International Conference on Civil Engineering

Architecture & Urban Sustainable Development

18 &19 December 2013, Tabriz , Iran

Performance Analysis of Damage and Corrosion

Concrete Columns of Reinforced with FRP
Sayed Mohammad Alavizadeh Milani1*, Bahman Farahmand Azar2

1. MSc Graduate, Department of Civil Engineering, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran

m.alavizadeh@yahoo.com
2. Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
bfazar@yahoo.com

Abstract
Because of several parameters, a structure sometimes needs to retrofit and improve. Corrosion, the
cycle of melting and freezing, effects of chemical chloride, change of structure application, design
faults, construction faults, change of structure code and etc are some of these parameters. One of the
newest methods for retrofitting and strengthening is application of advanced fiber reinforced polymer
composites. Due to being difficult and time-consuming of conventional methods, the FRP sheets have
introduced for retrofitting of these structures. High compressive strength, high performance and
suitable combination with reinforcements are efficient factors in application of concrete. But stability
and durability is important problem in concrete projects that must has been attended. Nowadays,
retrofit and strengthening of structures has been greatly concerned by the civil and structural
engineers. A new class of retrofitting methods has been developed using the versatile chemical
products like as polymers, resins and reinforcement fibers. These structures have been retrofitted with
concrete and steel jackets. But these methods have many difficult and limitation of construction. The
behavior and performance of these columns were analyze and evaluated in this study. A finite element
analysis using ANSYS is utilized to conduct a parametric study. Effects of repairing concrete cover
and the CFRP wrapping on the performance of column are investigated. Concrete column has been
modeled in 4 states: Before corrosion, after corrosion, after repair and after wrapping with FRP. The
wrapping of CFRP applied fully over the cylindrical columns height. It is shown that ductility and
strength of columns submitted to axial load after corrosion of reinforcing bars, and spalling of concrete
cover significantly decreases, whereas after repairing the concrete cover, strength is not compensated.
Results show that applying CFRP wraps significantly compensate ductility and strength reduction of
original column.

Key words: Concrete, Retrofit, CFRP, Finite Element Method, ANSYS

1. Introduction
Today the strengthening of structures in civil engineering is one of the major branches. There
are structures in different places that still have not completed their useful life But due to
 International Conference on Civil Engineering
Architecture & Urban Sustainable Development
18 &19 December 2013, Tabriz , Iran

various factors such as environmental damage is the major structural injuries Or structures are
that Applied load More than their design load .Or some of the structures that have been used
in their implementation of inappropriate materials Or other errors occurred during the
execution Which Has caused the structure to be weak. Such structures with concrete or the
steel sheets can be strengthened. Today's industry has achieved the technology that of carbon,
glass and aramid materials to produce which are much lighter and more resistant than steel.
And these polymers are very convenient and rapid solutions for strengthening of such
structures.
Increase the compressive strength of concrete due to wrap external FRP, was investigated
first by Fardis and Khalili [1]. And In the mid-1980s the idea of retrofitting reinforced
concrete columns were used in Japan.
In 2001, Lam and Teng had suggested that modified form of square or rectangular columns
with circular or oval-shaped column reinforcement can be applied to them [2].
About the failure modes and behavior of concrete columns with circular cross-section Lam
and Teng many studies done And reported Rupture may occur within the time FRP tensile
strength to reach the circular stress [2].
Xiao and Wu in 2000 based on research conducted Showed that Stress-strain curves of
concrete confined with FRP in circular columns has two lines property with a gentle gradient
in the transition zone is not confined concrete stress level Except in the case of FRP used is
very low [3].
To determine the strength of FRP confined concrete, many researchers, including karbhari
and Gao, Samman et al., Miyauchi et al., Saafi et al. And Toutanji based on tests and their
results have been reported that mostly includes the following general relationship And only
the parameter k are different from each other [4], [5].

f cc f )1(
 1  k1 l
f co f co

f cc : Compressive strength of confined concrete

f co : Not confined concrete compressive strength

fl : lateral confining pressure

k1 : Effective confinement coefficient

Katsumata and colleagues first Was proposed use of FRP composite materials for seismic
upgrading of reinforced concrete columns. They for study ability of columns under combined
axial and cyclic lateral loads, 5 column with a circular cross section and 10 columns with
rectangular cross-section at scale 1 / 4 with the column and the column without the use of
carbon fiber, tested [6].
Later Matsudo and colleagues for the foundation of reinforced concrete bridge in 1990, two
improvements were determined using FRP composite materials: A) Improvement of the resistance b)
improvement of the plasticity.
 International Conference on Civil Engineering
Architecture & Urban Sustainable Development
18 &19 December 2013, Tabriz , Iran

