IMPRESSIONISM

As the world entered the 20th century, a new era in music was introduced and
impressionism was one of the earliest musical forms that paved way to this modern
era. Impressionism is a French movement in the late 19th and early 20th century.
The sentimental melodies and dramatic emotionalism of the preceding Romantic
Period whose themes and melody are easy to recognize and enjoy, were being
replaced in favor of moods and impressions. Features of Impressionism music are
as follows:
• The use of "color", or in musical terms, timbre, which can be achieved through
orchestration, harmonic usage, texture, etc. (Timbre is known as the tone
color or tone quality)
• New combinations of extended chords, harmonies, whole tone, chromatic scales,
and pentatonic scales emerged.
• Impressionism was an attempt not to depict reality, but merely to suggest it.

CLAUDE DEBUSSY (1862–1918)

Claude Debussy was one of the most influential and leading composers of the 20th
century. He was the principal exponent of the impressionist movement and the
inspiration for other impressionist composers. He reformed the course of musical
development by eradicating traditional rules and conventions into a new language
of possibilities in harmony, rhythm, form, texture, and color.

CLAUDE DEBUSSY (1862–1918)

Claude Debussy was one of the most influential and leading composers of the 20th
century. He was the principal exponent of the impressionist movement and the
inspiration for other impressionist composers. He reformed the course of musical
development by eradicating traditional rules and conventions into a new language
of possibilities in harmony, rhythm, form, texture, and color.
• String Quartet
• La Mer (1905)-a highly imaginative and atmospheric symphonic work for
orchestra about the sea
• Première Arabesque
• Claire de Lune (Moonlight)-The third and most famous movement of Suite
bergamasque.
In the field of visual arts, Debussy was influenced by Monet, Pissaro, Manet,
Degas, and Renoir; and from the literary arts, by Mallarme, Verlaine and Rimbaud.
Most of his close friends were painters and poets who significantly influenced his
works. On March 25, 1918, he died of cancer at the height of the First World War
in Paris.

MAURICE RAVEL (1875–1937)

Joseph Maurice Ravel was born in Ciboure, France to a Basque mother and a Swiss
father. At age 14, he entered the Paris Conservatory where he was musically
nurtured by a prominent French composer, Gabriel Faure. The compositional style
of Ravel is mainly characterized by its distinctively innovative but not atonal style
(music that is written in a way that is not based on any particular key) of harmonic
treatment.
His works are defined with intricate and sometimes in Sunico, et.al, 2015, p.7.
modal melodies and extended chordal components. It demands considerable
technical virtuosity from the performer which is the character, ability, or skill of a
virtuoso—a person who is exemplary in musical technique or execution.
Ravel’s works include the following:
• Pavane for a Dead Princess (1899)
• String Quartet (1903)
• Sonatine for Piano (c.1904)
• Rhapsodie Espagnole
• Bolero
Ravel was a perfectionist and every bit a musical craftsman. He strongly adhered to
the classical form, specifically its ternary structure. A strong advocate of Russian
music, he also admired the music of Chopin, Liszt, Schubert, and Mendelssohn. He
died in Paris in 1937.

The term “Expressionism" was originally used in visual and literary arts and was
probably first applied to music in 1918, especially to Schoenberg because like the
painter Wassily Kandinsky (1866–1944), he veered away from "traditional forms of
beauty" to convey powerful feelings in his music. Features of expressionism music
are as follows:
• a high degree of dissonance (dissonance is the quality of sounds that seems
unstable)
• extreme contrasts of dynamics (from pianissimo to fortissimo, very soft to very
loud)
• constant changing of textures
• "distorted" melodies and harmonies
• angular melodies with wide leaps

ARNOLD SCHOENBERG (1874–1951)

