Chapter 2 19th Century Philippines As Rizals Context

19th Century
Philippines As
Rizal’s Context
danerochellenalicat03@gmail.com
❑ PHILIPPINE ERA WAS THE ERA OF
CHALLENGES AND RESPONSES.
❑ IT IS THE PERIOD OF MAJOR
CHANGES THAT AFFECT MAN AND
SOCIETY.
❑ AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
❑ End of Galleon Trade
❑ Opening of Suez Canal
❑ Opening of Ports to World Trade
❑ The Rise of the Export Crop Economy
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
19TH CENTURY ❑ The Education System

❑ The Chinese and Chinese Mestizos in
the Philippines
PHILIPPINES AS RIZAL’S ❑ The Rise of the Inquilinos
(Hacienderos)
CONTEXT POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
❑ Rise and Gradual Spread of Liberalism
and Democracy
❑ Impact of the Bourbon Reforms
❑ Cadiz Constitution of 1812
ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
GALLEON TRADE
OPENING OF SUEZ CANAL
OPENING OF SUEZ CANAL
OPENING OF PORTS TO WORLD TRADE
THE RISE OF THE EXPORT CROP ECONOMY
THE RISE OF THE MONOPOLIES
social
DEVELOPMENT
The Education System
❖King Philip II mandated the government in the
Philippines to educate the teach the natives how
to read and write the Spanish Language.
❖First formal schools established are parochial
schools by the roman catholic ( Jesuits,
Franciscans, Augustians and Dominicans)
❖Reading, writing, arithmetic, voational and practical
art subject including religious doctrines were
taught
❖Strict discipline, corporal punishment were applied
❖ Colleges (equivalent of our high schools today) were then
opened as boys and girls study separately
❖ Subjects were History, Latin, Geography, Mathematics and
Philosophy
❖ During the 17th century universities were opened for Spanish
citizens and Spanish Mestizos
❖ In the 19th century this school were then opened for Filipino
natives and the center of the curriculum is on religion not on
science and mathematics
❖ in 1863, a Royal decree instituted the established of a public
school system in the Philippines to accommodate more students
form the different social stratification like Spanish Citizens,
mestizos and Filipino natives.
❖ this public schools only accommodated the sons of
wealhty Filipino natives
❖growing numbers of educated Filipino natives give
birth to a new social class called as ilustrados
❖ still they suffer from racial discrimtion coming
from the Spanish citizens
❖ with the opening of the Suez Canal this
illustrados were attracted to seek for higher
education in Europe
❖ Nationalism bloomed in the liberal atmosphere
1896- ESCUELA NORMAL SUPERIOR DE MAESTROS DE MANILA
Social Stratification
The Chinese and Chinese Mestizos
in the Philippines
❑ The development of commercial agriculture in the
archipelago resulted- in the presence of a new class
❑ Landholding of the church and the rice estates of the pre-
Spanish nobility emerged haciendas of sugar, coffee and
hemp were owned by enterprising Chinese- Filipino mestizos
❑ Non- existent in earlier centuries (Spanish and Chinese
mestizos) ascended to a position of power in the Philippine
society and in due course became leaders in education and
finance
The Rise of the Inquilinos (Hacienderos)
❖ Inquilino is the same as tenancy which gives the right to the inquilino or the
tenant to use the land fpr farming or production in exchange for rent.
❖ The Hacienda structure consisted of Tree Strata: The Estate Owner, The
leaseholder or inquilino and the tenant-sharecropper
Political
DEVELOPMENT
RISE AND GRADUAL SPREAD OF LIBERALISM AND DEMOCRACY
❑ American Revolution and then achieved in part in the French Revolution. This political
and social philosophy challenged conservatism in the European continent.
❑ Liberalism demanded representative government as opposed to autocratic monarchy,
equality before the law as opposed to legally separate classes. The idea of liberty also
meant to specific individual freedoms: freedom of the press; freedom of speech,
freedom of assembly; and freedom from arbitrary arrest.
❑ Democracy became a way of life in many European countries, like Britain, Belgium, and
Switzerland.
❑ Democracy was gradually established thru the following means: promulgation of laws
that advance democracy; undertaking of reforms thru legislation; abolition of slavery;
adoption of a liberal constitution; providing the citizens the opportunity to propose
laws; adoption of manhood suffrage; and granting of political, economic and social
rights to the people.
Impact of the Bourbon Reforms
❑ The Bourbon Reforms (Castilian: Reformas
Borbonicas) were a set of economic and political
legislation promulgated by the Spanish Crown under
various kings of the House of Bourbon, mainly in
the 18th century. The strengthening of the crown's
power with clear lines of authority to officials
contrasted to the complex system of government
that evolved under the Habsburg monarchs.
❑ The Bourbon Reforms were intended to limit the
power of Creoles and re-establish Spanish
supremacy over the colonies such as the Philippines.
CADIZ CONSTITUTION OF 1812
▪ A Spanish constitution adopted by the constituent Cortes in Cadiz
on Mar. 18, 1812, and made public on Mar. 19, 1812, during the
Spanish Revolution of 1808-14.
▪ It was declared invalid by King Fernando VII and

restored "Absolutism“
▪ The constitution declared that "sovereignty resides
in the nation, which retains the exclusive right to
establish its own fundamental laws" (art. 3).
▪ It establish:
▪ universal male suffrage
▪ constitutional monarchy
▪ freedom of press, land reform and free enterprise
▪ allowing colonies to have representatives in
Spanish Cortes
THANK YOU !
Dane Rochelle D. Nalicat

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19th Century

19TH CENTURY ❑ The Education System

▪ It was declared invalid by King Fernando VII and

Dane Rochelle D. Nalicat

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