HERU SETIAWAN 4401419005

Speech Planner
General Info
Topic/Issue : Photosynthesis

Audience : University lecturers and students

1- Greeting and Objective
Greeting : Hi everyone, my name is Heru Setiawan and today I’m going to talk
about Photosynthesis. The presentation will be in 3 topic parts. The presentation will
cover thesis statement as first subtopic, second is claim support also warrant, and the last
subtopic is conclusion. Please hold your questions until the end of the presentation.

Objective : Show that photosynthesis is one of the most important for plant and
Earth life and to prove that oxygen is envolved in green plants during photosynthesis.

2- Body

I’d like to talk about Photosynthesis. Why this is so important? What do we need to
know?
Thesis statement (Statement + 3 claims/points) : Photosynthesis is one of the most
important anabolic chemical reactions that allows life to exist on Earth, with water, light
energy from the sun, and carbon dioxide from the air, photosynthetic organisms are able
to build simple sugars and oxygen.

Claim 1: Photosynthesis is an important process in plants that has two stage.

Support: Biology Science Book by Wigati Hadi Omegawati, Teo Sukoco, Henny
Purnamawati, and Rumiyati: 1) Stage 1 requires light 2) Stage 2 can work in the light or
in the dark
Warrant: These data and statement show that photosynthesis is one of the most important
anabolic chemical reactions that allows life to exist on Earth. With water, light energy
from the sun, and carbon dioxide from the air, photosynthetic organisms are able to build
simple sugars. Organisms that can make their own food are called autotrophs, and are at
the base of the food chain. The basic reaction is:

6 CO2 + 12 H2O + e --> 2 C6H12O6 + 6 O2

carbon dioxide + water + light energy --> glucose + oxygen
(Oxygen molecules are colored to show their fate. Oxygen from CO2 ends up in glucose.)
Oxygen from water becomes free O2 ).
Photosynthesis has two stages. Stage 1 requires light. Stage 2 can work in the
light or in the dark. The energy accumulated in Stage 1 is used to drive Stage 2.

The light reaction is used to convert sunlight into chemical energy stored in ATP
and another energy storage molecule called NADP. Then , the light-independent reaction
or Calvin Cycle takes carbon dioxide and fixes it in three-carbon molecules which will
eventually be synthesized into glucose.

Claim 2: Fluctuations in water supply, carbon dioxide , change in light absorption and
changes in temperature also direct effects for photosynthesis.
Support: Oxford University: Change in light absorption and change in temperature –
fluctuations in water supply also carbon dioxide – give effect on photosynthesis system
Warrant: Photosynthesis is one of the most important biochemical processes, underlying
almost all life. It is also one of the most vulnerable to environmental stress. Irradiance
changes over the diurnal cycle is broadly predictable but, superimposed on that cycle,
changes in cloud cover can cause order-of-magnitude variations in irradiance from
second to second. The extent of cloud cover will change with the season and, depending
on the shorter term weather patterns, giving periods of days to weeks of higher or lower
irradiance. For example, the low crop yields in the UK in 2012 have been attributed to
low levels of sunshine during the summer of that year. Rapid changes in irradiance can
also arise due to sunflecks caused by the movement of leaves and the position of the sun
relative to gaps in the canopy. Variation in shading will also affect the spectral quality of
absorbed light.
Changes in light absorption will have direct effects on the ability of plants to
generate ATP and NADPH. At the same time, changes in temperature will affect the
ability of plants to use those products of electron transport. The lowering of temperatures
will result in a lowering of the rate of enzyme-catalysed reactions. At higher
temperatures, changes in the solubility of CO2 and O2 and in the specificity of Rubisco
will alter the extent of photorespiration. Temperatures fluctuate diurnally, but also
depend on weather patterns over days to months. Fluctuations in water supply, even over
short time periods, can lead to variation in stomatal conductance causing the CO2 supply
to fluctuate.
All of the above factors can lead to imbalances between light capture and light use
by the photosynthetic apparatus. When light absorption exceeds the capacity for the
energy to be fixed, damage is likely to occur, either directly to the photosynthetic
apparatus (especially Photosystem II) or more widespread damage caused by the
generation of reactive oxygen species, such as singlet oxygen, superoxide, and hydrogen
peroxide. In view of this, it might be thought that plants are in constant danger of
bleaching themselves to death.

Claim 3 : Oxygen is envolved in green plants during photosynthesis

Support : India Study Channel : From result of the experiment air bubbles collected at the
upper end of the test tube. Air bubbles also known are oxygen gas as a product from
photosynthesis system.
Warrant : Air bubbles start moving from the cut end of the Hydrilla twigs and get
collected at the upper end of the test tube. After some time we find some gas get collected
at the top of the inverted test tube by downward displacement of water. To test the nature
of the gas collected, the test tube is removed quickly from the stem of the funnel and the
mouth is closed with the thumb. Now a glowing splinter is introduced into the test tube
by removing the thumb from the mouth of the test tube. The glowing splinter
immediately burst into a flame indicating that the gas collected in the test tube is oxygen.
 3- Conclusion and Ending
Ok, now I’d like to conclude today’s presentation by summarizing the information

Summary of Main Points: Photosynthesis is an important process in plants that has two
stage obviously light and dark stage. Fluctuations in water supply, carbon dioxide ,
change in light absorption and changes in temperature also direct effects for
photosynthesis.
Concluding Remark: As oxygen is produced through photosynthesis, it travels up the
stem of the funnel into the test tube where it displaces the water. This is a simple
demonstration that allows you to observe photosynthesis firsthand. Hydrilla verticillata,
and E. densa offer great as aquatic organisms to use for this activity to prove that oxygen
is envolved in green plants during photosynthesis