2. CAUSED DAMAGE IN CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS AND COLUMNS

Reliability and durability of reinforced concrete structures is one of the most important
features that should be considered, because it is necessary concrete structure during its life,
the circumstances in which it is designed to withstand. External factors arising from the
environment or internal factors in concrete Can reduce the reliability and durability of the
structure are considered. These factors can be classified into physical, chemical and mechanical [7].
Physical properties of ice and the thermal difference between aggregate and cement paste occurs
[8]. Mechanical factors affecting the reliability and durability of concrete fatigue and abrasion
phenomena can be mentioned [9],[10]. Attack by sulfates, acids, sea water and also by
chloride, the electrochemical corrosion of steel reinforcement causes, including chemical
agents are. Since the attack is done within the concrete mass, Invasion of factors needs to be
able to penetrate into the concrete and the concrete is permeable. The difference between the
temperature and humidity inside the concrete and the osmotic phenomenon helps to spread
the influence of concrete [11]. Concrete between tide levels had been exposed to alternating
wet and dry and are severely damaged while the concrete is always water damage will be
minimal. In some circumstances the effect of sea water on concrete is associated with the
destructive effects of freezing, impact waves and erosion. Because of salts absorbed by the
concrete reinforcement corrosion due to electrochemical process started and cause cracks in
the concrete is formed and this can cause further damage [12], [13].

3. Methods of repair
A) Patches of concrete: In this method, the damaged concrete from the concrete to be
removed and new reinforcement will then replace the corroded reinforcement. In the case of
slight corrosion on the reinforcement was removed rust by sandblasting and the reinforcement
is coated with epoxy and finally spots the surface of the concrete [14].
B) Injecting epoxy grout: In this way Created cracks are repaired with a filling and sealing
small to medium cracks with epoxy [14].
C) Concrete jacket: In this way the reinforcement wrap around the columns and formatting is
done later. Then, between the concrete and the mold is filled with concrete. Concrete jacket
needs to be formatted and causes a significant increase in weight and cross-section of the
structure [14].
D) Steel jacket: in this way in an area that is needed to repair Steel jacket installed and
between concrete and steel will be filled with grout. It also increases the structural weight and
also hard work and high cost are severe [14].
E) Composite FRP: Wrapping fibers, from one side makes high strength, low weight,
corrosion and rusting resistance, easy installation and quick and with minimal structural
change in the geometry And On the other hand against previous way two there is no need to
use heavy vehicles such as crane.
 International Conference on Civil Engineering
Architecture & Urban Sustainable Development
18 &19 December 2013, Tabriz , Iran

4. Rehabilitation and Retrofitting with FRP composites

4.1. FRP composites
Composites are defined as a polymer matrix reinforced with fibers with a very high ratio of
length to thickness. FRP are Fiber reinforced polymers that today are one of the resistant
materials engineering and in various sciences such as mechanical engineering, electrical
engineering, materials engineering, civil engineering and etc, have been used extensively.
Many factors such as the fiber length, fiber Direction, shape and combinations of fibers, the
mechanical properties of resin matrix, and adhesion between the fibers and matrix are
involved in physical performance FRP composite. FRP materials consist of many small fibers,
continuous, be forming and non-metal with advanced features are that have been placed in the
matrix resin. Depending on the gender of fibers, FRP materials Are classified to three forms
AFRP (Based on aramid fibers), CFRP (Based on carbon fibers), GFRP (Based on glass
fiber). Fibers are the main stress-bearing while the resin to fiber stress transfer And they are
protected [15].

4. 2. The behavior of CONCRETE COLUMNS WITH CIRCULAR CROSS SECTIONS THAT ARE
enclosed WITH FRP
Columns confined with FRP when axial pressure is the lateral expansion of concrete caused
that this lateral expansion is enclosed with FRP. In circular columns, Confined concrete is
uniformly and maximum Confining pressure is created Proportion to the amount and strength
of FRP and confined concrete core diameter. Confining pressure is obtained as follows [12],
[16]:

2 f frpt frp  frp f frp

fl   (2)
d 2

f l :The lateral confining pressure

f frp : Tensile strength of FRP in the ring

t frp : The total thickness of the FRP

d : confined concrete diameter

 frp : Volumetric ratio of FRP that the following equation is achieved

dt frp 4t frp

 frp  (3)
d 2 / 4 d
 International Conference on Civil Engineering
Architecture & Urban Sustainable Development
18 &19 December 2013, Tabriz , Iran

When the FRP is placed under ring tension, when failure occurs that is reached with tensile
strength of its ring. This failure mode for most of the experiments on cylindrical concrete
specimens confined with FRP made, have been reported. Although some studies have not
been long enough to overlap, overlap locally, premature separation of FRP have been
reported.

