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Running Head; MAGNETISM AND THERMAL BEHAVIOUR

Magnetism and Thermal Behavior

Name

Institution
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MAGNETISM AND THERMAL BEHAVIOUR

Abstract

Experiments have proven that magnets have forces that exerts on each other as a result of

the effects of their electromagnetic characteristics. The reason for attractive or repulsive

magnetic forces emanate from the electrostatically charges electrons in the orbits of the nuclei of

an atom and the fundamental elements of intrinsic electromagnetism (Ruuskanen., 2020). The

concept of magnetism has also been found to be influenced by temperature changes.

Magnetic Repulsion

These two of attraction and repulsion of magnets can be well comprehended when they

are figured out as complete loops of magnetic dipole currents that are capable of generating own

fields of magnet that are in a position of being influenced by foreign magnetic fields.

The most significant founding force of magnets can therefore be deduced to be the dipole

to dipole associative interaction of magnets (Soualm et al.,2018). If the dipoles of magnets that

build two separate magnets are determined, the total resultant repulsive or attractive forces can

be calculated by a simple summation of the interaction of the first and the second magnet’s

dipoles.

It is usually comfortable to create a model of the existing forces between the two magnets

in a way that portrays them as forces resulting from the forces existing magnetic poles with

electromagnetic charges painted over them.

The Coulomb’s law is best used to describe the magnetic repulsive forces. The law says

that the resultant force that exists between two bodies has a direct proportion to the net charge

contained by the two objects and also has an inverse proportionality to the square distance in

between the bodies. This relationship is mathematically expressed as follows;

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MAGNETISM AND THERMAL BEHAVIOUR

F=kq1q2/r2

Where F is the net resultant force and the q1 and q2 are the determined charges of the two

bodies. The distance separating the two bodies is given as r and the constant of proportionality is

denoted as k.

Coulomb repulsive and attractive forces that exist between two different bodies are

equivalent in magnitude. Below is graph depicts evolved Lorentz forces that has been normalized

by a factor a Lorentz factor γ, drawn in a pink color. The two components of coulomb attractive

or repulsive forces are as drawn using a purple color. The magnetic resultant force is shown by

use of a green color as has drawn against β.

Fig 1 Graphs of normalized resultant repulsive and attractive forces

Thermal Behaviour of magnets

The magnetic thermal behaviours include aspects such as the Curie temperature, the

dependence of temperature on magnets and thermal expansion.

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Figure 1 below depicts the coefficient of thermal expansion  placed both

perpendicularly and parallel to alignment of the magnet for SmCo5, Nd9.4Pr4.5Fe80B6 and

Sm2TM17 types of magnets. The measure of thermal expansion anisotropy is determined by

finding the ratio degree of thermal  = ()/ (//), as displayed in the figure 1 at the Y axis.

Table I

Thermal expansion anisotropy and other data: The thermal abnormal occurs near the Curie

point Tc.

(a) The Tc was tested for each samples, (b)  = ()/  (||)

Material Tc a Thermal abnormal  b @30°C Structure

(C)

Nd9.4Pr4.6Fe80B6 310 310 0.42 Tetragonal

SmCo5 691 700 2.54 Hexagonal

Sm2TM17 820 815 1.63 Rhombohedral

Data Sources; Proceedings of 2014 International Conference on NdFeB Magnets: Supply Chain, Critical

Properties, & Applications March 2 nd to 5 th 2014, Ningbo, China (Chen & Yi.,2014).
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Fig 1. Graph of coefficient of thermal expansion  placed both perpendicularly and parallel to

alignment of the magnet for SmCo5, Nd9.4Pr4.5Fe80B6 and Sm2TM17 magnets. The TEA

results are important when it come to the guidance information on the manufacture and designs

of devices.

Figure 2 below is a demonstration of the dependence of temperature on the characteristics

of Nd-Fe-B and different other magnets at a range of temperature from 160C to 300C.
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Fig 2. Dependence of temperature on the characteristics of Nd-Fe-B and other similar magnets.

Despite the fact that the data dates back to 2000 and that the modern Nd-Fe-B magnets

have relatively better properties, the possibility of them having similar temperature coefficient is

high.

Radiation can alter the application temperature.Studies on the science of radiation damages

have been conducted in differebt forms of radiations such as gamma, proton, neutron and electron.

Studies show that the Sm-Co magnets are more resistant to radiation than magnetic materilas made of

Nd-Fe-B that are alluded to their respective Curie Temperatures and better thermal characteristics.
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The figure 3 below shows the experimental data collected by the authors on the lossess of

magnetism as a result of heat induced by radiation. Chen et al(2005) notes that significant radiation

damages were as a result of thermally induced radiation associated with Localized temperature, that

may be at time more than the TC of the magnets.

Figure 3

Data collected and analyzed by authors: The loss of magnetism as a result of thermally induced

radiation.

Fig 3; Data as analyzed by the authors on the effects of thermal radiation n magnetism

Factors that influence the TL when they are exposed to radiations are the radiation intensity,

types of the involved magnets and their respective thermal conductivity. The state of the respective

dispersion properties is also a significant factor.

The major determining factor in thermal tolerance is noted to be thermal stability of individual

magnets. This notable factor is determined by relative intrinsic coercive of the involved magnetic matter,

the line of load of the individual magnets with respect to the load ratio and the TC of individual magnets

in question.

Conclusion
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In the design of applications by use of permanent magnets applications, its is important to

put into consideration the ranges of temperature within which the magnets will remain

functional. All magnetic materials possess a shift in the density of flux with increase in

temperature and a fall from the ambient temperature (Zhang et al., 2016). Except ferrite, all other

magnetic material shows a rise in the strength with a relative drop on temperature. Similarly, all

other magnets are shown by research to lose a proportion of their effective performance with

every single bit increase of temperature.

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References

Rodríguez-Franco, P., Brugués, A., Marín-Llauradó, A., Conte, V., Solanas, G., Batlle, E., ... &

Trepat, X. (2017). Long-lived force patterns and deformation waves at repulsive

epithelial boundaries. Nature materials, 16(10), 1029-1037.

Ruuskanen, J. (2020). Modelling nonlinear effects in high temperature superconducting magnets.

Soualmi, A., Zidat, F., Lombard, P., & Mokhtari, N. (2018, October). Thermal study comparison

of permanent magnets machines using finite element method (fem) electric vehicles

application. In 2018 21st International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems

(ICEMS) (pp. 59-64). IEEE.

Zhang, Licai, et al. "Influence of design parameters on electro-magnetic repulsion mechanism

performance." 2016 27th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical

Insulation in Vacuum (ISDEIV). Vol. 2. IEEE, 2016.

Chen, C. H., & Yi, P. Thermal Behavior and Demagnetizing Factor of Nd-Fe-B & other

Magnets: Disadvantage and Advantage in Their Applications.