The structure or hierarchy of the Roman

Catholic Church
The first form of Christianity in Europe/world was Roman
Catholicism.

Pope – served for life.

College of Cardinals- A group of
men (priests) from which a new Pope was
chosen.
Main functions are to advice the pope and
select a new pope when the existing pope
dies or retires. (recently)
Archbishops
Bishops
Priests- although the
priests held the lowest office, they were the
most important to the people, because the
common people saw them regularly. All
were Members of the nobility class (upper
class).
The Clergy
The term clergy means the church offices
or positions. For ex. Priests, bishops,
pastors, archbishops, etc.
There are two types of Clergy.
a. Secular clergy- those who deal with
people of the world. (worldly) (sex) drinking
alcohol, wearing jewelry, pleasure.
Example: Priests, bishops, archbishops, etc.

b. Regula clergy- those who abstain (stay

away from) from worldly affairs. Example
Monks, and later Nuns. They dedicate
themselves to a life of prayer, serving God
and helping people.
1. Where do Monks live? Monastery. The
leader of the Monks is called an Abbott.
2. Where do Nuns live? Convents. The
leader of the nuns is called an Abbess.
3. The pope lives in Vatican City in Rome.
4. The pope’s office is called the papacy.
5. The territories around Rome were called
the Papal States. – Became Vatican City.
6. The church’s laws were called Canon
laws, which were drawn up by the Council
of Bishops - these were rules for clergy
members as well as lay people under the
church’s jurisdiction.
 The laity as opposed to the clergy.
The term laity refers to regular people in
the church audience. From this term, we
get lay-people or lay-persons. People who
are not official members of an organization
or profession.
PROTESTANTISM
Catholicism or the catholic church was the only form of
Christianity in Europe and possibly the world up until the early
1500s. The Catholic church was very powerful. The Popes,
Cardinals, Bishops and even priests were powerful. Plus, the
church owned most of the lands all over Europe. All Europeans
except for some in Spain were Catholic. Islamic dynasties had
taken over Spain from the 700s and some Spaniards converted.
In the mid-1400s, around 1470, Isabella and Ferdinand’s
marriage, called the RECONQUISTA, unified Spain and expelled
all Muslims and Jews. Anyone that was not Catholic had to
leave Spain or convert to Catholicism. However, the rest of
Europe was all catholic until Luther’s protest movement.
In 1517 a German monk, Martin Luther began a protest
movement against the Catholic church. His main complaints
were against the sale of indulgencies (paying for forgiveness of
sins). He also complained about the church selling clergy
positions/offices. Martin Luther’s protests, against the Catholic
Church was called Protestantism: A reform movement to end
the corruption of the Catholic Church. People who did not want
to worship the catholic way agreed with Luther’s ideas of
praying for yourself and achieving salvation through one’s own
faith. This was called Lutheranism, the first denomination of
Protestantism. The Roman Catholics did not allow
Protestantism to take over. The council of bishops started the
Counter Reformation to stop the spread of Protestantism and
win back converts to Catholicism. In addition, they created
catholic religious orders. The most known order was the
Jesuits. There were also the Franciscans and the Dominicans
which were created long before the Reformation.

A. Catholic Orders were religious

organizations/institutions created to better the
Roman Catholic Church.
B. Religious wars. Protestantism led to major
religious wars between Catholics and
Protestants all over Europe.
Most of the wars took place in Germany, but
there were wars in France and major problems
in England. The first group of French
Protestants were called Calvinists; followers of
John Calvin who believed in PRE-DESTINATION;
which is the idea that God had already pre-
determined who would go to heaven. King
Henry the VIII created the Anglican Church or
Church of England. He took England out of the
Catholic Church because the Pope refused to
allow him to divorce queen Catherine. He
wanted a divorce because he blamed the
queen, his wife for not having a son, a male heir
to the English throne. The English
denomination of Protestantism. The term
denomination means the type or name of a
way of worship for protestants.
Name: __________________________________ October, 2020

Answer the following questions from the reading on the hierarchy of the Roman
Catholic Church.

1. What were Luther’s main complaints about the catholic church?

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

2. Luther’s 95 Theses led to the founding of a new form of Christianity, called

PROTESTANTISM. What was/is Protestantism?
_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

Protestants developed Denominations.

3. What was the first denomination of Protestantism?

________________________________________________________________

4. What was Calvinism?

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

Catholics develop Orders to counter the Protestant movement.

5. What were Catholic orders? _______________________________________

________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

6. What was/is the clergy? ___________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

7. What was the laity or lay-persons? ____________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

8. Give examples of the secular clergy? __________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

9. Give examples of the Regula clergy? __________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

10. What is the leader of the Catholic Church called?

_________________________

11. What was/is the main functions of the College of Cardinals?

__________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

12. What major problem did the Protestant reformation lead to? _____________

___________________________________________________________________

13. Give examples of Catholic religious orders created to better Catholicism?

__________________________________________________________________

14. Which Catholic Order was created, as a result of the Protestant Reformation?

__________________________________________________________________

15.Why did king Henry VIII break with the Pope? __________________________

__________________________________________________________________
16. What denomination of Protestantism did Henry VIII create in England, as a
result of the reformation?
_________________________________________________

17. Which Western European country was purely Catholic and had expelled Jews
and Muslims? ______________________________________________________

18. what were the Papal States? _______________________________________

19. What does the “Reconquista” refer to? _______________________________

___________________________________________________________________

20. Which two religions were affected by the Reconquista? __________________

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