4.3. A review OF models of resistance

A number of models for concrete confined with FRP are as follows:

f cc f
 1  k1 l (4)
f co f co
Rychart and colleagues in 1978 by the above relationship for confined concrete was presented
the value of k equal to 4.1 were considered.
Fardis and Khalili in 1982 proposed that the model for concrete confined with FRP can also be
used. But recent research shows Models that are used for confined concrete compressive
strength with steel, is not reliable for Confined concrete with frp and cannot use them.
Some new models of resistance, the relation (3) with the correct value of k used are:
Miyauchi resistance model: Miyauchi and colleagues in 1999, based on laboratory results on
 varies from 20 MPa 100, the value of k1
samples of concrete confined with CFRP And f co
fl
equal to 2.98 proposed. In other models k1 are not constant and depends on or k1 is

f co
considered.
Saafi resistance model: Saafi research based on samples of concrete confined with CFRP was
0.16
 f 
done in 1999, the value of k1 equal to 2.2 1  proposed.
 f co 

4.4. failure modes

Failure modes that can occur in a structural retrofitting with FRP are as follows:
A) Crushing of concrete compressive before the flow of steel
B) Flow strength steels before you tear Frp
c) Flow strength steels before the concrete crushing
D) Detachment FRP from concrete
E) Concrete cover separation
F) FRP ruptures
 International Conference on Civil Engineering
Architecture & Urban Sustainable Development
18 &19 December 2013, Tabriz , Iran

5. Introduction of materials properties

5.1 . The behavior of concrete
Behavioral model of concrete like is to brittle materials that has different behavior at pressure
and tension condition. Concrete tensile strength of about 8-15 percent of its compressive
strength. This research has been used the Bangash model for the curve of stress – strain. In
this model, the pressure to about 30 percent the ultimate compressive strength, concrete has
linear elastic behavior. And after this point to stress is increased gradually and with a gentle
slope until the stress reaches the compressive strength, The strain hardening occurs when the
concrete, When strain hardening occurs in concrete and will continue until the final strain
until at that point to be made. In the Tension region, behavior of concrete to reach its
maximum tensile strength is linear that after this point, concrete cracks and its resistance
moves gradually to zero.

5.2. The behavior of reinforcement

Reinforcement behavior model as bi-linear (elasto - plastic)

5.3. Behavioral model of FRP

These materials are composed of two parts: Fiber and epoxy. That with Combining the two
FRP composite occurs. FRP composites an orthotropic material and its properties are different
for different directions. Linear elastic behavior is assumed for CFRP composite materials.

6.Analysis states
6.1. Normal state without any corrosion (Safe)
In this case, the column in its original condition and in healthy condition without any
corrosion or cracks in the concrete cover was analyzed.

Figure 1 - shift the nodes along the axis z (load line) before the crash in Safe state
 International Conference on Civil Engineering
Architecture & Urban Sustainable Development
18 &19 December 2013, Tabriz , Iran

6.2. The state of Corrosion (Damage)

In this case, the behavior of column after the onset of corrosion in reinforcement and cracks in
concrete And separation of concrete cover due to various factors Such as weathering,
penetration of harmful chemicals and forces of expansion due to reinforcement corrosion
were analyzed. Figure 2

6.3. State of repair of damaged concrete repair materials

In this case, the column had been destroyed by various factors And column reinforcement
have been corroded and have been broken concrete cover using materials to repair, rebuild
and restored And has been re-analyzed

Figure 2 - shift the nodes along the axis z (load line) after the crash in damage state

6.4 .state of wrap column with FRP composites

In this case, the column is wrapped with CFRP composites. wrap under zero degree and 90
degree angles and under different number of layers has been done. Karbhari and Gao
resistance model: In 1997, based on laboratory studies, the k1 value for concrete confined
0.13
 f1 
with CFRP equal to 2.1  as suggested.
 f co 

Toutanji resistance model: In 1999 Toutanji coefficient value of k1 for concrete confined with
0.13
 f1 
CFRP as 2.1  suggested.
 f co 
 International Conference on Civil Engineering
Architecture & Urban Sustainable Development
18 &19 December 2013, Tabriz , Iran

7. Results
In this study the behavior of columns that cause different factors have suffered from corrosion
and damage, this happening before and after injury were analyzed. Finally, with using CFRP
fibers, the retrofitting of damaged structures and restored paid.
For study of role that cfrp composite in increase capacity of columns bearing can be, Different
state in terms of direction and number of the composite were studied. That final result of this
investigation will be provided as follows:

Fig3. Stress-strain Curve of safe column, damage column and repair column

Table 1: Results of bearing capacity and axial displacement of column

Percentage Percentage ultimate

Vertical column
Transformation of change in bearing bearing
deformation )mm) Characteristic
vertical)%( capacity)%( capacity (MN)