Arnold Schoenberg was born on September 13, 1874 in a working-class suburb of

Vienna, Austria. He taught himself music theory but took lessons in counterpoint.
His works was greatly influenced by the German composer Richard Wagner as
evident in his symphonic poem Pelleas et Melisande, Op. 5 (1903), a counterpoint
of Debussy’s opera of the same title. 9 Schoenberg’s style in music reformed from
time to time. From the early influences of Wagner, his tonal preference gradually
revolved to something dissonant and atonal, as he explored the use of chromatic
harmonies. He was responsible for the establishment of the twelve-tone system.
His works include the following:
• Verklarte Nacht
• Three Pieces for Piano, op. 11
• Pierrot Lunaire
• Violin Concerto
• Skandalkonzert, a concert of the Wiener Konzertverein.
Although full of melodic and lyrical interest, his music was also extremely
complex, creating heavy demands on the listener. He experienced
Triskaidekaphobia (fear of number 13). Schoenberg died on July 13, 1951 in Los
Angeles, California, USA where he had settled since 1934.

IGOR STRAVINSKY (1882–1971)

He was born in Oranienbaum (now Lomonosov), Russia on June 17, 1882.
Stravinsky’s early music reflected the influence of his teacher, the Russian
composer Nikolai Rimsky- Korsakov. But in his first notable composition “The
Firebird Suite (1910)” which was composed for Diaghilev’s Russian Ballet, his
skillful handling of material and rhythmic inventiveness went beyond anything
written by his Russian predecessors. He added a new ingredient to his nationalistic
musical style. The Rite of Spring (1913) was another outstanding work showcasing
his new technique. 10 Other acclaimed works by Stravinsky includes:
• Ballet Petrouchka (1911), featuring shifting rhythms and polytonality, a signature
device of the composer
• The Nightingale (1914)
• Three Tales for Children (1917)
• Duo Concertant (1932)
• The Rake’s Progress (1951), a full-length opera Stravinsky wrote approximately
127 works, including concerti, orchestral music, instrumental music, operas,
ballets, solo vocal, and choral music. Concerti or concerto is a musical composition
for a solo instrument or instruments accompanied by an orchestra, especially one
conceived on a relatively large scale. He died in New York City on April 6, 1971.
Expressionism is a style of music where composers seek to express emotional
experience. For the next lesson, we will discuss the several musical styles that
developed in the modern era. Some of these were short-lived, being experimental
and too radical in nature, while others found an active blend between the old and
the new. New inventions and discoveries of science and technology led to
continuing developments in the field of music.

Technology has been a game-changer in music. It has produced electronic music

devices such as cassette tape recorders, compact discs and their variants, the video
compact disc (VCD) and the digital video disc (DVD), MP3, MP4, digital music
players, smart phones, karaoke players, and synthesizers. These devices are used
for creating and recording music to add to or to replace acoustical sounds.
ELECTRONIC MUSIC
The ability of electronic machines such as synthesizers, amplifiers, tape recorders,
and loudspeakers to produce different sounds was popularized by 20th century
composers like Edgar Varese, Karlheinz Stockhausen, and Mario Davidovsky.
Music that uses the tape recorder is called musique concrete, or concrete music.
The composer records different sounds that are heard in the environment such as
the bustle of traffic, the sound of the wind, the barking of dogs, the strumming of a
guitar, or the cry of an infant. These sounds are arranged by the composer in
different ways like playing the tape recorder in its fastest mode or in reverse. In
musique concrete, the composer is able to experiment with different sounds that
cannot be produced by regular musical instruments such as the piano or the violin.
The first electronic devices for performing music were developed at the end of the
19th century, and shortly afterwards, Italian futurists explored sounds that had not
been considered musical.

EDGARD VARÈ SE (1883–1965)

Born on December 22, 1883, Edgard (also spelled Edgar) Varèse was considered
an “innovative French-born composer.” However, he spent his life and career
mostly in the United States where he pioneered and created new sounds that
bordered between music and noise.
His musical compositions are characterized by:
• an emphasis on timbre and rhythm;
• “organized sound” (certain timbres and rhythms can be grouped together in order
to capture a whole new definition of sound). Varèse’s use of new instruments and
electronic resources made him the “Father of Electronic Music” and he was also
dubbed as the “Stratospheric Colossus of Sound.” He died on November 6, 1965.
Varèse’s Poème É lectronique is one of the first compositions that was created
through the use of technology. It’s an 8-minute piece written in 1958. Varèse
composed the piece with the intention of creating a liberation between sounds and
as a result uses noises not usually considered “musical” throughout the piece.

