm.

Prime Factorisation:
Given two numbers, we express both of them as products of their respective prime
factors. Then, we select the prime factors that are common to both the numbers
Example – To find the H.C.F of 20 and 24
20=2×2×5 and 24=2×2×2×3
The factor common to 20 and 24 is 2×2, which is 4, which in turn is the H.C.F of 20
and 24.
Euclid’s Division Algorithm:
It is the repeated use of Euclid’s division lemma to find the H.C.F of two numbers.
Example: To find the HCF of 18 and 30
Real Numbers class 10
Finding the HCF of 18 and 30
The required HCF is 6.
To know more about HCF, visit here.

For More Information On HCF and LCM, Watch The Below Video.

69,305
To know more about Properties of HCF and LCM, visit here.

Product of Two Numbers = HCF X LCM of the Two Numbers

For any two positive integers a and b,
a×b=H.C.F×L.C.M.
Example – For 36 and 56, the H.C.F is 4 and the L.C.M is 504
36×56=2016
4×504=2016
Thus, 36×56=4×504
The above relationship, however, doesn’t hold true for 3 or more numbers
To know Relationship between LCM and HCF, visit here.

Applications of HCF & LCM in Real-World Problems

L.C.M can be used to find the points of common occurrence. For example,ringing of
bells that ring with different frequencies, the time at which two persons running
at different speeds meet, and so on.

For More Information On Applications Of LCM, Watch The Below Video.

49,305
Revisiting Irrational Numbers
Irrational Numbers
Any number that cannot be expressed in the form of p/q (where p and q are integers
and q≠0.) is an irrational number. Examples √2,π, e and so on.

To know more about Irrational Numbers, visit here.

Number theory: Interesting results

If a number p (a prime number) divides a2, then p divides a. Example: 3 divides 62
i.e 36, which implies that 3 divides 6.
The sum or difference of a rational and an irrational number is irrational
The product and quotient of a non-zero rational and irrational number are
irrational.
√p is irrational when ‘p’ is a prime. For example, 7 is a prime number and √7 is
irrational. The above statement can be proved by the method of “Proof by
contradiction”.
To know more about Number theory, visit here.

Proof by Contradiction
In the method of contradiction, to check whether a statement is TRUE
(i) We assume that the given statement is TRUE.
(ii) We arrive at some result which contradicts our assumption, thereby proving the
contrary.
Eg: Prove that √7 is irrational.
Assumption: √7 is rational.
Since it is rational √7 can be expressed as
√7 = a/b, where a and b are co-prime Integers, b ≠ 0.
On squaring, a2/b2=7
⇒a2=7b2.
Hence, 7 divides a. Then, there exists a number c such that a=7c. Then, a2=49c2.
Hence, 7b2=49c2 or b2=7c2.
Hence 7 divides b. Since 7 is a common factor for both a and b, it contradicts our
assumption that a and b are coprime integers.
Hence, our initial assumption that √7 is rational is wrong. Therefore, √7 is
irrational.

Revisiting Rational Numbers and Their Decimal Expansions

Rational Numbers
Rational numbers are numbers that can be written in the form p/q, where p and q are
integers and q≠0.
Examples -1/2, 4/5, 1,0,−3 and so on.

To know more about Rational Numbers, visit here.

Terminating and nonterminating decimals

Terminating decimals are decimals that end at a certain point. Example: 0.2, 2.56
and so on.
Non-terminating decimals are decimals where the digits after the decimal point
don’t terminate. Example: 0.333333….., 0.13135235343…
Non-terminating decimals can be :
a) Recurring – a part of the decimal repeats indefinitely (0.142857142857….)
b) Non-recurring – no part of the decimal repeats indefinitely. Example:
π=3.1415926535…
Check if a given rational number is terminating or not
If a/b is a rational number, then its decimal expansion would terminate if both of
the following conditions are satisfied :
a) The H.C.F of a and b is 1.
b) b can be expressed as a prime factorisation of 2 and 5 i.e b=2m×5n where either
m or n, or both can = 0.
If the prime factorisation of b contains any number other than 2 or 5, then the
decimal expansion of that number will be recurring

Example:

1/40=0.025 is a terminating decimal, as the H.C.F of 1 and 40 is 1, and the

denominator (40) can be expressed as 23×51.

3/7=0.428571 is a recurring decimal as the H.C.F of 3 and 7 is 1 and the

denominator (7) is equal to 71

Real Numbers for Class 10 Examples

Example 1:

Find the largest number that divides 70 and 125 leaving the remainder 5 and 8
respectively.

Solution:

First, subtract the remainder from the number.

(i.e) 70-5 = 65

125-8 = 117.

Thus, we need to find the largest number that divides 65 and 117 and leaves the
remainder 0.

To find the largest number, take the HCF of 65 and 117.

Finding HCF of 65 and 117.

65 = 5×13

117 = 3×3×13.

Hence, HCF (65, 117) = 13.

Therefore, the largest number that divides 70 and 125 leaving the remainder 5 and 8
respectively is 13.

Example 2:

Find the LCM of 306 and 657, given that HCF (306, 657) = 9.

Solution:

Given that, HCF (306, 657) = 9.

We know that HCF × LCM = Product of Numbers

Hence, 9×LCM = 306×657

9×LCM = 201042

LCM = 201042/9

LCM = 22338.

Therefore, LCM of 306 and 657 is 22338.

Example 3:

Prove that 1/√2 is an irrational number.

Solution:

To prove 1/√2 is an irrational number.

Now, let us take the opposite assumption.

(i.e) Take 1/√2 is a rational number.

We know that rational numbers are the numbers that can be written in the form of
p/q, where q is not equal to 0. (p and q are two co-prime numbers)

Hence, 1/√2 = p/q.

Now, simplify the above equation by multiplying √2 on both sides.

1 = (p√2)/q

q = p√2

Hence, we get q/p = √2.

Here, p and q are integers, and hence q/p is a rational number.

But, √2 is an irrational number.

Hence, our assumption is wrong.

Therefore, 1/√2 is an irrational number.

Hence, proved.

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MATHS Related Links

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Angle
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