_____ 7.85 _____ 14.39 Safe column

-19.2 6.345 -35.72 9.25 Damage column

-5.35 7.437 8.13 13.22 Repair column

Fig4. Force-displacement curve of safe column, damage column and repair column
 International Conference on Civil Engineering
Architecture & Urban Sustainable Development
18 &19 December 2013, Tabriz , Iran

Table 2: Results of wrapping column bearing capacity

Percentage Percentage change Percentage

change in bearing in bearing capacity change in bearing ultimate
capacity To state To state Damage capacity To state column
bearing
Repair column column Safe column Characteristic
capacity (MN)
)%( )%( )%(

8.018 54.37 - 0.77 14.28 P-FRP(1-0)

32.38 89.18 21.61 17.50 P-FRP(1-90)

33.66 91.02 22.79 17.67 P-FRP(2-90)

33.74 91.14 22.87 17.681 P-FRP(3-90)

7.1. Effect of fiber direction

Fiber with angle of zero degrees is unable to satisfy our goal of strengthening the damaged
column. And though the column P-FRP (1-0) to the state Damage, About 54.37% increase in
bearing capacity shows But the state Safe, about 0.77 percent have reduced bearing capacity.

Fig5. Stress-strain Curve of wrapping column with one layer of FRP with 0 & 90 degree angle

But Fibers with 90-degree angle are well behind our goal of retrofitting damaged column and
the ultimate bearing capacity has increased to an acceptable size. So bearing capacity P-FRP
(1-90), compared to Damage, about 89 percent and compared to the initial state (Safe), about
21.6 percent has increased.
 International Conference on Civil Engineering
Architecture & Urban Sustainable Development
18 &19 December 2013, Tabriz , Iran

7.2. Effect of fibers number

Increasing the number of FRP layers at 90 degrees, from 1 to 2, Bearing capacity of about 1%
And vertical transformation capacity of about 10% ratio to state of one layer increases. And
With the increasing number of layers 3, bearing capacity of about 0.06 percent and vertical
deformation capacity of about 0.5% compared to the second layer increases. The optimal state
for the retrofitting of columns, the number of CFRP layers is two and with 90-degree angle.

Fig6. Force-displacement curve of wrapping column with one layer of FRP with 0 & 90 degree
angle

As a result of using FRP composites can be Damaged column (Damage) that bearing capacity
of approximately 35.72% reduction was demonstrated, Resistant to and In addition to
compensating for the reduced capacity, It to get the Safe state And even about 22.79% of the
bearing capacity ratio To state Safe, will increase.
So the bearing capacity of reinforced concrete columns of damaged, In addition to using CFRP
fibers can even its behavior from the initial state also improved.

8. References
[1] Fardis, M.; Xalili, H.; "Modeling strength enhancement of FRP confined concrete cylinders",
Magazine of Concrete Research, 1982, v34 i121, p.p.191-202.

[2] Teng.; Lam.; "Structures Strengthened with FRP Composites", Research Centre for Advanced
Technology in Structural, 2001.
[3] Yan Xiao; Hui Wu and Rui Ma.; "Prefabricated Glass FRP Composite Jackets for Retrofitting
Reinforced Concrete Columns," Proceeding of the 6th...
[4] Karbhari and Gao; "Strength Models for FRP-Confined Concrete", 1997, No.4, p.p.68
[5] Toutanji; "Strength Models for FRP-Confined Concrete", 1999, No.2, p.p.98
[6] Katsumata et al; "Effect of transverse reinforcing on circular columns confined with FRP", 1987.
 International Conference on Civil Engineering
Architecture & Urban Sustainable Development
18 &19 December 2013, Tabriz , Iran

[7] Saadatmanesh H; Ehsani MR; Li MW; "Strength and ductility of concrete columns externally
reinforced with fiber composite straps", ACI Structural Journal, 91(4), 1994, p.p.434-447.
[8] ACI COMMITTEE 201.2R-77, 2006,"Guide to durable concrete", part 1: Materials and General
Properties of concrete.
[9] ACI COMMITTEE 318-83،2007, Building code requirements for reinforced concrete, Part 3: Use
of Concrete in Buildings Design.
[10] H.A.W.Corvelissen; Fatigue of concrete in tension, 2009, vol. 29, No.4, p.p.68
[11] A.M.Neville; Properties of Concrete, London, Longman, 1981
[12] L.L.Faulkner; S.B.Menkes; fiber reinforced composites, Dekker, 2010, p.p.99-167
[13] L.V.Den Eined; L.Zhao; F.Seible; Use of FRP composites in civil structural applications,Journal
of construction and Materials 17, 2011, 389-403
[14] Concrete Society, Sept.1983, Minimising the risk of alkali-silica
[15] A.M.NEVILLE; Corrosion of Reinforcement, London, June1983, p.p.48-50
[16] Teng; J.G.Chen; J.F.Smith; S.t.Lam; FRP Strengthened RC Structures,John Wiley & Sons, New
York, 2011.