KARLHEINZ STOCKHAUSEN (1928– 2007)

Karlheinz Stockhausen is a central figure in the realm of electronic music. Born in
Cologne, Germany, he had the opportunity to work with Messiaen, Schoenberg,
and Webern, the principal innovators at the time. Together with Pierre Boulez,
Stockhausen drew inspiration from these composers as he developed his style of
total serialism. Stockhausen’s music was initially met with resistance due to its
heavily atonal content with practically no clear melodic or rhythmic sense. Still, he
continued to experiment with musique concrete. 13
Some of his works include:
• Gruppen (1957), a piece for three orchestras that moved music through time and
space;
• Kontakte (1960), a work that pushed the tape machine to its limits; and
• Hymnen (1965), an ambitious two-hour work of 40 juxtaposed songs and anthems
from around the world
• Licht (Light), a seven-part opera (one for each day of the week) for a gigantic
ensemble of solo voices, solo instruments, solo dancers, choirs, orchestras, mimes,
and electronics. It has led him to dream of concert halls in which the sound attacks
the listener from every direction. Stockhausen’s works total around 31.

CHANCE MUSIC
Chance music also known as Aleatoric music refers to a style which the piece
always sounds differently at every performance because of the random techniques
of production, including the use of ring modulators or natural elements that become
a part of the music. Most of the sounds emanate from the surroundings, both natural
and man-made, such as honking cars, rustling leaves, blowing wind, dripping
water, or a ringing phone.
An example of Chance music is John Cage’s Four Minutes and Thirty-Three
Seconds (4’33") where the pianist merely opens the piano lid and keeps silent for
the duration of the piece. The audience hears a variety of noises inside and outside
the concert hall amidst the seeming silence.

JOHN CAGE (1912–1992)

John Cage was known as one of the 20th century composers with the broadest array
of sounds in his works. He was born in Los Angeles, California, USA on
September 5, 1912 and became one of the most original composers in the history of
western music.
He challenged the very idea of music by manipulating musical instruments in order
to attain new sounds. He experimented with what came to be known as “chance
music.” 14 In one instance, Cage created a “prepared” piano, where screws and
pieces of wood or paper were inserted between the piano strings to produce
different percussive possibilities.
He became notable for his work The Four Minutes and 33 Seconds (4’33"), a
chancemusical work that instructed the pianist to merely open the piano lid and
remain silent for the length of time indicated by the title.
Arts
Characteristics of Arts from the Various Movements

Impressionism
In the second half of the 19th century emerged the impressionist movement.
Impressionist artists moved away from established practices and discovered new
ways. They used pure unmixed colors side by side using short, broken strokes for
more visual effect on the subject. They started on something new, like capturing
scenes of lifelike household objects, seascapes, houses, and ordinary people. They
preferred working outdoor in a natural light incorporating unusual visual angles,
out of proportion objects, subjects placed off-centered, and empty spaces on the
canvas.
All these characterize the works of Claude Monet, Auguste Renoir, and Edouard
Manet. Monet is best known for his landscape painting, depicting his flower
gardens and water lily ponds. Renoir's works were snapshots of real-life paintings
of actual people and figures. Manet's works depicted modern-life subjects.

Expressionism
Another group of artists who became popular in the 1900's is the expressionists.
They created works with more emotional force, and not on realistic or natural
images. To attain this, they used distorted outlines, unrealistic or unnatural images.
Their works are not actually what they see in the physical world, but depend on
their imaginations and feelings.
The different styles that emerged within the expressionist art movements are:
• Neoprimitivism
• Dadaism
• Fauvism
• Surrealism
• Social realism

A. Neoprimitivism
Neoprimitivism is an art style of combined elements from the native arts of the
South Sea Islanders and the wood carvings of African tribes. Among the Western
artists who adapted these elements was Amedeo Modigliani. Oval faces and
elongated shapes of African art can be seen in both his sculptures and paintings.

