SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT
(持続可能な開発)
AND SUSTAINABILITY

International Energy Science Course

Dr Ben McLellan
 Last week’s exercise
Category EPA Harvard LEED IESC - Mean
(1990) (1992) (2009)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Global warming 0.27 0.28 0.45 0.23 0.20 0.31 0.21 0.21 0.28 0.29 0.23
Acidification 0.13 0.17 0.04 0.14 0.12 0.08 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.13
Nutrification /
0.13 0.18 0.09 0.13 0.10 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.09 0.11 0.12
Eutrophication
Natural resource
0.13 0.15 0.16 0.27 0.30 0.23 0.19 0.25 0.23 0.20 0.22
depletion
Indoor air quality 0.27 0.12 0.26 0.10 0.16 0.10 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.12
Solid waste 0.07 0.10 N/A 0.14 0.12 0.13 0.21 0.16 0.14 0.13 0.17
 Last week’s exercise
0.5

0.45

0.4

0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
Global warming Acidification Nutrification / Natural resource Indoor air quality Solid waste
Eutrophication depletion
EPA Weight (1990) Harvard Weight (1992) LEED (2009) IESC (2010)
IESC (2011) IESC (2012) IESC (2013) IESC (2014)
IESC (2015) IESC (2016) IESC (2017) IESC (2018)
Last week’s exercise

Global warming

Solid waste Acidification

Indoor air quality Nutrification / Eutrophication

Natural resource depletion

EPA Weight (1990) Harvard Weight (1992) LEED (2009) IESC (2010)
IESC (2011) IESC (2012) IESC (2013) IESC (2014)
IESC (2015) IESC (2016) IESC (2017) IESC (2018)
IESC Weightings
0.35

0.3

0.25
Global warming
0.2 Acidification
Eutrophication
0.15 Natural resource depletion
Indoor air quality
0.1 Solid waste

0.05

0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

•High priority band (20-30%) Global warming and natural resource depletion
•Low priority band (10-15%) Acidification, eutrophication, indoor air quality, solid waste
Sustainability concepts
Week 2
Frameworks and Principles

Definition of Sustainability

Principles of Sustainable Development

Sustainability Frameworks / Assessment Methodologies

Sustainability Indicators / Metrics

Tools for Assessing Sustainability

Frameworks for Sustainability

 Triple bottom line (discussed last week)

 Five capitals – expansion of TBL
 PSR – Pressure-state-response
 Others…
 The “Five Capitals”
Access to key natural resources,
Networks and
such as water, land, clean air,
relationships that enable
fisheries, forests etc.
cooperation, mutual
support and the sharing of
information.

Natural capital

Social capital Human capital

Financial capital
Income, financial
resources and wealth- Manufactured capital Education, health, skills,
generating capacity.
motivation and
leadership.

Built assets and services

such as transport and
communications,
community facilities and
housing.

after http://www.forumforthefuture.org/projects/the-five-
capitals
 Energy in the “Five Capitals”
Climate change;
LCA;
Water;
Resource depletion;
Sources and sinks of
energy;
Distribution of energy; Natural capital
Cultural change;

Social capital Human capital

Financial capital
Carbon taxes;
Externalities; Manufactured capital Pollution;
Economic development;
Technology transfer;
Energy services;

Infrastructure;
New energy systems;
Energy storage;
Decentralisation;

after http://www.forumforthefuture.org/projects/the-five-
capitals
“Strong” and “Weak” Sustainability

Weak Strong

Capitals can be Capitals cannot

exchanged be exchanged
without limit
Systems

 A system is any size group of interacting parts

that form a complex whole.
 Closed systems are self contained
(e.g., an automobile cooling system).
 Open systems allow both energy and matter to
flow in and out of the system
(e.g., a river system).
 Places to intervene in a system
(In increasing order of effectiveness)

12. Constants, parameters, numbers

(such as subsidies, taxes, standards)

11. The size of buffers and other stabilising stocks,

relative to their flows

10. The structure of material stocks and flows

(such as transport networks, population age structures)

Donella Meadows, 1999

 Places to intervene in a system
(In increasing order of effectiveness)

9. The length of delays, relative to the rate of

system change

8. The strength of negative feedback loops,

relative to the impacts they are trying to correct
against

7. The gain around driving positive feedback loops

Donella Meadows, 1999

Places to intervene in a system
(In increasing order of effectiveness)

6. The structure of information flows

(who does and does not have access to what kinds of
information)

5. The rules of the system

(such as incentives, punishments, constraints)

4. The power to add, change, evolve or self-

organise system structure

Donella Meadows, 1999

 Places to intervene in a system
(In increasing order of effectiveness)

3. The goals of the system

2. The mindset or paradigm out of which the

system – its goals, structure, rules, delays,
parameters arises

1. The power to transcend paradigms

Donella Meadows, 1999

I = P.A.T

 Impact
 Population
 Affluence
 Technology
 Kaya Identity
Energy intensity of
economy

 GDP   E   CO2 
CO2emit  P      
 P   GDP   E 

GDP per capita Carbon intensity of

energy production

P = Population
E = Energy usage
Pressure-State-Response

 One of the main current frameworks / theoretical

expressions related to SD

 Slides underlined with

adapted from:
http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/lea
d/toolbox/Refer/EnvIndi.htm
Pressure-State-Response