B. Fauvism
Fauvism is the style of les Fauves (French for "the wild beasts"), a group of early
20th-century modern artists whose works emphasized with strong colors and visual
distortions. The most known artist of Fauvism was Henri Matisse.
The characteristics of Fauvism include:
1) The important use of unnatural colors gives new, emotional meaning to the
colors.
2) Creating a strong, unified work that appears flat on the canvas.

C. Dadaism
Dadaism is a style characterized by imagination, remembered images, and visual
tricks and surprises—as in the paintings of Marc Chagall and Giorgio de Chirico
below. These artists turned their backs from using traditional styles in arts leading
to their new style called "non-style." The art, poetry, and performance produced by
dada artists are often satirical and nonsensical in nature.

D. Surrealism
Surrealism came from the term "super-realism," a style that depicts an illogical,
subconscious dream world. It is a clear expression of departure from reality - as if
the artists were dreaming, seeing illusions, or experiencing a change in mental
state. Many surrealist works appeared morbid or gloomy subjects, as in those by
Salvador Dali. Others were quite playful and even humorous, such as those by Paul
Klee and Joan Miro.

E. Social Realism
Social realism is an art movement that expresses the artist's role in social reform.
The artists used their works to show protest against the injustices, inequalities
immorality, and other concerns of the human condition. Social realists have
addressed different social issues for the purpose of increasing people's awareness
leading to reforms and general welfare.

ABSTRACTIONISM
In the 20th century, the abstractionist movement existed from various intellectual
points of view. This intellectualism was reflected in art. Expressionism was
emotional, while abstractionism was logical and rational. Geometrical shapes,
patterns, lines, angles, textures, and swirls of color were used. Representational
abstractionism depicts still-recognizable subjects, while pure abstractionism does
not recognize any subject at all.

The abstractionist movement has four art styles, namely:

• Cubism
• Futurism
• Mechanical style
• Non-objectivism
A. Cubism
The cubist style was derived from the word cube, a three-dimensional geometric
figure composed of lines, planes, and angles. Pablo Picasso – Spanish

B.Futurism
Futurism is a style of art that began in Italy in the early 1900s. It is an art of fast-
paced, machine-propelled age. Artists draw inspiration through motion, force,
speed, and strength of mechanical forms. Thus, their works depicted the dynamic
sensation of all these – as seen in the works of Italian painter Gino Severini.

C. Mechanical Style
In the mechanical style of art, basic forms such as planes, cones, spheres, and
cylinders all fit together in a precise and neat manner.

D. Non-objectivism
From the term non-object, works in the non-objectivism style did not make use of
figures or even representations of figures.

Op Art and Pop Art

Optical art or Op art is another art movement that gives a visual experience – a
form of "action painting," taking place in the viewer's eye, giving the illusion of
movement.
Popular art or Pop art is a movement made of the use of commonplace, trivial, even
nonsensical objects that pop artists seemed to enjoy and laugh at.
Contemporary Art Forms:
Installation Art and Performance Art
Installation art is a contemporary art form that makes use of sculptural materials
and other media to modify the way the viewer experiences a particular space. It is
also called environmental art, project art, and temporary art. It creates an entire
sensory experience for the viewer that allows him to walk through them.
Performance art is a form of modern art in which the actions of an individual or a
group of a particular place and at a particular time constitute the work. It involves
four basic elements, namely: time, space, the performer's body, and a relationship
between the performer and audience. The performer himself or herself is the artist.
Notable Installation Art Piece by Filipino Artist.

Physical Education
STRENGTH TRAINING
Strength training specializes in the inducement of muscular contraction through the
use of free weights, weight machines, and resistance bands which builds the
strength, size of skeletal muscles, and anaerobic endurance. It strengthens and
increases the amount of muscle mass in the body by making the muscles work
harder than they're used to. It improves overall health and wellbeing because the
bones, muscles, tendons and ligaments are strengthened and toughened. It also
increases metabolism, improves cardiac function, and elevates good cholesterol.
Strength training is most commonly seen as a weight-bearing activity. There are
two terms concerning strength exercises: Repetitions and sets. A rep (repetition) is
one full movement from starting point to finish. A set is a group of repetitions. The
most basic training design is to have anywhere between 6 and 15 reps in a set, and
performing 3 sets. Some people will go for 6 to 9 reps, some will go for 9-12 and
some will go for 12-15 reps in a set. These numbers are for upper body strength
training. The lover body reps must be anywhere between 15- 25 reps also with an
approximate of three sets.
Benefits of the Weight-Bearing Strength Training Exercises
With good strength training program, a learner will:
1. have an increase in muscle strength;
2. strengthen tendons and ligaments;
3. improve in range of motion joints;
4. have a reduction of body fat and increase in lean muscle mass;
5. potentially improve his/her blood pressure levels;
6. gain positive changes in levels of blood cholesterol;
7. gain an improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity; and 8. gain
overall strength, balance and functional ability.

B. PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES
Even if we are so concentrated in developing a healthy and active lifestyle, we still
need to consider our safety. So bear in mind the following precautionary measures:
1. Before engaging yourself to the activity, warm up first through walking.
After doing the exercise, cool down for five to ten minutes through
stretching.
2. Align body correctly and move smoothly through each exercise.
3. To be in control is to work at the right tempo.
4. Pay attention to your breathing during workouts.
 5. Keep challenging muscles by slowly increasing weight or resistance.
6. Stick with the routine.
7. Give time for muscles to recover too.
C. FOOD REQUIREMENTS
Eating proper food and proper exercise should go hand in hand to achieve a
healthy and active lifestyle. A combination of good exercise routine and
consistent intake of balanced diet can help achieve a well-rounded health and
fitness level.
Food and Nutrients
There are different dietary and nutritional requirements for each method used to
increase levels of general fitness. The food that you eat serves as a fuel for your
various activities.

D. FITT PRINCIPLE
The FITT Principle is an acronym for Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type.
These are the key factors in designing an exercise program that will address the
current fitness level; provide means to overload the body; and trigger positive
adaptations. These variables can be modified occasionally to consistently challenge
the body to become stronger. It is important to remember that increasing the
workload should be done one variable at a time to prevent chronic injuries or
overtraining. The proposed recommendations should be observed to reduce the
likelihood of injury and encourage adoption of an active lifestyle.
The frequency (number of sessions in a week) of an exercise program depends on
the current fitness level of a person and the type of activity performed. It is
important to provide rest days to allow the body to recover.
The intensity (difficulty level of the exercise or work demand) of an exercise,
refers to the difficulty level of the workout. It is important to set a 11 workload that
is more challenging than what one is used to.
The time or duration (duration or distance covered in an exercise session) of an
exercise session is influenced by the intensity and the type of activity performed.
Type (mode of exercise or activity) of activity is influenced by the fitness goal
and the current fitness level. The program should be designed to produce the best
activity that will specifically address the fitness goal.

E. INTRODUCTION TO STRENGTH TRAINING

The Five Basic Strength Training Exercises
A. Push-ups - Regular push-ups are prescribed to most people. However, for some
who have health concerns, newbies and even females, they may start off with knee
push-ups. Regular push-ups are performed with the body forming a straight line
from the heels. The body is lowered until the chest is approximately one fist off the
ground. The body is then pushed off the ground to return to its original position.
B. Superman - From Push-ups prone lying position, lift both arms and legs. Try not
to bend the legs; then lower arms and legs without relaxing the ground.
C. Crunches - From the supine lying position while legs are bent and arms touching
the ears, lift the head and shoulders with the shoulder blades lifting off completely
from the ground. Return to original position while keeping the head elevated off the
ground.
D. Side crunches - Starting with legs together and bent, lie on one side. Extend the
arm close to the ground 30-45 degrees from the body as support or balance.
Position the other arm across the chest or have it float in front of it. Lift the
shoulder closer to the ground while legs and the chest slightly face upward. Return
to original position without letting the shoulder touch the ground.
E. Squats - From an upright position with arms and hands crossed in front of chest
or up, squat lower until the thighs are parallel to the ground. The chest and butt
must be pushed out and the knee must not thrust forward beyond the toes. Return to
original position, keeping both legs and slightly bent.
Health
Components of Consumer Health
Health Information
- These are the data abd facts about health products and services you can get
from media and people around you
Health Service
- These are proceudres, actions or work furnished or supplied to help satisfy
your needs and wants as consumer
Unreliable Sources
- Thesea asre helth informtion based on customs and superstitions
Reliable Resources
- These are health information based on ecucational institutions
Consumer Health
- This refers to th decisions you make about the purchase and use of health
information on products and services.
What is consumer health?
Consumer health is not just about buying health products and services. It is
alsoabout making decisions and having a clear and deeper understanding to make
wise choices.
Consumer health has three components: health information, health products, and
health services. Health information plays a big role in the life of individuals. It
gives details that people can use to make informed decisions about their health and
of others.