There are a number of different

diagrams illustrating PSR
Pressure-State-Response
Pressure-State-Response

OECD, 1993
Human Condition
Activities of the
that Environment
Influence
the
environment

Response to Prevent
/ Reduce Negative
Adapted from: Pinter et al, Impact
2000
 Pressure

The pressures Human Society puts on the

environment, as a result of:
 human activities

 trade, and consumption

These activities, or Driving Forces, result in

direct pressures on the environment such as:
• pollution
• resource depletion
State
• Condition (typically of the environment) that
results from the pressures,
e.g. pollution levels,
degree of land degradation
or extent of deforestation
• These changed conditions may, in turn,
affect human health and well-being
• One therefore needs an understanding of
both the State of the Environment as well
as the direct and indirect effects - or
Impacts
Response
Relates to actions taken by society
either individually or collectively,

 to prevent or mitigate
against negative
environmental impacts,

 to correct existing damage,

 or, to conserve natural resources

Responses Include
 Regulatory action &
Instruments of Policy
 Public opinion & consumer preference
 Changed management strategies
 Environmental or research expenditure
 Provision of environmental information

Do Not Include
Coping Strategies: These tend to be State or Impacts, are less easy to
influence with policy instruments, and are
symptoms rather than causes
Human
Activities Condition
that Indicators of state should be
of the
Influence designed to be responsive
Environment
the to the pressures and at the
environment same time facilitate
corrective action

Response to Prevent
/ Reduce Negative
Impact
 Ongoing Development of PSR

PSR:
Pressure - State - Response

DSR:
Driving Force - State - Response

DPSIR:
Driving Force - Pressure - State - Impact - Response
DPSIR (EU approach)
Driving Forces
• Basic sectoral trends -
e.g. in electricity
generation, the aim
towards lowest cost

Response Pressure
• Response of society • Human activities
to solve the problem - directly affecting the
e.g. energy environment - e.g.
technology research carbon emissions

Impact State
• Effects of a changed • Observable changes
environment - e.g. in the environment -
increased wild e.g. global
weather temperatures After EC(1999)
Darling Downs Power Plant

http://www.originenergy.com.au/2081/Darling-Downs-Power-Station
 Darling Downs Power Plant
Exercise:
Discuss with a
partner, what the
impacts and benefits
on each of the 5
capitals

Operational since July 2010

35 full-time employees
Produces enough electricity to power
400,000 Queensland homes
PSR Exercise

 In groups of 3/4

 Based on the Darling Downs Power Plant:

 Write down at least 3 pressures…
 and the corresponding states…
 and as many responses as you like…
Other frameworks
Examples from the minerals industry
7 Questions to Sustainability

IISD, 2002
7 Q’s continued…
ICMM Principles

(1) “Implement and maintain ethical business

practices and sound systems of corporate
governance”

(1)倫理的企業活動と健全な企業統治を実践し、維持
します
 ICMM Principles

(2) “Integrate sustainable development

considerations within the corporate decision-
making process”

(2) 企業の意思決定過程において「持続可能な開発」
の理念を堅持します。
 ICMM Principles

(3) “Uphold fundamental human rights and respect

cultures, customs and values in dealings with
employees and others who are affected by our
activities”

(3) 従業員や事業活動の影響を受ける人々との関わ
りにおいては、基本的人権を守り、彼らの文化、習
慣、価値観に敬意を払います。
 ICMM Principles

(4) “Implement risk management strategies based

on valid data and sound science”

(4) 根拠のあるデータと健全な科学手法に基づいたリ
スク管理戦略を導入し、実行します。
 ICMM Principles

(5) “Seek continual improvement of our health and

safety performance”

(5)労働安全衛生成績の継続的改善に努めます.
 ICMM Principles

(6) “Seek continual improvement of our

environmental performance”

(6)環境パフォーマンスの継続的な改善を追及してい
きます。
 ICMM Principles

(7) “Contribute to conservation of biodiversity and

integrated approaches to land use planning”

(7)生物多様性の維持と土地用途計画への統合的取
り組みに貢献します.
 ICMM Principles

(8) “Facilitate and encourage responsible product

design, use, re-use, recycling and disposal of
our products”

(8)責任ある製品設計、使用、再利用、リサイクル、廃
棄が行われるよう奨励し、推進します。
 ICMM Principles

(9) “Contribute to the social, economic and

institutional development of the communities in
which we operate”

(9)事業を営む地域の社会、経済、制度の発展に貢献
します。
 ICMM Principles

 (10) “Implement effective and transparent

engagement, communication and independently
verified reporting arrangements with our
stakeholders”

 (10) ステークホルダーと効果的かつオープンな方法
でかかわり、意思疎通を図り、第三者保証を考慮し
た報告制度により情報提供を行います。
References
1. OECD, OECD core set of indicators for
environmental performance reviews, Environment
monographs N° 83, Paris, 1993.
2. Pinter, L., Zahedi, K. and Cressman, D.R.,
Capacity building for integrated environmental
assessment and reporting: Training Manual,
International Institute for Sustainable Development
and United Nations Environment Programme,
2000.
3. EC and Eurostat, Towards environmental pressure
indicators for the EU, First Edition, European
Commission, 1999.