What is Health Information?

Health information is any concept, step, or advice that various sources give to aid
the health status of an individual. The type of information varies depending on
various considerations such as but not limited to health history, drugs and alcohol
consumption, and eating disorders.
All information about the health products are included in this area. It gives the
materials used in manufacturing the product, date, uses, expirations, and even
cautions.
People acquire health information and products from various sources such as
authorized person, media, and technology. It is important to identify the reliability
of these sources.

Some Reliable Sources of information

1. Medical and health professionals (Family and school doctors, dentists, nurses,
health science educators)
2. Government agencies like Department of Health (DOH), Food and Drug
Administration (FDA), Bureau of Food and Drugs (BFAD), Department of Trade
and Industry (DTI)
3. Websites ending in gov, edu, and org.
4. Local health officials
5. Educational institutions

Some Unreliable Sources of Health Information

1. Outdated customs, practices, and superstitions without scientific basis
2. Information based on ignorance and prejudice
3. Commercialized health information
4. Personal options and incomplete information
5. Quack or pseudo healers

Guide Questions or criteria in Assessing Health Information

The following questions are the things to consider before buying health products or
availing health services.
What?
•What are the available details of the product? Are the details updated? Are the side
effects specified?
• What is the purpose of the health information?
Who?
•From whom is the health information? Is this information confirmable?
What else?
•Is there an option where customers can give feedback/ suggestions and receive the
needed answers?

What are Health Products?

Health products are food, drugs, cosmetics, devices, biologicals, vaccines, in-vitro
diagnostic reagents, and household/urban hazardous substances and/or a
combination of and/or a derivative thereof (FDA Act, 2009). These products may
be purchased from various places like supermarkets, pharmacies, and hospitals.
Examples: eyeglasses, appliances, medicines, grooming aids, car, etc.

What is a Healthcare Service?

Healthcare services refer to the furnishing of medicines, medical or surgical
treatments, nursing, hospital service, dental service, optometric service, and
complementary health services. These are often connected to healthcare. These
programs aim to appraise the health conditions of individuals through screening
and examinations, cure and treat disorders, prevent and control the spread of
diseases, provide safety, emergency care, and first aid, and ensure a follow-up
program for individuals who have undergone treatments.
Examples: medical and dental consultation and treatment, services from beauty
parlors and barber shops, etc.

Guidelines on the Purchase of Goods and Services

1. Evaluate which products and services will be beneficial, harmful or useless.
2. Know the local laws and regulations that protect consumers.
3. Locate dependable medical, dental and nursing services.
4. Apply knowledge acquired with respect to personal and environmental health in
the purchase of personal goods and services

Some Tips on how to be a Wise Consumer

1. Gather correct and sufficient information
2. Compare and contrast details of available products
3. Inquire for more and review if possible

Health services are usually offered by healthcare providers. “A healthcare provider

is a trained professional who provides people with healthcare”. Health services are
offered by health service providers. There are three types, as follows:
I. Health Professionals. These are individuals who are licensed to practice medicine
and other allied health programs and work in the medical profession.
Examples: doctor, nurse, nutritionist, etc.
II. Healthcare Facilities – These are places or institutions that offer healthcare
services.
Examples: hospitals, walk-in surgery center, health center, extended healthcare
facility.
III. Health Insurance - It is a financial agreement between an insurance company
and an individual or group for the payment of healthcare costs.

Services provided by Health professionals.

1. Feeding program for elementary school children
2. Immunization for different diseases intended for infants and children from age
two (2) and above.
3. Prenatal check-up for mothers and babies
4. Free maternity clinic
5. Family planning program

Different types of physicians based on their area of specialization

a. Pediatrician – specializes in children’s health care and treatment of diseases.
b. Psychiatrist – specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.
c. Obstetrician – specializes in the care of women during pregnancy and childbirth.
d. Ophthalmologist – specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases and
disorders.
e. Anesthesiologist – specializes in administering various anesthetics to assure
proper operative procedures.
f. Dermatologist – specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases.
g. Cardiologist – specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of the heart and blood
vessels.
h. Allergist – specializes in diagnosing and treating body reactions resulting from
unusual sensitivity to food, medicine, dust, and other substances
i. Pulmonologist - specializes in diseases of the lungs and respiratory tract.
j. Neurologist – specializes in providing diagnosis and surgical treatment of
diseases of the nervous system.
k. Gastroenterologist – specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in the
gastrointestinal system.
l. Geriatrician – specializes in the care of the elderly and the diseases that affect
them.
m. Surgeon – specializes in performing a surgical operation in treating diseases,
injuries, and deformities.
n. Urologist – specializes in diseases and abnormalities of the genitourinary tract.
o. Gynecologist – specializes in diseases and care of the female reproductive organs
in analyzing images such as X-rays, to help diagnose, monitor, and treat various
conditions or injuries.
p. Radiologist – specializes in analyzing images such as X-rays, to help diagnose,
monitor, and treat various conditions or injuries.
2. Healthcare Facilities
-This are places or institutions that offers health care services.

Types of healthcare facilities:

a. Hospital - It is an institution where people undergo medical diagnosis, care,
and treatment.
b. Walk-In Surgery Center - It is a facility that offers surgery without being
admitted to the hospital.
C. Health Center
- It is a facility that caters to a specific population with various health needs.
d. Extended Healthcare Facility –
- A facility that provides treatment, nursing care, and residential services to
patients, often the elderly.
3. Health Insurance
- It is a financial agreement between an insurance company and an individual or
group for the payment of healthcare costs.
Example: PhilHealth, Private Healthcare Plans

Philippine Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth)

is a government-owned and controlled corporation (GOCC) created through
Republic act 7875.also known as the National Health Insurance (NHI) Act of 1995.
It aims to provide health insurance coverage for all Filipinos and ensure affordable,
acceptable, available, and accessible health care services for all citizens of the
Philippines.
The vision statement of PhilHealth
“Bawat Pilipino Miyembro, Bawat
Miyembro Protektado, Kalusugan ng
Lahat Protektado”
Consumers receive health information, products, and services from various sources,
thus they may be prone to fraud.
Quackery is an advertisement, promotion, or sale of products and services that have
not been scientifically proven safe and effective.
 It is being operated by a quack, a person who dishonestly pretends to have
medical skills or knowledge.

Three Major Characteristics of Quackery

1. It is a big business.
2. It multiplies and spreads fast. It is progressive.
3. It is claimed that it is for incurable conditions.

Possible Effects of Quackery

1. Taking a quack “cure” may delay or lose the chance to be healed.
2. The person may experience a placebo effect – that he/she improves for natural
reasons and not because of the substance that the quack provides.
3. Loss of money
4. Giving false hopes to the sick person and the
5. The actual damage done to the individual by using fake products and services
6. It may cause overdose and over medicines.

These are Three Forms of Quackery

1. Medical quackery includes cures, treatments, and remedies of various health
conditions that are drugless or bloodless in nature.
2. Nutrition quackery involves the promotion of food fads and other nutritional
practices that claim to be all-natural. These are believed to have beneficial
properties of multiple plants in one product.
3. Device quackery makes use of miraculous gadgets (such as dials, gauges,
electrodes, magnets, and blinkers) that are believed to cure certain health
conditions.